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https://archive.org/details/bituminouscoalmi12unit 


61st  Congress  1 
£d  Session  / 


SENATE 


f Document 
1 No.  633 


EEPOETS  OF  THE  IMMIGRATION  COIMSSION 


IMMIGRANTS  IN  INDUSTRIES 

(IN  TWENTY-FIVE  PARTS) 


PART  1:  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 


(IN  TWO  VOLUMES:  VOL.  I) 


Presented  by  MR.  DILLINGHAM 

June  15,  1910. — Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Immigration 
and  ordered  to  be  printed,  with  illustrations 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1911 


SENATE 


61st  Congress  1 
M Session  J 


/ Document 
1 No.  633 


REPOKIS  OF  THE  IIIIGRATION  COMMISSION 


IMMIGRANTS  IN  INDUSTRIES 

(IN  TWENTY-FIVE  PARTS) 


PART  1:  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

(IN  TWO  VOLUMES:  VOL.  I) 


Presented  by  MR.  DILLINGHAM 

June  15,  1910.^ — Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Immigration 
and  ordered  to  be  printed,  with  illustrations 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1911 


THE  IMMIGRATIOH  COMMISSION. 


Senator  William  P.  Dillingham, 
Chairman. 

Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge. 
Senator  Asbury  C.  Latimer.  « 
Senator  Anselm  J.  McLaurin.  & 
Senator  Le  Roy  Percy,  c 


Representative  Benjamin  F.  Howell. 
Representative  William  S.  Bennet. 
Representative  John  L.  Burnett. 

Mr.  Charles  P.  Neill. 

Mr.  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks. 

Mr.  William  R.  Wheeler. 


Secretaries: 

Morton  E.  Crane.  W.  W.  Husband. 
C.  S.  Atkinson. 


Chief  Statistician: 
Fred  C.  Croxton. 


Extract  from  act  of  Congress  of  February  m,  1907,  mating  and  defining  the  duties  of  the 

Immigration  Commission. 

That  a commission  is  hereby  created,  consisting  of  three  Senators,  to  be  appointed 
bv  the  President  of  the  Senate,  and  three  Members  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
to  be  appSnted  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  three  persons 
to  be  aDDointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Said  commission  shall  make 
toU  inq^uky,  examtoation,  and  investigation  by  subcommittee  ^^he™^^ 
subject  of  immigration.  For  the  purpose  of  said  inquiry,  examination,  and  iiwest 
gation  said  commission  is  authorized  to  send  for  persons  and  Pf 

Lrv  travel  either  in  the  United  States  or  any  foreign  country,  and,  through  the 
chairman  of  the  commission,  or  any  member  thereof,  to  administer  oaths  ^nd  to 
examine  witnesses  and  papers  respecting  all  matters  pertaining  ^9  ^ . 

to  emulov  necessary  clerical  and  other  assistance.  Said  commission  shall  report  to 
Coneress^he  conclusions  reached  by  it,  and  make  such  recommendations  as  in  its 

Such  sums  of  money  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  said 
inauirv  examination,  aM  investigation  are  hereby  appropriated  and  authorized  to 
be  S’ ouToTtC‘‘immigrant  fund”  on  the  cptificate  of  the  chairman  of  said  com- 
mission including  all  expenses  of  the  commissioners,  and  a reasonable  compensation, 
to  be  fixed  by  the^President  of  the  United  States,  for  those  members  of  the  commission 

who  are  not  Members  of  Congress;  * * *.  


a Died  February  20,  1908.  ot;  lona 

b Appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  Latimer, 
c Appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  McLaurin,  March  16,  1910. 


Died  December  22,  1909. 


II 


W 0 


V-  i-Z 


LIST  OF  REPORTS  OF  THE  IMMIORATIOH  COMMISSION. 


Volumes  1 and  2.  Abstracts  of  Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission,  with  Conclusions  and  Recom- 
mendations and  Views  of  the  Minority.  (These  volumes  include  the  Commission’s  complete  reports 
on  the  following  subjects:  Immigration  Conditions  in  Hawaii;  Immigration  and  Insanity;  Immi- 
grants in  Charity  Hospitals;  Alien  Seamen  and  Stowaways;  Contract  Labor  and  Induced  and  Assisted 
Immigration;  The  Greek  Padrone  System  in  the  United  States;  Peonage.)  (S.  Doc.  No.  747,  61st 
Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volmne  3.  Statistical  Review  of  Immigration,  1819-1910 — Distribution  of  Immigrants,  1850-1900.  (S.  Doc. 
No.  756,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  4.  Emigration  Conditions  in  Europe.  (S.  Doc.  No.  748,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  5.  Dictionary  of  Races  or  Peoples.  (S.  Doc.  No.  662,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volumes  6 and  7.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  1,  Bituminous  Coal  Mining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong., 
2d  sess.) 

Volumes  8 and  9.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  2,  Iron  and  Steel  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st 
Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  10.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  3,  Cotton  Goods  Manufacturing  in  the  North  Atlantic  States— 
Pt.  4,  Woolen  and  Worsted  Goods  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  11.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  5,  Silk  Goods  Manufacturing  and  Dyemg— Pt.  6,  Clothing 
Manufacturing— Pt.  7,  Collar,  Cuff,  and  Shirt  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  12.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  8,  Leather  Manufacturing— Pt.  9,  Boot  and  Shoe  Manufac- 
turing—Pt.  10,  Glove  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  13.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  11,  Slaughtering  and  Meat  Packing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st 
Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  14.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  12,  Glass  Manufacturing— Pt.  13,  Agricultural  Implement 
and  Vehicle  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  15.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  14,  Cigar  and  Tobacco  Manufacturing— Pt.  15,  Furniture  Man- 
ufacturing- Pt.  16,  Sugar  Refining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  16.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  17,  Copper  Mining  and  Smelting— Pt.  18,  Iron  Ore  Mining— 
Pt.  19,  Anthracite  Coal  Mining— Pt.  20,  Oil  Refining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  17.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.21,  Diversified  Industries,  Vol.  I.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong., 
2d  sess.) 

Volume  18.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  21,  Diversified  Industries,  Vol.  II— Pt.  22,  The  Floating  Immi- 
grant Labor  Supply.  (S.  Doe.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volumes  19  and  20.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  23,  Summary  Report  on  Immigrants  in  Manufacturing 
and  Mining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volumes  21  and  22.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  24,  Recent  Immigrants  in  Agriculture.  (S.  Doc.  No. 
633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 


VO 

o» 


Volumes  23-25.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  25,  Japanese  and  Other  Immigrant  Races  in  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  Rocky  Mountain  States.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volumes  26  and  27.  Immigrants  in  Cities.  (S.  Doc.  No.  338,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  28.  Occupations  of  the  First  and  Second  Generations  of  Immigrants  in  the  United  States — Fe- 
cundity of  Immigrant  Women.  (S.  Doc.  No.  282,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volumes  29-33.  The  Children  of  Immigrants  in  Schools.  (S.  Doc.  No.  749,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volumes  34  and  35.  Immigrants  as  Charity  Seekers.  (S.  Doc.  No.  665,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  36.  Immigration  and  Crime.  (S.  Doc.  No.  750,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  37.  Steerage  Conditions — Importation  and  Harboring  of  Women  for  Immoral  Purposes— Immi- 
grant Homes  and  Aid  Societies— Immigrant  Banks.  (S.  Doc.  No.  753,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  38.  Changes  in  Bodily  Form  of  Descendants  of  Immigrants.  (S.  Doc.  No.  208, 61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

Volume  39.  Federal  Immigration  Legislation— Digest  of  Immigration  Decisions — Steerage  Legislation, 
1819-1908— State  Immigration  and  Alien  Laws.  (S.  Doc.  No.  758,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  40.  The  Immigration  Situation  in  Other  Countries:  Canada — Australia— New  Zealand — Argen- 
tina— Brazil.  (S.  Doc.  No.  761,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  41.  Statements  and  Recommendations  Submitted  by  Societies  and  Organizations  Interested  in 
the  Subject  of  Immigration.  (S.  Doc.  No.  764,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

Volume  42.  Index  of  Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission.  (S.  Doc.  No.  785, 61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

575562 


III 


« 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


The  Immigration  Commission, 

Washington^  D.  Cl,  June  15^  1910. 

To  the  Sixty -first  Congress: 

I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  on  behalf  of  the  Immif^ration 
Commission,  Part  1 of  the  Commission’s  general  report  on  immigrants 
in  industries. 

William  P.  Dillingham,  Chairman. 


The  Immigration  Commission, 

Washington^  C. , June  i5,  1910. 

Sir:  I have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Part  1 of  the  general 
report  of  the  Immigration  Commission  on  immigrants  in  industries, 
which  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  Commission  by  W.  Jett 
Lauck,  superintendent  of  agents.  The  part  transmitted  deals  with 
immigrants  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  in  Pennsylvania, 
the  Middle  West,  the  Southwest,  and  the  South.  Other  parts  of  the 
general  report  now  in  preparation  deal  with  immigrants  in  the  following 
industries: 


Iron  and  steel  manufacturing. 

Cotton  goods  manufacturing  in  the  North 
Atlantic  States. 

W oolen  and  worsted  goods  manufacturing, 
Silk  goods  manufacturing  and  dyeing. 
Clothing  manufacturing. 

Collar,  cuff,  and  shirt  manufacturing. 
Leather  manufacturing. 

Boot  and  shoe  manufacturing. 

Glove  manufacturing. 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing. 


Sugar  refining. 

Glass  manufacturing. 

Agricultural  implement  and  vehicle  man- 
ufacturing. 

Cigar  and  tobacco  manufacturing. 
Furniture  manufacturing. 

Copper  mining  and  smelting. 

Iron  ore  mining. 

Anthracite  coal  mining. 

Oil  refining. 

Diversified  industries. 


There  will  be  included  in  the  same  general  report  a summary  of  the 
above-mentioned  parts,  and  also  reports  on  the  floating  immigrant  labor 
supply,  recent  immigrants  in  agriculture,  and  Japanese  and  other  immi- 
grant races  in  the  Pacific  Coast  and  Rock}"  Mountain  States. 

Respectfully, 

W.  W.  Husband,  Secretary. 


Hon.  William  P.  Dillingham,  United  States  Senate^ 

Chairman.^  The  Immigration  Commission, 


CONTENTS. 


PART  L— GENERAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

INDUSTRY. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction: 

Expansion  in  bituminous  coal-mining  operations  since  1860 3 

Increase  in  number  of  employees 5 

Geographical  divisions  studied 6 

Households  studied 6 

Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured 7 

Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured 13 

Comparative  scope  of  the  investigation 17 

Method  of  presenting  data  collected 19 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Racial  movements  to,  and  displacements  in,  the  bituminous  coal-mining 

industry 21 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and 

members  of  their  households 24 

Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time 34 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied . 39 

Principal  occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States - 44 

General  occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied . 46 
General  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied . 47 

Status  of  the  first  and  second  generations  compared 48 

Occupations  entered  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry 49 

Daily  earnings _ 50 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability 59 

Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied 63 

Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied . 68 

Annual  family  income 73 

Wives  at  work 78 

Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households 

studied 80 

Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of 

keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 80 

Sources  of  family  income 84 

Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income 88 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Hours  of  work 93 

Methods  of  wage  payments 93 

Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees 94 

Company  houses 94 

The  company-store  system 95 

Benefits  received  by  employees  in  addition  to  wages 96 

Regularity  of  employment 96 

The  imnugrant  and  organized  labor 100 

Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Housing  and  living  conditions 105 

Living  arrangements 105 

Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living 106 

Boarders  and  lodgers 112 

Size  of  apartments  occupied 117 

Size  of  households  studied 121 

Congestion 123 


VII 


vm 


Contents. 


Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics.  ^ 

Literacy I44 

Conjugal  condition ’ ^ ^ ^^04 

Agfctoificltion  of  employees  and  members  of'theirhous^hoids 169 

Chapter  VII.— General  progress  and  assimilation:  ^ 

Ownership  of  homes / * i ' ' 1*  V**  j 180 

Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied 

Citizenship 194 

CHACTE'EVIlL-^Rwent  immigration  in  its  reiation  to  accidents  in  coal'  mines: 

Death  rate  reported  for  the  mines  of  the  United  States 

Distribution  of  accidents  in  coal-producing  areas 

Comparison  with  conditions  in  foreign  countries ^ 

The  responsibility  of  employees  for  accidents ^3^0 

Inex'perience  as  a cause  of  accidents - 

Racial  composition  of  the  operating  forces  of  bituminous  mines 218 

Recent  and  old  immigration  compared  

Lack  of  experience  on  the  part  of  recent  immigrants 

Fatalities  in  West  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Indiana. - - - 

Opinions  of  state  mine  inspectors  and  agents  of  ^^eFeder^  Government. . 237 

Opinions  of  mine  workers  and  attitude  of  labor  organizations 

Conclusion 


PART  II — THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  PENN- 
SYLVANIA. 

GENERAL  SURVEY. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction:  245 

Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured 24b 

Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured 

Chapter  II.— Racial  displacements:  . , ^ • of^i 

Historv  of  immigration  to  Pennsylvania  bifummous  coal  mines  

Period"  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-bom  employees  and 

members  of  their  households - - - 

Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time 

^^^Industol  condhiOT  abmid  of  members  of  immigrant 

Principal  occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

GellmToccupatio’n  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  juried  - 274 
General  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied.  275 

Daily  earnings - ; -V 9Q1 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability » 

Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied. U ' VV  ‘ V * i * ' 9qq 

Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  m the  households  studied . 299 

Actual  annual  earnings  of  representatives  of  selected  races our 

Annual  family  income o^o 

Annua? eaTnings  of  females  i 8 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  304 
Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of 

keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 

Sources  of  family  income ; ‘ ' -V  ' • 9nq 

Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income ouu 

Chapter  IV.— Working  conditions:  015 

Hours  worked  per  day  and  per  week 

Frequency  and  methods  of  wage  payments 

Deductions  from  earnings g2Q 

Regularity  of  employment - - . - ooo 

Description  of  a typical  mining  and  coke  village ^^3 

Company  houses 224 

The  companv-store  system • 097 

Benefits  received  by  employees  in  addition  to  wages 


Contents. 


IX 


Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions — Continued. 

Welfare  work 

The  immigrant  and  organized  labor 

Reasons  for  employing  immigrants  

Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Systems  of  domestic  economy 

General  housing  and  living  conditions 

Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living 

Boarders  and  lodgers 

Size  of  apartments  occupied 

Size  of  households  studied 

Congestion ; 

Chapter  VI. — General  cost  and  standard  of  living: 

Explanation  of  study - 

Salient  facts  relative  to  the  families  studied 

Food  and  general  living  expenditures. 

Detailed  expenditures  of  families  studied 

Chapter  VII. — Industrial  progress  and  efficiency: 

Opinions  of  coal  operators  as  to  progress  of  immigrant  employees 

Employers’  statements  as  to  efficiency  of  immigrant  mine  workers  accord- 
ing to  specified  standards 

The  use  of  intoxicants  in  its  relation  to  efficiency 

Chapter  VIII. — Industrial  effects  of  immigration: 

Employment  of  recent  immigrants  made  possible  a remarkable  growth  in 

the  industry 

Changes  in  industrial  methods  and  organization 

Immigration  in  its  relation  to  mining  accidents 

Displacement  of  former  employees  by  recent  immigrants 

Failure  of  native-born  to  enter  the  industry 

Chapter  IX. — Salient  characteristics: 

Literacy 

Conjugal  condition 

Visits  abroad 

Age  classification  of  employees  and  members  of  their  households 

Chapter  X. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Ownership  of  homes 

Public-school  attendance 

Parochial-school  attendance 

Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied 

Citizenship 

Ability  to  speak  English 


Page. 

328 

330 

334 

337 

337 

340 

344 

346 

346 

347 

353 

353 

355 

357 

415 

416 
419 


423 

423 

424 

424 

425 

429 

435 

443 

445 

451 

452 

456 

457 
459 
465 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  A. 


Chapter  XI. — Introduction: 

Summary  description  of  the  community 

Industrial  history 

Inducements  and  obstacles  to  immigration 

Chapter  XII. — History  of  immigration: 

Present  population  of  the  community. 

Industrial  distribution  of  the  population 

History  of  immigration  to  the  community 

Period  of  residence  of  mine  workers 

Racial  classification  of  mining  employees '. 

Chapter  XIII. — Economic  status: 

Occupations  entered  by  immigrants 

Daily  earnings - - - 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability 
Chapter  XIV. — ^Working  conditions: 

Regularity  of  employment  and  method  of  wage  payments 

Mining  accidents 

Company  houses  and  mining  villages 

The  company-store  system 

Relations  among  the  races  . 

Hospital  and  medical  service 

Labor  disputes 


473 

476 

476 

479 

479 

481 

482 
482 

485 

487 

489 

491 

491 

492 
496 
499 

499 

500 


X 


Contents. 


Chapter  XV.— Industrial  progress  and  efficiency: 

Industrial  progress  and  efficiency. - 

The  use  of  intoxicants  in  its  relation  to  efficiency 

Preferences  of  the  mining  operators  for  mine  workers 

Chapter  XVI.— Salient  characteristics: 

Conjugal  condition  of  mine  workers 

Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  mine  workers 

„ - Age  classification  of  employees 

'Chapter  XVII.— Industrial  and  other  effects  of  immigration: 

Reasons  for  employing  immigrants 

Changes  in  industrial  methods  and  organization 

Housing  conditions 

Employment  of  children 

Segregation 

Diseases  peculiar  to  immigrants - - - 

Criminality - 

'Chapter  XVIII.— General  progress  of  immigrants  in  tne  community: 

Property  holdings 

Bank  deposits 

Money  sent  abroad 

Immigrants  in  business 

Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-bom  employees 

School  attendance  and  progress 

Literacy 

Citizenship  and  interest  in  political  and  civic  affairs 

Church  facilities 

Americanization 


Page. 

501 

502 

502 

503 
505 
507 

509 

509 

510 

510 

511 

511 

512 

515 

516 

516 

517 

518 
520 
523 
525 

527 

528 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  B. 


Chapter  XIX. — Introduction: 

Industrial  significance  of  the  community 

Description  of  the  community 

Inducements  and  obstacles  to  immigration 

Chapter  XX. — Population  and  racial  displacements: 

Population 

Racial  distribution  of  the  population 

History  of  immigration  to  the  community 

Chapter  XXI. — Economic  status: 

Occupations  of  immigrant  employees  in  the  mining  industry 

Earnings  of  mining  employees 

Money  sent  abroad 

Chapter  XXII. — Working  conditions: 

Wages  and  hours 

Liability  to  accident  or  disease 

Medical  or  hospital  service 

Company  stores 

Company  houses 

Methods  of  securing  recent  immigrants 

Relations  among  the  races  of  recent  immigrants 

Organized  labor 

Chapter  XXIII. — Industrial  progress  and  efficiency: 

Relative  efficiency  of  immigrants  and  natives 

Industriousness  and  effectiveness 

Adaptability  and  supervision 

Sobriety : • * - : 

Preferences  of  mining  operators  as  regards  immigrant  labor 

Chapter  XXIV. — Housing  conditions: 

Tendency  to  congregate  near  mines 

Housing  of  Americans  compared  with  that  of  recent  immigrants 

Permanent  homes 

Chapter  XXV. — Immigrant  institutions: 

Church  facilities 

Fraternal  organizations 

Recent  immigrants  in  business 

Employment  and  steamship  agency 

Immigrant  boarding  houses 


531 

531 

532 

533 

534 
534 

537 

539 

541 

543 

543 

543 

544 

544 

545 

545 

546 

549 

549 

549 

550 

550 

551 
551 
551 

553 

553 

554 

554 

555 


Contents. 


XI 


Chapter  XXVI. — Salient  characteristics:  Page. 

Criminality 557 

Conjugal  condition  of  mine  workers 557 

Literacy 560 

Age  classification  of  employees 562 

Chapter  XXVII. — Effects  of  immigration: 

Diseases  peculiar  to  immigrants  and  effect  on  public  health 563 

Industrial  and  social  effects  of  immigration  upon  the  community 563 

Chapter  XXVIII. — General  progress  of  immigrants  in  the  community: 

Ability  to  speak  English 567 

School  facilities  and  attendance 569 

Citizenship 570 

Americanization 571 


PART  III.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

MIDDLE  WEST. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Households  studied 575 

Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured 576 

Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured 578 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  the  Middle  West 581 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and 

members  of  their  households 587 

Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time 589 

Racial  movements  to  representative  localities 591 

Representative  communities  in  Illinois 591 

Representative  communities  in  Indiana 610 

Representative  districts  in  Ohio 614 

Chapter  III — Economic  status: 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied. . 619 

Principal  occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States 622 

General  occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households 

studied 623 

General  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied . 624 

Daily  earnings 635 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability 637 

Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied 639 

Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied . 641 

Annual  family  income 642 

Wives  at  work 643 

Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of 

keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 643 

Sources  of  family  income 645 

Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income 646 

Chapter  IV. — ^Working  conditions: 

Hours  worked  per  day  and  per  week 649 

Regularity  of  employment 649 

Methods  of  mining 650 

Methods  of  wage  payments 650 

The  company-store  system  and  company  houses 650 

Liability  to  accident  and  disease 651 

The  supply  of  immigrant  labor 652 

Relations  among  races  employed ’ 653 

The  immigrant  and  organized  labor 654 

Reasons  for  employing  immigrants 656 

Chapter  V. — Industrial  effects  of  immigration: 

Recent  immigrants  have  made  possible  the  development  of  the  industry. . 661 

Effect  of  machine  methods  of  mining  upon  wages 661 

Displacement  of  old  employees  by  recent  immigrants 666 

Subsequent  history  of  old  employees 668 

Surplus  labor  supply  of  recent  immigrants  and  its  effects 668 


XII 


Contents. 


Chapter  V.— Industrial  effects  of  immigration— Continued. 

Increase  in  the  chances  of  accidents - - - - - - - - - 

Deterioration  of  working  conditions  and  methods  caused  by  employment 

of  recent  immigrants  - - 

Chapter  VI. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living 

Boarders  and  lodgers 

Size  of  apartments  occupied 

Size  of  households  studied 

Congestion ; 

Chapter  VII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Literacy - . ^ 

Conjugal  condition 

Age  dLs^i^cation  of  employees  and  members  of  their  households 

Chapter  VIII. — General  progress  and  assimilation. 

Ownership  of  homes 

Citizenship 

Ability  to  speak  English 


Page. 

669 

669 

671 

673 

674 

675 
677 

683 

686 

692 

694 

699 

700 
703 


PART  I.-GENERAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  RITUimOUS'COAL 
MINING  INDUSTRY. 


1 


( 


U . s . IMMIGRATION 


COMMISSION 


MAP  PRESENTING  SCOPE 

OF  THE 

BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 


INVESTIGATION 


ike  LlBKtM 
Of  THE 
OjilVERSiTT  OF  ILLINOIS 


PART  L-GENERAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

INDUSTRY. 


Chapter  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Expansion  in  bituminous  coal-mining  operations  since  1860 — Increase  in  number  of 
employees— Geographical  divisions  studied— Households  studied— Members  of 
households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured — Employees  for  whom 
information  was  secured — Comparative  scope  of  the  investigation — Method  of  pre- 
senting data  collected— [Text  Tables  1 to  15  and  Genej-al  Tables  1 to  3]. 

EXPANSION  IN  BITUMINOUS  COAL-MINING  OPERATIONS  SINCE  1860. 

During  the  past  fifty  years  there  has  been  a remarkable  develop- 
ment of  bituminous  coal  mining  in  the  United  States.  The  total 
production  of  bituminous  mines  in  1908  in  round  numbers  was 
332,000,000  short  tons,  as  compared  with  6,400,000  tons  in  the  year 
1860.  The  annual  output  has  advanced  by  leaps  and  bounds,  the 
increase  for  each  decade  between  1860  and  1900  being  approximately 
100  per  cent.  The  rapid  increase  by  decades,  1860  to  1900,  and  by 
years,  1900  to  1908,  is  made  apparent  by  the  following  table: 

Table  1 —Bituminous  coal  production  in  the  United  States,  1860  to  1908. 


[From  Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mineral  Resources 

of  the  United  States.] 


Year. 

Short  tons. 

Year. 

Short  tons. 

Year. 

Short  tons. 

1860 

6,494,200 
17,371,305 
42,831,758 
111,302, 322 
212,316,112 

1901 

225,826,149 
260, 216,844 
282, 749,  .348 
278,659,689 
315,062, 785 

IQOH 

342,874,867 

394,759,112 

332,573,944 

1870 

1902 

1 9f)7 

1880 

1903...  . 

1Qn<^ 

1890 

1904.. 

1900 

1905 . . 

If  the  five  principal  coal-producing  States  in  the  territory  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  be  selected  and  the  annual  production  of  each 
be  considered  during  the  past  fifty  years,  the  districts  in  which  the 
expansion  of  the  industry  has  taken  place  at  once  become  evident. 
The  tables  on  the  page  following  exhibit  the  output  in  short  tons  of 
the  States  mentioned  above  during  the  period  1860  to  1908  and  the 
per  cent  of  the  total  production  of  the  United  States  furnished  by 
each  designated  State  during  the  same  period. 


3 


4 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  2.— Bituminous  coal  'production  in  States  specified. 

PFrom  Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.^]grker.^U^.^S.  Geological  Survey,  Mineral  Resources 


1860. 

1870. 

1880. 

1890. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

1908. 


Output,  in  short  tons. 

Total 

United 

States. 

Pennsyl- 

Vania. 

West 

Virginia. 

Illinois. 

Ohio. 

Alabama. 

2’,  690, 786 
7,798,518 
18, 425, 163 
42,302,173 
79,842,326 
82,305,946 
98,574,367 
103, 117, 178 
97,938,287 
118,413,637 
129,293,206 
. 150,143,177 
117,179,527 

728, 400 
2,624, 163 
6, 115,377 
15,292,420 
25,767,981 
27,331,552 
32,939,373 

36.957. 104 
36,475,060 
38,434,363 

41.480. 104 
51,317,146 
47,659,690 

1,265,600 
2,527,285 
6,008,595 
11,494,506 
18,988,150 
20,943,807 
23,519,894 
24,838, 103 
24,400,220 
25,552,950 
27,731,640 
32, 142, 419 
26,270,639 

10,200 
11,000 
323,972 
4,090,409 
8,394, 275 
9,099,052 
10,354,570 
11,654,324 
11,262,046 
11,866,069 
13, 107,963 
14,250,454 
11,604,593 

6, 494, 200 
17,371,305 
42,831,758 
111,302,322 

212.316.112 
225,828, 149 
260,216,844 
282, 749,348 
278,659,689 
315,062,785 
342,874,867 

394. 759. 112 
332,573,944 

608, 878 
1,829,844 
7,394,654 
22,647,207 
24,068,402 
24,570,826 
29,337,241 
32,406,752 
37,791,580 
43,290,350 
48,091,583 
41,897,843 

Table  3.— Per  cent  distribution  of  bituminous  coal  production  in  States  specified. 


Per  cent  of  total  output  of  United  States  from— 


Year. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

West 

Virginia. 

Illinois. 

Ohio. 

Alabama. 

1 QAO  

41.4 

11.2 

19.5 

0.2 

isyn  

44.9 

3.5 

15.1 

14.  5 
14.0 
10.3 
8.9 

. 1 



43.0 

43 

14.3 

. 8 



38.0 

6.6 

13.7 

3. 7 

A n 



37.6 

10.7 

12. 1 

4.  U 

• A f\ 

1901  

36.4 

10.7 

12. 1 

9. 3 
9.0 

4.  U 

A A 

1902 

37.9 

9.4 

12.7 

4.  U 

1903 

36.5 

10.4 

13. 1 

8. 8 

4. 1 

A A 

1904 

35.1 

11.6 

13. 1 

12.2 

8. 8 

4.  U 

9 Q 

] on.';  

37.6 

12.0 

8. 1 
8.1 

o.  o 

O Q 

1906  

37.7 

12.6 

12. 1 

6.  o 

1907  

38.0 

12.2 

13.0 

8. 1 

3. 6 

O K 

lQfl8  

35.2 

12.6 

14  3 

7.9 

O.  b 

It  will  be  noted  that  during  1908  Pennsylvania  produced  35.2  per 
cent  of  the  total;  West  Virginia,  which  in  1870  produced  3.5  per  cent, 
had  increased  in  relative  importance  to  a position  of  12.6  per  cent  ot 
the  total  production  in  1908;  Illinois’s  percentage  was  11.2  in  1860 
and  14.3  in  1908;  Alabama  in  1860  produced  only  0.2  per  cent,  and 
since  1890  has  produced  from  3.5  to  A1  per  cent.  The  total  produc- 
tion of  Ohio  has  increased,  but  her  relative  production  has  decreased 
from  19.5  per  cent  in  1860  to  7.9  per  cent  in  1908. 

In  addition  to  the  five  States  given,  others  in  the  same  territory 
experienced  a similar  development.  The  table  on  the  page  following 
shows  the  increase  in  production  of  a number  of  such  States. 


5 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


. Table  4. — Bituminous  coal  production  in  States  specified. 


[From  Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mineral  Resources 

of  the  United  States.] 


Year. 

Output,  in  short  tons. 

Kansas. 

Arkansas. 

Texas. 

Indiana. 

Kentucky. 

Tennessee . 

Virginia. 

Oklahoma. 

1860 

200 

101,280 
437,870 
1,454,327 
3,305,737 
6,484,086 
6, 918, 225 
9, 446, 424 
10, 794, 692 
10,842,189 
11,895, 252 
12,092, 560 
13,985,713 
12,314,890 

285, 760 
150, 582 
946,288 
2,701,496 
5,328,964 
5,469,986 
6,766, 984 
7,538,032 
7,576,482 
8,432,523 
9, 653, 647 
10,753,124 
10, 246, 553 

165,300 
133, 418 
495,131 
2, 169, 585 
3,509,562 
3,633,290 
4,382,968 
4,798,004 
4,782, 211 
5,766,690 
6, 259,275 
6,810, 243 
6, 199, 171 

473,360 
61,803 
43,079 
784,011 
2,393,754 
2,725,873 
3,182,993 
3,451,307 
3,410,914 
4, 275, 271 
4,254,879 
4, 710, 895 
4, 259,042 

1870 

32,938 

771,442 

2,259,922 

4,467,870 

4,900,528 

5,266,065 

5,839,976 

6,333,307 

6,423,979 

6,024,775 

7,322,449 

6,245,508 

1880 

1890 

1900  

1901  

1902  

1903  

1904  

1905  

1906  

1907  

1908  

14,778 
399,888 
1,447, 945 
1,816, 136 
1,943,932 
2,229,172 
2,009.451 
1,934,673 
1,864,268 
2,670,438 
2,078,357 

184, 440 
968,373 
1, 107, 953 
901,912 
926,759 
1,195, 944 
1,200,684 
1,312,873 
1,648,069 
1,895,377 

120,947 
869, 229 
1,922,298 
2,421,781 

2,820,66i6 

3,517,388 
3, 046, 539 
2,924,427 
2, 860, 200 
3,642,658 
2,948,116 

These  statistics  of  the  production  in  various  States  not  only- 
show  the  expansion  in  bituminous  mining  in  recent  and  former  years, 
but  also  show  that  the  areas  of  the  greatest  development  in  the 
territory  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  Pennsylvania,  the  Middle 
West,  and  certain  States  of  the  South  and  Southwest,  such  as  West 
Virginia,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Alabama,  Kansas,  and 
Oklahoma. 

INCREASE  IN  NUMBER  OF  EMPLOYEES. 


The  significance  of  the  remarkable  development  of  the  coal  indus- 
try from  the  standpoint  of  recent  immigration  lies  in  the  fact  that, 
in  addition  to  the  investment  of  capital  and  the  invention  and  use  of 
machinery,  a large  and  constantly  increasing  number  of  miners  and 
laborers  were  required  to  make  possible  the  expansion  in  mining 
operations.  This  fact  is  obvious,  but  the  field  of  employment  thus 
opened  is  shown  in  the  following  table,  which  shows  the  increase  in 
the  average  number  of  wage-earners  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining 
industry  in  the  States  under  discussion. 


Table  5. — Average  number  of  wage-earners  in  bituminous  coal  mining,  1870  to  1907. 

[U.  S.  Census:  Industry  and  Wealth,  1870;  Mining  Industries,  1880;  Mineral  Industries,  1890;  and  Special 
Reports,  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902.  Also  Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker.  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States.] 


Year. 

Penn- 

syl- 

vania. 

Kan- 

sas. 

Arkan- 

sas. 

Texas. 

Okla- 

homa. 

Ala- 

bama. 

Ken- 

tucky. 

Ten- 

nessee. 

Vir- 

ginia. 

West 

Vir- 

ginia. 

Ohio. 

Indi- 

ana. 

Illi- 

nois. 

1870.. .. 

1880.. .. 

16,851 
33,248 
53, 132 

252 

3,617 

05,956 

130 

57 
1,513 
6, 864 

714 

2,826 

5,144 

419 

1,092 

4,031 

642 

261 

1,523 

1,140 
4, 497 
9, 778 

7,567 
16, 331 
19,343 

1,369 

4,496 

6,448 

6,301 
16,301 
23, 934 

1889.... 

677 

543 

1,862 

1902.... 

92,095 

7,017 

2,574 

1,979 

4, 763 

12,930 

9,077 

6,220 

3,004 

23,914 

25,963 

10,593 

36,617 

1907.... 

163,295 

12,439 

5,085 

4,227 

8,398 

21,388 

16,971 

12,052 

6, 670 

59, 029 

46, 833 

21,022 

65, 581 

a Includes  Nebraska. 


Some  remarkable  changes  are  indicated  in  the  above  showing.  In 
addition  to  the  large  increase  in  the  number  of  employees,  due  to  the 
development  of  the  industry  in  the  various  States  since  1870,  the 
immense  growth  in  the  number  of  employees  in  practically  all  the 
48296° — VOL  6 — 11 2 


6 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


States  during  the  two  periods^  of  ^1889^ to^  19^02  1902 

should  be  careful^  noted.  pmnloved  in  1907,  as  compared  with 

ar.St:n?.T.r  M “fc  sS..  i.  .h.n  .00 

per  cent.  oeographioal  divisions  studied. 

In  view  ophe  ra^W  develop 

.nV.Tll..  indoMO-  »d  .h.*  «*««..  M 

followed  their  employment.  was  divided  geograph- 

For  purposes  of  investigation  he  ^o^XX^of  hftu^nous 
ically  according  to  the  di^tri^tion  a, 

coal  numng  at  the  • found  in  largest  numbers  in 

reasons:  U)  tmimgrant  emp  y extensive; 

(O)  thfwfoS'lreaTrepr^esented  ^different  methods  of  mining  and 
‘^°Se^Xi?7dlvl?ons'thus  adopted  as  a basis  for  a working  pro- 

Pernsylvania,  bituminous  mining,  and  coke  re^on. 

2;  Middy  West,  iy‘ndin|Ohio  Shoma  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 
1 |rth>1iudTnfwr|^^^^^^  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
and  Alabama. 

HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

Th.  to»dgr..ion  C.«.m»io? 

the  following  table: 

Table  6.-Households  studied,  by  general  naUvily  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Households. 

Households. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

108 

4.6 

1.1 

Foreign-born— Continued. 

42 

1.8 

Ur^lioVl  

334 

14. 1 

27 

10 

. 4 

1.8 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

42 

43 

1.8 

11 

. 5 

11 

■ 3 

15 

.6 

454 

19. 1 

_ V^rtrTi  * 

.7 

5.6 

12 

.5 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

16 

132 

39 

1.6 

English 

27 

11 

51 

1.1 
. 5 

Grand  total 

2,371 

100.0 

2’.  2 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

50 

2. 1 

26 

1. 1 

Ti-ol?an  "Mnrtll  

316 

13.  3 
8.4 

161 

6. 8 
93.2 

Xtailolly  

T^r»UoTi  Rmitli 

200 

Total  native-born 

2,210 



179 

7.  5 

Total  foreign- born 

Magyar 

241 

10.2 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


7 


Of  the  2,371  households  furnishing  information  in  this  industry,  by 
far  the  larger  proportion,  93.2  per  cent,  are  foreign-born.  Of  the 
native-born,  the  American  whites  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  4.6 
percent,  as  compared  with  1.1  per  cent  of  the  negroes  and  less  than 
1 per  cent  each  of  the  English  and  Irish. 

Comparing  the  foreign-born  races,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Slovaks, 
North  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Poles  constitute  56.7  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  studied.  The  Slovaks,  with  19.1  per  cent,  show  the 
largest  proportion.  The  Croatians,  South  Italians,  and  Lithuanians 
are  the  only  races  in  addition  to  these  reporting  a proportion  in  excess 
of  5 per  cent,  while  the  proportions  of  the  others  range  from  2.2  per 
cent  for  the  Germans  to  0.4  per  cent  for  the  Roumanians. 


MEMBERS  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  FOR  WHOM  DETAILED  INFORMATION  WAS 

SECURED. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  persons  in  households  studied, 
and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Table  7. — Persons  in  households  studied,  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information 
was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father^  by  race  of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

Grand  total 


Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Persons  in  house- 
holds. 

Persons  for  whom 
detailed  information 
was  secured. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

108 

499 

3.5 

497 

4.2 

27 

120 

.8 

120 

1.0 

11 

54 

.4 

52 

.4 

15 

89 

.6 

89 

.7 

16 

95 

.7 

91 

.8 

132 

942 

6.6 

568 

4.7 

27 

147 

1.0 

147 

1.2 

11 

51 

.4 

51 

.4 

51 

300 

2.1 

300 

2.5 

50 

292 

2.1 

292 

2.4 

316 

1,803 

12.7 

1,500 

12.5 

200 

1,289 

9.1 

1,091 

9.1 

179 

1,021 

7.2 

819 

6.8 

241 

1,512 

10.6 

1,205 

10.1 

42 

196 

1.4 

196 

1.6 

334 

2,087 

14.7 

1,781 

14.9 

10 

51 

.4 

51 

.4 

42 

265 

1.9 

173 

1.4 

43 

293 

2.1 

264 

2.2 

11 

71 

.5 

68 

.6 

454 

2,798 

19.7 

2,379 

19.9 

12 

70 

.5 

56 

.5 

39 

184 

1.3 

184 

1.5 

2,371 

14,229 

100.0 

11,974 

100.0 

26 

161 

2,210 

143 
762 
13, 467 

1.0 

5.4 

94.6 

141 

758 

11,216 

1.2 

6.3 

93.7 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 


8 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  the  2,371  households,  consisting  of  14,229  persons,  94.6  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  persons  are  foreign-born.  The  proportion  of 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  is  1 per  cent,  while  that  of  the 
native  whites  born  of  native  father  is  3.5  per  cent,  and  that  of  the 
negroes  of  native  birth  is  less  than  1 per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 

persons.  _ . i i -o  i 

As  regards  the  foreign-born,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  olovaks,  x oies, 

North  Italians,  and  Magyars,  each  representing  over  10  per  cent,  con- 
stitute 57.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  persons,  the  proportions 
ranging  from  19.7  per  cent  for  the  Slovaks  to  10.6  per  cent  for  the 
Magyars.  The  South  Italians  show  the  next  largest  proportion,  or 

9.1  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Lithuanians  and.  Croatians  with  7.2  and 
6.6  per  cent,  respectively,  while  the  proportions  of  the  other  races 
range  from  2.1  per  cent  each  for  the  Germans,  Irish,  and  Ruthemans, 
to  0.4  per  cent  for  the  French  and  Roumanians. 

Of  the  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  93.7  per 
cent  are  foreign-born,  1.2  per  cent  are  native-born  of  foreign  father, 

4.2  per  cent  are  native-born  white  of  natiye  father,  and  1 per  cent 
are  native-born  negroes.  Four  of  the  foreign-born  races  constitute 
each  more  than  10  per  cent  of  the  total  number  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured;  these  races  are  the  Slovak  with  19.9  per 
cent,  the  Polish  with  14.9  per  cent,  the  North  Italian  with  12.5  per 
cent,  and  the  Magyar  with  10.1  per  cent. 

The  table  which  follows  shows  the  number  of  households  studied, 
by  race  of  head  of  household,  and  the  number  ol families  included,  by 
race  of  head  of  family.  A household  includes  all  the  persons  living 
as  one  housekeeping  group,  without  regard  to  relationship  or  race. 

Table  S— Number  of  households  and  number  of  families  studied. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Total 
number 
of  fami- 
lies. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Total 
number 
of  fami- 
lies. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whitfi 

108 

113 

Foreign-born — Continued. 

Mexican 

42 

42 

27 

26 

Polish 

334 

336 

Negro. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father , by 
race  of  father: 

Roumanian 

10 

10 

Russian 

42 

44 

11 

11 

Ruthenian 

43 

43 

English 

15 

14 

Scotch 

11 

12 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . . 
Croatian  

Slovaic  

454 

457 

If) 

132 

17 

129 

SlnvpTiiDri 

12 

12 

Welsh 

39 

40 

En^'lish 

27 

29 

Grand  total 

2,371 

2,363 

French 

11 

12 

Gprmn n 

51 

54 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

- 

Irish  

50 

50 

26 

316 

304 

father 

25 

200 

188 

Total  native-born 

161 

164 

Italian,  South 

179 

178 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

2,199 

Mnp'var  

241 

242 

In  these  2,363  families  there  were  11,974  individuals  for  whom 
detailed  information  was  secured.  These  individuals  are  classified 
according  to  sex  in  the  following  table. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


9 


Table  9. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  hy  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number. 

Per  cent  of  each  sex. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

259 

238 

497 

52.1 

47.9 

54 

66 

120 

45.0 

55.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

25 

27 

52 

48.1 

51.9 

Irish 

48 

41 

89 

53.9 

46.1 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

48 

43 

91 

52.7 

47.3 

Croatian 

329 

239 

5G8 

57.9 

42.1 

English 

91 

58 

147 

61.9 

38.1 

French 

29 

22 

51 

56.9 

43.1 

German 

IGl 

139 

300 

53.7 

46.3 

Irish 

162 

130 

292 

55.5 

44.5 

Italian,  North 

853 

647 

1,500 

56.9 

43.1 

Italian,  South 

717 

374 

1,091 

65.7 

34.3 

Lithuanian  

482 

337 

819 

58.9 

41.1 

Magyar 

727 

478 

1,205 

196 

60.3 

39.7 

Mexican 

112 

84 

57.1 

42.9 

Polish 

1,018 

34 

763 

1,781 

51 

57.2 

42.8 

Roumanian 

17 

66.7 

33.3 

Russian 

100 

73 

173 

57.8 

42.2 

Rnthenian 

1.55 

109 

2G4 

58.7 

41.3 

Scotch 

39 

29 

68 

57.4 

42.6 

Slovak 

1,290 

1,089 

2,379 

54.2 

45.8 

Slovenian 

30 

26 

56 

53.6 

46.4 

Welsh 

98 

86 

184 

53.3 

46.7 

Grand  total 

6,8G1 

5,113 

11,974 

57.3 

42.7 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

73 

68 

141 

51.8 

48.2 

Total  native-born 

38G 

372 

758 

50.9 

49.1 

Total  foreiffn-born 

6,475 

4,741 

11,216 

57.7 

42.3 

Of  the  total  number  of  individuals  shown  in  the  table  above, 
57.3  per  cent  are  males.  . For  the  foreign-born  the  proportion  of 
males  is  slightly  higher,  while  for  the  native-born  as  a whole  it  is 
50.9  per  cent.  In  the  proportion  of  the  two  sexes  there  is  little 
relative  difference  between  the  group  of  persons  native-born  of  native 
father  and  that  native-born  of  foreign  father.  Among  the  American 
negroes  the  proportion  of  females  is  relatively  very  high.  In  the  case 
of  all  the  foreign  races  the  males  predominate.  The  excess  of  males 
is,  however,  considerably  higher  for  some  races  than  for  others.  The 
highest  figure  is  66.7  per  cent,  and  the  lowest  is  52.7  per  cent. 
The  former  percentage  is  for  the  Roumanians  and  the  latter  for  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians.  The  races  having  the  largest  proportion 
of  males  are,  in  the  order  of  mention,  the  Roumanians,  South  Italians, 
English,  Magyars,  Lithuanians,  and  Ruthenians;  those  having  the 
lowest  proportion  of  males  are  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Welsh, 
Slovenians,  Germans,  and  Slovaks. 

The  figures  and  percentages  of  the  table  seem  to  indicate  no  clear 
distinction  in  the  matter  of  sex  distribution  between  the  races  of 
recent  immigration  and  the  races  of  older  immigration.  That  the 
proportion  of  females  is  markedly  high  for  the  native-born  as  com- 
pared with  the  foreign-born,  is  the  salient  feature  of  the  table. 

The  table  on  the  page  following  shows  the  per  cent  of  males  among 

Eersons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  locality  and 
y general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


10 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  10.— Per  cent  of  males  among  persons  canvassed  hy  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[ThistaLleincludesonly  races  o more  localities.  The 


General  nativity  and  race  oi  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South-  1 

west. 

Total 

bitumin- 
ous coal 
mining  .a 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

54.4 

54.4 

49.6 

52.1 

Foreign-born: 

59.5 

48.8 

57.9 

A1  Q 

English 

58.  7 
50.8 
53.3 

67.3 

58.7 

Di. 

53.7 

German 

55.3 

60.4 

55.5 

56.9 

Af;  1 

54.0 

74.8 

77.8 

71.8 

52.6 

57. 5 

61. 1 

DO.  1 

52.4 

57. 8 

63. 1 

Oo. 

AO  ^ 

53. 8 

70.  9 

51.  4 

DU.  O 
K7  0 

53.9 

54.1 

69.1 

64.7 

53.  9 
49.6 

0/»  ^ 
54.2 

52.1 

55.0 

71.2 

55.2 

57.3 

51.8 

54.4 

54.  4 

56.5 

50.9 

57.7 

51.8 

55.0 

71.2 

. This  total  mcludes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

As  regards  the  proportion  of  males  m the  households  studied  m 
the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  it  will  be  seen  that  of  the  total 
number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  57.3 
per  cent  are  of  this  sex,  the  foreign-born  reporting  57.7  per  cent,  as 
compared  with  50.9  per  cent  of  the  native-born. 

As  among  the  several  localities,  thelargestproportion,  71.2  per  cent, 
is  reported  from  the  South,  and  the  smallest  proportion,  52.1  per 
cent,  is  reported  from  the  Middle  West,  while  the  proportions  reported 
from  Pennsylvania  and  the  Southwest,  between  which  there  is  prac- 
tically no  difference,  are  but  slightly  m excess  of  the  proportion  re- 
ported from  the  Middle  West.  ^ ^ 

The  South  reports  a larger  proportion  of  males  for  each  race  re- 
porting therefrom,  witliout  a single  exception,  than  does  any  other 
locality.  For  example,  the  per  cent  of  males  among  the  South  Ital- 
ian hoLeholds  studied  was  77.8  in  the  South,  611  m the  Southwest 
57.5  in  Pennsylvania,  and  52.6  in  the  Middle  West. 
of  males  among  the  Lithuanians  was  71.8  m the  South,  63.1  m the 
Southwest,  57.8  in  Pennsylvania,  and  52.4  in  the  Middle  West. 

The  following  table  shows  the  persons  in  the  households  studied  loi 
whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general  nativity 
and  race  of  individual.  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  in  this 
table  the  classification  is  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual, 
and  not  of  head  of  household  as  in  the  preceding  table. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


11 


Table  11— Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual 

Number. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

321 

324 

645 

4.7 

6.3 

5.4 

54 

66 

120 

.8 

1.3 

1.0 

3 

3 

.0 

.1 

(“) 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

24 

19 

43 

.3 

.4 

.4 

2 

2 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

96 

92 

188 

1.4 

1.8 

1.6 

53 

25 

78 

.8 

.5 

.7 

12 

11 

23 

.2 

.2 

.2 

72 

82 

154 

1.0 

1.6 

1.3 

116 

89 

205 

1.7 

1.7 

1.7 

287 

281 

568 

4.2 

5.5 

4.7 

175 

142 

317 

2.6 

2.8 

2.6 

184 

139 

323 

2.7 

2.7 

2.7 

208 

201 

409 

3.0 

3.9 

3.4 

45 

39 

84 

.7 

.8 

. 7 

324 

338 

662 

4.7 

6.6 

5.5 

R oumanian  

4 

4 

8 

.1 

.1 

. 1 

Russif^n  

30 

19 

49 

.4 

.4 

.4 

RuthPTiiaTi  

44 

57 

101 

.6 

1.1 

.8 



18 

14 

32 

.3 

.3 

.3 

ployf^lr  

527 

570 

1,097 

7.7 

11.1 

9.2 

PlnvP'TiifiTi  

12 

10 

22 

.2 

.2 

.2 

Welsh  

47 

37 

84 

.7 

.7 

.7 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  

29 

25 

54 

.4 

.5 

.5 

Bosnian  

1 

1 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

Canadian  (other  than  French)  .... 

2 

2 

.0 

(a) 

(“) 

Croatian  

233 

144 

377 

3.4 

2.8 

3.1 

Bo-iiisli 

1 

1 

.0 

(a) 

(“) 

English  

48 

39 

87 

.7 

.8 

. 7 

French  

18 

12 

30 

.3 

.2 

.3 

nprmn.n  

81 

64 

145 

1.2 

1.3 

1.2 

Trisb  

63 

36 

99 

.9 

.7 

.8 

Italian  North  

563 

357 

920 

8.2 

7.0 

7.7 

Italian  South  

543 

226 

769 

7.9 

4.4 

6.4 

Lithuanian  . 

296 

194 

490 

4.3 

3.8 

4. 1 

Magyar  

481 

277 

758 

7.0 

5.4 

6.3 

Mexican  

64 

40 

104 

.9 

.8 

.9 

Polish  

698 

415 

1,113 

10.2 

8.1 

9.3 

Roumanian  

39 

13 

52 

.6 

.3 

. 4 

Russian 

101 

54 

155 

1.5 

1.1 

1.3 

Ruthenian 

108 

51 

159 

1.6 

1.0 

1.3 

Scotch  

20 

19 

39 

.3 

.4 

.3 

Slovak  

751 

521 

1,272 

10.9 

10.2 

10.6 

Slovenian 

18 

17 

35 

.3 

(a; 

.3 

.3 

PpRnisli  

3 

3 

.0 

(a) 

Welsh 

50 

42 

92 

.7 

.8 

.8 

Grand  total 

6, 861 

5,113 

11,974 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

2,278 

2, 171 

4,449 

33.2 

42.5 

37.2 

Total  native-born  

2,653 

2,564 

5,217 

38.7 

50.1 

43.6 

Total  foreign-born 

4,208 

2,549 

6, 757 

61.3 

49.9 

56.4 

- 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


12 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  6,861  males  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
61.3  per  cent  are  foreign-born,  as  compared  with  38.7  per  cent  native- 
born.  Of  the  native-born,  by  far  the  largest  proportion  are  of  foreign 
father.  Comparing  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  it  will 
be  seen  that  The  Slovaks  constitute  the  largest  proportion,  or  7.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  males,  while  the  Poles  and  North 
Italians  follow  with  considerably  lower  percentages.  The  Magyars, 
Lithuanians,  and  South  Italians  are  the  only  other  races  reporting 
each  a proportion  in  excess  of  2 per  cent. 

Among  the  foreign-born  males,  as  in  the  case  of  the  native-born, 
Slovaks  report  the  largest  proportion;  their  10.9  per  cent  is  followed 
closely  by  the  Poles,  North  and  South  Italians,  and  Magyars,  the  last 
named  reporting  7 per  cent.  With  the  exception  of  the  Lithuanians 
and  Croatians,  who  report  4.3  and  3.4  per  cent,  respectively,  each  of 
the  remaining  foreign-born  races  reports  less  than  2 per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  males.  The  native  whites  born  of  native  father,  it 
will  be  noted,  constitute  less  than  5 per  cent,  and  the  negroes  less 
than  1 per  cent. 

Of  the  5,113  females  furnishing  information,  49.9  per  cent  are 
foreign-born  and  50.1  per  cent  native-born.  The  races  showing  the 
largest  proportion  of  foreign-born  females  also  show  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  females  of  the  second  generation,  and,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Slovaks,  the  percentages  for  the  foreign-born  are  slightly 
higher.  Of  the  second  generation,  the  Slovaks  show  the  largest  pro- 
portion, or  11.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  females,  followed  by 
the  Poles,  reporting  6.6,  and  the  North  Italians  5.5  per  cent,  the 
proportions  of  the  other  races  ranging  from  3.9  per  cent  for  the 
Magyars  to  O.I  per  cent  for  the  Roumanians. 

Of  the  foreign-born  females,  the  Slovaks,  with  10.2  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  females,  show  the  largest  proportion,  followed  by  the 
Poles,  North  Italians,  Magyars,  and  South  Italians,  with  8.1,  7,  5.4, 
and  4.4  per  cent,  respectively,  while  for  the  other  races  reporting 
females  the  proportions  range  from  3.8  per  cent  for  the  Lithuanians 
to  0.2  per  cent  for  the  French.  The  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  are  exceeded  only  by  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  North  Italians 
of  foreign  birth  and  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  of  the  second  generation. 
Only  1.3  per  ce^nt  of  the  total  number  of  females  are  negroes,  and 
but  0.1  per  cent  are  Indians. 

A combination  of  the  proportions  of  males  and  females,  as  set  forth 
in  Table  11,  does  not  affect  the  relative  position  of  the  various  races, 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  totals. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


13 


EMPLOYEES  FOR  WHOM  INFORMATION  WAS  SECURED. 

In  addition  to  the  study  of  households,  a detailed  study  of  88,368 
individual  employees  was  made  for  the  bituminous  coal-mining  in- 
dustry as  a whole.  The  racial  composition  of  this  total  is  shown  in 
Table  12  and  its  accompanying  charts. 

Table  12. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and 

race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

18, 515 

21.0 

Negro 

6, 702 

7.6 

Indian 

2 

(«) 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Australia 

4 

(o) 

Austri  a-H  ungar  y 

823 

.9 

Belgimn 

51 

.1 

Canada 

49 

.1 

Denmark 

10 

(a) 

England 

1,800 

2.0 

France 

173 

.2 

Germany 

2, 256 

2.6 

Greece 

1 

(a) 

Ireland 

1,352 

1.5 

Italy 

196 

.2 

Mexico 

9 

(a) 

Netherlands 

19 

(a) 

Norway 

5 

(a) 

Romnania 

1 

(a) 

Russia 

176 

.2 

Scotland 

925 

1.0 

Sweden 

66 

.1 

Switzerland 

28 

(a) 

Wales 

468 

.5 

Africa  (country  not  speci- 

fied)   

3 

(a) 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

2 

(a) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

747 

.8 

Bosnian 

1 

(a)  ■ 

Bulgarian 

177 

.2 

Canadian,  French 

26 

(a) 

Canadian,  Other 

30 

(a) 

Croatian 

2, 426 

2.7 

Cuban 

1 

(o) 

Dalmatian 

6 

(a) 

Danish 

20 

(«) 

Dutch 

106 

.1 

English 

2, 497 

2.8 

Finnish 

70 

.1 

Flemish 

3 

(a) 

French 

786 

.9 

German 

2, 699 

3.1 

Greek 

113 

1 

.1 

General  nativity  and  race. 


Number. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Foreign-born,  by  race— Con. 
Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)  

Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Turkish 

Welsh 

West  Indian  (other  than 

Cuban) 

Australian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


6 

(«) 

6 

(“) 

935 

1.1 

6,666 

7.5 

4, 272 

4.8 

113 

. 1 

1,892 

2.1 

18 

(®) 

4,571 

5.2 

116 

. 1 

136 

.2 

14 

(«) 

7,370 

8.3 

7 

(®) 

157 

.2 

1,853 

2.1 

308 

.3 

1, 162 

1.3 

27 

(«) 

132 

.1 

11,318 

12.8 

1,912 

2.2 

7 

(«) 

307 

.3 

21 

(«) 

4 

(a) 

399 

.5 

1 

(®) 

8 

(®) 

885 

1.0 

377 

.4 

24 

(a) 

88,368 

100.0 

8,  415 

9.5 

33, 634 

38.1 

54, 734 

61.9 

o Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


This  table  shows  that  of  the  88,368  employees  for  whom  informa- 
tion was  secured,  61.9  per  cent  are  foreign-born,  9.5  per  cent  are 
native-born  of  foreign  father,  21  per  cent  are  whites  native-born  of 
native  father,  and  7.6  per  cent  are  negroes  native-born  of  native 
father. 


Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  represented  by  500  or  more  employees.] 


14 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


POLISH 

RUSSIAN 


Number  of  employees  of  each  general  nativity  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


15 


16 


. The  Immigration  Commission, 


The  following  table  shows,  by  locality,  the  race  of  the  male  em- 
ployees for  whom  information  was  secured. 

Table  IZ.—Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  hy  locality;  per 

cent  distribution. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Per  cent  distribution  in  each  specified  locality. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 
west. I 

Total 
bitumi- 
lous  coal 
mining. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

32.0 

13.1 

32.6 

23.8 

21.  ( 

3.1 

1.9 

35.7 

5.6 

(a) 

7.( 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

(0) 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.9 

1.2 

.2 

.4 

.1 

.1 

(a) 

.1 

.1 

(a) 

(a) 

.1 

(a) 

2.6 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

3.1 

2.0 

.5 

2. 

.4 

.1 

(a) 

.5 

4.7 

2.5 

.4 

1. 5 

2. 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

2.0 

1.7 

1.6 

.6 

1. 

.3 

.1 

.1 

.9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 1 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

. 1 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.2 

.1 

.3 

2.1 

• 

1.5 

.9 

.5 

1, 

.1 

.1 

(a) 

(a)'^ 

(a) 

.1 

(a) 

(a) 



1.1 

.4 

(a) 

.6 

(a)  ' 

A Ti  frTT  Tint  QTipnifiPrl  ^ 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

iViriCa  j llUt  

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

1.4 

.9 

.1 

.4 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.1 

.1 

.9 

. 1 

(a) 

(a) 

.1 

(a) 

.0 

. 1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1.0 

4.0 

1.9 

.2 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

. (a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

1 (0) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

' .1 

.1 

.1 

.1 

4.3 

2.7 

.9 

3.6 

2 

.2 

.1 

.0 

(a) 

riGHlisll  

.0 

(a) 

.0 

0 

.0 

1.0 

.7 

.3 

3.1 

4.6 

3.1 

.8 

2.6 

.1 

.2 

.2 

(a) 

(a) 

TToVitoaxt  ( ntliPT  tVi  ilTl  T?  ^ - 

■ '“’.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.7 

1.3 

.3 

1.4 

16.6 

] 

It3'li3<n  North 

9.2 

6.9 

3.0 

ItEliEn  South  

2.3 

4.6 

8.8 

6.1 

Ttolicin  ( Tint  <2TiPnifipH  ^ 

(a) 

.2 

.0 

. 1 

LithuHini3>n 

5.8 

1.3 

.3 

1.8 

(a)' 

2^1^06(1  on  i^rii 

.0 

(a) 

.1 

.0 

Hfi^p’var  

3.5 

7.2 

2.6 

.7 

(«) 

.0 

(a) 

1.6 

MontCDG^^in  

.2 

(a) 

.7 

.0 

(a) 

3.1 

(a) 

Norw6gi3.D.  

- («) 

(a) 

.0 

Polish 

4.4 

12.3 

2.2 

(a) 

PortU|^6SG  

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

Itouni^ni3>n - 

.1 

.2 

.3 

. 1 

Russian 

2.0 

2.6 

.6 

1. 5 

RuthGui^rii 

.1 

.6 

(a) 

.0 

Scotch - 

1.9 

1 1.1 

.8 

2.1 

(a) 

Scotch“Irish 

- («) 

.1 

.0 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.2 

Slovak 

4.2 

! 20.3 

2.9 

1 1.9 

1 1 

.2 


.2 


.5 


2.7 


.1 

2.8 

.1 

.9 

3.1 

.1 


1.1 

7.5 

4.8 

.1 

2.1 

5.2 
.1 
.2 

8.3 

.2 

2.1 

.3 

1.3 


17 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


Table  13. — Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  hy  locality;  per 
cent  distribution — Continued . 


Per  cent  distribution  in  each  specified  locality. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

Slovenian 

0.5 

3.2 

0.4 

2.8 

2.2 

Spanish 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.1 

(a) 

Swedish 

.4 

.4 

(o) 

.3 

.3 

Syrian 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Turkish 

.0 

(a) 

.4 

.0 

.0 

(o) 

Welsh 

.9 

.1 

.5 

.5 

West  Indian  (other  than  Cuban) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

(o) 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

.7 

.5 

.4 

6.5 

1.0 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

.5 

.3 

(a) 

1.6 

.4 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(“) 

(a) 

Grand  total ! 

100.0  1 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14.5 

9.3 

2.5 

11.3 

9.5 

Total  native-born 

49.7 

24.3 

70.9 

40.8 

38.1 

Total  foreign-born 

50.3 

75.7 

29.1 

59.2 

61.9 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


COMPARATIVE  SCOPE  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION. 

The  investigation  in  Arkansas,  Texas,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee 
was  not  made  in  as  great  detail  as  in  other  States,  because  a prelim- 
inary survey  revealed  the  fact  that  comparatively  small  numbers  of 
recent  immigrants  were  employed  in  these  States.  At  the  time  the 
field  work  was  in  progress  conditions  in  Texas  and  Arkansas  were 
abnormal,  and  it  was  found  that  an  investigation  would  not  have 
yielded  true  results.  It  was  also  planned  to  study  the  coke  industry 
in  conjunction  with  bituminous  mining  and  to  embody  the  results 
of  the  investigation  in  a separate  report.  In  the  present  report, 
however,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  include  in  the  tabulations 
of  bituminous  coal  mining  the  returns  secured  from  employees  of 
coke  works,  and  to  make  no  distinction,  except  in  historical  and 
descriptive  matter,  between  mines  engaged  exclusively  in  the  pro- 
duction of  coal  and  mines  having  coke  ovens  in  connection  with  their 
coal  operations.  In  1905,  10,154  persons  were  employed  in  the  coke 
industry  in  Pennsylvania,  2,155  in  Alabama,  1,094  in  Virginia,  and 
2,533  in  West  Virginia.®  Detailed  information  was  secured  for  about 
5,000  coke  employees  in  Pennsylvania  and  a comparatively  small 
number  in  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Alabama.  These  returns  are 
included  in  the  tabulations  of  this  report. 

a Twelfth  Census,  Special  Reports  on  Selected  Manufactures;  Pt.  IV,  pn  515 

528,529.  > FF-  , 


18 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  comparative  figures  will  show  in  a summary  way  the 
territory  covered,  as  well  as  the  comparative  amount  of  information 
secured ; 

Table  14. — Comparative  scope  of  investigation  of  employees. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Division. 


Pennsylvania. 
Middle  West. 
Southwest. . . 
South 


Total. 


Number  of 
emplovees 
in  1907.0 


163,295 
133, 436 
20,837 
87,087 


404, 655 


Number  of 
employees 
covered  by 
individual 
study. 


49, 137 
18, 737 
7,036 
13,458 


88,368 


Per  cent 
of  total 
employees. 


30.1 

14.0 

33.8 

15.5 


21.8 


sriould  Se^'to  be  ?n“dl^at“te  '“S'^gures  in  this  column  are  compiled  from  various 

state  reports. 

The  first  column  in  the  table  shows  the  total  number  of  employees 
in  the  bituminous  coal  industry  within  the  geographical  area  investi- 
gated; the  second  column  shows  the  number  of  employees  covered  by 
the  study  of  individual  employees;  the  last  column  indicates  the  per 
cent  of  the  employees  covered  by  the  investigation  as  compared 
with  the  total  number  employed  in  the  industry. 

The  number  of  persons  from  whom  data  were  secured,  as  shown 
in  the  table  above,  was  21.8  per  cent  of  the  total  number  employed 
in  the  area  of  the  investigation.  The  investigation  and  tabulations 
may  therefore  be  said  to  be  comprehensive  and  representative  ol 
the  territorv  and  conditions  covered.®  ^ u 

In  addition  to  the  study  of  employees,  2,371  households,  com- 
nrising  14  229  persons,  were  studied.  The  table  next  presented 
shows  the  number  of  households  studied,  together  with  the  number 
and  sex  of  persons  within  the  households  for  whom  detailed  inlor- 
mation  was  secured. 


Table  15. — Scope  of  investigation  of  households. 


fSTUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Division. 


Pennsylvania . 
Midddle  West 

Southwest 

South 

TotaU  . 


Total 
number  of 
households. 

Persons  in 
households. 

Persons  for  whom  detailed  infor- 
mation was  secured. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

1,340 

171 

309 

476 

8,871 

758 

1,893 

2,305 

3,747 

373 

1,281 

1,241 

3,066 

343 

519 

1,009 

6,813 

716 

1,800 

2,250 

2,371 

14,229 

6,861 

5,113 

11,974 

a The  schedules  used  and  the  field  methods  employed  in  collecting  data  are  discussed  in  detafl  in  the 

summary  report  on  manufacturing  and  mining.  , wUUm  n lornlitv  no  race  was 

6 This  total  includes  households  not  given  m the  localities,  because  within  a lo 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


19 


METHOD  OF  PRESENTING  DATA  COLLECTED. 

In  preparing  the  report  the  following  divisions  have  been  adopted 
in  the  discussion  and  presentation  of  the  data: 

1.  Presentation  of  industry  as  a whole. — This  part  of  the  report 
affords  a brief  summary  statement  of  the  facts  and  conditions  devel- 
oped by  the  investigation. 

2.  Geographical  areas. — A division  has  been  made  following  the 
distribution  of  the  bituminous  mining  industry  in  the  United  States, 
principally  for  the  following  reasons:  (a)  To  show  difference  in  work- 
ing and  other  conditions  m the  different  sections  of  the  country; 
{h)  to  compare  the  status  of  the  various  races  under  different  envi- 
ronments ; (c)  to  exhibit  relative  inducements  to  immigration  offered 
by  different  sections  of  the  country. 

3.  Detailed  reports  on  selected  communities. — By  selecting  for 
intensive  study  representative  communities  connected  with  the 
industry,  it  has  been  thought  {a)  that  a verification  of  the  tend- 
encies exhibited  by  the  more  extended  tabulations  might  be  had; 
(Jb)  that  direct  effects  of  recent  immigration  upon  American  life  and 
institutions,  not  covered  by  the  statistical  tables,  might  be  presented; 
(c)  that  more  definite  conclusions  as  to  the  economic  effects  of  immi- 
gration might  be  reached. 


Chapter  II. 

RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 


Racial  movements  to,  and  displacements  in,  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry— 
Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and  members 
of  their  households — Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time — fText 
Tables  16  to  22  and  General  Tables  4 and  5], 

RACIAL  MOVEMENTS  TO,  AND  DISPLACEMENTS  IN,  THE  BITUMINOUS 
COAL-MINING  INDUSTRY. 

Considering  the  bituminous  coal  industry  as  a whole,  the  history 
of  the  movements  of  the  different  immigrant  races  to  the  coal  mines 
corresponds  roughly  to  the  period  of  immigration  of  each  race  to  the 
United  States.  The  time  of  employment  of  any  given  race  in  differ- 
ent coal  fields,  however,  is  conditioned  upon  the  length  of  time  each 
field  has  been  developed  and  upon  the  period  of  its  greatest  expansion. 

The  bituminous  fields-of  Pennsylvania  have  had  their  chief  develop- 
ment since  1870.  From  that  year  to  the  present  time  the  majority 
of  bituminous  mining  employees  have  been  of  foreign  birth.  During 
the  decade  1870  to  1880  the  operating  forces  of  the  mines  were  made 
up  of  native  whites  and  representatives  of  the  English,  Scotch,  Irish, 
Welsh,  and  German  races,  the  miners  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany 
usually  being  trained  men  who  had  had  practical  mining  experience 
before  coming  to  this  country English-speaking  and  northern 
European  miners  continued  to  arrive  in  large  but  decreasing  numbers 
during  the  next  ten  years,  but  after  1890  comparatively  few  came  to 
the  Pennsylvania  fields. 

Immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  were  first  employed 
about  1880.  The  Slovaks  were  the  first  to  arrive,  followed  by  the 
Magyars.  Both  of  these  races  continued  gradually  to  increase  up  to 
1890,  after  which  year  they  entered  the  mines  in  constantly  increasing 
numbers.  Scattered  representatives  of  the  Polish,  Italian,  and  Croa- 
tian races  were  also  employed  before  1890,  but  the  steady  immigra- 
tion of  the  Poles  did  not  begin  until  1890,  of  the  Italians  until  1895, 
and  of  the  Croatians  until  1900.  During  the  past  ten  years  practi- 
cally all  labor  for  the  ruines  has  been  secured  from  southern  and 
eastern  Europe,  and  has  included  Russians,  Bulgarians,  Roumanians, 
Ruthenians,  Syrians,  Armenians,  Croatians,  Servians,  Poles,  North 
and  South  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Slovaks.  At  the  present  time  the 
operating  forces  of  the  mines  are  composed  largely  of  races  of  recent 
immigration. 

During  the  past  twenty  years  the  older  employees  of  native  stock 
and  of  races  of  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe  have  been  in- 
creasingly displaced  by  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 
Ihe  expansion  of  the  ruining  industry  after  1880  opened  many  posi- 
tions requiring  responsibility  and  training,  which  have  been  filled  by 
natives  and  the  races  of  older  immigration.  Many  of  the  pioneer 

48296°— VOL  6-11- 3 21 


22 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


operatives  and  races  of  older  immigration  also  left  The 

fi&d  and  sought  work  after  1890  in  the  coal-mmmg  localities  of  the 
Middle  WestTnd  Southwest.  Others  found  employment  m mdus- 
tril  other  than  coal  mining.  At  the  present  time  practically  no 
nTivT,  nor  English,  Irish,  slotch,  Welsfi,  or  Germans  of  the  first  or 
second  generation,  are  entering  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  coal 
mines.  ^Those  employed  outside  of  positions  of  responsibility  are 
principally  inefficient  survivors  of  the  large  numbers  employed  before 

^^The  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  in  the  Middle  West,  and  espe- 
ciallv  in  Illinois,  has  also  assumed  remarkable  proportions  since  187U. 
Prior  to  1890  very  few  representatives  of  immigrant  races,  except  those 
from  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  were  m the  field.  Durmg  the  decade 
1890  to  1900  there  was  a change  in  the  racial  composition  of  the  mi 
workers  due  to  the  development  of  two  additional  sources  of  labor 
suddIv  (1)  An  influx  of  mine  workers  from  other  coal  fields  of  the 
UnLd  States;  (2)  the  arrival  of  immigrants  from  southern  and 
eastern  Europe.  The  migration  from  other  fields  in  tins  country  was 
maL  up  principally  of  the  Enghsh,  Irish,  Scotch  Welsh,  and  Ger- 
mans who  left  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virgmia  because 
of  labor  disputes  and  the  pressure  of  races  of  inore  recent  immigration 
who  were  entering  the  industry  in  the  locahties  mentioned.  The 
European  races  which  at  the  time  were  securing  employment  m the 
Middle  West  were  North  and  South  Italians,  Lithuanians, 
Russians,  French  and  French-Belgians,  and  a few  Magyars.  Ihe 
races  of  older  immigration,  however,  mamtamed  the  ^cend^cy 
numbers,  the  immigrants  from  northern  Europe  and  Great  Britain 
constituting  about  three-fourths  of  the  total  number  of  mine  workers 
in  1900,  while  the  remaining  one-fourth  was  composed  ot  the  more 
recent  arrivals  from  the  south  and  east  of  Europe. 

During  the  past  ten  years,  there  has  been  an  mcrepe  m t he  propor- 
tion of  employees  of  the  newer  immigration  m the  mines  of  the  Middle 
West  This  tendency  has  been  especially  marked  m the  more 
recently  developed  sections  of  Illinois  and  Indiana  A ^oveme^  of 
the  races  of  older  immigration  out  of  the  names  of  the  Middle  West 
to  other  mining  localities,  especially  those  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma, 
under  the  pressure  of  the  recent  arrivals,  has  also  been  noticeable. 
At  the  present  time,  it  is  estimated  that  slightly  more  than  one-halt 
of  the  total  number  of  employees  m the  coal  mmes  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois  are  of  foreign  birth,  and  that  almost  three-^urths  ol 
those  foreign-born  belong  to  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 

The  racial  movements  to  the  Southwest  are  unique  as  comjmrecl 
with  those  to  other  coal-mining  sections,  for  the  reason  that  both  Kan- 
sas and  Oklahoma  were  sparsely  settled  about  1880,  when  mining  on  a 
considerable  scale  was  begun,  and  the  first  employees  were  brought  y 
special  car  or  train  loads  from  the  minmg  locahties  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  Middle  West.  These  pioneer  operatives  included  representa- 
tives of  all  races,  with  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  predominant,  and 
the  Germans,  Poles,  Lithuanians,  French,  and  Croatians  next  m order 
of  successive  numerical  importance.  The  ’ 

Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Irish  from  Pennsylvania  and  the  Middle  West 
mining  localities  to  the  Oklahoma  (then  Indian  Territory)  mines  was 
very  strong  until  1890,  and  to  the  Kansas  mines  until  189  . e 
period  from  1890  to  1898  in  Oklahoma  was  marked  by  labor  disputes 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


23 


and  an  exodus  of  the  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Welsh  from  Okla- 
homa to  Kansas. 

The  number  of  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe 
at  work  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  was  very  small  prior  to  1895. 
Since  that  year,  they  have  arrived  in  constantly  increasing  numbers 
and  have  largely  filled  the  places  left  vacant  in  Oklahoma  by  the 
departure  of  the  English-speaking  miners,  and  have  supphed  the 
labor  necessary  to  the  expansion  of  the  industry  in  both  Kansas  and 
Oklahoma.  More  than  30  races  of  foreign  birth  are  now  employed 
in  the  mines  of  the  Southwest,  the  races  of  recent  immigration  which 
are  present  in  largest  numbers  being  the  North  and  South  Italians, 
Poles,  Slovenians,  and  Slovaks.  Employees  belonging  to  races 
originating  in  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe  constitute  about 
one-fourth,  and  those  belonging  to  races  of  southern  and  eastern 
Europe  about  three-fourths,  of  the  total  number  of  mine  workers  of 
foreign  birth. 

The  employment  of  immigrant  labor  in  the  South  has  been  of  more 
recent  date  than  in  other  sections.  Native  whites  and  negroes  were 
principally  used  in  developing  the  coal  resources  of  that  section,  and 
it  was  not  until  the  decade  1890  to  1900  that  mine  workers  of  foreign 
birth  in  considerable  numbers  made  their  appearance  in  the  coal- 
producing  area  of  the  South. 

Immigration  to  the  coal  mines  of  Alabama  began  more  than  twenty 
years  ago  with  the  coming  of  the  Scotch,  English,  and  Welsh  miners. 
Soon  afterwards  Slovaks,  Poles,  French,  Irish,  and  a few  Italians 
arrived.  Within  the  past  ten  years  immigration  into  the  coal-mining 
communities  has  been  of  mixed  character,  the  larger  portion  of  it 
consisting  of  Italians,  Bulgarians,  French,  Scotch,  and  a very  con- 
siderable number  of  Russians,  Croatians,  and  other  races.  About 
30  different  foreign  races  are  at  present  employed  in  the  mines  of  the 
Birmingham  district. 

The  greatest  expansion  of  coal  mining  in  West  Virginia  has  taken 

flace  since  the  year  1893.  Prior  to  that  time,  although  English, 
rish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German  miners  were  employed  in  consider- 
able numbers,  native  white  and  negro  labor  was  principally  used  by  the 
coal  operators.  When  this  supply  of  labor  became  inadequate,  em- 
ployees of  foreign  birth  were  secured  from  the  Pennsylvania  fields  and 
through  labor  agencies  in  the  eastern  cities.  These  new  men  included 
North  and  South  Italians,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Magyars,  Russians,  Cro- 
atians, Lithuanians,  and  scattering  representatives  of  other  races. 
During  the  past  fifteen  years  the  mine  workers  have  been  recruited 
from  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  and  during  the  past 
twenty  years  there  has  been  a steady  movement  of  native  whites, 
together  with  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  from  the  West 
Virginia  mines  to  the  coal-mining  localities  of  the  Middle  West  and 
Southwest.  More  than  one-half  of  the  mine  workers  at  present  are 
of  foreign  birth,  and  are  principally  of  races  of  southern  and  eastern 
Europe. 

The  Virginia  coal  fields  were  developed  at  an  even  later  date  than 
those  of  West  Virginia.  Immigrants  in  small  numbers  were  em- 
ployed during  the  period  1893  to  1900,  but  it  was  not  until  after  the 
year  1900  that  any  considerable  numbers  arrived.  The  Virginia 
fields  are  located  in  a sparsely  settled  territory,  and  almost  all  the 
labor  used  has  been  secured  from  the  outside.  Negroes  and  native 


24 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


whites  from  other  sections  of  the  South  were  at  first  employed,  but 
during  the  past  ten  years  they  have  been  gradually  displaced  by 
employees  of  foreign  birth  who  have  come  from  abroad  and  from 
other  mining  localities  in  this  country.  Magyars,  North  and  South 
Italians,  and  Slovaks  are  in  the  majority  among  the  mine  workers 
of  foreign  birth.  Poles,  Roumanians,  Servians,  Ruthenians,  Ger- 
mans, Macedonians,  and  Lithuanians  are  also  employed,  in  compara- 
tively small  numbers. 


PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSEHOLDS. 

Original  information  was  obtained  from  54,300  bituminous  coal- 
mining employees  as  to  the  number  of  years  each  had  been  in  the 
United  States.  These  data  were  also  secured  from  the  members  of 
the  households  studied  who  were  born  abroad.  Although  some  of  the 
employees  had  probably  had  employment  after  reaching  this  country 
and  before  they  entered  the  bituminous  coal  industry,  the  number 
of  such  cases  is  small,  and  the  facts  put  forward  in^  the  following 
tables  may  be  considered  as  representative  of  the  racial  movements 
to  the  bituminous  coal  mines. 

As  regards  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  individual 
employees,  the  number  and  per  cent  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  each  specified  number  of  years  are  shown,  by  race,  in  the  fol- 
lowing tables  and  the  accompanying  chart: 

Table  16. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  under  1 year, 

1 year,  2 years,  etc.,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reportmg.  The  total, 
however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Number 


Ter  cent  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North  , 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Servian  

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

744 

1.2 

3.6 

11.3 

7.7 

5.9 

25.4 

2.8 

12.1 

30.0 

173 

1.2 

34.7 

34.7 

11.0 

3.5 

10.4 

1.2 

1.2 

2.3 

2,416 

1.7 

8.4 

17.9 

16.2 

10.2 

35.5 

5.3 

3.5 

1.2 

103 

3.9 

5.8 

8.7 

5.8 

5.8 

18.4 

4.9 

17.5 

29.1 

2,444 

1.6 

2.3 

4.6 

4.2 

4.0 

9.4 

3.2 

5.6 

65.2 

70 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

8.6 

10.0 

35.7 

14.3 

15.7 

11.4 

775 

1.4 

4.3 

7.1 

5.5 

4.9 

28.8 

4.1 

16.9 

27.0 

2,677 

1.2 

2.1 

4.6 

4.1 

3.7 

13.6 

4.5 

20.5 

45.7 

111 

1.8 

12.6 

17. 1 

10.8 

9.0 

27.9 

7.2 

■ 7.2 

6.3 

916 

.3 

.8 

2.2 

1.2 

1.3 

4.0 

3.1 

6.6 

80.6 

6,622 

2.5 

5.7 

11.9 

12.2 

8.8 

36.0 

9.5 

8.3 

5.1 

4, 239 

3.4 

5.8 

13.0 

12.6 

10. 1 

37.5 

8.9 

5.3 

3.4 

109 

.9 

9.2 

1().  5 

11.0 

11.0 

31.2 

7.3 

7.3 

5.  5 

1,885 

1.0 

2.0 

5.9 

7.9 

8.8 

37.8 

16.4 

14.4 

5.9 

4,543 

3.3 

9.1 

16.2 

12.4 

9.7 

32. 1 

7.3 

6.5 

3.4 

111 

1.8 

4.5 

7.2 

7.2 

5.4 

24.3 

21.6 

18.9 

9.0 

136 

.0 

30.  1 

37.5 

11.0 

7.4 

10.3 

.0 

.7 

2.9 

7,316 

1.8 

6.7 

15.1 

10.4 

8.8 

31.9 

9.1 

9.2 

7.0 

156 

4.5 

34.6 

27.6 

14.  1 

5.8 

10.3 

.6 

1.9 

.6 

1,831 

2.5 

9.9 

19.6 

11.3 

7.5 

27.8 

9.1 

7.4 

5.0 

307 

1.6 

8.5 

21.8 

9.1 

11.7 

23.5 

11.4 

7.2 

5.2 

1,139 

1.9 

2.3 

3.4 

3.7 

3.4 

10. 1 

2.5 

6.3 

66.4 

131 

.8 

5.3 

19.1 

9.2 

10.7 

38.2 

11.5 

.3.0 

2.3 

11,272 

1.  5 

5.5 

11.4 

9.2 

9.0 

31.6 

11.4 

9.9 

10.4 

1,899 

2.7 

6.2 

15.4 

10.7 

9.6 

36.6 

8.6 

6.6 

3.7 

306 

.7 

1.3 

1.3 

2.3 

2.0 

11.8 

4.9 

21.2 

54.  6 

397 

1.0 

1.8 

2.3 

1.3 

2.0 

2.8 

4.5 

6.0 

78.3 

. 54,300 

2. 1 

5.9 

12.1 

9.7 

8.2 

29.6 

8.4 

9.0 

15.1 

Total 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


25 


26 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  17. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race . 

(study  of  employees.) 

however  is  for  all  foreign-born.]  


Race. 

Number 
reporting 
complete  - 
data.  1 

744 

173 

2,416 

103 

2,444 

70 

775 

2,677 

Greek. . 

111 

916 

6,622 

4,239 

TfoliQTi  /’•nnt  <STiPPlfipTl  

109 

1,885 

4,543 

111 

136 

7,316 

156 

1,831 

307 

1, 139 

131 

11,272 

1,899 

306 

Welsh 

397 

Total... 

54, 300 

of  years. 


Under  5.  5 to  9.  10  to  14.  15  to  19.  20  or  over 


29.7 

85.0 

54.4 

30.1 
16.6 
22.9 

23.2 

15.8 

51.4 
5.8 

41.1 

44.9 

48.6 

25.5 

50.6 

26.1 
86.0 

42.9 

86.5 

50.7 

52.8 

14.7 
45.0 

36.7 

44.5 
7.5 
8.3 


37.9 


25.4 

10.4 

35.5 

18.4 
9.4 

35.7 

28.8 

13.6 
27.9 

4.0 

36.0 

37.5 

31.2 

37.8 

32.1 

24.3 

10.3 

31.9 
10.3 

27.8 

23.5 

10.1 
38.2 

31.6 

36.6 

11.8 
2.8 


29.6 


2.8 

1.2 

5.3 

4.9 
3.2 

14.3 

4.1 

4.5 

7.2 

3.1 

9.5 

8.9 

7.3 

16.4 
7.3 

21.6 

.0 

9.1 
.6 

9.1 

11.4 

2.5 

11.5 
11.4 

8.6 

4.9 
4.5 


8.4 


12.1 

1.2 

3.5 

17.5 

5.6 
15.7 

16.9 

20.5 

7.2 

6.6 

8.3 

5.3 

7.3 
14.4 

6.5 

18.9 
.7 

9.2 

1.9 

7.4 

7.2 

6.3 

3.0 

9.9 

6.6 
21.2 

6.0 


9.0 


30.0 

2.3 
1.2 

29.1 

65.2 
11.4 
27.0 
45.7 

6.3 
80.6 

5.1 

3.4 

5.5 

5.9 

3.4 

9.0 

2.9 

7.0 
.6 

5.0 

5.2 

66.4 

2.3 

10.4 
3.7 

54.6 

78.3 


15.: 


Fortv-four  races  are  represented  in  the  54,300  foreign  born  employ- 
ees, and  each  of  27  races  has  40  or  mpre  male  employees  sporting 
Of  the  total  of  54,300  employees  furnishing  information,  20,509,  or 
37  9 per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  under  five  ’ 

or  29  6 per  cent,  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine  years;  4,582,  or  8.4 
per  cent,  from  ten  to  fourteen  years ; 4,875,  or  9 per  cent,  from  fifteen 
to  nineteen  years;  and  8,186,  or  15.1  per  cent,  twenty  years  or  more 
It  can  thus  be  seen  that  67.5  per  cent,  or  oyer  two-thirds,  of  all 
individuals  reporting  information  have  been  in  the  United  States 

'^"By^^generlf  reference  to  the  tables  already  given  it  is  found  that 
English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German  immigration  to  the  indus- 
try^Kas  decreased  greatly  during  the  past  fifteen  years,  and  that  immi- 
gration from  southern  and  eastern  European  countries  has  mcreased 

^The  sho\Gng  made  by  the  Irish  is  remarkable.  Out  of  a t al  of 

916  individuals  studied,  80.6  per  cent  have  resided  m the  United 

States  for  twenty  years  or  more,  6.6  per  cent 

fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  3.1  per  cent  have  been  here 

teen  years,  4 per  cent  from  five  to  nme  years,  and  5.8  per  cent  under 

^similar  showing  is  afforded  by  the  Welsh.  Of  ^ *9^} 
individuals  studied,  78.3  per  cent  have  been  m the  Unhed  states  ^ 
twenty  years  or  more,  6 per  cent  have  been  here  from  fifteen  to  nme- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


27 


teen  years,  4.5  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  2.8  per  cent 
from  five  to  nine  years,  and  8.3  per  cent  under  five  years.  Out  of  a 
total  of  1,139  Scotch  individuals  reporting,  66.4  per  cent  have  resided 
in  the  United  States  for  twenty  years  or  more,  6.3  per  cent  have  been 
here  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  2.5  per  cent  have  been  here  from 
ten  to  fourteen  years,  10.1  per  cent  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine 
years,  and  14.7  per  cent  under  five  years.  Aside  from  the  prepon- 
derance of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  twenty  years 
or  more,  the  most  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  this  race  is  that 
the  number  of  those  who  have  been  in  this  country  under  ten  years  is 
greatly  in  excess  of  those  who  have  been  here  from  ten  to  nineteen 
years.  The  course  of  English  immigration  has  been  not  unlike  that 
of  the  Scotch.  Of  the  English,  65.2  per  cent  have  been  in  the  United 
States  for  twenty  years  or  more,  5.6  per  cent  have  been  here  from 
fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  3.2  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  9.4 
per  cent  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  16.6  per  cent  under  five^  years. 
English  immigration  into  the  coal  industry  has,  therefore,  like  the 
Scotch,  evidently  increased  during  the  past  ten  years  over  what  it  was 
between  ten  and  twenty  years  ago.  Out  of  a total  of  2,677  German 
employees,  45.7  per  cent  have  resided  in  the  United  States  for  twenty 
years  or  longer,  20.5  per  cent  have  been  here  from  fifteen  to  nineteen 
years,  4.5  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  13.6  per  cent  from  five 
to  nine  years,  and  15.8  per  cent  under  five  years.  It  is  apparent, 
therefore,  that  the  immigration  into  the  bituminous  coal  industry  of 
English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  has  decreased  during  the 
past  twenty  years,  and  that  these  races  are  now  entering  the  industry 
m relatively  small  numbers. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  will  be  seen  that  immigration  from  the  south- 
eastern European  countries  has  increased  steadily  and  has  supplanted 
that  just  described.  Out  of  a total  of  2,416  Croatian  mine  workers, 
54.4  per  cent  report  that  they  have  resided  in  the  United  States  under 
five  years;  35.5  per  cent  have  resided  here  from  five  to  nine  years, 
5.3  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  3.5  per  cent  from  fifteen  to 
nineteen  years,  and  1.2  per  cent  for  twenty  years  or  more.  In  other 
words,  89.9  per  cent  of  all  Croatian  individuals  reporting  this  infor- 
mation have  resided  in  the  United  States  less  than  ten  years.  The 
course  of  Magyar  immigration  into  this  country  runs  almost  parallel 
with  that  of  the  Croatians.  Out  of  a total  of  4,543  Magyar  individ- 
uals reporting,  50.6  per  cent  have  been  in  the  United  States  under 
five  years,  32.1  per  cent  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine  years,  7.3 
per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  6.5  per  cent  from  fifteen  to  nine- 
teen years,  and  3.4  per  cent  for  twenty  years  or  more.  Of  4,239 
South  Italians  furnishing  information,  44.9  per  cent  have  been  in  the 
United  States  under  five  years,  37.5  per  cent  from  five  to  nine  years, 
8.9  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  5.3  per  cent  from  fifteen  to 
nineteen  years,  and  3.4  per  cent  for  twenty  years  or  more.  North 
Italian  immigration  into  the  coal  industry,  as  a whole,  started  some- 
what earlier  than  did  that  from  South  Italy.  Of  a total  of  6,622 
North  Italians,  41.1  per  cent  have  resided  in  the  United  States  under 
five  years,  36  per  cent  from  five  to  nine  years,  9.5  per  cent  from  ten 
to  fourteen  years,  8.3  per  cent  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  and  5.1 
per  cent  for  twenty  years  or  more.  A residence  in  the  United  States 
of  less  than  five  years  is  reported  by  36.7  per  cent  of  the  11,272 


28 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Slovaks,  42.9  per  cent  of  the  7,316  Poles,  and  25.5  per  cent  of  the 
1,885  Lithuanians.  A more  exhaustive  examination  only  serves  to 
show  more  clearly  that  immigrants  from  Great  Britain  and  northern 
Europe  are  no  longer  in  large  numbers  entering  the  bituminous  coal- 
mining industry,  and  that  the  new  labor  forces  are  being  recruited  from 
races  of  recent  immigration  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 

Data  as  to  period  of  residence  were  also  secured  from  the  members 
of  the  households  investigated.  This  information  is  set  forth  in  the 
following  series  of  tables,  the  first  of  which  shows,  by  general  nativity 
and  race,  the  per  cent  of  persons  in  the  households  studied  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Table  18. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[Bv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  Xo  deducUon 
is  made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting,  the 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  in  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years. 

Under  5. 

Under  10. 

Under  20. 

BoliGTi1i3.11 3ii(i  ^i£or3vi3ii« 

54 

57.4 

70.4 

83.3 

Cro3ti3n  

377 

43.5 

78.5 

99.2 

86 

41.9 

55.8 

59.3 

30 

16.7 

40.0 

70.0 

Gormsii-  

145 

44.1 

54.5 

64.8 

99 

16.2 

19.2 

21.2 

920 

42.5 

75.5 

95.1 

It3li3Il  SoUtll. 

769 

56.4 

86.3 

97.8 

LittiU3iii3ii 

490 

27.3 

64.3 

93.5 

758 

48.3 

74.1 

96.5 

104 

10.6 

31.7 

84.6 

Polish 

1,113 

49.7 

75.4 

94.2 

RouTn3iii3ii 

52 

69.2 

100.0 

100.0 

155 

64.5 

89.0 

97.4 

Ruthenian 

159 

45.2 

73.0 

95.0 

Scotch - 

39 

20.5 

46.2 

46.2 

Slov3k 

1,272 

33.5 

61.1 

88.6 

35 

34.3 

74.3 

97.1 

Welsh 

92 

25.0 

33.7 

53.3 

Total 

6,756 

42.7 

70.5 

90.8 

The  above  table  shows  clearly  how  large  a proportion  of  the  various 
races  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years  and  how  small 
a per  cent  have  had  a residence  of  twenty  years  or  over.  Of  the  6,756 
persons  reporting  complete  data  42.7  per  cent  have  been  in  the  coun- 
try under  five  years,  70.5  per  cent  under  ten  j^ears,  and  90.8  per  cent 
under  twenty  years.  For  comparison,  the  various  races  may  be  again 
separated  into  two  distinct  groups,  one  the  older,  and  the  other  the 
more  recent  immigrants;  the  first  named  to  include  English,  French, 
German,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  and  the  second  the  races  from 
southern  and  eastern  Europe.  To  this  first  group  should  also  be 
added  the  Mexicans,  15.4  per  cent  of  whom  have  been  in  the  United 
States  for  more  than  twenty  years  and  only  10.6  per  cent  under  five 
years,  the  smallest  per  cent  shown  by  any  race  as  having  a five-year 
period  of  residence.  Of  the  older  immigrants,  the  largest  proportion 
with  a residence  in  this  country  of  less  than  five  years  is  shown  by  the 
Germans  and  English,  who  report  44.1  and  41.9  per  cent,  respectively, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


29 


while  the  smallest  proportion  among  the  older  immigrants,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Mexicans,  is  shown  by  the  Irish,  16.2  per  cent  of 
whom  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years.  The  Irish 
are  immediately  followed  by  the  French,  with  16.7  per  cent,  while  the 
Scotch  and  Welsh  show  20.5  and  25  per  cent,  respectively.  Of  the 
second  group  four  races,  the  Roumanians,  Russians,  Bohe'mians  and  Mo- 
ravians, and  South  Italians,  each  show  over  50  per  cent  of  their  number 
as  having  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years,  the  Rouma- 
nians showing  the  largest  proportion,  or  69.2  per  cent,  and  the  South 
Italians,  with  56.4  per  cent,  the  lowest.  Of  the  other  races  included 
in  this  group  the  proportions  range  from  49.7  per  cent  for  the  Poles 
to  27.3  per  cent  for  the  Lithuanians.  The  above  table  shows  that 
a much  larger  per  cent  of  the  first  than  of  the  second  group  have 
been  in  the  United  States  for  more  than  twenty  years.  Of  the  first 
group  the  Irish  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  78.8  per  cent,  with  a 
residence  of  over  twenty  years,  and  the  Mexicans,  with  15.4  per  cent, 
the  lowest;  while  of  the  second  group  the  proportions  range  from 
16.7  per  cent  for  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  to  zero  for  the 
Roumanians. 

As  regards  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
male  employees,  by  locality  and  by  race,  the  table  presented  below  is 
instructive. 

Table  19. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 
number  of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

(study  op  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting  in  each 
of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  5 YEARS. 


Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitumi- 

nous 

coal 

mining. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

35.7 

26.2 

(o) 

(“) 

29.7 

Croatian 

21.5 

56.6 

63. 2 

(a) 

54.4 

English 

25.5 

12.5 

12.8 

11.0 

16.6 

French 

22.4 

20.1 

(a) 

26.4 

23.2 

German 

17.1 

12.0 

50.0 

19.9 

15.8 

Irish 

9.6 

4.4 

.0 

13.0 

5.8 

Italian,  North 

29.1 

47.7 

43.  ^ 

38.4 

41.1 

Italian,  South 

34.4 

47.0 

46.4 

40.7 

44.9 

Lithuanian 

21.9 

32.0 

22.0 

24.0 

25.5 

Magyar 

39.7 

52.7 

51.3 

39.6 

50.6 

Polish 

30.6 

44.4 

47.7 

39.8 

42.9 

Russian 

32.8 

56.  6 

71.6 

28.3 

50.7 

Scotch 

19.4 

14.8 

5.9 

9.5 

14.7 

Slovak 

18.0 

37.8 

45.0 

43.0 

36.7 

Slovenian 

31.3 

46.2 

34.5 

40.0 

44.5 

Swedish 

7.5 

7.9 

(a) 

(o) 

7.5 

Welsh 

6.9 

9.9 

(“) 

(a) 

8.3 

Total 

26.0 

40.3 

48.4 

33.1 

37.9 

“Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


30 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  19. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race  Continued. 


IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  10  YEARS. 


Race. 

i 

1 

Middle  , 
West. 

i 

1' 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

1 

63.9 

50.3 

82.4 

90.0 

71.3 

91.0 

63.6 

44.6 

28.8 

69.0 

57.8 

19. 5 

48  7 

48.8 

29.4 

25.8 

72.7 

74.7 

17.6 

6.9 

69.6 

81.2 

83.5 

81.5 

75.0 

80.2  . 

iXailall  

61.1 

68.9 

78.3 

83.4 

68.3 

75.4 

90.9 

96.2 

67.7 

82.0 

90.0 

74.9 

32.1 

24.9 

70.8 

82.4 

45.4 

69.  6 

71.9 

82.9 

20.9 

Welsh 

9.4 

13.1 

57.2 

69.  3 1 

1 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitumi- 

nous 

coal 

mining. 

50.0 

55.2 

55.1 

99.2 

83.3 

95.4 

96.9 

57.1 

89.9 

50.0 

33.3 

48.5 

28.2 

21.1 

26.0 

100.0 

58.6 

62.2 

50.0 

52.0 

70.5 

33.1 

29.3 

100.0 

66.7 

79.3 

9.3 

20.7 

9.8 

79.1 

75.2 

77.0 

86.2 

76.1 

82.4 

77.8 

79.8 

46.3 

58.7 

63.3 

85.4 

79.2 

82.8 

100.0 

50.5 

50.5 

98.9 

96.3 

82.3 

70.8 

74.7 

100.0 

100.0 

96.8 

90.5 

66.0 

78.5 

100.  0 

76.2 

7.9 

19.0 

24.8 

100.0 

100.0 

83.2 

80.5 

70.3 

68.3 

74.5 

73.3 

81.1 

60.0 

11.1 

19.3 

9.1 

8.3 

11.1 

79.8 

63.0 

67.5 

IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  20  YEARS. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified)  . . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

W eish 

Total 


78.6 

65.1 

75.0 

72.4 

70.0 

82.4 

96.7 

100.0 

100.0 

97.7 

95.6 

98.9 

100.0 

100.0 

98.8 

81.8 

71.4 

62.5 

55.6 

70.9 

41.6 

31.0 

38.5 

31.3 

34.8 

93.1 

34.6 

100.0 

88.6 

75.5 

72.5 

78.4 

70.8 

73.0 

50. 1 

54.4 

84.8 

54.1 

54. 3 

81.8 

93.3 

100.0 

100.0 

93.7 

24.8 

16.6 

23.3 

30.4 

19.4 

91.5 

96.9 

97.5 

92.8 

94.9 

95.7 

96.3 

98.3 

94.4 

96.6 

100.0 

94.8 

88.9 

94.  5 

94.7 

94.3 

87.8 

90.1 

94. 1 

94.5 

96.9 

97.4 

91.7 

96.6 

100.0 

91.7 

91.0 

07  1 

100.0 

90.2 

66.7 

93.3 

100.0 

95.3 

93.5 

y / . i 

93.0 

100.0 

99.0 

100.0 

100.0 

99.4 

93.8 

96.0 

97.3 

85.8 

95.0 

94.  7 

ICO.  0 

94.8 

yo.  u 
40.5 

33!  9 

19.8 

25.5 

33.6 

91.7 

98.8 

100.0 

100.0 

97.7 

75.2 

90.4 

95.6 

93.0 

89.6 

90.6 

97.2 

92.7 

92.8 

96. 3 

40.3 

46.8 

80.0 

38.9 

45.  4 

17.6 

26.7 

18.2 

13.9 

21.7 

77.4 

86.5 

91.8 

81.0 

84.9 

An  inspection  of  the  foregoing  table  reveals  the  fact  that  of  the  total 
number  of  immigrant  males  in  the  Southern  bituminous  coal  helds, 
48.4  per  cent  have  been  in  the  country  less  than  five  years,  i his  is 
the  largest  proportion  shown  for  any  one  locality,  as  compared  witn 
the  lowest,  26  per  cent,  entered  for  the  Middle  West.  For  the  com- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


31 


bined  industry,  37.9  per  cent  of  the  employees  have  been  in  the 
United  States  under  five  years.  The  twelve  races  for  which  full  in- 
formation is  entered  may  be  grouped  so  as  to  include,  first,  English, 
Irish,  Scotch,  and  Germans,  and  second.  North  and  South  Italians, 
Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  Slovaks,  and  Slovenians. _ In 
the  first  group,  which  embraces  races  of  early  immigration,  it  is  at 
once  noticed  that  the  number  of  individuals  in  all  localities  is  com- 
paratively small,  ranging  from  zero  to  25  per  cent,  except  in  the  case 
of  the  Germans  in  the  South,  for  whom  50  per  cent  is  shown.  Among 
the  races  in  the  second  group  the  entries  exhibit  a much  higher  pro- 
portion, varying  from  about  30  to  60  per  cent  among  the  several  races 
in  the  different  localities.  The  figures  for  the  Lithuanians  in  the 
Middle  West,  South,  and  Southwest,  and  the  Slovaks  in  the  Middle 
West,  show  a lower  percentage,  however,  running  down  to  18  for  the 
Slovaks  in  the  Middle  West;  while  for  the  Russians  in  the  Southern 
fields  71.6  per  cent  is  shown. 

The  percentages  of  immigrant  males  in  the  country  under  ten  years, 
shown  by  localities  in  the  second  section  of  the  foregoing  table,  range 
from  57.2  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  to  79.8  per  cent  in  the  Southern 
fields.  Selecting  a few  of  the  races  reporting  full  data  for  each  of  the 
several  fields,  it  is  noticed  that  the  proportions  of  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  and  Welsh  in  all  localities  run  much  lower  than  those  of  the  races 
from  continental  Europe.  For  example,  only  6.9  per  cent  of  the 
Irish  in  the  Pennsylvania  fields  are  residents  of  less  than  ten  years, 
while  in  the  Southwest  the  percentage  recorded  for  the  same 
race  is  20.7.  For  the  Welsh  even  lower  figures  are  shown,  varying 
from  8.3  per  cent  in  the  Southwest  to  13.1  per  cent  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Representatives  of  the  continental  races,  such  as  the 
Croatian,  Italian,  Roumanian,  and  Slovak,  exhibit  a comparatively 
high  percentage,  all  being  of  recent  immigration.  In  Pennsylvania 
and  the  South  over  90  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  have  been  in  the 
country  less  than  ten  years,  as  against  the  lowest  entry  for  the  race 
of  57.1  per  cent  in  the  Southwest.  The  Roumanians  vary  from  90.9 
per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  to  100  per  cent  in  the  South  and  South- 
west. The  Slovak  figures  range  from  45.4  per  cent  in  the  Middle 
West  to  70.3  per  cent  in  the  Southwest,  and  80.5  per  cent  in  the 
Southern  fields. 

In  the  third  section  of  the  table,  as  in  the  two  sections  pre- 
ceding, the  lowest  percentage  for  all  races  is  found  in  the  Middle 
West  and  the  highest  in  the  Southern  fields.  The  percentage  of 
foreign-born  males  of  all  races  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
less  than  twenty  years  in  the  combined  bituminous  coal-mining  indus- 
try is  shown  to  be  84.9.  Races  from  Great  Britain  maintain  their 
low  proportions,  showing  that  of  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and 
Welsh  found  in  the  industry,  from  65.2  to  80.6  per  cent  have  lived  in 
the  United  States  more  than  twenty  years,  as  against  from  0.6  to  30 
per  cent  of  employees  of  the  races  from  southern  and  eastern 
Europe.  The  percentage  in  the  United  States  under  20  years 
entered  for  the  English  in  Pennsylvania  is  31,  and  that  in  the  South- 
west 31.3,  the  two  lowest  statements  for  the  race  in  the  table,  which, 
when  contrasted  with  98.9  per  cent  for  the  Croatians  in  Pennsylvania 
and  100  per  cent  for  those  in  the  Southwest,  fairly  illustrates  the 
variation  between  the  proportions  of  the  English-speaking  immig- 
rants and  the  races  from  continental  Europe  who  have  been  in  this 


32 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


country  under  twenty  years.  On  comparing  the  entries  for  the  two 
continental  races  reporting  the  lowest  proportions — the  Germans  and 
Swedes — with  the  Irish,  for  instance,  the  same  condition  is  made 
apparent.  The  Germans  report  an  average  ranging  from  50.1  per 
cent  in  the  Middle  West  to  84.8  per  cent  in  the  South;  the  Swedes 
run  from  38.9  per  cent  in  the  Southwest  to  80  per  cent  in  the  South; 
while  the  Irish  range  from  as  low  as  16.6  per  cent  in  the  Pennsylvania 
district  to  30.4  per  cent  in  the  Southwestern  fields.  One  hundred 
per  cent  of  the  Mexicans  in  the  South  and  91.7  per  cent  of  the 
same  race  in  the  Southwest,  report  a residence  of  less  than  twenty 
years.  Both  North  and  South  Italians  show  more  than  90  per  cent 
in  each  locality  to  have  lived  in  the  United  States  less  than  twenty 
years,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  Poles,  Koumanians,  Servians, 
Slovenians,  and  Magyars. 

The  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  the  members  of  the 
households  studied  is  shown  by  locality  in  the  table  submitted  below. 

Table  20. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  jpersons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting  in  each 
of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  5 YEARS 


Race  of  individual. 

1 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 

mining.a 

Croatian  

43.7 

43.1 

43.5 

English  

12.1 

71.1 

(*) 

41.9 

German  

14.8 

67. 9 

44.1 

.0 

20. 5 

16.2 

Italian,  North 

22.2 

37.8 

74.7 

46.4 

42.5 

Italian,  South 

32.0 

43.1 

69.5 

53.7 

56.4 

Lithuanian 

15.9 

29.9 

4.2 

27.3 

27.3 

Magyar  

38.6 

60.7 

38.9 

48.3 

Polish 

44.2 

38.6 

69.4 

50.9 

49.7 

Russian  

50.0 

91.9 

64.5 

Slnva.tr  

32.9 

44.6 

30.3 

33.5 

Total 

25.7 

37.4 

65.8 

36.4 

42.7 

IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  10  YEARS. 


Croatian  

78.0 

(^) 

8A.0 

78.5 

English  

12.1 

95.6 

(*>) 

55.8 

German  

14.8 

86.4 

54.5 

10.0 

21.8 

19.2 

Italian,  North 

63.9 

68.0 

96.7 

83.7 

75.5 

Italian,  South 

81.3 

71.8 

94.7 

88.9 

86.3 

Lithuanian. . 

49.5 

68.2 

68.0 

69.4 

64.3 

Magyar 

65.6 

85.3 

63.9 

74.1 

Polish 

75.0 

65.  5 

92.7 

74.5 

75.4 

Russian  

82.2 

97.3 

89.0 

Slovak  

60.0 

76.1 

59.0 

61.1 

Total 

64.7 

65.5 

89.7 

65.2 

70.5 

a This  total  includes  persons  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabulated 
UDle.ss  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


33 


Table  20.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race  of  individual— QonimuQdi. 


IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  20  YEARS. 


Race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.a 

Croatian 

99. 1 

(h\ 

English 

15.  2 

07  Q 

100. 0 

99. 2 

German 

32. 8 

y< . o 
Q1  A 

i°) 

/ 

59.  3 

Irish 

io!o 

93.3 

9 

yi.  ^ 

(°) 

24.4 

64.8 

Italian,  North 

91.7 

100.0 

91.6 

1 nn  n 

21. 2 
95.1 
97.8 
93.5 

Italian,  South 

iUU.  u 

OQ  7 

97.  4 

Lithuanian 

yo.  ^ 

yo.  i 
QA  n 

98. 1 

Magvar 

i70.  'i 

95. 1 

yo.  u 
0(\  7 

94. 2 

CQ  0 

Polish 

92. 3 

Q1  fi 

yo.  # 

QO  A 

OO.  0 

96. 5 
94.2 
97.4 

Russian 

yi.  D 

96.7 

SR  1 

yy.  ^ 
97.3 

QA  7 

93. 4 

Slovak 

OA  n 

OO.  J. 

yo.  / 

oo.  y 

88. 6 

Total 

93.3 

on  9 

07  Q 

or 

90.8 

yu.  ^ 

y/.  o 

85. 4 

a This  total  includes  persons  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabulated 
unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured.  <ciuuiatcu 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


A stud}r  of  the  foregoing  table  shows  that  of  those  immigrants 
reporting  in  the  South  65.8  per  cent  have  been  in  the  United  States 
less  than  five  years,  as  compared  with  37.4  per  cent  of  those  in 
Pennsylvania,  36.4  per  cent  of  those  in  the  Southwest,  and  25.7  per 
cent  of  those  m the  Middle  West.  In  the  third  section  of  the  table- 
under  twenty  years— it  will  be  seen  that,  with  the  exception  of  the 
South,  the  relative  position  of  the  localities  has  undergone  a change. 
The  Middle  West,  by  way  of  illustration,  shows  in  the  longer  period  of 
residence  a higher  per  cent  than  the  Southwest,  whereas  in  the  shorter 
period  of  residence  the  positions  are  reversed.  Another  interesting 
fact  is  that  a larger  proportion  of  the  foreign-born  in  the  Southwest 
than  in  any  other  locality  have  been  in  the  United  States  over  twenty 
years,  while  the  smallest  proportion  with  this  period  of  residence  is 
shown  by  the  South. 

To  arrive  at  a clearer  understanding  of  the  distribution  of  the 
foreign-born  throughout  the  several  localities,  by  length  of  residence 
in  the  United  States,  the  proportion  of  a race  in  one  locality  may  be 
compared  with  the  proportion  of  the  same  race  in  another.  For  ex- 
ample, 38.6  per  cent  of  the  Poles  in  Pennsylvania,  as  compared  with 
44.2  per  cent  of  those  in  the  Middle  West,  69.4  per  cent  of  those  in  the 
South,  and  50.9  per  cent  of  those  in  the  Southwest  have  been  in  the 
United  States  less  than  five  years,  indicating  that  of  the  more  recent 
arrivals  of  the  Polish  race  a larger  proportion  than  formerly  have 
gone  into  other  localities  than  Pennsylvania.  Of  the  South  Italians 
and  North  Italians  m the  Middle  West,  32  per  cent  of  the  former 
and  22.2  per  cent  of  the  latter  have  been  in  the  United  States  less 
than  hve  years,  as  compared  with  43.1  and  37.8  per  cent,  respec- 
tively,  in  Pennsylvania,  69.5  and  74.7  per  cent,  respectively,  in  the 
South,  and  53.7  and  46.4  per  cent,  respectively,  in  the  Sou-thwest. 
Ine  conclusion  as  to  the  Poles,  above  mentioned,  will  hold  true  of 
several  other  foreign  races.  Fifty  per  cent  of  the  Russians  in  Penn- 
sylv^m,  43.7  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  and  43.1  per  cent  of  the 
South  Italians,  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years. 
Excepting  the  Irish,  who  report  zero,  the  English  in  this  locality, 


34 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


with  12  1 per  cent,  show  the  smallest  proportion  with  a residence  of 
less  than  five  years  in  the  United  States.  Comparing  these  same 
races  in  the  same  locality  for  a longer  period  of  residence,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  Russians  show  82.2  per  cent,  and  the  Croatians  78 
per  cent,  less  than  ten  years  in  the  United  States.  The  proportion 
shown  by  the  English  is  the  same  as  in  the  shorter  period  of  resi- 
dence, and  the  Irish  report  10  per  cent  to  have  lived  m the  United 
States  less  than  ten  years. 

RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  male  employees  of  each 
race  for  whom  information  was  secured: 

Table  21. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  hy  general  nativity 

and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White  

18, 515 

21.0 

Negro  

6,702 

7.6 

Indian 

2 

(a) 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father: 
Australia 

4 

(a)  ^ 

Austria-Hungary ......... 

823 

Belgium  

51 

’.1 

Canada  

49 

.1 

Denmark 

10 

(a) 

England 

1,800 

2.0 

France 

173 

.2 

Germany  

2, 256 

1 

2.6 

(7}.rpp,f»p, 

(a) 

Ireland 

1,352 

1.5 

Italy  

196 

.2 

Mexico 

9 

(a) 

Netherlands 

19 

(a) 

Norway 

5 

(a) 

Roumania 

1 

(a) 

Russia 

176 

.2 

Scotland 

925 

1.0 

Sweden  

66 

.1 

Switzerland 

28 

(a) 

Wales 

468 

.5 

Africa  (country  not  speci- 
fied)  

3 

(a) 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

2 

(a) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 
Bosnian  

747 

1 

.8 

(a) 

Bulgarian 

177 

.2 

Canadian,  French 

26 

(a) 

Canadian,  Other  

30 

(a) 

Prna.t.ia.n  

2,426 

2.7 

Cuban  

1 

(a) 

Dalmatian 

6 

(a) 

Danish 

20 

(a) 

Dutch  

106 

.1 

F.nglish  

2,497 

2.8 

Finnish 

70 

.1 

Flemish 

3 

(a) 

Frpnpb  

786 

.9 

German  

2,699 

3.1 

General  nativity  and  race.  Number. 


Foreign-born,  by  race — Con. 

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)   

Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Turkish 

Welsh 

West  Indian  (other  than 

Cuban) ; 

Australian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 
Swiss  (race  not  specified). . 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Grand  total . 


Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


113 

6 

6 

935 

6,666 

4,272 

113 

I, 892 

18 
4, 571 
116 
136 
14 
7,370 
7 
157 
1,853 
308 
1,162 
27 
132 

II, 318 
1,912 

7 

307 

21 

4 

399 

1 

8 

885 

377 

24 


(a) 

(“) 


(a) 


(a) 

(a) 


(a) 


1.1 

7.5 

4.8 

.1 

2.1 

5.2 

.1 

.2 

8.3 

.2 

2.1 

.3 

1.3 

.1 

12.8 
2.2 


88, 368 


8,415 
33,634 
54, 734 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


.5 


1.0 

.4 


100.0 


9.5 

38.1 

61.9 


a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


Upon  reference  to  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  21  per  cent,  or 
slightly  more  than  one-fifth,  of  the  total  number  of  employees  fur- 
nishing  information,  are  native  white  of  native  father,  and  7.0  per^ 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


35 


cent,  or  about  one-thirteenth,  are  native-born  negroes.  About  one- 
tenth,  9.5  per  cent,  are  native-born  persons  of  the  second  generation  of 
immigrants,  or,  in  other  words,  the  native-born  children  of  foreign 
fathers.  Of  the  total  number  of  employees  furnishing  information 
61.9  per  cent  are  of  foreign  birth.  Of  the  second  generation  7,140,  or 
8.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  employees  and  more  than  four- 
fifths  of  the  total  native-born  of  foreign  father,  are  children  of  the 
older  immigrants  of  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Wales,  Germany, 
France,  Be%ium,  Sweden,  and  Canada.  Only  about  1 per  cent  of 
the  total  number  of  employees  are  native-born  children  6f  immi- 
grants from  Austria-Hungary,  Russia,  Italy,  and  other  countries  of 
southern  and  eastern  Europe. 

Of  all  races  of  immigrants  the  foreign-born  Slovaks  are  the  most 
extensively  employed  in  bituminous  mining,  12.8  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  furnishing  information  being  of  this  race.  The  foreign-born 
Poles  and  Italians  come  next  in  the  extent  of  their  employment  in 
the  industry.  The  Poles  constitute  8.3  per  cent,  and  the  North  and 
South  Italians  combined  12.3  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  in  the 
table.  The  Magyars,  Croatians,  Russians,  and  Slovenians  rank  next, 
the  Magyars  constituting  5.3  per  cent  and  the  Russians,  Croatians, 
and  Slovenians  each  more  than  2 per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
employees.  The  races  of  recent  immigration  from  southern  and  east- 
ern Europe,  as  a whole,  constitute  about  one-half  of  the  total  number 
of  bituminous  mine  workers.  The  foreign-born  immigrants  from 
Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe  amount  to  approximately  one- 
tenth  of  the  total  number  of  employees. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  locality,  the  race  of  the  male 
employees  for  whom  information  was  secured: 


Table  22. — Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  locality;  per 

cent  distribution. 

(study  of  employees.) 


Per  cent  distribution  in  each  specified  locality. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

Southwest. 

Total  bitu- 
minous coal 
mining. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

32.0 

13.1 

32.6 

23.8 

21.0 

Negro 

3.1 

1.9 

35.7 

5.6 

7.6 

Indian 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Australia 

(a) 

.9 

(“) 

1.2 

.0 

(“/ 

Austria-Hungary 

.2 

.4 

.9 

Belgium 

.1 

.1 

(o) 

(a) 

.0 

.1 

.1 

Canada 

.1 

o 

.1 

.1 

Denmark 

(a) 

3.1 

(a) 

(a) 

England 

.5 

2.6 

2.0 

France 

.4 

.1 

(a) 

.4 

.5 

.2 

Germany 

4.7 

2.5 

1.5 

2.6 

Greece 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.6 

.0 

(a) 

Ireland 

1.7 

1.6 

2.0 

1.5 

Italy 

.3 

.1 

.1 

.9 

.2 

Mexico 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.1 

(a) 

Netherlands 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.1 

(a) 

Norway 

(o) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

Roumania 

(a) 

.2 

.0 

(a) 

Russia 

.3 

.1 

.3 

.2 

Scotland 

1.5 

.9 

.5 

2.1 

1.0 

Sweden 

.1 

.1 

(a) 

.1 

.1 

o Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


36 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  22— Race  of  Tnale  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  locality;  per 
cent  distribution — Continued. 


Per  cent  distribution  in  each  specified  locality. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

Southwest. 

Total  bitu- 
minous coal 
mining. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father— Continued. 

0.1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1.1 

0.4 

(a) 

0.6 

0.5 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

(o) 

(“) 

(o) 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

1.4 

.9 

0.1 

.4 

.8 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(«) 

.1 

.1 

.9 

.1 

.2 

.1 

(a) 

.0 

.1 

(a) 

(a) 

1.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

4.0 

1.9 

.2 

2.7 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

.1 

.1 

.1 

.1 

.1 

4.3 

2.7 

.9 

3.6 

2.8 

.2 

.1 

.0 

(a) 

.1 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

1.0 

.7 

.3 

3.1 

.9 

German 

4.6 

3.1 

.8 

2.6 

3.1 

Greek 

.1 

.2 

.2 

(a) 

.1 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(“) 

H erzego  vinian 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

Irish  ...  

.7 

1.3 

.3 

1.4 

1.1 

Italian,  North 

9.2 

6.9 

3.0 

16.6 

7.5 

Italian,  South 

2.3 

4.6 

8.8 

6.1 

4.8 

Italian  (not  specified) 

(a) 

5.8 

.2 

.0 

.1 

.1 

Lithuanian 

1.3 

.3 

1.8 

2.1 

Macedonian 

.0 

(a) 

.1 

.0 

(a) 

Magyar 

3.5 

7.2 

2.6 

.7 

5.2 

Mexican . 

(a) 

.2 

.0 

(a) 

1.6 

.1 

Montenegrin 

(a) 

.7 

.0 

.2 

Norwegian 

(a) 

4.4 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

Polish 

12.3 

2.2 

3. 1 

8.3 

Portuguese . . 

.0 

(a) 

.2 

.0 

.0 

(“) 

Roumanian 

.1 

.3 

.1 

.2 

Russian 

2.0 

2.6 

.6 

1.5 

2.1 

Ruthenian 

.1 

.6 

(a) 

.0 

.3 

Scotch 

1.9 

1.1 

.8 

2.1 

1.3 

Scotch-Irish 

(a) 

.1 

.1 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

Servian 

.2 

.2 

(a) 

.1 

Slovak 

4.2 

20.3 

2.9 

1.9 

12.8 

Slovenian 

.5 

3.2 

.4 

2.8 

2.2 

Spanish 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.1 

(a) 

Swedish 

.4 

.4 

(a) 

.3 

.3 

Syrian 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Turkish 

(a) 

.4 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

Welsh 

.9 

.1 

.5 

.5 

West  Indian  (other  than  Cuban) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

(a) 

.7 

(a) 

.5 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

.4 

6.5 

1.0 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

.5 

.3 

(a) 

1.6 

.4 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(“) 

Grand  total 

100. 0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14.5 

ilT 

Total  native-born 

49.7 

24.3 

70.9 

40.8 

38.1 

Total  foreign-born 

50.3 

75.7 

29.1 

59.2 

61.9 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  while  in  the  Middle  West, 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  Southwest  a larger  proportion  of  the  employees 
in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  are  foreign-born  than  native- 
born,  a much  larger  proportion  in  the  South  are  native-born  than 
foreign-born.  In  the  South,  the  negroes  native-born  of  native  father 
show  a larger  proportion  than  do  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


37 


As  regards  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  it  will  be  seen  that 
in  both  the  Middle  West  and  Pennsylvania  the  highest  per  cent  is 
reported  by  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany,  while  in  the 
Southwest  the  highest  per  cent  is  reported  by  those  whose  fathers 
were  born  in  England. 

Of  the  different  foreign-born  races  reporting  in  each  specified  local- 
ity, it  will  be  seen  that  in  the  Middle  West  the  North  Italian,  Lithu- 
anian, German,  Polish,  English,  and  Slovak,  and  in  Pennsylvania  the 
Slovak,  Polish,  Magyar,  North  Italian,  South  Italian,  and  Croatian 
are  the  only  races  reporting  a proportion  in  excess  of  4 per  cent.  In 
the  South,  no  race  but  the  South  Italian  and  North  Italian  shows 
a proportion  as  high  as  3 per  cent,  while  in  the  Southwest  the  North 
Italian,  Austrian,  South  Italian,  English,  French,  and  Polish  races 
report  proportions  in  excess  of  that  figure. 

Of  the  foreign-born  Pennsylvania  shows  the  largest  proportion, 
or  75.7  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  smallest,  29.1  per  cent,  as 
shown  in  the  South;  the  Southwest  shows  59.2  per  cent  and  the 
Middle  West  50.3  per  cent. 

Considering  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  the  South  and 
Middle  West  show  the  largest  proportions,  or  32.6  per  cent  and  32 
per  cent,  respectively,  while  the  Southwest  and  Pennsylvania  show 
23.8  per  cent  and  13.1  per  cent,  respectively.  The  South  shows  the 
largest  proportion,  or  35.7  per  cent,  of  the  negroes  native-born  of 
native  father,  while  the  other  localities  range  from  5.6  per  cent  in  the 
Southwest  to  1.9  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania. 

Of  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  Middle  West  shows  the 
largest  proportion,  or  14.5  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Southwest  with 
11.3  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  smallest,  or  2.5  per  cent,  as  shown 
in  the  South. 

As  regards  those  foreign-born  races  which  constitute  1 per  cent  or 
more  of  the  total  number  of  employees,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  English, 
Germans,  and  Lithuanians  form  a larger  proportion  of  the  total  mine 
employees  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  any  other  region,  while  in  Penn- 
sylvania the  Croatians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  Slovaks,  and 
Slovenians  show  larger  proportions  than  elsewhere.  On  the  other 
hand,  a larger  proportion  of  South  Italians  is  shown  in  the  South 
than  in  any  other  locality,,  while  the  Irish,  North  Italians,  Scotch, 
and  Austrians  are  found  in  largest  proportions  in  the  Southwest. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 4 


Chapter  III. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied — Principal 
occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  States — General 
occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied— General  occu- 
pation of  males  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied— Status  of  the  first  and 
second  generations  compared— Occupations  entered  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining 
industry— Daily  earnings— Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  abil- 
ity  Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied — Annual  earnings  of  males 
18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied— Annual  family  income— Wives 
at  wo^— Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  stud- 
led— Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of  keeping 
boarders  or  lodgers— Sources  of  family  income— Relative  importance  of  the  differ- 
ent sources  of  family  income— [Text  Tables  23  to  58  and  General  Tables  6 to  18]. 

INDUSTRIAL  CONDITION  ABROAD  OF  MEMBERS  OF  IMMIGRANT 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

Before  entering  into  a detailed  discussion  of  the  present  industrial 
condition  of  the  members  of  immigrant  households,  the  economic 
condition  of  the  immigrant  mine  worker  and  his  family  before  com- 
ing to  the  United  States  may  be  studied.  Data  relative  to  the 
industrial  condition  abroad  are  shown  for  both  men  and  women  in 
the  households  investigated  in  all  sections  in  the  tables  which  are 
submitted  below. 

The  first  series  of  tables  shows  the  general  industrial  condition,  as 
well  as  the  principal  occupation,  abroad,  for  females  16  years  of  age 
or  over  on  arrival  in  the  United  States. 

Table  2^.— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn 
jemales  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Num- 

Number— 

Per  cent — 

Race  of  individual. 

ber 

report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

16 

9 

6 

1 

(a) 

63.0 

(a) 

86.4 

(a) 

83.8 

90.0 

58.7 

82.4 
59.3 

71.5 

80.8 

62.0 
(a) 

45.0 

40.5 
(a) 

59.1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

119 

75 

9 

35 

Danish 

1 

7.6 

29.4 

0.0 

(a) 

English 

22 

19 

3 

(a) 

13.6 

(o) 

French 

7 

7 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

German 

37 

31 

18 

149 

136 

89 

5 

1 

(a) 

(o) 

Irish 

20 

2 

13. 5 

2.7 

.0 

Italian,  North 

254 

165 

68 

18 

OQ 

. • - • * - 

10. 0 
26.8 

.0 

11.4 

.0 

3.1 

Italian,  South 

zy 

11 

OR 

8 

Lithuanian 

150 

200 

26 

10. 9 
21.3 
15.0 

6.7 

17.3 

.0 

2.0 

Magyar 

143 

21 

168 

5 

30 

4 

ZD 

OG 

3 

1 

Mexican 

ZD 

1 

13.0 

.5 

Polish 

271 

10 

44 

15. 4 
16.2 
fn\ 

3.8 

21.4 

.0 

Roumanian 

Oo 

5 

1 

.4 

(a) 

Russian 

40 

18 

15 

8 

4 

18 

13 

{a) 

(a) 

Ruthenian 

37 

9 

10. 0 

45. 0 

.0 

Scotch 

9 

1 

QO 

24.3 

35. 1 

.0 

(a) 

Slovak 

369 

218 

4 

(a) 

24.4 

(a) 

16.0 

Slovenian 

11 

2 

oy 

K 

2 

.5 

(a) 

Welsh 

23 

21 

2 

0 

(o) 

91.3 

(a) 

(a) 

8.7  1 

. 0 

.0 

Total 

1,787  1 

1,155 

QOQ 

OCQ 

15 

64.6 

18.4 

16.1  1 

.8 

ozy 

ZOO 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

39 


40 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  24  —Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 
'■  born.] 


6 

o 

o 

bX) 

3 

o 

o 

o 

Per  cent  working  for 
wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
for  profit. 

Race  of  individual. 

Number  reportii 
plete  data 

Per  cent  withou 
pation. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  domestic 

and  personal 

service. 

In  other  occu- 

pations. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  occu- 

pations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  occu- 

pations. 

Total. 

Croatian 

119 

63.0 

5.0 

1.7 

0.8 

7.6 

29.4 

0.0 

29.4 

.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

English  

22 

86.4 

.0 

.0 

13.6 

13.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

German  

37 

83.8 

5.4 

5.4 

2.7 

13.5 

2.7 

.0 

2.7 

.0 

.0 

Irish  

20 

90.0 

.0 

.0 

10.0 

10.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.8 

.0 

.0 

3.1 

.0 

2.0 

Italian  North 

254 

58.7 

8.7 

4.3 

13.8 

26.8 

10.6 

.8 

11.4 

. 4 

Italian  South 

165 

82.4 

8.5 

1.2 

1.2 

10.9 

6.7 

.0 

6.  7 

.0 

.0 

Lithuanian 

150 

59.3 

16.0 

4.7 

0.7 

21.3 

17.3 

.0 

17. 3 

2.0 

.0 

Magyar 

200 

71.5 

6.0 

7.0 

2.0 

15.0 

13.0 

.0 

13.0 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.5 

Mexican 

26 

80.8 

3.8 

7.7 

3.8 

15.4 

3.8 

.0 

3.8 

.0 

.0 

Polish  

271 

62.0 

6.3 

7.4 

2.6 

16.2 

21.0 

.4 

21.4 

. 4 

.0 

.4 

Russian  

40 

45.0 

5.0 

5.0 

.0 

10.0 

45.0 

.0 

45.  0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Pllthpnin.n  

37 

40.5 

2.7 

21.6 

.0 

24.3 

35.1 

.0 

35.1 

.0 

.0 

Slovak  

369 

59.1 

8.4 

13.3 

2.7 

24.4 

16.0 

.0 

16.0 

.3 

.3 

.0 

.5 

Welsh 

23 

91.3 

.0 

8.7 

.0 

8.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Total  

1,787 

64.6 

7.4 

7.2 

3.8 

18.4 

15.9 

.2 

16.1 

•7 

.2 

.8 

1 

Of  the  total  number  of  1,787  females  of  different  races  represented 
in  these  tables,  64.6  per  cent  were  without  occupation  before  coming 
to  the  United  States,  18.4  per  cent  were  working  for  fixed  wages, 
16.1  per  cent  were  working  without  any  fixed  wages,  and  0.8  per  cent 
were  working  for  profit.  Analyzing  the  principal  occupations  en- 
tered in  the  foregoing  table,  it  is  apparent  that  the  larger  number  of 
women  who  had  employment  abroad  were  at  work  on  farms,  7 .4  per 
cent  of  the  1,787  females  reporting  being  farm  laborers  at  work  for 
wages,  15.9  per  cent  at  work  on  farms  without  wages,  and  0.7  per 
cent  farmers  for  profit,  which  gives  a total  of  24  per  cent  engaged  in 
farm  labor.  To  further  illustrate  the  large  percentage  engaged  m 
farm  labor,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  of  632  females  at  work 
abroad,  429,  or  67.9  per  cent,  were  at  work  on  farms.  Of  329  females 
working  for  wages,  132  were  at  farm  labor;  of  288  working  without 
wages,  285  were  at  work  either  on  their  fathers’  farms  or  on  a sub- 
sistence or  share  basis;  and  of  15  females  working  for  profit,  12  were 
farming.  The  principal  occupations  followed  in  addition  to  farming 
were  those  of  domestic  servants  and  waitresses,  7.2  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  reporting  being  employed  in  work  of  this  description. 

The  chart  and  two  tables  which  follow  show  the  industrial  condi- 
tion abroad  of  males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
arrival  in  the  United  States. 


Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  who  were  in  each  specified  industrial  condition  abroad. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


41 


42 


The  Immigration  Commission 


Table  25— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


Race  of  individual. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian . . 

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Welsh 

Total 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number— 

Per  cent— 

With- 

out 

occu- 

pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 

out 

occu- 

pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

18 

16 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

189 

1 

53 

63 

72 

0.5 

28.0 

33.3 

38.1 

28 

28 

.0 

100  . 0 

.0 

.0 

1 

10 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

57 

1 

38 

16 

2 

1.8 

66.7 

28.1 

3.5 

35 

2 

21 

8 

4 

5.7 

60.0 

22.9 

11.4 

441 

6 

254 

91 

90 

1.4 

57.6 

20.6 

20.4 

437 

3 

248 

122 

64 

.7 

56.8 

27.9 

14.6 

248 

2 

109 

86 

51 

.8 

44.0 

34.7 

20.6 

386 

9 

214 

103 

60 

2.3 

55.4 

26.7 

15.5 

45 

41 

1 

3 

.0 

91.1 

2.2 

6.7 

567 

7 

321 

169 

70 

1.2 

56.6 

29.8 

12.3 

36 

14 

8 

14 

.0 

38.9 

22.2 

38.9 

91 

2 

25 

51 

13 

2.2 

27.5 

56. 0 

14.3 

90 

52 

16 

22 

.0 

57.8 

17.8 

24.4 

13 

13 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

600 

2 

335 

202 

61 

.3 

55.8 

33.7 

10.2 

16 

. 9 

6 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

3 

1 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

29 

2 

26 

1 

6.9 

89.7 

3.4 

.0 

3,341 

39 

1,829 

946 

527 

1 

54.7 

28.3 

15.8 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Table  26.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom  ] 


Race  of  in- 
dividual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  without 
occupation. 

Per  cent  working  for  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
for  profit. 

k 

aa 

(H  O 

03  X! 

N 

12 

I 

.Q 

CS 

(2 

<D 

a 

S 

TU 

fc.2 

o 

5 § 

C 

k 

as 
^ 2 

1'^ 
c P< 

O 

a'' 

i 

fe.2 

O P. 

'3 

C 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 
Italian,  South 
Lithuanian  . . 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian.. 

Russian 

Ruthenian... 

Slovak 

Welsh 

189 

28 

57 

35 
441 
437 
248 
386 

45 

567 

36 
91 
90 

600 

29 

0.5 

.0 

1.8 

5.7 

1.4 

.7 

.8 

2.3 

.0 

1.2 

.0 

2.2 

.0 

.3 

6.9 

11.6 

.0 

7.0 

5.7 

22.0 

32.7 
29.0 
28.2 
28.9 
22.2 

33.3 
9.9 

47.8 

30.3 
.0 

1.6 

7.1 
15.8 

2.9 
10.7 

9.4 

1.2 

4.9 

8.9 
8.6 

.0 

2.2 

1.1 

4.8 

.0 

6.3 
82.1 

29.8 
40.0 

2.7 
2.1 
2.0 
3.9 

48.9 

9.7 
.0 

3.3 
.0 

6.2 

86.2 

4.2 
.0 

5.3 
.0 

11.6 

7.1 

7.3 
10.1 

.0 

8.8 

.0 

5.5 

3.3 
7.0 

3.4 

4.2 
10.7 

8.8 

11.4 

10.7 

5. 5 
4.4 

8.3 

4.4 
7.2 

5.6 

6.6 
5.6 

7.5 
.0 

28.0 

100.0 

66.7 
60.0 

57.6 

56.8 

44.0 

55.4 

91.1 

56.6 

38.9 

27.5 

57.8 

55.8 

89.7 

32.8 
.0 

21.1 

20.0 

20.4 

27.9 

34.7 

26.4 
2.2 

29.1 

22.2 
56.0 

16.7 
33.3 

.0 

0.5 

.0 

7.0 
2.9 

.2 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.7 

.0 

.0 

1.1 
.3 

3.4 

33.3 

.0 

28.1 

22.9 
20.6 

27.9 

34.7 

26.7 
2.2 

29.8 
22.2 
56.0 

17.8 
33.7 

3.4 

38.1 

.0 

3.5 

11.4 

19.5 
14.0 
19.4 
13.7 

4.4 

12.3 
38.9 

14.3 

24.4 
9.8 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.9 

.7 

1.2 

1.8 

2.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

38.1 
.0 

3.5 

11.4 

20.4 

14.6 

20.6 

15.5 
6.7 

12.3 
38.9 

14.3 

24.4 

10.2 
.0 

Total... 

3,341 

1.2 

25.3 

6.4 

8.2 

7.6 

7.3 

54.7 

27.8 

.5 

28.3 

15.1 

.6 

15.8 

A total  of  3,341  report  complete  data  in  these  tables,  and  of  this 
number  only  39  persons,  or  1.2  per  cent,  were  without  occupation; 
more  than  one-half,  54.7  per  cent,  were  receiving  money  wages 
before  coming  to  the  United  States,  28.3  per  cent  were  working 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


43 


without  any  fixed  form  of  wages,  and  15.8  per  cent  were  in  business 
for  themselves  or  working  for  profit.  It  wdl  be  observed  that  the 
great  majority  of  immigrant  mine  employees  were  either  farm 
laborers  or  farmers  before  coming  to  this  country.  A combined 
report  of  all  three  of  the  general  industrial  groups  shows  that  68.2 
per  cent  of  the  males  reporting  were  thus  engaged,  25.3  per  cent  for 
wages,  27.8  per  cent  without  wages,  and  15.1  per  cent  for  profit. 
Those  engaged  in  -hand  trades  constitute  7.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
number,  and  6.4  per  cent  worked  as  common  laborers.  The  general 
showing,  therefore,  is  that  about  75  per  cent  of  the  present  mine 
workers  were  engaged  in  farming  or  as  common  laborers,  with  a small 
percentage  of  persons  employed  in  hand  trades  and  miscellaneous 
occupations,  the  significance  of  this  showing  being  that  none  of  these 
persons  received  any  training  or  experience  abroad  which  would  fit 
them  for  efficient  work  in  coal  mines  in  this  country.  Of  the  differ- 
ent races  the  representatives  of  which  were  miners  before  coming  to 
the  United  States,  the  largest  showing  is  made  by  the  Welsh  and 
English,  more  than  80  per  cent  of  the  persons  of  these  races  having 
been  miners  abroad,  while  40  per  cent  of  the  Irish,  29.8  per  cent  of 
the  Germans,  and  48.9  per  cent  of  the  Mexicans,  were  engaged  in 
mining  in  their  native  lands  before  they  entered  the  mines  of  the 
United  States. 

The  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  wliich  at  present  form  the 
greatest  additions  to  the  immigrant  coal-mine  employees  in  the 
United  States,  make  a very  small  showing  of  experience  in  the  industry 
before  coming  to  the  mines  of  this  country.  Of  the  Ruthenian 
and  Roumanian  employees,  none  had  experience  abroad.  The 
Lithuanians  report  2 per  cent  engaged  in  mining  before  coming  to 
the  United  States,  the  South  Italians  2.1  per  cent,  the  North  Ital- 
ians 2.7  per  cent,  the  Russians  3.3  per  cent,  the  Magyars  3.9  per 
cent,  the  Slovaks  6.2  per  cent,  the  Croatians  6.3  per  cent,  and  the 
Poles  9.7  per  cent. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  what  per  cent  of  each  race  in  the 
various  localities  is  reported  as  having  been  employed  in  mining 
before  coming  to  the  United  States. 

Table  27. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to 

the  United  States  who  were  employed  abroad  in  mining,  by  locality  and  by  race  of 

individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total, 

however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

Southwest. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining. 

Croatian 

1.8 

(a) 

45.0 

6.3 

German 

26.1 

32.4 

29.8 

Italian,  North 

0.0 

1.2 

1.6 

^4 

2.7 

Italian,  South 

4.3 

1.0 

2.3 

1.9 

2.1 

Luthuanian 

2.2 

1.0 

9.4 

.0 

2.0 

Magyar 

5.3 

2.5 

fa) 

3 9 

Polish 

(o) 

1.9 

16.3 

^ 20.9 

9.7 

Russian 

.0 

.0 

3.3 

Slovak 

4.3 

.0 

30.8 

6.2 

Total 

1..5 

3.6 

8.1 

18.8 

8.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


44 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  foreign-born  males  reporting  who  were  16  years  of  age  or 
over  on  coming  to  the  United  States  and  who  are  now  engaged  in 
bituminous  coal  mining,  8.2  per  cent  were  employed  in  mining 
abroad.  Comparing  the  various  localities,  it  is  seen  that  the  largest 
proportion  with  experience  in  mining  abroad  is  in  the  ^utl^est, 
where  18.8  per  cent  of  the  employees  are  so  reported.  The  ^outh 
follows  with  8.1  per  cent,  Pennsylvania  with  3.6  per  cent,  and  the 
Middle  West  with  1.5  per  cent.  The  Croatians,  North  itaiians, 
Poles,  and  Slovaks,  show  larger  proportions  of  those  empbyed  in 
the  Southwest  than  of  those  in  any  other  section,  to  have  had  mining 
experience  abroad,  the  difference  being  especially  marked  m the  case 
of  the  Croatians  and  Slovaks.  The  Germans  and  Lithuanians  in 
the  South  show  larger  proportions  of  experienced  miners  than  do 
the  same  races  in  other  sections.  All  races  employed  m the  Middle 
West,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Germans,  all  those  employed  m 
Pennsylvania,  show  very  small  proportions  to  have  been  employed 
abroad  in  mining. 

PRINCIPAL  OCCUPATION  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  BEFORE  COMING 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  addition  to  members  of  the  households,  information  was  secured 
from  individual  employees  as  to  the  principal  occupati^s  m winch 
they  were  engaged  before  leaving  their  native  lands.  Of  a total  ot 
31  325  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth  furnishing  information,  the  fol- 
lowing table  shows  the  per  cent  in  principal  occupations  abroad  by 
race  of  individual: 

Table  28.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  before 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


i 

Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in— 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Race. 

Mining. 

Farming  | 

or  farm 
labor. 

General 

labor. 

Manufac- 

turing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

Bohcini^iil  flTitd  

408 

57.6 

16.4 

5.9 

1.2 

16.4 

2.5 

2.5 
1.9 
6.1 
6.0 

4.6 
2.5 
4.8 
3.3 
1.2 
2.2 
1 A 

Bulgfirifin  

158 

9.5 

75.3 

7.6 

.0 

5. 1 
3.9 

3.8 

2.8 
11.0 

2.8 

10.2 

7.1 

5.5 
7.8 

5.1 
1.7 

7.5 

3.1 
3.1 

Urof*  t'  ^ 

1,212 

1,277 

352 

3.6 

84.7 

4.7 

1.2 

English  

82.6 

2.6 

3.0 

2.0 

French  

72.2 

6.8 

10.2 

2.0 

German 

1,423 

55.0 

18.6 

6.7 

4. 1 

Irish  

321 

59.2 

25.9 

7.8 

1.9 

Italian  N orth 

4,840 

13.7 

57.2 

11.6 

2.4 

Italian,  South 

2,883 

7.7 

66.5 

14.4 

1.0 

T lithnaTiif'n  

1,570 

4.3 

79.2 

8.2 

1.7 

Magyar  

2,423 

10.9 

68.5 

9.5 

1.2 

.0 



98 

71.4 

17.3 

5. 1 

1.  U 
1.7 
2.1 
1.0 
1.2 
O A 

Montenegrin 

118 

4.2 

91.5 

.8 

.0 

Polish  

3,771 

9.8 

68.9 

8.8 

2.9 

RoUTnn.nifl.n  

97 

7.2 

82.5 

5.2 

1.0 

Russian 

1,389 

7.8 

79.8 

6.3 

1.8 

2.6 

Ruthenian 

151 

15.9 

66.2 

11.9 

1.3 

2.7 

5.2 
11.1 
11.3 

2.2 

U 

4.5 

o o 

,*?pr»t.ch  

561 

88.2 

1.8 

2.5 

.4 

Slovak  

5,378 

10.7 

68.4 

12.1 

1.4 

2.6 

Z,  Z 

O A 

Slovenian 

1,248 

20.0 

57.6 

5.7 

6,  U 

A O 

Pwpriish  

142 

15.5 

57.7 

9.9 

1.4 

4.  Z 
5.1 

Welsh 

178 

87.6 

1.7 

3.4 

.0 

Total 

31,325 

20.7 

58.0 

9.3 

1.9 

7.0 

3.0 

_ . 

1 

J 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


45 


A significant  point  shown  by  the  table  is  that  58  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  of  the  men  now  in  the  coal  and  coke  industry  were 
occupied  abroad  as  farmers  or  farm  laborers.  Only  20.7  per  cent 
had  had  experience  in  mining  before  they  came  to  this  country. 
Although  the  proportion  of  the  total  foreign-born  is  comparatively 
small,  the  several  races  vary  widely  in  regard  to  the  numbers  who 
have  had  experience  in  mining  abroad.  Only  3.6  per  cent  of  the 
Croatians  had  been  in  that  occupation  before  coming  to  the  United 
States,  while  88.2  per  cent  of  the  Scotch  had  been  so  employed. 

The  table  next  presented  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  for 
each  of  the  coal-mining  localities  studied,  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born 
male  employees  who  report  employment  in  mining  before  coming  to 
the  United  States. 

Table  29. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  were  engaged  in  mining  before 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total, 

however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 
mining. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

72.4 

41.0 

(a) 

(a) 

57.6 

Croatian 

7.1 

3.4 

2.5 

(a) 

3.6 

English 

87.8 

78.5 

(a) 

87.6 

82.6 

French . . . 

56.9 

(a) 

90.3 

72.2 

German 

59.7 

49.9 

(a) 

65.8 

55.0 

Italian,  North 

22.8 

5.3 

3.7 

21.6 

13.7 

Italian,  South 

23.3 

4.8 

5.1 

9.4 

7.7 

Lithuanian 

3.6 

4.5 

(a) 

11.0 

4.3 

Magyar 

17.7 

9.2 

5.0 

(a) 

10.9 

Polish 

14.2 

7.2 

7.2 

33.1 

9.8 

Russian 

7.3 

7.3 

(a) 

(a) 

7.8 

Scotch 

92.4 

84.5 

(a) 

(a) 

88.2 

Slovak 

15.1 

8.7 

10.4 

54.1 

10.7 

Total 

30.5 

14.4 

10.4 

43.0 

20.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  figures  of  the  foregoing  table  are  of  twofold  interest:  (1)  They 
indicate  the  relations  existing  among  the  different  races  in  the 
matter  of  previous  mining  experience;  (2)  they  show  in  what  dis- 
tricts the  proportion  of  immigrants  who  have  had  mining  experience 
abroad  is  highest. 

The  figures  for  the  various  localities  show  that  the  proportion  of 
employees  with  previous  experience  in  mining  is  highest  in  the 
Southwest  and  lowest  in  the  South.  The  percentage  of  such  em- 
ployees is  higher  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  Pennsylvania.  In  the 
Southwest  the  French,  English,  and  German;  in  the  Middle  West  the 
Scotch,  English,  Bohemian  and  Moravian,  and  German;  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Scotch,  English,  French,  and  German;  and  in  the  South 
the  Slovak  and  Polish,  are  the  races  for  which  the  highest  percentages 
of  men  who  had  experience  in  mining  before  coming  to  the  United 
States  are  reported.  The  races  having  the  smallest  proportion  of 
men  employed  in  mining  abroad  are:  For  the  Southwest,  the  South 
Italian;  for  the  Middle  West,  the  Lithuanian;  and  for  Pennsylvania 
and  the  South,  the  Croatian. 


46 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  is  true  of  the  majority  of  the  races,  as  it  is  of  all  the  employees 
reported,  irrespective  of  race,  that  the  proportion  of  men  who  were 
employed  abroad  in  mining  is,  in  general,  higher  in  the  Southwest 
than  in  the  Middle  West,  higher  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  lowest  of  all  in  the  South.  This  becomes  apparent 
upon  reference  to  the  figures  for  the  different  races.  The  percentages 
given  in  this  table  seem  to  justify  two  general  conclusions.  It  will 
appear,  first,  that  the  proportion  of  men  who  had  experience  in 
mining  before  immigrating  to  the  United  States  is  much  higher  for 
the  races  of  northern  and  western  Europe,  the  races  of  the  old 
immigration,  than  it  is  for  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe, 
the  races  of  the  more  recent  immigration.  This  showing  is  m com- 
plete harmony  with,  and  seems,  at  least  in  a measure,  to  explain  what 
is  known  of,  the  comparative  merits  of  the  men  of  the  different  races 
as  workmen. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  WOMEN  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  general  occupation  of  all  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  in  the 
households  studied,  is  presented  in  the  table  below,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  individual. 

Table  30. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent — 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

In  domes- 
tic and 
personal 
service. 

In  trade. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

184 

3.3 

2.7 

0.5 

91.3 

2.2 

6.3 

Negro. 

32 

12.5 

.0 

3.1 

78.1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

German  

28 

21.4 

.0 

3.6 

64.3 

10.7 

11.8 
4.7 

Irish 

34 

2.9 

8.8 

20.6 

55.  9 



43 

9.3 

4.7 

2.3 

79. 1 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

130 

.8 

.0 

.0 

97.7 

1.5 

English 

31 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

. 0 

German 

53 

3.8 

.0 

.0 

96.  2 

. 0 



31 

.0 

.0 

3.2 

96.8 

. 0 
1.0 

.0 

Italian,  North  

301 

.0 

.7 

.0 

98.3 

ItftliBTl  

182 

. 5 

.0 

. 5 

98.9 

Lithuanian  

175 

.0 

.0 

.0 

99.  4 

.6 

.0 

Mngynr  

241 

1.2 

.0 

.0 

98.8 

Mexican  . 

36 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

. 0 

Polish 

325 

.3 

.0 

1.2 

98.  5 

. 0 



44 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

. 0 
.0 

Ruthenian  

42 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

Plnvalr  

444 

.7 

.0 

.2 

99. 1 
93.8 

. 0 

Welsh 

32 

3.1 

.0 

3.1 

. 0 

Grand  total 

2,560 

1.6 

.7 

.9 

95.5 

1.2 

Tot&l  of  forpij^Ti  

202 

8.9 

5.0 

6.9 

69.8 

9.4 

5.9 

Totnl  nstiv^hiom  

421 

6.7 

3.6 

3.8 

80.0 

98.6 

Total  foreign-born  

2,139 

.7 

. 1 

.4 

. 3 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


47 


A comparison  of  the  totals  in  the  foregoing  table  shows  that  the 
smallest  proportion  of  females  remaining  at  home,  69.8  per  cent, 
is  reported  for  those  who  were  native-born  of  foreign  father.  In 
the  same  group  8.9  per  cent  are  engaged  in  domestic  service,  which 
is  higher  than  the  entries  for  either  the  foreign-born  or  the  whites 
native-born  of  native  father,  while  9.4  per  cent  are  at  school,  also  a 
higher  percentage  than  is  shown  for  either  of  the  other  two  groups, 
and  5 per  cent  are  reported  in  trade.  The  total  native-born  report  6.7 
per  cent  of  their  number  in  domestic  service,  3.6  per  cent  in  trade, 
and  3.8  per  cent  in  other  occupations.  Eighty  per  cent  are  at  home, 
compared  to  98.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  females.  Of  the  white 
females  native-born  of  native  father,  91.3  per  cent  are  shown  to  be 
at  home,  3.3  per  cent  are  in  domestic  service,  and  only  2.2  per  cent 
at  school,  as  compared  to  78.1  per  cent  of  the  negroes  at  home,  12.5 
per  cent  in  domestic  service,  and  6.3  per  cent  at  school.  Of  the  Irish 
females  native-born  of  foreign  father,  55.9  per  cent  are  at  home,  8.8 
per  cent  are  engaged  in  trade,  20.6  per  cent  are  in  other  occupations, 
11.8  per  cent  are  at  school,  and  2.9  per  cent  are  employed  as  domes- 
tics. In  contrast,  21.4  per  cent  of  the  Germans  and  9.3  per  cent  of 
the  Slovaks  in  the  same  group,  are  reported  in  domestic  service. 

Of  the  foreign-born  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  100  per  cent 
of  the  English,  Mexicans,  Russians,  and  Ruthenians  are  at  home, 
while  from  93.8  to  99.4  per  cent  of  the  other  races  appearing  in  this 
table  are  reported  at  home.  A very  small  percentage  of  foreign-born 
females  are  engaged  in  domestic  service,  the  Welsh  with  3.1  per  cent 
and  the  Germans  with  3.8  per  cent  reporting  the  highest.  Only  three 
races  report  females  at  school,  the  Lithuanians,  with  0.6  per  cent, 
the  North  Italians  with  1 per  cent,  and  the  Croatians  with  1.5  per 
cent.  In  miscellaneous  occupations  the  highest  percentages  are  the 
Irish,  3.2  and  the  Welsh,  3.1. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  MALES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  general  occupation  of  all  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  the 
households  studied  is  set  forth  in  the  following  table,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Table  31. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 
• race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

Per  cent— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

In  bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

168 

87.5 

8.3 

0.6 

3.6 

Negro 

32 

96.9 

3.1 

.0 

.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 

26 

76.9 

23.1 

.0 

.0 

Irish 

56 

71.4 

17.9 

3.6 

7.1 

Slovak 

44 

86.4 

6.8 

2.3 

4.5 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

23 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Croatian 

213 

97.2 

1.9 

.9 

.0 

48 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  "il.— General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 
race  of  individual — Continued. 


Per  cent— 

Number 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

In  bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Foreign-bom— Continued. 

Englisli - * 

40 

100.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

GGriGO-ii 

70 

97.1 

.0 

2.9 

.0 

60 

95.0 

5.0 

.0 

.0 

Ito-lio-ii  North 

485 

96.7 

1.6 

1.4 

.2 

ftonth  

481 

96.7 

2.1 

.8 

.4 

Lithu^nitiii - 

276 

97.8 

1.1 

.4 

.7 

426 

98.6 

1.2 

.2 

.0 

ivicigy  

Moxic^n 

62 

. 96.8 

.0 

3.2 

.0 

Polish 

624 

91.8 

6.9 

1.0 

.3 

Roiiin.3<riiEn - 

38 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Russian - 

97 

93.8 

6.2 

.0 

.0 

Rutbenian 

99 

99.0 

1.0 

.0 

.0 

Slov3<k 

679 

99.3 

.3 

.3 

.1 

Welsh 

46 

95.7 

2.2 

2.2 

.0 

Grand  total 

4,204 

95.1 

3.4 

.8 

.7 

ncitK7A-Lr>rn  nf  fnreitrn  father  

228 

73.7 

17.1 

2.2 

7.0 

Totiil  nTtivG-hom  

428 

80.8 

12.6 

1.4 

5.1 

Tot3/l  forGign-boi'n 

3,776 

96.7 

2.4 

.8 

.2 

' 

The  significant  fact  exhibited  by  the  totals  for  all  races  in  the 
table  above,  as  well  as  for  separate  races,  is  that  practically  all  of 
the  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  are 
engaged  in  work  in  or  about  the  coal  mines.  Of  the  whites  native- 
born'’of  native  father,  only  8.3  per  cent  are  in  occupations  other 
than  coal  mining,  and  only  3.1  per  cent  of  the  native  negroes  are 
engaged  in  other  work.  Of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father, 
only ”3. 6 per  cent  above  16  years  of  age  are  at  school,  and  0.6  per 
cent  at  home.  The  males  of  the  second  generation  show  a stronger 
tendency  than  do  either  the  foreign-born  or  the  native-born  of  native 
father,  to  enter  occupations  other  than  coal  mining,  17.1  per  cent  of 
the  native-born  of  foreign  father  being  engaged  in  other  work  than 
coal  mining.  Seven  per  cent  are  at  school,  and  2.2  per  cent  at  home. 
Of  the  Irish  of  the  second  generation,  17.9  per  cent  are  working  outside 
of  the  coalmines,  7.1  percent  are  at  school,  and  3.6  per  cent  are  at  home. 
Practically  all  of  the  foreign-born  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  are 
at  work  in  the  mines,  only  2.4  per  cent  of  the  total  being  at  work  in 
other  occupations  than  coal  mining,  0.2  per  cent  at  school,  and  0.8 
per  cent  at  home.  In  general,  it  should  be  noted  that  in  the  case  ol 
all  families  studied  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  exhibit  of  conditions 
existing  among  the  bituminous  mine  workers,  a negligible  per  cent  ot 
the  males  are  engaged  in  outside  work  and  consequently,  for  the 
object  in  view,  the  families  are  as  purely  those  of  bituminous  coal- 
mine workers  as  can  be  selected. 

STATUS  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  GENERATIONS  COMPARED. 

As  regards  the  principal  races  for  which  sufficient  material  is 
available  for  a comparative  showing,  the  table  following,  giving  the 
per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  oyer  in  each  general  occupation 
classified  according  to  birth,  whether  in  the  United  States  or  abroad, 
indicates  the  general  situation  for  all  races. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


49 


Table  32. — Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  bituminous  coal  mining, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and  by  birthplace  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  born  in  the  United  States,  and  also  20  or  more  born 
abroad.  The  native-born  of  native  father  are  shown  for  comparative  purposes.] 


Per  cent— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  father. 

Birthplace  of 
individual. 

Number 

employed. 

In  bitu- 
minous coal 
mining. 

Otherwise 

employed. 

Native-born: 

White 

United  States 

161 

91.3 

8.  7 

Negro 

United  States 

32 

96.9 

3.1 

Foreign-born: 

English 

U nited  States . . . 

26 

76.9 

100.0 

23.1 

.0 

Abroad 

40 

Irish 

United  States 

50 

80.0 

20.0 

5.0 

Abroad 

60 

95.0 

Slovak 

United  States 

41 

92.7 

7.3 

.3 

Abroad 

676 

99.7 

Upon  reference  to  the  foregoing  table  it  will  be  seen  that  all  the 
foreign-born  English  are  engaged  in  mining,  while  of  those  of  the 
second  generation  76.9  per  cent  are  in  mining  and  23.1  per  cent  are 
in  other  occupations.  Of  the  Irish,  those  of  foreign  birth  show  a 
proportion  of  95  per  cent  at  work  in  the  mines  as  contrasted  with  a 
percentage  of  80  of  those  who  were  born  in  the  United  States;  5 per 
cent  of  those  of  foreign  birth,  and  20  per  cent  of  those  of  native 
birth,  are  at  work  outside  of  the  coal-mining  industry.  The  only  race 
from  southern  or  eastern  Europe  for  which  a detailed  showing  has 
been  made  is  the  Slovak.  Of  the  Slovaks  of  foreign  birth,  99.7  per 
cent  are  at  work  in  the  mines,  as  are  92.7  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  of 
the  second  generation,  0.3  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  and  7-3  per 
cent  of  the  native-born  being  in  work  other  than  coal  mining. 

OCCUPATIONS  ENTERED  IN  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL-MINING  INDUSTRY. 

As  regards  the  status  of  the  immigrant  mine  workers  within  the 
industry  itself,  the  races  of  recent  immigration  are  engaged  in  the 
occupations  of  digging  and  loading  coal,  and  in  the  rough,  unskilled 
work  both  inside  and  outside  of  the  mines.  Practically  all  of  the 
occupations  requiring  training  and  experience  or  carrying  responsi- 
bility are  filled  by  the  races  of  older  immigration  from  Great  Britain 
and  northern  Europe.  The  occupations  which  are  termed  day  or 
shift  places,  and  for  which  payments  are  made  on  the  basis  of  so  much 
per  hour,  day,  or  month,  are  also  almost  without  exception  held  by 
natives  and  races  of  older  immigration.  This  division  has  been 
brought  about  voluntarily  by  the  natives  and  older  immigrants  for 
the  purpose  of  avoiding  direct  working  relations  with  the  races  of 
southern  and  eastern  Europe.  The  races  of  recent  immigration  prefer 
the  occupations  of  mining  and  loading  because  the  work  is  paid  for 
on  a piece-rate  basis  and  there  are  no  fixed  limitations  upon  earning 
possibilities.  This  preference  is  also  largely  responsible  for  the  failure 
of  recent  immigrants  to  move  upward  in  the  scale  of  occupations. 


50 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


DAILY  EAKNINGS. 

The  data  secured  in  the  study  made  as  to  the  dady  earnings  of 
79  575  individual  mine  workers  who  were  18  years  ol  age  or  over 
are  partly  presented  in  the  following  table,  which  shows,  by  general 
nativity  and  race,  the  per  cent  who  earn  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Table  33  —Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

France  

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy - 

Russia 

Scotland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  . . . 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch  

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreignfather 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Average 
earnings 
per  day. 


$1.25  or 
over. 


15,972 

6,179 


496 

1,470 

142 

1,977 

1,151 

107 
102 
744 
384 

705 

161 

2,278 

93 

2,283 

731 

2,540 

108 
841 

6,141 

3,909 

1,767 

4,171 

106 

127 

6,793 

145 

1,763 

290 

1,053 

124 

10,575 

1,783 

293 

3.56 


79,575 


6,768 

28, 921 
50,654 


$2.31 

1.98 


2.16 
2. 44 
2.41 
2.41 
2.32 
2.36 
1.99 
2.47 

2.49 

2.34 
2.07 
1.9.8 
2.18 

2.50 
2.  28 

2.35 
2.01 
2.24 
2.28 
2.14 
2.  28 
2.00 
2.44 
2.13 
1.99 
1.84 
2.26 
1.98 
2.48 
2. 04 
2.03 
2.18 
2.41 
2.41 
2.19 


Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 


2.38 
2.25 
2. 16 


97.8 

95.7 


96.0 
97.5 

95.8 

97.8 

97.9 
95.3 
88.2 

98.1 


97.3 

98. 1 

97.1 

96.8 

98.2 

96.2 

96.5 

94.4 

96.9 

97.2 
97.7 

96.0 

97.6 
100.0 
100.0 

93.5 

96.6 

98.2 
95.5 

98.2 
98.4 
96.9 

97.3 

99.3 

98.0 
96.  9' 


97.3 

97.2 

96, 


1.50  or 

$2  or  ! 

$2.50  or 

$3  or  : 

$3.50  or 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

95.6 

76.7 

42.2 

15.3 

5.0 

86.3 

52.5 

23.7 

9.9 

2.7 

92.3 

64.3 

31.5 

8.9 

3.4 

96.5 

84.6 

55.0 

18.8 

7.1 

95.1 

83.8 

56.3 

16.9 

9.2 

96.9 

80.6 

50.1 

20.7 

7.9 

96.6 

77.8 

45.5 

12.2 

4.2 

91.6 

76.6 

57.0 

12.1 

9.3 

86.3 

57.8 

3.3.3 

4.9 

1.0 

97.4 

86.4 

57.9 

19.1 

8.5 

96.4 

89.6 

62.2 

21.6 

5.2 

93.0 

78.4 

43.8 

21.3 

6.8 

92.5 

64.0 

33.5 

12.4 

1.2 

89.6 

52.8 

19.1 

7.6 

1.9 

93.5 

79.6 

35.5 

7.5 

1.1 

97.6 

87.9 

54.9 

24.3 

9.6 

93.6 

81.4 

51.3 

11.4 

3.4 

94.2 

78.6 

45.8 

21.2 

7.2 

90.7 

58.3 

22.2 

2.8 

.9 

94.1 

71.5 

39. 1 

14.3 

4.2 

95.5 

78.7 

44.0 

16.3 

4.4 

93.2 

63.6 

32.4 

13.4 

3.7 

94.7 

76.2 

44.0 

21.1 

7.1 

92.3 

64.9 

17.1 

4.0 

.7 

100.0 

96.2 

73.6 

9.4 

1.9 

99.2 

61.4 

31.5 

19.7 

4.7 

89.2 

61.3 

18.5 

5.5 

1.2 

88.3 

44.8 

12.4 

.0 

.0 

95.1 

78.7 

38.1 

13.6 

5.3 

87.6 

53.1 

14.5 

2.8 

.3 

97.5 

88.7 

56.6 

22.7 

6.9 

96.8 

63.7 

23.4 

5.6 

.8 

92.7 

58.3 

17.8 

4.9 

1.7 

95. 1 

78.7 

37.2 

7.9 

1.2 

98.3 

89.4 

45.7 

19.1 

9.2 

96.9 

85.4 

53.7 

20.2 

6.2 

93.5 

70.3 

.34.6 

12.4 

3.9 

9^f 

soT 

50 

fO 

" ^675 

93.  7 

72.5 

40.2 

14.6 

4.8 

93.3 

69.0 

31.4 

11.2 

3.4 

*Thi<;  tphlp  shows  waees  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  dul  no  doouunt  1:5  v 

timlor  iS  tiSlTrom  s'Stdow^  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

Upon  information  obtained  for  79,575  males  in  this  industry,  it 
will  be  noted  that  70.3  per  cent  earn  $2  or  over  per  day,  34.6  per  cent 
$2.50  or  over,  and  12.4  per  cent  $3  or  over,  while  3.9  per  cent  are 
earning  $3.50  or  over.  As  between  the  foreign-born  and  the  native- 
born  of  foreign  father,  it  will  be  seen  that  a considerably  smalleyiro- 
portion  of  the  former  than  of  the  latter  earn  the  higher  rates. 
paring  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  with  the  native-b(3rn  o 
native  father,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  whites  born  of  native  father 
report  only  a slightly  smaller  proportion,  while  the  negroes  report  a 


Average  earnings  in  dollars  per  day  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  600  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


51 


52 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


very  much  smaller  proportion,  than  do  the  native  born  of  foieign  | 

father  earning  the  higher  rates.  . i 

As  regards  the  specified  earnings  of  the  various  foreign-born  races, 
it  will  be  seen  that  none  of  the  Mexicans  earn  under  $1.50  and  none 
of  the  Montenegrins  earn  under  $1.25  per  day.  With  these  excep- 
tions, each  race  reports  a comparatively  small  proportion  earning 
under  $1.50.  Not,  however,  until  the  earnings  reach  $2  or  over  per 
day  do  the  proportions  vary  to  any  great  extent.  Of  those  earning 
as  much  as  $2,  the  Mexicans  report  the  largest  proportion,  or  96.2  per  | 
cent,  and  the  Roumanians  the  smallest  proportion,  or  44.8  per  cent. 
Following  the  Mexicans  are  the  Swedes,  Scotch,  English,  Welsh,  and 
French,  each  reporting  over  80  per  cent,  and  the  Dutch,  North 
Italians,  Russians,  Slovenians,  Germans,  Bohemians  and  Moravians, 
and  Lithuanians,  each  reporting  between  75  and  80  per  cent,  while 
the  proportions  of  the  other  races  range  from  71.5  per  cent  ot  the  : 
Irish  to  52.8  per  cent  of  the  Croatians.  Among  those  earning  $2.50  I 
or  over  per  day,  the  Mexicans  again  report  the  largest  and  the  Rou- 
manians the  smallest  proportion,  or  73.6  and  12.4  per  cent,  resp^- 
tively  Comparing  the  other  races  earning  at  least  $2.50,  it  \yiil  be 
noted  that  the  Scotch,  who  follow  the  Mexicans,  report  a slightly 
larger  proportion  than  the  English,  Welsh,  or  French,  and  a consid- 
erably larger  proportion  than  the  Germps,  Swedes,  North  Italups, 
Lithuanians,  or  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  these  races  reporting, 
each  over  40  per  cent,  while  the  proportions  of  those  still  lower  range 
from'  39.1  per  cent  of  the  Irish  to  14.5  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians. 
None  of  the  Roumanians  earn  $3  or  over  per  day,  in  contra^  with 
24.3  per  cent  of  the  English,  who  show  the  largest  proportion.  Closely 
following  the  English  are  the  Scotch,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Ger- 
mans, Lfthuanians,  Welsh,  Montenegrins,  and  Swedes,  the  last  named 
reporting  19.1  per  cent.  Of  the  remaining  races  earning  this  amount, 
the  North  Italians  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  16.3  per  cent,  and 
the  Greeks  and  Ruthenians,  with  2.8  per  cent  each,  the  smallest  pro- 
portion. The  English  and  Swedes,  each  reporting  a proportion  slightly 
below  10  per  cent  earning  $3.50  or  over  per  day,  show  a larger  pro- 
portion than  the  Germans,  Lithuanians,  Scotch,  Bohemians  and 
Moravians,  W^elsh,  or  Russians,  in  the  order  named,  and  a much  larger  i 
proportion  than  that  shown  by  any  other  race.  ^ n u 

Comparing  the  proportions  of  males  native-born  of  foreign  lather  i 
earnino*  each  specified  amount,  it  will  be  noted  that,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Russia,  there  ^ is  compara- 
tively little  difference  among  the  races  in  the  proportions  earning 
$1.25  or  $1.50  a day;  also,  in  the  case  of  each  race  shown  m the  \ 
foregoing  table,  only  a slightly  smaller  proportion  earn  $1.50  than  | 

earn  $1.25  a day.  j \ 

As  regards  the  males  earning  $2  or  over  per  day,  those  whose  j 
fathers  were  born  in  Wales  report  89.6  per  cent,  a larger  proportion 
than  of  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Scotland,  England,  France, 
Germany,  Ireland,  or  Italy,  and  much  in  excess  of  the  proportion  ot  i 
those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Austria-Hungary  or  Russia,  the  last  i 
named  reporting  57.8  per  cent.  The  second  generation  ot  VVetsh, 
occupy  the  same  position  among  those  earning  $2.50  and  $3  or  overj 
per  day,  in  that  they  show  the  largest  proportion  earning  these  | 
specified  amounts.  The  lowest  proportions  shown  for  those  earning i 
$2.50  or  over  per  day  are  reported  for  the  native-born  ot  Austro- 1 


wider  50  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  500  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


53 


□ O 
¥ 

jOi°<<z 

;iiJ>§Zuj 

Zdi 


iS?2l  7 2: 

^a:oocZQCLJ-..5St^ODOJ_jf“^  <0*^ 

iO  Q (D a liJ ii_ O E !l L _i 5 CL cc in cn  0 O 2 Zb.  o 

ii_  t- 


48296°— VOL  6—11 5 


UNDER  $ 2.00  Y/////^/////A  = « 2.00  AND  UNDER  $2.50 


54 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Hungarian  father,  with  31.5  per  cent,  and  the  native-born  of  Rus- 
sian father,  with  33.3  per  cent.  Among  those  earning  $3.00  or  over 
per  day  the  position  of  these  two  races  is  reversed,  those  whose  fathers 
were  born  in  Austria-Hungary  reporting  8.9  per  cent,  while  the  native- 
born  of  Russian  father  report  4.9  per  cent. 

As  regards  the  proportions  of  males  earning  the  highest  specified 
amount,  or  $3.50  or  oyer  per  day,  it  will  be  seen  that  those  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Italy  show  a slightly  larger  proportion  than  those 
whose  fathers  were  born  in  France,  Scotland,  Germany,  or  England, 
and  a very  much  larger  proportion  than  those  whose  fathers  were  born 
in  Wales,  Ireland,  Austria-Hungary,  or  Russia,  in  the  order  named — the 
last  mentioned  reporting  only  1 per  cent  earning  this  amount  per  day. 

As  between  the  whites  and  negroes  native-born  of  native  father, 
the  latter,  while  showing  a slightly  smaller  proportion  than  the 
former  earning  $1.25  and  $1.50  or  over,  show  a very  much  smaller 
proportion  earning  other  specified  amounts  per  day. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  for  the  industry  as  a whole  the  per 
cent  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  $2  or  more  a day.  The 
information  is  tabulated  by  localities  and  by  general  nativity  and 
race  of  the  individuals  reporting.  This  table  includes  only  those  races 
reporting  80  or  more  males  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities,  the 
totals,  however,  being  for  all  races. 

Table  34. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  ^2  or  over  per 
day,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(study  of  employees.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

87.2 

70.1 

65.8 

96.1 

76.7 

Negro 

83.9 

60.0 

44.1 

90.4 

52.5 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

Austria-Hungary 

88.1 

54.4 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a.) 

(«). 

(o) 

55.6 

(a) 

88.6 

64.3 

England 

90.2 

81.1 

84.6 

Germany 

93.4 

70.5 

93.3 

80.6 

Ireland 

87.0 

72.1 

96.8 

77.8 

Scotland 

89.9 

84.8 

96.6 

86.4 

W ales 

88.5 

89.4 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

95.8 

89.6 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

89.0 

72.7 

78.4 

Croatian 

94.3 

48.1 

52.8 

English 

92.0 

84.2 

84.4 

87.9 

French 

80.2 

72.3 

(a) 

84.4 

94.6 

81.4 

German 

92.4 

68.3 

97.1 

78.6 

Irish 

83.3 

65.5 

(a) 

65.3 

96.5 

71.5 

Italian,  North 

84.2 

71.2 

97.0 

78.7 

Italian,  South 

90.8 

54.8 

59.2 

95.6 

63.6 

Lithuanian 

73.8 

76.4 

(a) 

67.9 

93.2 

76.2 

Magvar 

63.9 

64.4 

(a) 

79.3 

64.9 

Polish 

74.5 

58.4 

73.1 

61.3 

Russian 

95.0 

73.3 

(a) 

85.1 

94.1 

78.7 

Scotch 

89.1 

86.6 

98.5 

88.7 

Slovak 

80.3 

55.2 

82.9 

91.1 

58.3 

Slovenian 

71.4 

76.5 

(a) 

(a) 

97.2 

78.7 

Welsh 

86.7 

82.0 

(o) 

85.4 

Grand  total 

85.3 

64.6 

58.4 

94.9 

70.3 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

90.3 

73.8 

66.3 

92.2 

80.7 

Total  native-born 

87.9 

70.5 

54.6 

94.2 

72.5 

Total  foreign-born 

83.1 

62.9 

67.6 

95.3 

69.0 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


55 


It  appears  that  70.3  per  cent  of  the  individuals  reporting  in  the 
entire  industry  earn  not  less  than  $2  a day.  The  greatest  proportion 
earning  this  amount  are  in  the  Southwest,  where  94.9  per  cent  are 
so  reported.  In  the  South  the  per  cent  who  are  earning  not  less 
than  $2  a day  is  58.4;  in  the  Middle  West  it  is  85.3,  and  in  Pennsyl- 
vania 64.6.  The  earnings  of  the  foreign-born  Scotch  reporting  are 
greater  than  those  of  any  other  foreign-born  race.  In  the  Middle 
West,  the  per  cent  of  Scotch  employees  who  earn  not  less  than  $2  a 
day  is  89.1 ; in  Pennsylvania  it  is  86.6,  in  the  Southwest  98.5,  and  in  the 
entire  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  88.7.  The  English  employees 
follow  the  Scotch  in  the  percentage  of  those  who  earn  not  less  than 
$2  a day.  In  the  Middle  West  the  proportion  is  92  per  cent,  in  Penn- 
sylvania 84.2,  in  the  South  84.4,  in  the  Southwest  94.7,  and  in  the 
entire  industry  87.9  per  cent.  These  two  races  are  representative  of 
the  northern  Europ^^an  immigrants. 

Among  the  southern  and  eastern  European  races,  the  North 
Italians,  Russians,  and  Slovenians  each  report  78.7  per  cent  of  their 
number  earning  $2  or  more  per  day.  The  Bohemians  and  Moravians 
in  the  Middle  West  report  89  per  cent  earning  |2  or  more  a day;  in 
Pennsylvania  their  proportion  is  72.9,  and  in  the  entire  industry  it 
is  78.5  per  cent.  The  Croatian  and  Slovak  races  have  smaller  pro- 
portions earning  not  less  than  $2  a day  than  has  any  other  race. 
In  the  Middle  West  94.3  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  reporting  earn  $2 
or  more  a day;  in  Pennsylvania  the  proportion  is  48.1  per  cent, 
in  the  South,  55.6  per  cent,  and  in  the  entire  industry,  52.8  per  cent. 

In  the  Middle  West  the  per  cent  of  Slovaks  who  earn  not  less  than 
"$2  a day  is  80.3;  in  Pennsylvania  it  is  55.2,  in  the  South  82.9,  in  the 
Southwest  91.1,  and  in  the  entire  industry  58.3. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  males  18  years  of 
age  or  over  earning  $3  or  more  per  day,  by  locality  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race. 

Table  35 — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  ^3  or  over  per 
day,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  ] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South . 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

25.1 

7.7 

12.9 

18.9 

15.3 

Negro 

32.5 

3.7 

7.9 

16.0 

9.9 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

Austria-Hungary 

26.2 

2.4 

(a) 

(a) 

8.9 

England 

34.7 

10.0 

(a) 

17.1 

18.8 

Germany 

38.6 

8.7 

(a) 

8.9 

20.7 

Ireland 

25.2 

6.5 

(a) 

15.1 

12.2 

Scotland 

38.3 

9.0 

(a) 

15.1 

19.1 

Wales 

30.3 

16.7 

(a) 

(a) 

21.6 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

44.3 

10.2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

21.3 

Croatian 

69.9 

2.3 

3.8 

7.6 

English 

41.7 

16.3 

13.8 

18.2 

24.3 

French •. 

19.8 

7.3 

(o) 

8.3 

11.4 

German 

46.3 

6.5 

14.7 

31.6 

21.2 

Irish 

31.3 

12.0 

(a) 

8.2 

14.3 

*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tabies  in  this  report  showing  annual  earn- 
ings allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


56 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  3b.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  $3  or  over  per 
day,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race— Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

^ort.L  

31.9 

9.3 

11.0 

16.4 

16.3 

45.0 

3.8 

11.7 

38.3 

13.4 

Litlm&iiiQiii.  

21.4 

13.5 

(o) 

56.8 

21.1 

9.8 

2.8 

6.2 

(a) 

4.0 



Pn]iQh  

15.8 

3.2 

11.0 

27.4 

5.  5 

Riissis^n  

37.9 

6.0 

(o) 

22.5 

13.6 

Scotch 

36.9 

15.7 

16.0 

21.2 

22.7 

Slov&k.  

26.2 

2.7 

19.4 

8.1 

4.9 

Slovenian 

22.6 

6.2 

(a) 

16.0 

7.9 

Welsh 

27.4 

15.7 

(a) 

(a) 

20.2 

Grand  total 

29.6 

5.8 

10.7 

19.5 

12.4 

Totcil HQ-ti vC“horTi  of  forcij^n  ff^thpr  

33.5 

8.2 

12.4 

12.9 

iLl 

Totfil  

28.0 

7.5 

10.3 

16.9 

14.6 

Totsil  forcign-h^m  

31.0 

5.3 

11.4 

21.2 

11.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


This  table  is  of  special  interest  for  two  reasons:  (1)  Of  all  em- 
ployees in  the  industry  from  whom  information  was  secured  only 
12.4  per  cent  earn  $3  or  over  per  day;  (2)  the  per  cent  of  employees 
who  earn  at  least  this  amount  in  the  Middle  West  is  far  larger  than  m 
any  other  locality,  while  the  per  cent  shown  for  Pennsylvania  is  by  far 
the  smallest.  As  between  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father 
and  the  foreign-born,  it  will  be  seen  that  in  each  locality,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Southwest,  a larger  per  cent  of  the  former  than  of 
the  latter  earn  $3  or  more  a day. 

While  this  table  is  presented  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  comparison 
of  the  several  races  in  one  locality  with  the  same  races  in  some  other 
locality,  it  also  shows  the  proportion  of  each  race  who  earn  a speci- 
fied amount  in  the  entire  industry.  ^ Of  the  foreign-born  races,  the 
older  immigrants,  from  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe,  show, 
upon  the  whole,  a larger  per  cent  earning  at  least  S3  a day  than  do 
the  more  recent  immigrants. 

The  Middle  West  shows  a larger  proportion  of  each  foreign  race, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  earning  S3  or  more  a day  than  does  any 
other  locality ; the  next  largest  proportions  earning  this  amount  are 
reported  from  the  Southwest,  while  with  one  or  two  exceptions  the 
smallest  proportions  are  shown  in  Pennsylvania.  For  example,  the 
Croatians  show  69.9  per  cent  of  their  race  in  the  Middle  West  earning 
S3  or  over  a day,  as  compared  with  3.8  per  cent  in  the  South  and  2.3 
per  cent  in  Pennsylvania.  The  race  showing  the  next  largest  propor- 
tion in  the  Middle  West,  and  also  a large  proportion  in  the  Southwest, 
is  the  German,  46.3  per  cent  of  whose  people  in  the  Middle  West,  as 
compared  with  31.6  percent  in  the  Southwest,  14.7  per  cent  in  the 
South,  and  6.5  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  earn  S3  or  over  per  day. 
The  Lithuanians,  on  the  other  hand,  show  56.8  per  cent  of  their  num- 
ber in  the  Southwest  and  only  21.4  and  13.5  per  cent  in  the  Middle 
West  and  Pennsylvania,  respectively,  earning  the  above  amount.  The 
Poles  also  show  a larger  proportion  in  the  Southwest  than  in  the 
Middle  West  or  other  localities. 

Persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  whose  fathers  were  born  in 
Austria-Hungary  show  only  8.9  per  cent  in  the  entire  industry  who 
earn  S3  or  over  a day — the  Middle  West  showing  the  largest  proper- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


57 


tion,  or  26.2  per  cent,  as  compared  with  2.4  per  cent  of  those  in  Penn- 
sylvania, while  in  the  other  localities  the  number  reporting  is  insuffi- 
cient for  comparison.  The  Middle  West  shows  for  the  second  genera- 
tion of  each  race  reporting  a larger  proportion  earning  the  amount 
above  specified  than  is  shown  by  any  other  locality,  the  Southwest  the 
next  largest,  and  Pennsylvania  the  lowest.  This  is  also  true  of  per- 
sons native-born  of  native  father.  The  most  interesting  fact,  how- 
ever, in  this  connection  is  that  the  negro  shows  a larger  proportion 
than  the  native  white  of  individuals  who  earn  S3  or  over  a day  in  the 
Middle  West,  or  32.5  per  cent  of  the  former  as  compared  with  25.1  per 
cent  of  the  latter.  An  extremely  small  proportion  of  native  whites  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  a but  slightly  larger  per  cent  in  the  South,  earn  as 
much  as  S3  a day. 

That  larger'proportions  of  all  races  reporting  who  earn  S3  or  over  a 
day  are  found  in  the  Middle  West  and  Southwest  than  in  the  South 
and  Pennsylvania,  indicates  that  organized  labor  has  played  no  small 
part  in  maintaining  higher  wages.  In  addition  to  the  foregoing  it  is 
also  safe  to  assume  that  a larger  proportion  of  the  several  races  in 
the  Middle  West  and  Southwest  are,  because  of  previous  experience, 
gained  perhaps  in  Pennsylvania,  more  efficient  than  the  majority  of 
those  now  eniployed  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  South. 

In  connection  with  the  daily  earnings  of  bituminous  mine  workers 
18  years  of  age  or  over,  the  earnings  of  workers  of  all  races  and  nativi- 
ties between  the  ages  of  14  and  18  years  may  be  noted.  The  follow- 
ing table  embodying  the  information  received  from  3,629  employees 
between  the  age  limits  of  14  and  18  years  shows  the  per  cent  by  prin- 
cipal races  and  general  nativity  of  those  who  earn  each  specified 
amount  per  day. 


Table  3Q.—Per  cent  of  male  employees  U and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  * 

(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Russia 

Scotland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father . . 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


1,239 

315 


308 

222 

189 

90 

82 

67 

121 

43 

135 

108 

92 

82 

184 


3,629 


1,192 

2,746 

883 


Average 
earnings 
per  day. 


$1  or  over. 


$1.51 

1.24 


1.  44 
1.64 
1.60 
1.45 
1.60 
1.43 
1.75 
1.59 

1.91 

1.62 

1.63 

1.45 

1.57 


1.54 


1.57 

1.51 

1.65 


Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 


93.5 

72.7 


93.2 

97.3 
96.8 

94.4 
95.1 

98.5 

97.5 

97.7 

100.0 

95.4 

97.8 
92.7 

92.4 


93.2 


96.1 

92.2 
96.4 


$1.25  or 
over. 


61.8 

55.2 


57.1 

6410 

55.6 

56.1 
46.3 

71.9 

65.1 

85.2 
75.0 

73.9 

64.6 

71.2 


64.0 


62.2 

61.2 

72.6 


$1.50  or 

over.  *2  or  over 


50.0 

40.3 


43.2 

58.6 

57.7 

42.2 

52.4 

37.3 

64.5 

62.8 

79.3 

66.7 
64.1 

52.4 

59.8 


53.0 


52.7 

50.0 

62.2 


21.1 

10.8 


20.8 

32.9 

29.1 

18.9 

35.4 

23.9 

44.6 
23.3 

60.0 

30.6 

40.2 

19.5 

26.6 


26.7 


29.5 

23.6 
36.5 


$2.50  or 
over. 


8.5 

1.9 


4.5 
12.2 
11.1 

8.9 

15.9 

6.0 

22.3 

11.6 

23.7 

8.3 

6.5 

2.4 

10.3 


9.8 


11.2 

8.9 

12.7 


or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
anni!a^«rnii„An  ™ shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual^arnmgs  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year.  ^ ° 


58 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Upon  comparing  the  percentages  for  the  totals  of  the  different 
groups  of  younger  mine  workers  in  the  foregoing  table,  it  is  seen  that 
of  the  grand  total  6.8  percent  are  receiving  less  than  $1  per  day,  3.9 
per  cent  of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  3.6  per  cent  of 
the  total  foreign-born,  and  7.8  per  cent  of  the  total  native-born,  being 
so  reported.  A relatively  large  proportion  of  foreign-born  as  com- 
pared with  native-born  persons  is  found  in  all  classifications,  entered 
in  this  table,  and  this  comparison  is  especially  significant  in  the  classi- 
fications showing  those  who  earn  $2  or  more  than  $2  a day.  It  is  also 
noteworthy  that  the  proportions  of  persons  native-born  of  foreign 
father  in  the  higher  earning  classifications  are  larger  than  those  of 
persons  native-born  of  native  father.  Another  significant  feature  of 
the  foregoing  table  is  the  showing  of  the  relatively  low  earning 
capacity  of  the  negro,  27.3  per  cent  of  this  race  earning  less  than  $1 
a clay  and  only  55.2  per  cent  receiving  $1.25  or  more  daily,  40.3  per 
cent  $1.50  or  more,  and  10.8  per  cent  $2  or  more  a day.  About  the 
same  proportions  of  all  races  native-born  of  foreign  father  earn  $1  or 
more  a day,  with  the  exception  of  persons  of  Italian,  Irish,  and  Austro- 
Hungarian  parentage,  who  are  a small  per  cent  below  other  mine 
workers  of  the  second  generation.  In  the  higher  ranges  of  earnings, 
however,  the  distinctions  among  different  peoples  of  the  second 
generation  become  quite  marked.  In  the  showing  as  to  percentages 
of  persons  earning  $1.25  or  more  a day  the  Scotch  stand  first,  followed 
in  the  order  named  by  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  England, 
Wales,  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  Ireland,  and  Russia.  In 
the  next  classification,  receiving  $1.50  or  more  a day,  the  Scotch  still 
show  the  largest  proportion,  but  the  English  drop  from  second  place 
to  third,  and  the  second  place  is  taken  by  the  Welsh.  The  Germans 
still  show  the  fourth  largest  proportion,  the  Italians  advance  to  fifth 
place,  the  native-born  of  Austro-Hungarian  father  go  from  fifth  to 
sixth  rank,  and  the  Irish  and  the  Russians  remain  seventh  and  eighth. 
In  the  next  classification,  of  $2  or  over,  the  Scotch  still  show  the 
largest  proportions,  the  Italians  enter  the  second  place,  and  the  English 
the  third,  while  those  whose  fathers  were  from  Austria-Hungary  and 
Ireland  show  the  lowest  proportions.  In  the  highest  classifications 
of  earnings,  $2.50  or  over,  the  Scotch  have  the  highest  proportion, 
the  Italians,  English,  Welsh,  Germans,  Irish,  and  the  races  of  Russian 
and  Austro-Hungarian  parentage,  following  in  the  order  named. 

Among  the  races  of  foreign  birth,  the  Polish  and  Slovak  show 
slightly  more  than  7 per  cent  earning  less  than  $1  a day.  None  of 
the  North  Italians  earn  less  than  $1  a day,  while  23.7  per  cynt  earn 
$2.50  or  over,  and  60  per  cent  have  a daily  earning  capacity  of  $2 
or  more.  Of  the  total  number  of  South  Italians  only  8.3  per 
cent  earn  as  much  as  $2.50  a day,  but  30.6  per  cent  earn  $2  or  more. 
The  Magyars  stand  next  to  the  North  Italians  in  the  proportions 
earning  $2  or  more  per  day,  but  are  fourth  in  the  relative  proportion 
of  races  earning  $2.50  or  more.  Of  the  Slovaks  26.6  per  cent,  and  of 
the  Poles  19.5  per  cent,  receive  a daily  wage  of  $2  or  more,  while 
10.3  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  and  2.4  per  cent  of  the  Poles  earn  at 
least  $2.50  a day.  The  relatively  large  proportions  of  all  races  thus 
shown  to  be  in  the  higher  classifications  of  earnings  indicate  that  the 
mine  workers  among  the  different  races  of  foreign  birth  between  the 
ages  of  14  and  18  are  in  the  same  general  class  of  work  as  the  em- 
ployees of  a greater  age  and  have  almost  as  great  earning  ability. ' On 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


59 


the  other  hand,  the  greater  proportions  of  native-born,  both  of  native 
and  of  foreign  father,  are  in  the  lower  classification  of  earnings,  show- 
ing, as  compared  with  foreign-born,  that  the  younger  employees  of 
native  birth  are  engaged  as  trappers  (opening  and  shutting  doors  for 
the  passage  of  mine  cars)  and  in  similar  occupations,  and  are  not 
entering  to  so  large  an  extent  as  the  foreign-born  the  occupations 
in  which  adults  are  engaged. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY. 

In  addition  to  studying  the  present  earnings  of  the  miners  by 
race,  it  is  important  to  note  the  progress  in  earning  capacity  of  the 
different  races  by  years  in  the  United  States,  in  order  to  ascertain 
whether  or  not  there  is  any  increase  in  earning  ability  with  a longer 
period  of  residence.  In  answer  to  this  inquiry  the  following  tables 
show  the  percentage  of  foreign-born  mine  workers  18  years  of  age  or 
over  earning  each  specified  rate  per  day,  by  race  and  by  length  of 
residence  in  the  United  States. 

Table  37. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  * 

, (study  of  employees.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

Race  and  years  in  United  States. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian: 

Under  5 

208 

98.6 

93.8 

79.8 

45.7 

23.6 

8.7 

5 to  9 

178 

97.8 

94.9 

82.6 

49.4 

30.3 

7.9 

10  or  over 

319 

96.2 

91.5 

75.2 

39.5 

14.7 

5.0 

Croatian: 

Under  5 

1,223 

818 

95.9 

86.3 

44.3 

11.6 

3.6 

.7 

5 to  9 

98.3 

92.5 

60.1 

24.7 

10.1 

2.7 

10  or  over 

237 

99.2 

96.6 

70.9 

38.8 

19.8 

5.9 

English: 

Under  5 

378 

99.5 

98.7 

90.5 

59.8 

32.8 

14.6 

5 to  9 

205 

98.0 

98.0 

91.7 

60.0 

27.8 

12.7 

10  or  over 

1,700 

97.9 

97.3 

86.8 

53.2 

22.0 

8.2 

French: 

Under  5 

162 

96.9 

95.7 

86.4 

53. 1 

9.3 

2.5 

5 to  9 

211 

97.2 

95.3 

82.0 

50.7 

14.2 

5.2 

10  or  over 

358 

95.3 

91.6 

78.8 

50.8 

10.6 

2.8 

German: 

Under  5 

389 

97.4 

95.1 

83.0 

50. 1 

23.1 

4.6 

5 to  9 

339 

97.9 

96.2 

80.5 

49.6 

25.4 

10.0 

10  or  over 

1,812 

50 

96.0 

93.6 

77.3 

44.2 

20.0 

7.3 

Irish: 

Under  5 

100.0 

100.0 

88.0 

64.0 

22.0 

14.0 

5 to  9 

36 

100.0 

100.0 

94.4 

52.8 

13.9 

8.3 

10  or  over 

755 

96.6 

93.4 

69.3 

36.8 

13.8 

3.3 

Italian,  North: 

Under  5 

2,487 

2,211 

1,443 

1,728 

1,482 

97.0 

94.6 

73.9 

38.0 

12.1 

3.2 

5 to  9 

97.6 

96.2 

81.3 

45.8 

17.4 

4.4 

10  or  over 

96.9 

96.0 

82.8 

51.8 

22.0 

6.7 

Italian,  South: 

Under  5 

96.9 

90.4 

56.5 

26.5 

8.9 

2.2 

5 to  9 

98.4 

95.9 

37.0 

18.2 

4.9 

10  or  over 

699 

98.6 

94.4 

69]  1 

37.1 

14.4 

4.7 

Lithuanian: 

Under  5 

451 

96.7 

94.5 

72.3 

34.8 

14.6 

5.3 

5 to  9 

657 

95.9 

94.7 

77.9 

46.0 

23.9 

7.2 

10  or  over 

659 

95.6 

95.0 

77.1 

48.3 

22.6 

8.2 

Magyar: 

Under  5 

2,097 

1,355 

97.5 

91.0 

61.3 

12.2 

2.1 

.2 

5 to  9 

97.6 

93.8 

70.0 

20.7 

5.6 

1.2 

10  or  over 

719 

97.6 

92.9 

65.9 

24.9 

6.4 

1.1 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


60 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  37. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States — Con. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Race  and  years  in  United  States. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1..50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Polish: 

2,906 

93.0 

87.5 

56.6 

16.1 

4.5 

0.7 

5 to  9 

2,151 

94.6 

91.0 

65.5 

20.0 

6.0 

1.7 

1,736 

92.9 

89.9 

63.7 

20.5 

6.6 

1.6 

Russian: 

897 

97.4 

92.6 

71.2 

28.4 

4.2 

.8 

5’ to  9 

493 

99.4 

97.6 

84.6 

46.0 

20.7 

8.5 

10  or  over 

373 

98.7 

97.6 

88.7 

50.7 

26.5 

12.1 

Ruthenian: 

Unrlpr  .*1  

149 

91.9 

81.2 

41.6 

10.1 

1.3 

5 to  9 

69 

98.6 

94.2 

59.4 

23.2 

4.3 

10  or  over 

72 

100.0 

94.5 

70.8 

15.3 

4.2 

1.4 

Scotch: 

Under  5 

155 

100.0 

99.4 

94.8 

62.6 

31.0 

7.1 

5 to  9 

102 

95.1 

95.1 

85.3 

59.8 

26.5 

5.9 

10  or  over 

796 

98.2 

97.5 

87.9 

55.0 

20.6 

7.0 

Slovak: 

Under  5 

3,765 

3,399 

95.6 

89.2 

51.0 

12.9 

3.8 

.8 

5 to  9 

97.8 

94.7 

61.1 

19.6 

5.7 

1.8 

10  or  over 

3,411 

780 

97.5 

94.7 

63.4 

21.5 

6.5 

2.8 

Slovenian: 

Under  5 

96.8 

94.0 

75.5 

29.4 

6.9 

.8 

5 to  9 

659 

97.1 

95.4 

79.8 

41.3 

7.9 

1.2 

10  or  over 

344 

98.5 

97.1 

83.7 

44.5 

9.9 

2.3 

Swedish: 

UnOpr.'i  

21 

100.0 

100.0 

95.2 

19.0 

9.5 

5 to  9 

35 

100.0 

100.0 

94.3 

51.4 

17.1 

11.4 

10  or  over 

237 

99.2 

97.9 

88.2 

47.3 

20.3 

9.7 

Welsh: 

Unrlpr  .'i  

31 

100.0 

93.5 

83.9 

41.9 

6.5 

5 to  9 

11 

100.0 

100.0 

81.8 

54.5 

9.1 

10  or  over 

314 

97.8 

97.1 

85.7 

54.8 

22.0 

7.0 

Table  38. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of 
age  or  over,  hy  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  * 

(study  op  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  UNDER  5 YEARS. 


Number 


Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 


report- 


Race. 

ing 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

208 

98.6 

93.8 

79.8 

45.7 

23.6 

8.7 

Croatian 

1,223 

378 

95.9 

86.3 

44.3 

11.6 

3.6 

.7 

English .* 

99.5 

98.7 

90.5 

59.8 

32.8 

14.6 

French 

162 

96.9 

95.7 

86.4 

53.1 

9.3 

2.5 

German 

389 

97.4 

95.1 

83.0 

50.1 

23.1 

4.6 

Irish 

50 

100.0 

100.0 

88.0 

64.0 

22.0 

14.0 

Italian,  North 

2,487 

1,728 

97.0 

94.6 

73.9 

38.0 

12.1 

3.2 

Italian,  South 

96.9 

90.4 

56.5 

26.5 

8.9 

2.2 

Lithuanian 

451 

96.  7 

94.5 

72.3 

34.8 

14.6 

5.3 

Magyar 

2,097 

97.5 

91.0 

61.3 

12.2 

2.1 

.2 

Polish 

2,906 

897 

93.0 

87.5 

56.6 

16.1 

4.5 

.7 

Russian 

97.4 

92.6 

71.2 

28.4 

4.2 

.8 

Ruthenian 

149 

91.9 

81.2 

41.6 

10.1 

1.3 

.0 

Scotch 

155 

100.0 

99.4 

94.8 

62.6 

31.0 

7.1 

Slovak 

3, 765 
780 

95.6 

89.2 

51.0 

12.9 

3.8 

.8 

Slovenian 

96.8 

94.0 

75.5 

29.4 

6.9 

.8 

Swedish 

21 

100.0 

100.0 

95.2 

19.0 

9.5 

.0 

Welsh 

31 

100.0 

93.5 

83.9 

41.9 

6.5 

.0 

*'rhis  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


61 


Table  38. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of 
age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  /Stores— Continued . 

IN  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Number 


Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount 


per  day. 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1. 50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2. 50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3. 50  or 
over. 

178 

97.8 

94.9 

82.6 

49.4 

30.3 

7.9 

818 

98.3 

92.5 

60. 1 

24.7 

10. 1 

2.  7 

205 

98.0 

98.0 

91.7 

60.0 

27.8 

12.  7 

211 

97.2 

95.3 

82.0 

50.7 

14.2 

5.2 

339 

97.9 

96.2 

80.5 

49.6 

25.4 

10.0 

36 

100.0 

100.0 

94.4 

52.8 

13.9 

8.3 

2,211 

97.6 

96.2 

81.3 

45.8 

17.4 

4.4 

1,482 

98.4 

95.9 

69.2 

37.0 

18.2 

4.9 

657 

95.9 

94.7 

77.9 

46.0 

23.9 

7.2 

1,355 

97.6 

93.8 

70.0 

20.7 

5.6 

1.2 

2, 151 

94.6 

91.0 

65.5 

20.0 

6.0 

1.7 

493 

99.4 

97.6 

84.6 

46.0 

20.  7 

8.5 

69 

98.6 

94.2 

59.4 

23.2 

4.3 

.0 

102 

95. 1 

95.1 

85.3 

59.8 

26.5 

5.9 

3,399 

97.8 

94.7 

61.  1 

19.6 

5.7 

1.8 

659 

97. 1 

95.4 

79.8 

41.3 

7.9 

1.  2 

35 

100.0 

100.0 

94.3 

51.4 

17.1 

11.4 

11 

100.0 

100.0 

81.8 

54.5 

9.1 

.0 

IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

319 

96.2 

91.5 

75.2 

39.5 

14.7 

5.0 

Croatian 

237 

99.2 

96.6 

70.9 

38.8 

19.8 

5.9 

English 

1,700 

97.9 

97.3 

86.8 

53.2 

22.0 

8.2 

French 

358 

95.3 

91.6 

78.8 

50.8 

10.6 

2.  8 

German 

1,812 

96.0 

93.6 

77.3 

44.2 

20.0 

7.3 

755 

96.6 

93.4 

69.3 

36.8 

13.  8 

k 3 

Italian,  North 

1,443 

96.9 

96.0 

82.8 

51.8 

22.0 

6.  7 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

699 

659 

98.6 

95.6 

94.4 

95.0 

69.1 

77.1 

37.1 

48.3 

14.4 

22.6 

4.7 
8.  2 

Magyar 

719 

97.6 

92.9 

65.9 

24.9 

6.  4 

1. 1 

Polish 

1,736 

92.9 

89.9 

63.7 

20.5 

6.6 

1.  6 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

373 

72 

98.7 

100.0 

97.6 

94.5 

88.7 

70.8 

50.7 

15.3 

26.5 

4.2 

12.1 
1.  4 

Scotch 

796 

98.2 

97.5 

87.9 

55.0 

20.6 

7.0 

Slovak 

3,411 

97.5 

94.7 

63.4 

21.5 

6.5 

2.  8 

Slovenian 

344 

98.5 

97.1 

83.7 

44.5 

9.9 

2.  3 

Swedish 

Welsh 

237 

99.2 

97.9 

88.2 

47.3 

20.3 

9.  7 

314 

97.8 

97.1 

85.7 

54.8 

22.0 

7.0 

It  is  evident  that,  with  some  few  exceptions,  the  foreign-born  races 
show  an  increase  of  earnings  as  the  length  of  residence  increases.  Tak- 
ing the  Croatians  as  an  example,  it  will  be  noted  that  while  only  11.6 
per  cent  of  those  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years  are  earning 
S2.50  or  over  per  day,  24.7  per  cent  of  those  here  from  five  to  nine 
years  and  38.8  per  cent  of  those  here  ten  years  or  more,  are  earning 
this  amount.  Of  those  in  this  country  under  five  years  only  0.7  per 
cent  are  making  as  much  as  $3.50  a day,  whereas  2.7  per  cent  of 
those  here  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  5.9  per  cent  of  those  here  ten 
years  or  more,  are  earning  that  amount. 

The  exceptions  referred  to  are  principally  the  older  immigrant 
races,  such  as  the  English,  German,  and  Scotch.  While  14.6  per 
cent  of  the  English  who  have  come  to  this  country  within  the  past 
five  years  are  earning  at  least  $3.50  a day,  only  8.2  per  cent  of  those 
here  ten  years  or  more  are  earning  as  much  as  that. 


62 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  p.50  or  over  per 
day,  by  race  and  years  in  the  United  rotates. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  800  or  more  employees  reporting  ] 


UNDER  5 V/////^fZA  = 5 TO  9 


lO  OR  OVER 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


63 


ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALE  HEADS  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the 
number  and  per  cent  of  husbands  at  work,  in  the  households  of  bitu- 
minous mine  workers  studied,  together  with  their  average  annual 
earnings. 

Table  39. — Husbands  at  worlc,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

of 

selected 

famUies.a 

Number 
of  hus- 
bands. 

Number 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Per  cent 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Average 
earnings 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

83 

83 

83 

100.0 

S607 

Negro 

24 

24 

24 

100.0 

384 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 

11 

11 

11 

(«>) 

708 

Irish 

13 

13 

13 

(«>) 

758 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

13 

13 

(&) 

413 

Croatian 

119 

117 

117 

100.0 

401 

English 

22 

22 

22 

100.0 

570 

French 

12 

11 

11 

(^) 

380 

German 

41 

41 

39 

95.1 

613 

Irish 

44 

44 

44 

100.0 

498 

Italian,  North 

275 

270 

270 

100.0 

426 

Italian,  South 

169 

169 

169 

100.0 

448 

Lithuanian 

165 

165 

165 

100.0 

425 

Magyar 

216 

216 

216 

100.0 

416 

Mexican 

39 

38 

38 

100.0 

391 

Polish 

299 

298 

298 

100.0 

450 

Roumanian 

10 

9 

9 

(&) 

615 

Russian 

39 

38 

38 

100.0 

375 

Ruthenian 

39 

39 

39 

100.0 

441 

Scotch 

9 

9 

9 

(&) 

(&) 

Slovak 

411 

409 

409 

100.0 

446 

Slovenian 

11 

11 

11 

(fi) 

384 

Welsh 

36 

32 

32 

100.0 

586 

Grand  total 

2, 100 

2,082 

2,080 

99.9 

451 

Total,  native-born  of  foreign  father 

24 

24 

24 

100.0 

735 

Total  native-born 

131 

131 

131 

100.0 

590 

Total  foreign-born 

1,969 

1,951 

1,949 

99.9 

442 

oFor  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 
ft  Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  2,100  families  studied,  18  families  only  are  without  husbands. 

It  is  evident,  from  the  table  immediately  preceding,  that  the  hus- 
bands in  all  of  the  families  classed  as  native  white  born  of  native 
father  were  at  work.  The  same  situation  is  disclosed  in  the  case  of  the 
native-born  negro,  as  well  as  in  the  English  and  Irish  families  of  the 
second  generation.  Among  the  1,969  families  whose  heads  are  of 
foreign  birth,  only  two  husbands  (German)  were  not  at  work. 

The  largest  average  annual  earnings  of  husbands  at  work  are  found 
among  the  Irish  of  the  second  generation.  The  average  income  of 
the  Irish  native-born  of  foreign  father  is  24.9  per  cent  greater  than  that 
of  the  native  white  of  native  father  and  7.1  per  cent  higher  than  the 
average  earnings  of  the  English  heads  of  families  of  the  second  genera- 
tion. The  English  husbands  native-born  of  foreign  father,  while  earning 
less  than  the  second  generation  Irish,  have  an  average  16.6  per  cent 
larger  than  the  native  white  heads  of  families.  The  American  white 
husbands  at  work,  although  they  earn  an  average  income  less  than 
the  second  generation  English  and  Irish,  receive  annually  37.3  per 


64 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


cent  more  than  the  average  of  all  foreign  heads  of  families, 
and  58.1  per  cent  more  than  the  American  negro.  It  is  a note- 
worthy fact,  however,  that  the  foreign-born  German  husbands 
earn  more  than  the  American,  and  that  the  Welsh  and  English  of 
foreign  birth  receive  an  income  but  slightly  lower  than  the  .^erican. 
This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  heads  of  families  of  the  « 
races  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany  were  experienced  miners 
before  coming  to  the  United  States. 

Among  the  foreign-born  heads  of  families,  the  lowest  annual 
earnings  are  shown  by  the  Russians.  These  are  15.2  per  cent  less 
than  the  low  average  *for  the  total  foreign-born,  and  38.2  per  cent 
less  than  the  American  white.  Moreover,  the  earnings  of  the  French 
and  Slovenian  heads  of  households  are  but  slightly  greater  than 
those  of  the  Russians.  The  Bohemian  and  Moravian,  Croatian,  North 
Italian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  and  Ruthenian  figures  are  also  Below 
the  average  of  the  total  for  all  husbands  of  foreign  birth,  while  the 
Welsh,  Slovak,  Roumanian,  Polish,  South  Italian,  Irish,  German, 
and  English  heads  of  households  receive  an  annual  income  above 
the  general  average  of  those  of  foreign  birth. 

The  smallness  of  the  average  annual  earnings  of  the  heads  of  fam- 
ilies employed  in  the  mines  becomes  more  apparent  when  expressed 
in  terms  of  a month  instead  of  in  terms  of  a year.  By  a simple 
division,  the  general  averages  may  be  presented  in  terms  of  months 
as  follows: 

Average  earnings  per  month  of  husbands  at  work. 


Grand  total  for  all  races 

Total  foreign-born 

Total  native-born 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 
Total  native-born  of  native  father: 

\\Tiite 

Negro 


$37.  58 
36.  83 
49. 17 
61.  25 

50.  58 
32.  00 


If  to  this  general  showing  be  added  the  exhibits  of  the  heads  of 
certain  families  of  foreign  birth  who  are  below  the  general  average, 
the  showing  is  even  more  striking.  A few  selected  races  make  the 
following  exhibit: 


Average  earnings  per  month  of  husbands  at  work. 

Russian 

French 

Mexican 

Slovenian 

Croatian ^ 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Magyar 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

Ruthenian 


$31.  25 

31.  66 

32.  58 

32.  00 

33.  42 

34.  41 

34.  67 

35.  50 

35.  42 

36.  75 


These  tabulations  indicate  clearly  that  the  average  immigrant  head 
of  a family  employed  in  or  about  the  mines  receives  an  annual  income 
about  equal  to  that  of  common  unskilled  laborers  the  country  over. 

The  range  of  annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families,  and  the 
relative  proportion  in  each  specified  wage  classification,  are  shown  in 
the  table  following.  The  presentation  is  by  general  nativity  and 
race. 


65 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


Table  Warnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of 

individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.J 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native  fa- 
ther: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  fa- 
ther, by  race  of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Foreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number  working  for 
wages. 

Average  earnings. 

Number 

earning— 

Under  $100. 

Under  $200. 

Under  $400. 

Under  $600. 

S 

a3 

P 

83 

$607 

21 

40 

70 

24 

384 

16 

24 

24 

11 

708 

3 

5 

7 

13 

758 

1 

(i 

9 

13 

413 

1 

6 

11 

13 

117 

401 

1 

8 

62 

107 

117 

22 

570 

6 

10 

20 

11 

380 

1 

6 

11 

11 

39 

613 

6 

20 

34 

44 

498 

2 

14 

31 

41 

270 

426 

16 

126 

233 

266 

169 

448 

3 

57 

148 

166 

165 

425 

5 

15 

67 

145 

163 

216 

416 

1 

12 

109 

185 

211 

38 

391 

24 

37 

38 

298 

450 

1 

7 

122 

255 

289 

9 

(o) 

3 

9 

38 

375 

2 

23 

36 

38 

39 

441 

1 

2 

14 

31 

39 

9 

(a) 

4 

8 

8 

409 

446 

2 

22 

180 

338 

403 

11 

384 

1 

7 

10 

11 

32 

586 

2 

13 

20 

26 

2,080 

451 

14 

91 

887 

1,714; 

2,013; 

24 

735 

4 

11 

16 

131 

590 

41 

75 

110 

1,949 

442 

14 

91 

846 

1,639: 

1,903: 

Per  cent  earning- 


Under  $1,000. 

Under  $100. 

Under  $200. 

Under  $400. 

Under  $600. 

Under  $800. 

Under  $1,000. 

76 

0.0 

0.0 

25.3 

; 48.3 

84.3 

; 91.6 

24 

.0 

.0 

66.7 

100.0 

100.0 

1 100. 0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(“) 

(a) 

.10 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

13 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

117 

.9 

6.8 

53.0 

91.5 

100.0 

100.0 

21 

.0 

.0 

27.3 

45.5 

90.9 

95.5 

11 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

37 

.0 

.0 

15.4 

51.3 

87.2 

94.9 

42 

.0 

4.5 

31.8 

70.5 

93.2 

95.5 

270 

.0 

5.9 

46.7 

86.3 

98.5 

100.0 

169 

.0 

1.8 

33.7 

87.6 

98.2 

100.0 

163 

3.0 

9.1 

40.6 

87.9 

98.8 

98.8 

216 

.5 

5.6 

50.5 

85.6 

97.7 

100.0 

38 

.0 

.0 

63.2 

97.4 

100.0 

1100.0 

296 

.3 

2.3 

40.9 

85.6 

97.0 

99.3 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

38 

5.3 

5.3 

60.5 

94.7 

100.0 

100.0 

39 

2.6 

5.1 

35.9 

79.5 

100.0 

100.0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

408 

.5 

5.4 

44.0 

82.6 

98.5 

99.8 

11 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

28 

.0 

6.3 

40.6 

62.5 

81.3 

87.5 

2,054 

.7 

4.4 

42.6 

82.4 

96.8 

98.8 

19 

.0 

.0 

16.7 

45.8 

66.7 

79.2 

119 

.0 

.0 

31.3 

57.3 

84.0 

90.8 

1,935 

.7 

4.7 

43.4 

84.1 

97. 6 

99.3 

aNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  principal  races  to  be  considered  in  the  foregoing  table  are  the 
Croatian,  North  and  South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Polish,  and 
Slovak,  because  they  appear  in  larger  numbers  than  do  any  of  the 
others. 

Among  the  Croatians,  117  male  heads  of  families  reported  the 
amount  of  their  earnings,  and  of  this  number  0.9  per  cent  earned 
under  $100,  6.8  per  cent  under  $200,  53  per  cent  under  $400,  91.5 
per  cent  under  $600,  and  100  per  cent  under  $800.  Of  the  North 
Italian  male  heads  of  families,  5.9  per  cent  earned  under  $200,  46.7 
per  cent  under  $400,  86.3  per  cent  under  $600,  98.5  per  cent  under 
$800,  and  100  per  cent  under  $1,000.  Of  the  South  Italian  race 
1.8  per  cent  earned  under  $200,  33.7  per  cent  under  $400,  87.6  per 
3ent  under  $600,  98.2  per  cent  under  $800,  and  100  per  cent  under 
$1,000. 

Among  the  Lithuanians,  165  male  heads  of  families  reported  the 
imount  of  their  earnings,  and  of  this  number  3 per  cent  earned  under 


66 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


$100,  9.1  per  cent  under  $200,  40.6  per  cent  under  $400,  87.9  per  cent 
under  $600,  and  98.8  per  cent  under  $800.  Of  a total  of  216  Magyar 
male  heads  of  families,  0.5  per  cent  earned  under  $100,  5.6  per  cent 
under  $200,  50.5  per  cent  under  $400,  85.6  per  cent  under  $600,  97.7 
per  cent  under  $800,  and  100  per  cent  under  $1,000.  Of  the  Poles, 
0.3  per  cent  earned  under  $100,  2.3  per  cent  under  $200,  40.9  per  cent 
under  $400,  85.6  per  cent  under  $600,  97  per  cent  under  $800,  and 
99.3  per  cent  under  $1,000.  Of  the  Slovak  male  heads  of  families, 
0.5  per  cent  earned  under  $100,  5.4  per  cent  under  $200,  44  per  cent 
under  $400,  82.6  per  cent  under  $600,  98.5  per  cent  under  $800,  and  ‘ 
99.8  per  cent  under  $1,000.  . r.  i 

The  showing  made  by  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  is 
much  better  than  that  of  any  race  mentioned  above.  Out  of  a i 
total  of  83  heads  of  families,  25.3  per  cent  earned  under  $400,  48.3  ’ 
per  cent  under  $600,  84.3  per  cent  under  $800,  and  91.6  per  cent  ' 
under  $1,000.  Comparing  this  race  group  with  all  others  reporting,  ' 
it  is  noticeable  that  a greater  per  cent  received  annually  over  $1,000 
than  did  the  members  of  any  other  race,  excepting  the  Welsh. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race,  the  average  annual  earnings  of  heads  of  families: 


Table  41. — Average  yearly  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families,  hy  locality  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  male  heads  of  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or 
more  localities.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.a 

nf  noflATO  fcifklpr  WIlif.P.  ...... 

$690 

$586 

$583 

$607 

Foreign-born: 

403 

397 

401 



GGrm3.li  

573 

$663 

613 

Italian  North  

.542 

374 

544 

422 

426 

ItsiliBn  

399 

462 

456 

446 

448 

Lithu.3ni3ii 

422 

362 

568 

425 



393 

480 

387 

416 

Polish 

324 

458 

483 

432 

450 

Slovak 

453 

477 

380 

446 

Grand  total 

470 

429 

500 

460 

451 

■ ■ ~ 

===== 

735 

Totsl  n3tivG“l^^rTi  ■ 

690 

586 

508 

590 

Total  foreign-born  

442 

426 

500 

451 

442 

1 

a This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
race  was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured, 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Tliis  table  shows  that  the  average  earnings  of  husbands  of  all 
races  at  work  are  highest  in  the  Southern  coal  fields,  in  which  locality 
the  general  average  is  $500  per  annum,  and  that  the  lowest  annual 
earnings  are  made  in  the  Pennsylvania  field,  where  the  average  for  all 
persons  is  $429.  Persons  native-born  of  native  father,  as  is  evidenced 
in  the  foregoing  table,  receive  the  highest  wages  in  the  Middle  West, 
where  an  average  of  $690  is  reached.  . 

Among  the  foreign-born  husbands  at  work  in  the  different  bitumin- 
ous coal  fields,  only  the  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  and  Poles  are 


I 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


67 


reported  for  all  localities,  and  a comparison  of  their  yearly  earnings 
has  an  important  bearing  upon  racial  tendencies  under  different  con- 
ditions. In  the  Middle  West  and  the  South  the  North  Italians 
receive  the  highest  wages  of  the  three  races,  while  the  South  Italians 
average  the  highest  earnings  in  the  Pennsylvania  and  Southwestern 
fields.  The  Poles  earn  more  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Southwest 
than  the  North  Italians,  and  more  in  the  South  than  the  South  Italians. 

The  highest  wages  received  in  any  locality  among  the  foreign 
races  are  those  reported  for  the  Germans  in  the  Southern  fields,  who 
average  $663  per  annum.  In  the  Middle  West  the  Poles  receive  the 
lowest  wages  reported,  $324,  and  in  Pennsylvania  the  Lithuanians 
receive  $362,  the  next  lowest  average  yearly  earnings  reported. 

During  the  discussion  of  the  industry  as  a whole,  attention  has  been 
called  to  the  large  number  of  mine  workers  who  are  earning  less  than 
$400  a year.  Whether  this  smallness  of  earning  capacity  is  a charac- 
teristic of  certain  races,  or  whether  it  arises  from  working  conditions 
and  lack  of  opportunity  in  different  localities,  may  be  inferred  from 
the  table  which  follows,  showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the 
percentage  of  male  heads  of  families  in  the  different  localities  who 
earn  less  than  $400  a year. 

Table  42. — Per  cent  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  under  $400  per  year,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  male  heads  of  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or 
more  localities.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumin- 
ous coal 

mining,  a 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

0>) 

15.4 

50.5 

64.7 

40.7 

65.8 

55.9 
39.2 
41.7 

38.5 

65.0 

46.5 
18.8 

3.1 

(&) 

48.6 
64.4 

25.3 

53.0 

46.7 

33.7 
40.6 
50.5 
40.9 

44.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

8.0 

45.8 

28.6 

(^) 

29.6 

(b) 

34.5 

28.*3 

(b) 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

81.8 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

30.1 

47.2 

26.5 

44.9 

42.6 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

16.7 

31.3 

43.4 

Total  native-born 

32.4 

15.4 

47.9 

49.2 

44.1 

Total  foreign-born 

26.5 

oThis  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
race  was  tabula  ted  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Upon  examining  the  totals  for  all  races  in  the  foregoing  table,  it  is 
at  once  apparent  that  a relatively  greater  number  of  heads  of  families 
in  Pennsylvania  than  in  any  other  locality  are  earning  less  than  $400 
a year.  As  a matter  of  fact,  nearly  one-half  of  the  heads  of  families 
employed  in  the  Pennsylvania  mines  are  earning  less  than  $400.  More- 
over, as  compared  with  Pennsylvania,  the  Southwest  makes  only  a 
slightly  better  showing  in  the  percentage  of  all  races  earning  less  than 
$400  annually. 

In  the  Micldle  West  only  30.1  per  cent,  and  in  the  South  26.5  per 
cent,  of  all  reporting,  earn  an  annual  income  less  than  $400. 


68 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


On  contrasting  the  individual  races  which  are  all  four 

localities  some  radical  variations  are  noticeable.  In  the  Middle 
45.8  percent  of  the  South  Italians,  for  instance,  as  compared  with 
40  7 per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  29.6  per  cent  in  the  South,  and  1^.8 
per  cent  in  the  Southwest,  are  earning  less  than  $400  annuallv.  The 
South  Italian  has  but  recently  entered  the  fi^ds  of  the  Middle  West, 
however,  and  has  to  meet  the  competition  of  English-speaking  miners 
and  of  unusually  efficient  North  Italians  and  Lithuanians.  Of  the 
Poles  four-fifths  are  earning  less  than  $400  annually  m the  Middle 
West!  and  the  Slovaks,  who  are  the  oldest  and  most  experienced 
miners  of  southern  and  eastern  European  races  in  western  Penn- 
sylvania, make  a comparatively  poor  showing  in  the  Southwest. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  foregoing  tables  are  confined  to  the  average  annual  earnings 
and  range  of  earnings  of  heads  of  families.  A much  larger  numl^r 
of  persons  is  covered  by  the  following  table  and  chart,  which  show,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual,  the  approximate  annual  earn- 
ings of  all  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who 
were  working  for  wages. 

T\ble  43.—  Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native  fa- 
ther: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign,  fa- 
ther, by  race  of  father: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North.. 
Italian,  South. . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 


Number 

Number  earning- 

working 
for  wages 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Under 

Under 

Under 

Under  1 

and 

reporting 

amount. 

$200. 

$400. 

$600. 

$lj000. 

140 

$549 

11 

44 

82 

132 

30 

377 

1 

29 

30 

30 

2 

(a) 

527 

2 

2 

2 

23 

2 

9 

16 

21 

2 

(a) 

475 

2 

2 

14 

1 

6 

11 

14 

44 

532 

4 

14 

29 

41 

5 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

373 

3 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

7 

3 

6 

7 

6 

4 

6 

6 

3 

2 

3 

3 

5 

5 

6 

6 

16 

1 

10 

15 

16 

10 

466 

7 

7 

10 

22 

413 

1 

10 

20 

22 

1 

(a) 

378 

1 

1 

1 

194 

22 

119 

177 

194 

36 

592 

8 

15 

35 

16 

341 

3 

10 

16 

16 

64 

562 

1 

13 

39 

62 

58 

517 

3 

17 

39 

55 

438 

427 

18 

212 

388 

437 

435 

434 

8 

167 

385 

435 

266 

386 

437 

413 

27 

19 

122 

186 

239 

343 

264 

386 

57 

379 

1 1 

39 

55 

57 

Per  cent  earning- 


iNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


69 


Table  4:“^.— Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Number 
working, 
for  wages 
and 

reporting 

amount. 

Aver- 
age 
eai  n- 
ings. 

Number  earning— 

Per  cent  earning— 

Under 

$20Q. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Forei  gn-born— Coni  inued . 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

574 

37 

94 

94 

IG 

G09 

16 

2 

40 

$432 

538 

397 

448 

485 

436 

363 

(a) 

566 

25 

6 

7 

33 

2 

3 

254 

52 

29 

7 

275 

11 

1 

17 

509 

27 

85 

80 

13 

519 

15 

2 

25 

571 

37 

93 

94 
16 

608 

16 

2 

36 

4.4 
.0 

6.4 

7.4 
(a) 

5.4 

(a) 

(a) 

7.5 

44.3 
.0 

55.3 
30.9 

(a) 

45.2 

(a) 

(a) 

42.5 

88.7 

72.7 

90.4 

85.1 
(a) 

85.2 

(a) 

(a) 

62.5 

99.5 

100.0 

98.9 

100.0 

(a) 

99.8 

(a) 

(a) 

90.0 

3, 7G6 

443 

199 

1, 688 

3,215 

3,735 

5.3 

44.8 

85.4 

99.2 

141 

311 

3, 455 

471 

497 

438 

8 

20 

179 

65 

138 

1,550 

111 
223 
2, 992 

136 
298 
3, 437 

5.7 

6.4 

5.2 

46.1 

44.4 

44.9 

78.7 

71.7 
86.6 

96.5 
95.8 

99.5 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  for  3,766  male  employees  fur- 
nishmg  information  the  average  yearly  earnings  amount  to  $443. 
Of  this  number  44.8  per  cent  earn  less  than  $400,  85.4  per  cent  less 
than  $600,  and  0.8  per  cent  $1,000  or  over  per  year.  Of  the  total 
number,  91.7  per  cent  are  foreign-born  with  average  yearly  earnings 
of  $438,  and  8.3  per  cent  are  native-born  with  average  yearly  earn- 
ings of  $497.  The  largest  difference  is  found  to  exist  between  the 
native  and  foreign  born  earning  under  $600,  86.6  per  cent  of  the  lat- 
ter earning  less  than  this  amount,  as  compared  with  71.7  per  cent  of 
the  former.  It  will  also  be  noted  that  a larger  per  cent  of  native 
than  of  foreign  born  earn  $1,000  or  over  per  year,  due  evidently  to 
the  fact  that  the  native-born  are  employed  in  the  more  responsible 
positions. 

The  whites  native-born  of  native  father  show  average  yearly 
earnings  of  $549,  as  compared  with  $377  for  the  negroes.  This  is  the 
more  apparent  when  it  is  seen  that  96.7  per  cent  of  the  negroes  earn 
under  $400,  while  only  31.4  per  cent  of  the  whites  native-born  of 
native  lather  earn  under  this  amount. 

Of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  Irish  show  higher 
average  annual  earnings  than  any  other  race,  or  $532.  This  is 
followed  by  the  English  with  $527,  the  Germans  with  $475,  and 
the  Welsh  with  $466.  The  second  generation  Slovaks  show  average 
yearly  earnings  of  only  $373.  Second  generation  English  and  Irish 
show  proportions  earning  $1,000,  which  are  not  only  larger  than 
that  of  any  foreign-born  race,  except  the  Welsh,  but  larger  than 
that  ot  the  native-born  whites. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Roumanians,  who  report  the  high  aver- 
age earnings  of  $538  as  compared  with  the  other  more  recent  immi- 
grant races,  and  the  French,  who  among  the  older  immigrants  report 
the  very  low  average  earnings  of  $341,  the  average  earnings  of  the 

0 der  immigrant  races,  or  the  races  from  Great  Britain  and  northern 
Europe,  are  much  higher  than  the  average  earnings  of  the  races 

1 rom  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  Of  the  older  immigrant  races, 

48296°— VOL  6—11 6 


Average  yearly  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


70 


TTie  Immigration  Commission. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


71 


excluding  the  French,  the  average  yearly  earnings  range  from  $592 
for  the  English  to  $485  for  the  Scotch;  while  of  the  more  recent  immi- 
grants, excluding  the  Roumanians,  the  average  earnings  range  from 
$448  for  the  Ruthenians  to  $363  for  the  Slovenians.  The  English,  while 
showing  a slightly  larger  proportion  than  the  Germans,  a slightly 
smaller  proportion  than  the  Irish,  and  a much  smaller  proportion 
than  the  Welsh,  earning  less  than  $400  a year,  show  a much  lower 
per  cent  than  any  of  these  races  earning  less  than  $600  a year.  Of 
these  same  races  the  Welsh  show  the  largest  proportion  earning 
$1,000  a year,  having  10  per  cent  of  their  number  so  reported,  as 
compared  with  5.2  per  cent  of  the  Irish,  3.1  percent  of  the  Germans, 
and  2.8  per  cent  of  the  English. 

Onl}^  one  of  the  more  recent  immigration  races,  the  Russian,  shows 
as  much  as  1 per  cent  earning  $1,000  a year.  Of  these  same  races 
the  Croatians  with  91.2  per  cent,  Bohemians  and  Moravians  with 

90.9  per  cent,  and  Russians  with  90.4  per  cent,  show  the  largest 
proportions  earning  less  than  $600,  the  others  ranging  from  89.8 
per  cent  in  the  case  of  the  Lithuanians  to  72.7  per  cent  in  that  of 
the  Roumanians. 

In  the  group  of  those  who  earn  under  $400,  the  Croatians  show 
61.3  per  cent,  while  none  of  the  Roumanians  earn  less  than  this 
amount.  The  proportions  of  the  other  more  recent  immigrant  races 
who  earn  less  than  $400  range  from  55.3  per  cent  of  the  Russians  to 

30.9  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians. 

Of  all  males  who  earn  less  than  $600  a year,  the  Mexicans  show  the 
largest  proportion,  or  96.5  per  cent,  while  68.4  per  cent  of  this  race 
earn  less  than  $400. 

The  next  table  presented  shows  the  average  annual  earnings  of  all 
males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Table  44. — Average  yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  work- 
ing for  wages,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDS’  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  totals, 

however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Middle 

West. 


Pennsyl- 

vania. 


South. 


Total  bi- 
South-  tmninous 
v/est.  coal 

mining.a 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White 
Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Slovak 


8696 


539 

404 

423 


330 


8560 

(6) 

8496 

372 

(&) 

406 

493 

8695 

545 

576 

458 

532 

389 

486 

411 

450 

431 

438 

365 

475 

549 

391 

432 

405 

422 

451 

453 

368 

389 

446 

407 

366 

8549 

378 

592 

562 

517 

427 

434 

437 

413 

432 

397 

436 


Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

ITotal  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


473  423 


449 


448 


443 


(6) 

677 

445 


399 

471 

420 


429 

451 

447 


471 

497 

438 


oThis  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
•ace  was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured, 
o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


72 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


As  will  be  seen  from  this  table,  the  average  yearly  earnings  of  all 
males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  stuched  are  higher  in 
the  Middle  West  and  lower  in  Pennsylvania  than  in  the  South  and 
Southwest.  It  is  apparent  that  this  condition  in  the  Middle  West  is 
due  to  some  extent  to  the  high  average  earnings  of  the  native  whites 
of  native  father,  the  average  in  this  locality  amounting  to  $696,  as 
compared  to  $560  in  Pennsylvania  and  $496  in  the  Southwest. 
Because  of  the  small  number  of  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father 
who  reported,  a comparison  of  average  earnings,  by  locality  and  by 
race  of  father,  is  impracticable.  For  the  total  of  the  second  genera- 
tion, however,  the  average  annual  earnings  are  higher  in  the  South- 
west than  in  Pennsylvania. 

Of  the  foreign-born,  the  North  Italians  of  the  Middle  West  show 
$539  as  their  average  annual  earnings,  as  compared  with  $486  in 
the  South,  $411  in  the  Southwest,  and  $389  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
South  Italians,  on  the  other  hand,  show  average  earnings  higher  in 
Pennsylvania  and  lower  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  the  Southwest 
and  South.  Another  reversal  of  position  is  noted  in  the  case  of  the 
Lithuanians,  who  show  average  earnings  of  $549  in  the  Southwest,  as 
compared  with  $475  in  the  South,  $423  in  the  Middle  West,  and  $365 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  average  earnings  of  the  Poles  in  the  South- 
west are  but  little  higher  than  in  the  South  and  in  Pennsylvania, 
yet  much  higher  than  in  the  Middle  West. 

With  the  exception  of  the  South  Italians,  above  mentioned,  and 
the  Slovaks,  both  of  whom  show  higher  earnings  in  Pennsylvania 
than  in  other  localities,  the  foreign-born  races,  when  found  report- 
ing from  Pennsylvania,  the  South,  and  Southwest,  show  higher  earn- 
ings in  the  South  and  Southwest  than  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  all  males  18  years  of  age 
or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  earn  under  $400,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual: 

Table  45. — Per  cent  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  worlcing  for  wages  and  earning 
under  §400  per  year,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.* 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

10.0 

18.8 

(P) 

(P) 

11.4 

47.7 

31.4 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

62.0 

59.1 

61.3 

German. 

31.0 

20.3 

Italian,  North 

9.6 

61.7 

25.0 

55.2 

48.4 

Italian,  South 

44.4 

40.4 

39.4 

24.4 

38.6 

Lithuanian 

26.0 

62.8 

31.4 

40.3 

45.9 

Magyar 

54.4 

41.9 

P) 

47.9 

48.2 

Polish 

78.3 

48.5 

33.9 

44.3 

Russian 

57.5 

57. 1 

55.3 

Slovak 

41.9 

55.2 

65.4 

45.2 

Grand  total 

29.5 

47.7 

37.3 

52.0 

44.8 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

(P) 

14.3 

56.7 

(«>) 

ip) 

37.5 

56.3 

46.1 

Total  native-born 

39.8 

61.4 

44.4 

Total  foreign-born 

31.6 

48.2 

49.9 

44.9 

a This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
was  tabulated  imless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


73 


It  will  be  seen  from  this  table  that  52  per  cent  of  the  males  fur- 
nishing information  from  the  Southwest  earn  less  than  $400,  as 
compared  with  47.7  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  37.3  per  cent  in  the 
South,  and  29.5  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West.  Only  a slight  varia- 
tion in  the  proportions  shown  for  the  foreign-born  is  noted  in  the 
several  localities,  while  the  native-born  show  a much  larger  propor- 
tion in  the  Southwest  than  in  other  localities  who  earn  less  than  $400. 
As  between  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  in  Pennsylvania  and 
in  the  Southwest,  the  latter  locality  shows  a slightly  smaller  propor- 
tion than  the  former,  with  earnings  under  this  amount. 

Of  the  foreign-born  races  reporting,  the  position  of  the  North  Ital- 
ians in  the  several  localities  is  of  special  interest.  Only  9.6  per  cent 
of  this  race  in  the  Middle  West  earn  less  than  $400  as  compared  with 
61.7  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  25  per  cent  in  the  South,  and  55.2  per 
cent  in  the  Southwest.  It  is  evident  from  these  proportions  that 
the  North  Italians  of  the  Middle  West  and  South  are  either  more 
efficient  or  more  industrious  than  those  in  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Southwest.  The  South  Italians  show  a smaller  proportion  in  the 
South  and  Southwest  than  in  the  Middle  West  and  Pennsylvania 
who  earn  less  than  $400.  Of  the  Poles,  78.3  per  cent  in  the  Middle 
West  earn  less  than  $400,  as  compared  with  33.9  per  cent  in  the 
South,  47.9  per  cent  in  the  Southwest,  and  48.5  per  cent  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ANNUAL  FAMILY  INCOME. 

The  earnings  of  heads  of  families  and  of  male  members  of  house- 
holds considered  as  individual  mining  employees  having  been  dis- 
cussed, it  will  be  next  in  order  to  set  forth  the  family  incomes  of  the 
mine  workers,  to  show  the  relation  of  the  family  income  to  the  earn- 
ings of  the  heads  of  families  and  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  any 
sources  of  family  income  in  addition  to  the  earnings  of  the  husbands, 
and,  if  so,  the  extent  and  importance  of  such  sources.  With  this 
object  in  view  the  table  submitted  below  shows,  by  general  nativity 
and  race,  the  average  annual  family  income,  as  well  as  the  range  of 
family  incomes,  of  the  families  studied. 

Table  46.— Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  specified  amount, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(study  of  households.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number 

Average 

Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  income— 

of  selected 
families. a 

family 

income. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Under 

$1,500. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

83 

24 

119 

22 

$707 

470 

528 

858 

798 

803 

n 

OQ  Q 

84.3 

95.8 

95.0 

72.7 

82.9 

77.3 

93.1 

95.3 

92.7 

97.6 

100.0 

Negro 

u.  u 
4.2 

16.8 

4.5 

.0 

4.5 

10.9 

7.1 

13.3 

63. 9 
01  1 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

iO»\} 

yi.  / 

CO  n 

English 

Oo*  o 
io  a 

oy.  y 

OA  A 

96.6 

95.5 

90.2 
86.4 

98.2 
100.0 

98.2 

German 

41 

44 

275 

169 

0 

10  9 

oo.  4 
61.0 
65.9 

QA  A 

Irish 

1^.  Z 
ICO 

Italian.  North . . 

559 

547 

566 

Xo.  ^ 

51.3 

52.7 

43.6 

Italian,  South . . 

o4.  4 
QA  fi. 

Lithuanian 

165 

04.  O 
81.8 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


74 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  46. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  specified  amount, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.o 

Average 

family 

income. 

Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  income— 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Under 

$1,500. 

Foreign-bom — Continued . 

Magyar 

216 

$565 

12.0 

50.9 

79.2 

91.7 

99.5 

Mexican 

39 

472 

7.7 

69.2 

92.3 

97.4 

100.0 

Polish 

299 

574 

6.0 

45.2 

83.0 

93.3 

99.3 

Russian 

39 

468 

10.3 

64.1 

94.8 

100.0 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

39 

525 

12.8 

35.9 

97.4 

100.0 

100.0 

Slovak 

411 

540 

11.2 

50.4 

83.5 

94.9 

99.3 

Welsh 

36 

737 

11.1 

27.8 

63.9 

69.4 

94.4 

Grand  total 

2,100 

577 

9.7 

47.2 

81.2 

92.1 

98.3 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father  

24 

855 

.0 

29.2 

54.2 

70.8 

91.6 

Total  native-born 

131 

691 

4.6 

37.4 

67.2 

84.0 

96.9 

Total  foreign-born 

1,969 

569 

10.1 

47.8 

82.1 

92.6 

98.4 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


The  general  averages  of  annual  family  income,  as  shown  in  the  above 
table,  are  $569  for  the  foreign-born,  $707  for  whites  native-born  of 
native  father,  and  $855  for  immigrants  of  the  second  generation, 
while  the  average  for  all  races  is  $577. 

Among  the  foreign-born  the  English,  Irish,  German,  and  Welsh 
races  rank  high,  with  averages  of  from  $858  to  $737.  The  lowest 
average  is  shown  for  the  Russians  with  $468.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  the  lowest  average  shown  for  the  foreign-born  is  about  the  same 
as  the  lowest  shown  for  the  native-born,  that  of  $470,  for  the  native 
negro. 

As  regards  the  range  of  family  incomes,  63.9  per  cent  of  the  whites 
native-born  of  native  father  have  a family  income  under  $750  a year, 
and  35  per  cent  have  an  income  between  $500  and  $750  a year,  as 
compared  with  82.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  foreign-born  fam- 
ilies having  an  income  under  $750,  and  34.3  per  cent  with  an  income 
between  $500  and  $750.  On  the  other  hand,  20.4  per  cent  of  the 
whites  native-born  of  native  father  have  an  income  between  $750  and 
$1,000,  while  only  10.5  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  have  a family 
income  of  the  same  amount.  In  the  higher  ranges  of  income,  the 
whites  native-born  of  native  father  have  a proportion  of  15.7  per 
cent  with  an  income  above  $1,000  a year,  while  foreign-born  fam- 
ilies have  a proportion  less  than  one-half  as  great.  At  the  other 
extreme,  it  is  also  seen  that  only  28.9  per  cent  of  the  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father  have  an  income  less  than  $500,  while  47.8  per 
cent  of  the  foreign-born  families  receive  a similar  income.  It  is  also 
worthy  of  note  that  22.9  per  cent  of  the  families  of  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father  and  37.7  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  families, 
have  an  income  between  $300  and  $500  a year. 

Among  the  families  whose  heads  are  of  foreign  birth,  the  Mexican 
race  in  the  above  table  makes  the  lowest  showing,  61.5  per  cent  of 
the  households  of  this  race  having  an  income  between  $300  and  $500, 
and  23.1  per  cent  between  $500  and  $750,  while  7.7  per  cent  have  an 
income  less  than  $300.  A relatively  poor  showing  is  also  made  by  Rus- 
sian households,  53.8  per  cent  of  which  receive  a family  income 
between  $300  and  $500,  while  30.7  per  cent  have  an  income  between 


Average  yearly  income  of  family^  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


75 


76 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


$500  and  $750.  On  the  other  hand,  48.8  per  cent  of  the  Germans, 

47.7  per  cent  of  the  Irish,  36.1  per  cent  of  the  Welsh,  33.1  per  cent 
of  the  Slovaks,  61.5  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians,  37.8  per  cent  of  the 
Poles,  28.3  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  38.2  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians, 
33.1  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  31.9  per  cent  of  the  South  Ital- 
ians, and  31.1  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  have  a family  income  rang- 
ing between  $500  and  $750  a year.  Of  the  English  families  36.3 
per  cent,  of  the  German  21.9  per  cent,  of  the  Welsh  5.5  per  cent,  of 
the  Irish  11.4  per  cent,  of  the  Magyar  12.5  per  cent,  of  the  Slovak 
11.4  per  cent,  of  the  Lithuanian  10.9  per  cent,  of  the  South  Italian 

10.7  per  cent,  and  of  the  Polish  10.3  per  cent  have  a yearly  income 
between  $750  and  $1,000.  The  Welsh  report  30.6  per  cent  of  their 
families  having  an  income  of  $1,000  or  more  per  year,  the  English 
27.3  per  cent,  the  Irish  22.7  percent,  and  the  Germans  17.1  per  cent. 
None  of  the  Russian  or  Ruthenian  families  have  an  income  of  $1,000 
or  over,  and  of  the  total  foreign-born  only  7.4  per  cent  have  an 
income  of  that  amount. 

The  general  range  of  incomes  for  all  foreign-born  households  is 
between  $300  and  $750,  72  per  cent  of  the  total  foreign-born  coming 
within  these  two  extremes.  The  larger  part  of  those  receiving  under 
$300  are  recent  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  and 
the  households  having  an  income  above  $750  are  principally  of  races 
of  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe.  In  addition  to  the  above 
showing  for  the  industry  as  a whole,  the  following  table  exhibits  the 
average  annual  family  income,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  in  the 
principal  bituminous  mining  localities. 

Table  AT— Average  family  income  per  year,  by  locality  a.nd  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities. 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.J 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  famil3L 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitmni- 
nous  coal 
mining.o 

*KTrk  + ?TTrk  ‘Krvtm  nf  fotVior  WVlit.P 

$711 

$774 

$679 

$707 

IN  dtl  V tJ'UlJl  11  U1  llclbiVC  IcXbXJlC/l  y T Y AXl 

Foreign-born: 

CroQ-tiOiii.. 

550 

427 

.528 

GcmiEn  

785 

$818 

798 

Italian,  North 

569 

559 

637 

537 

559 

Italian,  South 

443 

556 

582 

548 

547 

Lithuanian 

504 

515 

(^) 

764 

566 

Magyar 

481 

774 

557 

565 

Polish 

473 

568 

663 

512 

574 

Slovak 

542 

759 

434 

540 

Grand  total 

532 

551 

699 

582 

577 

- - 

855 

Total  native-born  

711 

774 

599 

691 

Total  foreign-born 

509 

546 

699 

579 

569 

a This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
race  was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured, 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


It  is  evident  from  the  table  above  that  the  native-born  families 
have  the  largest  income  in  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  field,  the 
high  average  for  this  section  being  due  in  large  measure  to  the  fact 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


77 


that  the  native-born  employed  in  the  Pennsylvania  mines  are  largely 
in  supervisory  or  responsible  positions  and  are  not  miners  to  the 
same  extent  as  in  other  localities. 

If  the  average  for  the  total  families  whose  heads  are  of  .foreign 
birth  be  taken,  the  highest  showing  is  made  by  the  South  and  the 
lowest  by  the  Middle  West,  the  average  family  income  for  the  foreign- 
born  in  the  Southwest  being  higher  than  in  Pennsylvania  or  the  Mid- 
dle West.  The  relatively  high  showing  for  the  South  is  largely  to 
be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  the  races  of  comparatively  low  effi- 
ciency which  are  employed  in  other  sections  are  not  found  in  such 
nurnbers  in^  the  South.  Consequently  the  general  showing  for  this 
locality  IS  higher  than  it  would  be  if  a larger  number  of  races  were 
represented.  At  the  same  time  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  of  the  races 
represented  in  the  South  all  have  a family  income  of  larger  amount 
than  they  have  in  any  other  coal-mining  region. 

In  comparing  the  several  races,  the  North  Italian  families  are  seen 
to  have  the  lowest  average  income  in  the  Southwest  and  the  highest 
m the  S^th,  with  the  average  showing  for  the  Middle  West  hiMier 
than  m Pennsylvania.  The  South  Italian  and  Polish  families  show 
their  lowest  average  family  income  in  the  Middle  West  and  the  hio-li- 
est  m the  South.  The  Slovak  families  have  their  smallest  inconi^in 
the  Southwest  and  the  largest  in  the  South. 

In  order  to  bring  out  more  forcibly  the  economic  status  of  the 
various  races,  as  well  as  the  racial  tendencies  in  the  different  coal 
helds,  the  following  table  is  presented.  It  makes  a comparison  of  the 
proportion  of  families  having  an  income  below  the  general  level  by 
showing  the  per  cent  of  families  having  an  annual  income  under  $500 
by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  ’ 

Table  48.— Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  under  $500,  hy  locality  and 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


This  table  ^chides  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  11,  p.  284?J 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.o 

^ative-born  of  native  father.  White 

Foreign-born:  

Croatian. . . 

(fi) 

15.4 

54.1 
54.0 

49.2 
57.9 
60.8 

44.5 

49.3 

43.6 

81.0 

62.7 
53.1 
12.5 

(«>) 

54.3 

73.3 

28.9 

58.8 

51.3 
52.7 
43.6 

50.9 
45.2 

50.4 

i-uaiidii,  iNorcn  - . 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

32.0 

83.3 

46.9 

AQ  A 

(«>) 

42.6 
0>) 

24.1 

37.7 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak...  

Grand  total 

ytal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

OtJ.  D 

46.6 

49.8 

28.3 

52.2 

47.2 

29.2 

37.4 

47.8 

0>) 

50.3 

15.4 

50.6 

28.3 

55.6 

51.5 

otal  foreign-born ...  

iNot  computed,  owmg  to  small  number  involved. 

ivithin  a 1 

ocality  no 

78 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


As  a class  the  families  of  the  mine  employees  show  in  Table  48  M 
only  47.2  per  cent  of  their  number  with  incomes  under  $500,  and  ( 
the  proportion  would  be  considerably  less  were  it  not  for  the  tor- 
eign-born  element,  whose  percentage  of  47.8  contrasts  unfavorably  i 
with  the  29.2  per  cent  of  the  families  native-born  of  foreign  lather  ; 
and  the  37.4  per  cent  of  the  native-born  as  a whole.  The  families  ot 
whites  native-born  of  native  father  report  28  9 per  cent. 

The  four  races  of  foreign  birth  in  the  Middle  West  rank  as  follows: 
North  Italians  first,  with  32  per  cent  reporting  incomes  of  less  than 
$500;  Lithuanians  second,  with  46.9  per  cent  thus  reporting;  Poles 
third,  their  percentage  being  63.6;  and  the  South  Italians  last,  their 
proportion  of  families  of  this  class  being  83.3  per  cent,  the  highest 
shown  by  any  race  in  any  geographical  division.  The  native-born 
families  are  not  reported  in  sufficient  numbers  for  percentages  to  be 

Ii^^the  Pennsylvania  coal  fields  the  American  whites  make  the  best 
showing  among  the  races  represented,  only  15.4  per  cent  of  them 
reporting  an  income  under  $500  a year.  The  Poles  follow  with  44.5 
pev  cent,  and  the  South  Italians  with  49.2  per  cent.  The  Magyar 
percentage  of  60.8  is  the  highest  in  this  locality. 

In  the  South  no  native-born  and  only  three  foreign-born  races  are 
tabulated.  The  latter  present  more  creditable  conditions  than  those 
in  some  other  divisions,  the  proportions  of  families  with  incomes  of  less 
than  $500  being  only  24.1  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  37.7  per  cent  ot 
the  Poles,  and  42.6  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians. 

Eight  races  are  included  in  the  study  of  the  Southwest,  seven  ot 
which  are  represented  in  sufficient  numbers  for  tabulation.  In  this 
field  the  Croatians  show  81  per  cent  having  an  income  of  less  than 
$500  annually.  The  Slovaks,  with  73.3  per  cent,  also  appear  unfa- 
vorably. The  Lithuanians  rank  well,  with  only  12.5  per  cent  having 
an  annual  income  of  less  than  $500. 


WIVES  AT  WORK. 


In  order  to  obtain  a complete  understanding  of  the  economic  status 
of  the  families  of  the  bituminous  mine  workers  it  is  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  sources,  and  the  relative  importance  of  each  scmrce,  ot 
family  income  in  addition  to  the  earnings  of  the  heads  of  the  fami- 
lies whose  daily  and  annual  earnings  have  already  been  studied.  A 
partial  answer  to  this  inquiry  is  found  in  the  following  tabulation, 
which  is  designed  to  show  what  tendency  there  may  be  on  the  part 
of  wives  of  employees  in  the  bituminous  coal  and  coke  industries  in 
the  United  States  to  engage  in  gainful  occupations.  This  table, 
which  immediately  follows,  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  wives 
at  work  for  wages. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


79 


Table  49. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

1 

1 Number 

1 of 

1 selected 
families.a 

1 

N umber 
of  wives. 

Number 
of  wives 
at  work. 

Per  cent 
of  wives 
at  work. 

Average 
earnings 
of  wives 
at  work. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

83 

83 

1 

1.2 

12.5 

(^) 

2.5 

2.4 

Negro 

24 

24 

3 

Foreign-born: 

French 

12 

11 

1 

German 

41 

40 

1 

Italian,  South 

169 

169 

4 

Magyar 

216 

216 

1 

Polish 

299 

298 

3 

1.  0 

Slovak 

411 

410 

3 

.7 

Grand  total 

2, 100 

2,094 

17 

.8 

$80 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

24 

24 

. 0 

Total  native-born 

131 

131 

4 

3. 1 

(«>) 

57 

Total  foreign-born 

1,969 

1,963 

13 

oFor  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  total  number  of  families  furnishing  data  for  this  table  is  2,100 
and  the  number  of  wives  is  2,094.  The  table  shows  17  of  the  wives 
to  have  been  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  Of  these,  4 were  the 
wives  of  native-born  and  13  of  foreign-born  workmen.  Of  the  former, 
3 were  negresses  and  1 was  the  wife  of  a white  man  native-born  of 
native  father.  The  group  of  employees  native-born  of  foreign  father 
is  not  represented.  Of  the  13  foreigners  having  wives  at  work,  4 were 
South  Italians,  3 Poles,  and  3 Slovaks.  The  occupations  of  boarding- 
house keeper  and  lodging-house  keeper  have  not  been  considered 
gainful  occupations  for  the  purposes  of  this  table. 

The  proportion  of  married  women  of  a given  group  who  work  out- 
side the  home  depends  upon  two  general  factors.  Of  these  the  first 
is  availability  of  work,  and  the  second  is  approval  on  the  part  of  the 
members  of  the  group  of  the  outside  employment  of  married  women. 
One  of  the  distinguishing  features  of  the  coal  and  coke  industries  is 
the  fact  that  in  the  great  majority  of  instances  the  employees  are 
compelled  by  the  very  nature  of  their  work  to  live  in  small  and  iso- 
lated communities.  Bituminous  coal  mines  are  seldom  located  in  or 
near  towns.  Mining  work  can  be  done  only  by  men.  The  manufac- 
turing establishments  of  the  cities  and  towns  which  employ  such  a 
large  number  of  immigrant  women  are  too  far  distant  to  be  accessible 
to  the  wives  of  mine  workers.  For  these,  remaining  in  the  home  or 
entering  domestic  service  are  in  general  the  only  alternatives.  Because 
of  this  small  percentage  of  gainful  employment,  and  inasmuch  as  the 
reason  that  it  is  no  greater  is  in  all  probability  the  lack  of  oppor- 
tunities of  employment,  it  would  seem  unsafe  to  attempt  to  base  upon 
the  data  given  any  deduction  as  to  the  tendency  of  the  different  races 
to  permit  or  to  encourage  the  employment  of  wives  outside  the  home. 
The  significant  fact  in  the  present  connection  is,  however,  that  less 
than  1 per  cent  of  the  married  women  are  employed  outside  the  home. 


80 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  FEMALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  annual  earnings  of  these  married  women  together  with  all 
females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  are  shown 
in  the  table  which  follows: 

Table  50. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 

working 

for 

wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Number  earning- 

Per  cent  earning- 

General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$400. 

under 

$500. 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$500. 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

24 

$272 

3 

8 

20 

24 

12.5 

33.3 

83.3 

100.0 

Total  native-born 

35 

256 

9 

17 

29 

33 

25.7 

48.6 

82.9 

94.3 

Total  foreign-born 

17 

98 

15 

15 

16 

17 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Grand  total 

52 

204 

24 

32 

45 

50 

46.2 

61.5 

86.  5 

96.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  average  earnings  of  the  52  females  from  whom  information 
was  secured  for  the  foregoing  table  amount  to  $204.  Of  the  number 
reporting,  46.2  per  cent  earn  less  than  $200,  61.5  per  cent  under  $300, 
86.5  per  cent  under  $400,  and  3.8  per  cent  $500  or  over.  Over  25 
per  cent  of  the  native-born  earn  less  than  $200,  and  48.6  per  cent 
earn  less  than  $300,  while  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  report 
33.3  per  cent  earning  less  than  $300,  and  only  12.5  per  cent  earning 
less  than  $200  per  year.  No  race  shows  a sufficient  number  of  females 
at  work  to  permit  of  computing  percentages,  and  it  is  apparent  from 
the  table  as  a whole  that  a negligible  amount  of  the  family  income 
of  families  whose  heads  are  bituminous-mine  workers  is  derived  from 
the  earnings  of  wives  or  female  members  of  the  families  working  for 
wages. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  THE  EARNINGS  OF  HUSBANDS  AND  THE  PRACTICE. 

OF  WIVES  OF  KEEPING  BOARDERS  OR  LODGERS. 

It  will  be  of  value  to  show  the  proportion  of  wives  who  have  employ- 
ment or  who  keep  boarders  or  lodgers  according  to  the  amount  of 
income  earned  by  their  husbands,  in  order  to  see  whether  there  is 
any  relation  between  the  earnings  of  the  husbands  and  the  tendency 
of  the  wives  to  work  independently.  The  tables  following  show  the 
number  and  per  cent  of  wives  who  have  employment  or  who  keep 
boarders  or  lodgers  and  whose  husbands  earn  each  specified  amount 
per  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


81 


Table  51. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  boarders 
or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[The  families  here  represented  are  only  those  where  both  husband  and  wife  are  present.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

Num- 
ber of 
fami- 
lies. 

Number  of  husbands 
earning— 

Num- 
ber of 
wives 
having 
em- 
ploy- 
ment 
or 

keep- 

ing 

board- 
ers or 
lodg- 
ers. 

N umber  of  wives  having 
employment  or  keep- 
ing boarders  or  lodg- 
ers where  husband’s 
earnings  are — 

Under 

S400.a 

$400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600 

or 

over. 

Under 

$400. 

$400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

83 

21 

19 

43 

4 

1 

3 

Negro 

24 

16 

8 

4 

2 

2 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 

of  father: 

English 

11 

3 

2 

6 

3 

1 

2 

Irish 

13 

1 

5 

7 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

6 

5 

2 

1 

1 

Croatian 

117 

62 

45 

10 

70 

35 

29 

6 

English 

22 

6 

4 

12 

2 

2 

French 

10 

5 

5 

1 

1 

German 

40 

8 

14 

18 

7 

5 

2 

Irish 

44 

14 

17 

13 

2 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

2G9 

126 

106 

37 

111 

67 

34 

10 

Italian,  South 

169 

57 

91 

21 

93 

28 

49 

16 

Lithuanian 

165 

67 

78 

20 

92 

45 

36 

11 

Magyar 

216 

109 

76 

31 

109 

57 

37 

15 

Mexican 

38 

24 

13 

1 

• 7 

1 

5 

1 

Polish 

297 

122 

133 

42 

150 

54 

72 

24 

Roumanian 

9 

3 

6 

3 

2 

1 

Russian 

38 

23 

13 

2 

23 

15 

6 

2 

Ruthenian 

39 

14 

17 

8 

25 

7 

15 

3 

Scotch 

8 

4 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

Slovak 

408 

179 

158 

71 

159 

54 

72 

33 

Slovenian 

11 

7 

3 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

Welsh 

32 

13 

7 

12 

Grand  total 

2,076 

887 

825 

364 

873 

372 

366 

135 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

24 

4 

7 

13 

3 

T 

2 

Total  native-born 

131 

41 

34 

56 

11 

4 

2 

5 

Total  foreign-born 

1,945 

846 

791 

308 

862 

368 

364 

130 

a This  column  includes  2 famihes  in  which  husband’s  earnings  are  reported  as  “none.” 


82 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  b2—Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  \ 
earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  oj  Jamily. 


(STUDY  OB'  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

rThi<?  tnhlp  inpliides  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for 
faSes.  see  Vol.  II.  p.  284.  Of  the  selected  families,  only  those  which  have 


all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p. 
both  husband  and  wife  present  appear  in  this  table.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  where 
husband’s  earnings  are— 

Under 

$400. 

$400  and 
under 
$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White , 

4.8 

12.5 

56.5 

0.0 

25.0 

64.4 

7.0 

4.8 

16.7 

Foreign-born: 

60.0 

59.8 

9.1 

.0 

(a) 

16.7 

.0 

35.7 

11.1 

17.  5 
4.5 

.0 

5.9 

7.7 

53.2 

32.1 

27.0 

41.  3 
55.0 
55.8 

49.1 

53.8 

76.2 

67.2 

46.2 

55. 0 

52.3 

48.7 

48.4 

50.  5 

4.2 

38.5 

(a) 

18.  4 
50.5 

44.3 

54.1 

57. 1 

65.2 

46.2 

(a) 

60.  5 
64.1 
39.0 

.0 

50.0 

88.2 

37.5 

30.2 

45.6 

46.  5 

Welsh 

.0 

.0 

.0 

41.9 

44.4 

1 37.1 

42.1 

nafiTTri  LAm  fnrpifrn  ffifkipr 

25.0 

.0 

iTT 

iTi 

1 Otal  IlcitlVC-ilUIIl  U1  lUltJlgil  Icttllci 

9.8 

5.9 

8.9 

8.4 

44.3 

43.5 

46.0 

42.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

On  reference  to  these  tables  it  will  be  seen  that,  of  the  to^l  num- 
ber of  families  reporting,  a proportion  of  42.1  per  cent  of  the  wives 
either  have  employment  or  keep  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  propor- 
tion of  wives  who  are  employed  or  who  keep  boarders  or  loclgers 
is  much  larger  among  the  foreign-born  than  among  the  native-born 
families,  the  former  reporting  44.3  per  cent,  as  compared  with  only  8.4 
per  cent  of  the  latter.  The  proportion  of  wives  engaged  either  m 
employment  or  in  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  is  smallest  m the  case  ot 
families  the  heads  of  which  have  incomes  of  $600  or  more  per  annum, 
but  the  proportion  among  families  whose  heads  have  incomes  ot  be- 
tween $400  and  $600  is  greater  than  among  those  having  an  income 

Of  the  total  number  of  families  the  heads  of  which  report  an  in- 
come of  less  than  $400  per  annum,  the  proportion  of  wives  \ylio  have 
employment  or  keep  boarders  or  lodgers  is  41.9  per  cent.  The  race 
in  this  group  showing  the  largest  proportion  is  the  Lithuanian,  with 
67.2  per  cent;  the  Russians  are  second,  and  the  Croatians,  North 
Italians,  Magyars,  and  Ruthenians  follow  in  the  order  named.  None 
of  the  wives  of  the  English,  German,  Irish,  or  Welsh  in  this  group 
have  employment  or  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  only  4.8  per  cent  ot 
the  native  whites  and  12.5  per  cent  of  the  negroes  of 

Of  the  families  the  heads  of  which  have  an  income  of  frorn  $400  to 
$600,  the  Ruthenians  show  the  largest  proportion  of  wives  who  either 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


83 


have  employment  or  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  proportion  being 
88.2  per  cent.  Of  the  Croatians,  the  proportion  is  64.4  per  cent, 
while  the  proportions  of  the  Poles,  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Lithuan- 
ians, Russians,  and  Slovaks  range  from  54.1  to  45.6  per  cent.  Com- 
pared with  these  races,  which  are  of  recent  immigration,  the  Irish 
show  a much  smaller  proportion,  or  5.9  per  cent,  while  none  of  the 
wives  of  the  Welsh  or  the  native  whites  are  thus  engaged.  The 
negroes  of  native  father,  on  the  other  hand,  report  25  per  cent 
of  their  wives  who  either  have  employment  or  keep  boarders  or 
lodgers. 

The  extent  to  which  wives  of  coal-mine  operatives  have  emplo;^- 
ment  or  keep  boarders  or  lodgers  in  the  various  localities  studied  is 
shown  by  the  table  which  follows: 

Table  53. — Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by 
locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities. 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  Of  the  selected  fam- 
ilies only  those  which  have  both  husband  and  wife  present  appear  in  this  table. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.o 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

(fi) 

7.7 

72.2 
59.6 
69.5 
72.4 
48.  3 

5.1 

n 

4.8 

59.8 

41 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

.0 

ip) 

77.8 

Q>) 

63.  8 

28!  2 
21.9 

Italian,  South 

12.5 

^1.  o 

Lithuanian 

20.4 

oo.  u 

Magyar 

DZ,  D 

00.  o 
Kr\  K 

Polish 

22.7 

53.' 3 
41.9 

67!  9 

P) 

\^) 

OU.  0 

Slovak 

01.  ^ 

4 4 

OU.  0 

n 

oy.  u 

Grand  total 

11.0 

50.5 

66.4 

19.1 

AO  1 

1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

12.5 

8.4 

AA  Q 

Total  native-born 

(P) 

12.4 

7.7 

51.5 

9.5 
20.  9 

Total  foreign-bom 

66.4 

^4.  0 

o This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  shown  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
was  tabulated  tmless  10  or  more  schedules  were  seemed. 

^ Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


From  this  table  it  is  evident  that  among  the  foreign-born  the 
greatest  tendency  for  wives  to  work  or  to  keep  boarders  or  lodgers  is 
observable  in  the  South.  Of  the  foreign-born  households  66.4  per 
cent  in  the  South,  51.5  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  20.9  per  cent  in 
the  Southwest,  and  12.4  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West,  keep  boarders 
or  lodgers  or  have  employment  in  some  form. 

As  illustrating  the  relative  tendencies  of  any  one  race  in  different 
localities,  a striking  comparison  may  be  made  in  the  case  of  the  South 
Italians.  Of  the  wives  of  this  race  onlyl2.5  per  cent  of  the  total  in 
the  Middle  West,  as  compared  with  21.9  per  cent  in  the  Southwest, 
77.8  per  cent  in  the  South,  and  69.5  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  keep 
boarders  or  lodgers  or  have  other  employment.  Of  the  Polish  wives, 
22.7  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  and  31.4  per  cent  in  the  Southwest, 
as  well  as  53.3  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania  and  67.9  per  cent  in  the 
^outh,  keep  boarders  or  lodgers  or  are  engaged  in  some  other  work. 


84 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  Lithuanian  wives  in  Pennsylvania  72.4  per  cent  work  or  keep 
boarders  or  lodgers,-  as  compared  with  20.4  per  cent  in  the  Middle 
West  and  62.5  per  cent  in  the  Southwest. 


SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 

That  the  practice  of  the  wives  of  coal-mine  employees  of  keeping 
boarders  or  lodgers  is  widespread  affords  evidence  in  itself  of  the 
orio-in  of  a large  amount  of  family  income  from  this  source.  ^ The 
relative  importance  of  the  various  sources  of  family  income  is  set 
forth  in  the  following  series  of  tables. 

The  table  first  presented  shows  the  per  cent  of  families  having  an 
income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or 
lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  ot 
family. 

Table  bi —Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  frorn  husband  wife 
children,  hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  oj  head  oj 
family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

English 

German -- 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  from— 


Number 

of 

selected 
families. « 

Earnings  of— 

Contri- 

butions 

of 

children. 

Pay- 

ments 

of 

boarders 

or 

lodgers. 

Other 

sources. 

Husband. 

Wife. 

83 

100.0 

1.2 

21.7 

3.6 

4.8 

24 

100.0 

12.5 

12.5 

4.2 

58.3 

119 

98.3 

.0 

5.9 

59.7 

3.4 

22 

100.0 

.0 

50.0 

9.1 

9.1 

41 

95.1 

2.4 

34.1 

14.6 

7.3 

44 

100.0 

.0 

47.7 

4.5 

15.9 

275 

98.2 

.0 

8.4 

41.5 

12.0 

169 

100.0 

2.4 

8.9 

52.7 

8.3 

165 

100.0 

.0 

7.9 

55.8 

24.2 

216 

100.0 

.5 

10.2 

50.0 

8. 3 

39 

97.4 

.0 

10.3 

17.9 

82.1 

299 

99.7 

1.0 

11.0 

49.8 

9.4 

39 

97.4 

.0 

7.7 

61.5 

5. 1 

39 

100.0 

.0 

7.7 

64.1 

5. 1 

411 

99.5 

.7 

10.9 

38.7 

11. 4 

36 

88.9 

.0 

44.4 

2.8 

22.2 

2,100 

99.0 

.8 

13.1 

41.3 

12.7 

24 

~ 100. 0 

To" 

29.2 

12.5 

8.3 

131 

100.0 

3.1 

21.4 

5.3 

15. 3 

1,969 

99.0 

.7 

12.5 

43.7 

12.5 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 

Upon  information  secured  from  2,100  families  in  this  industry,  99 
per  cent  have  an  income  from  earnings  of  husband,  41.3  per  cent  from 
payments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  13.1  per  cent  from  contributions  ot 
children,  0.8  per  cent  from  earnings  of  wife,  and  12.7  per  cent  from 
other  sources  not  specified. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


85 


All  native-born  families,  as  compared  with  99  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
born  fanailies,  receive  an  income  from  earnings  of  husband.  As  regards 
:he  foreign-born  races,  the  families  of  the  English,  Irish,  South 
[talians,  Lithuanians,  Magyars,  and  Ruthenians  report  100  per 
3ent  as  receiving  an  income  from  the  earnings  of  husband,  while  of 
:he  remaining  foreign-born  races  furnishing  information  the  propor- 
:ions  of  families  having  an  income  from  this  source  range  from  99.7 
3er  cent  of  the  Poles  to  88.9  per  cent  of  the  Welsh. 

Among  the  races  reporting  an  income  from  earnings  of  wife,  the 
imericp  negroes  show  the  largest  proportion  of  families,  or  12.5  per 
'.ent,  with  incomes  from  such  source,  while  of  the  other  races  report- 
ng  the  proportion  in  no  instance  exceeds  2.4  per  cent  and  in  nine 
^ases  is  zero. 

Comparing  the  native-born  with  the  foreign-born  families,  it  will  be 
;een  that  a larger  proportion  of  the  former  than  of  the  latter  receive 
contributions  from  children,  the  proportions  amounting  to  21.4  and 
12.5  per  cent,  respectively.  Of  the  families  having  an  income  from 
his  source,  the  English  report  the  largest  proportion,  or  50  per  cent, 
ollowed  closely  by  the  Irish  and  Welsh,  while  the  smallest  propor- 
ion,  or  5.9  per  cent,  is  shown  by  the  Croatians. 

Considering  the  proportions  of  families  receiving  an  income  from 
layments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  native-born 
how  a much  smaller  proportion  than  the  foreign-born.  Of  the 
oreign-born,  a much  smaller  proportion  of  the  families  of  older  im- 
nigrant  races  than  of  the  families  of  the  more  recent  immigrant 
aces  have  an  income  from  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  proportions  of 
he  former  ranging  from  14.6  per  cent  of  the  Germans  to  2.8  per  cent 
4 the  Welsh;  while  the  proportions  of  the  latter  range  from  64.1  per 
ent  of  the  Ruthenians  to  38.7  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks.  The  native- 
)orn  whites  and  negroes,  on  the  other  hand,  report  slightly  smaller 
)roportions  than  do  any  of  the  older  immigrant  races  with  the 
xception  of  the  Welsh. 

Of  the  families  of  all  races  having  an  income  from  sources  other 
han  those  specified,  the  proportions  of  the  Mexican  and  the  native- 
)orn  negro  families  stand  out  most  prominently,  the  former  report- 
fig  82.1  and  the  latter  58.3  per  cent.  Following  these  races,  in  the 
•rder  named,  are  the  Lithuanians,  Welsh,  Irish,  North  Italians,  and 
u proportions  ranging  from  24.2  to  11.4  per  cent,  while 

he  proportion  of  no  other  race  is  as  much  as  10  per  cent,  the  Croa- 
lans,  with  3.4  per  cent,  reporting  the  smallest. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 7 


86 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  the  source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family: 

Table  55. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


83 

24 

119 

22 

41 

44 

275 

169 

165 

216 

39 

299 

39 

39 

411 

36 


Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from- 


2,100 


24 

131 


72.3 
20.8 

37.0 

36.4 

51.2 

43.2 

45.8  ! 

34.3 

31.5 

39.4 

10.3 

36.8 
33.  3 
25.  6 

45.3 

38.9 


40.6 


58.3 

60.3 

39.3 


0.0 

12.5 

.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
2.4 
.0 
.5 
.0 
.7 
.0 
.0 
. 2 
!o 


^ £ 

..Q 

M 

^3 


.0 

2.3 


18.1 

4.2 

.0 

45.5 

22.0 

36.4 

5.1 

4.1 
3.0 

4.2 

.0 

6.7 
2.6 

7.7 
6.6 

27.8 


1.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.4 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 


7.8 


20.8 

16.0 

7.3 


Husband  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Wife. 

Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders  or 

lodgers. 

Children. 

Children  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combina- 

tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

2.4 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

6.0 

4.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

58.3 

53.8 

1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.8 

.8 

.0 

7.6 

9. 1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

9.1 

9.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.4 

.0 

.0 

12.2 

2.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

18.2 

33.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.4 

1 .4 

1.1 

13.5 

47.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

11.2 

38.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

27.3 

43.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

12.5 

5.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.6 

.0 

.0 

82.1 

43.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.0 

11.7 

53.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.6 

.0 

7.7 

61.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

5.1 

34.3 

.0 

.2 

.0 

.0 

.2 

.0 

13.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

8.3 

2.8 

.0 

22.2 

35.0 

.0 

i^) 

.0 

.4 

.2 

.2 

15.0 

1 8.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

12.5 

! 3.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

16.8 

37.1 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.5 

.3 

.2 

14.9 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


b Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


The  most  frequent  source  of  income  of  the  2,100  families  in  this  in- 
dustry from  which  information  was  obtained  is  the  husband,  and  the 
second  in  frequency  is  the  husband  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  40.6  per 
cent  of  the  families  receiving  their  entire  income  from  the  former  and 
35  per  cent  from  the  latter  source.  The  husband  and  children  m 7.8 
per  cent  of  the  families  furnish  the  entire  income,  while  less  than  1 per 
cent  of  the  families  report  entire  income  as  coming  from  any  one  of 
the  other  specified  sources,  and  15  per  cent  report  sources  or  combi- 
nation of  sources  not  specified  in  the  above  table. 

The  native-born  show  a larger  proportion  than  the  foreign-born 
of  families  receiving  their-  entire  income  from  the  husband,  or  60.3 
per  cent  as  compared  with  39.3  per  cent. 

The  American  whites  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  72.3  per  cent, 
of  families  supported  by  the  husband  alone.  Comparing  the  foreign- 
born  races,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Germans,  North  Italians,  and 
Slovaks,  each  report  proportions  in  excess  of  45  per  cent  supported 
by  the  husband  alone  j while  the  Lithuanians,  Ruthenians,  and  Mexi- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


87 


cans,  with  31.5,  25.6,  and  10.3  per  cent,  respectively,  show  much 
smaller  proportions.  The  proportions  of  the  other  races  range  from 
43.2  per  cent  of  the  Irish  to  33.3  per  cent  of  the  Russians. 

Only  five  races,  the  American  negroes.  South  Italians,  Magyars, 
Poles,  and  Slovaks,  show  any  families  having  their  entire  income  from 
husband  and  wife,  the  negroes  reporting  the  largest  proportion,  or 
12.5  per  cent. 

The  older  immigrant  races,  such  as  the  English,  German,  Irish, 
and  Welsh,  show  much  larger  proportions  of  families  supported 
entirely  by  husband  and  children  than  do  the  more  recent  immigrant 
races.  Of  the  older  immigrant  races,  the  English  show  the  largest 
and  the  German  the  smallest  proportion  of  families  having  entire 
income  from  this  source,  the  percentages  being  45.5  and  22,  respec- 
tively, while  the  proportions  of  the  more  recent  immigrant  races 
range  from  7.7  per  cent  for  the  Ruthenians  to  zero  for  the  Groatians. 

The  American  whites,  with  1.2  per  cent,  and  the  Germans,  with 
2.4  per  cent,  are  the  only  races  reporting  any  families  having  entire 
income  from  husband,  wife,  and  children. 

The  native-born  of  native  father  and  the  older  immigrant  races 
show  very  small  proportions  of  families  supported  entirely  by  hus- 
band and  boarders  or  lodgers,  as  compared  with  proportions  shown 
by  the  more  recent  immigrant  races,  the  former  reporting  propor- 
tions ranging  from  9.8  per  cent  of  the  Germans  to  2.3  per  cent  of 
the  Irish,  while  the  proportions  of  the  latter  range  from  61.5  per 
cent  of  the  Ruthenians  to  33.8  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians. 
Ihe  Welsh  alone  report  no  families  having  entire  income  from  this 
source. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  families  receiving  an 
income  from  the  husband  only,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  family: 

Table  56. — Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from  husband,  by  locality  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDV  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reportin'?  in  each  of  two  or  more  locali- 
ties. The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.a 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White. . . 

(^) 

57.7 

25.5 

27.7 
22.0 
18.4 

47.6 

34.6 
43.2 

76.9 

90.5 

53.3 

46.9 

.0 

(«>) 

45.7 

68.9 

72.3 

37.0 

45.8 

34.3 
31.5 

39.4 

36.8 
45.3 

Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

90.0 

83.3 

75.5 

ifi) 

18.5 
(«>) 

27.6 
26.4 

(») 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magvar 

Polish 

68.2 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

81.0 

36.3 

28.3 

43.5 

40.6 

Total  native-born  of  foreien  father. 

“ 

58.3 

60.3 

39.3 

Total  native-born 

(&) 

80.7 

57.7 

35.8 

55.6 

41.4 

Total  foreign-born 

28.3 

households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
raw  was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured.  ^ 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involve  J. 


88 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


This  table  is  of  special  interest  in  that  it  shows  that  only  40.6 
per  cent  of  all  families  reporting  for  the  industry  are  de- 

pendent upon  the  husband’s  income  alone.  The  foreign-born  show 
the  smallest  proportion,  or  39.3  per  cent,  so  dependent,  as 
pared  with  60.3  per  cent  of  the  total  native-born.  In  other 
words,  59.4  per  cent  of  all  families  furnishing  information  have  some 
source  of  income  other  than  the  earnings  of  husbands  in  the  mines. 
The  smallest  proportion,  or  28.3  per  cent,  dependent  entirely  upon 
the  income  of  the  husband,  is  found  m the  South,  and  the  largest 
proportion,  or  81  per  cent,  is  shown  m the  Middle  West,  while  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  Southwest  report  36.3  and  43.5  per  cent,  respectively. 

Because  of  the  insufficient  numbers  of  certain  races  reporting 
from  all  localities,  or  because  of  the  entire  absence  of  such  races,  it 
is  not  possible  to  compare  more  than  a few  of  the  races  in  the  several 
localities.  Where  it  is  possible  to  compare  the  sairie  race  m at  le^st 
three  localities,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  proportion  of  families  depend- 
ent entirely  upon  the  income  of  the  husbands  is  arger  m the  Middle 
West  than  elsewhere.  Of  the  North  Italian  families  for  examiile  90 
per  cent  in  the  Middle  West,  as  compared  with  53.3  per  cent  m the 
Southwest  and  27.7  percent  in  Pennsylvania,  are  supported  by  earn- 

in2:s  of  husbands.  . , n ^ • 

Although  the  South  Italian  families  show  smaller  proportions  sup- 
ported entirely  from  the  husbands’  incomes  than  do  the  North  Italians 
in  the  several  localities,  the  same  relative  position  of  these  localities 
is  maintained,  the  largest  proportion,  or  83.3  per  cent,  being  m the 
Middle  West,  only  22  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  and  18.5  per  cent  m 
the  South.  The  data  for  the  Poles  show  that  68.2  per  cent  of  the 
families  of  that  race  in  the  Middle  West  are  dependent  upon  the 
efforts  of  the  husbands  alone,  as  compared  with  34.6  per  cent  m 
Pennsvlvania.  The  proportion  in  the  South  is  lower  than  that  of 
Pennsylvania,  only  26.4  per  cent  of  the  families  being  supported 
entirely  by  the  earnings  of  husbands,  while  m the  Southwest  the 
proportion  is  45.7  per  cent. 

relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family 

INCOME. 

The  table  which  is  next  submitted  indicates  the  relative  im- 
portance of  the  various  sources  of  income  by  showing  the  per  cent  ot 
total  yearly  income  from  husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers, 
and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


89 


Table  57. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife,  children, 
hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totais,  however,  are'for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  of  total  income  from — 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  select- 
ed fami- 
lies.® 

Earnings  of— 

Contri- 
butions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  board- 
ers or 
lodgers. 

Other 

sources. 

Husband. 

Wife. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

83 

84.9 

0.6 

11.7 

1.6 

1.3 

Negro 

24 

81.7, 

2.6 

12.9 

.8 

2.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

119 

74.8 

.0 

7.4 

17.6 

.3 

English 

22 

67.3 

.0 

27.9 

2.9 

1.9 

German 

41 

73.0 

.0 

23.1 

2.5 

1.4 

Irish 

44 

62.1 

.0 

34.1 

1.3 

2.5 

Italian,  North 

275 

74.9 

.0 

5.3 

18.4 

1.5 

Italian,  South 

169 

82.0 

.1 

5.8 

11.3 

.7 

Lithuanian 

165 

75.0 

.0 

5.  6 

18.7 

.7 

Magyar 

216 

73.5 

.0 

6.3 

19.8 

.4 

Mexican 

39 

80.7 

.0 

11.8 

6.2 

1.2 

Polish 

299 

78.1 

.2 

6.4 

14.5 

.9 

Russian 

39 

78.1 

.0 

5.9 

15.7 

.4 

Ruthenian 

39 

83.9 

.0 

2.5 

12.7 

.9 

Slovak 

411 

82.1 

.1 

7.3 

9.1 

1.2 

Welsh 

36 

70.6 

.0 

23.8 

.9 

4.7 

Grand  total 

2,100 

77.4 

.1 

9.2 

12.2 

1.1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

24 

86.0 

.0 

11.8 

1.7 

.5 

Total  native-born 

131 

84.7  1 

.7 

11.9 

1.5 

1.2 

Total  foreign-born 

1,969 

76.8 

. 1 

9.0 

13.1 

1.1 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  2S4. 


It  is  evident  from  the  table  above  that  the  largest  part  (77.4  per 
cent)  of  the  income  of  the  total  number  of  families  considered,  is 
derived  from  the  earnings  of  the  husband,  and,  furthermore,  the  per- 
centage of  total  income  contributed  by  the  husband  is  higher  for  the 
native-born  than  it  is  for  the  foreign-born.  The  families  of  native- 
born  whites  of  native  parentage  have  a slightly  lower  percentage  of 
total  income  from  husbands’  earnings  than  those  of  native-born  of 
foreign  parents.  Only  0.1  per  cenhof  the  family  income  (considering 
the  total  number  of  families)  is  derived  from  earnings  of  wife.  The 
contributions  of  children  constitute  11.9  per  cent  of  the  total  income 
of  the  native-born,  whereas  the  corresponding  proportion  for  the  for- 
eign-born is  only  9 per  cent.  Of  the  Irish,  English,  Welsh,  and  German 
families,  however,  the  contributions  of  the  children  are  relatively  very 
large.  The  payments  of  boarders  and  lodgers  are  only  1.5  per  cent 
of  the  total  income  of  the  native-born  families,  while  from  the  same 
source  is  derived  13.1  per  cent  of  the  total  income  of  the  forei^rn 
families. 


Percent  ivhicli  earnings  of  Mishand  form  of  total  yearly  income  of  family,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


90 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


91 


Of  the  foreign-born,  the  largest  proportionate  income  from  earnings 
of  husband,  83.9  per  cent,  is  shown  by  the  Ruthenians,  and  the 
smallest,  or  62.1  per  cent,  by  the  Irish,  no  foreign  race  reporting  a 
proportion  as  high  as  that  shown  by  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father.  The  income  from  earnings  of  wife,  as  shown  by  the  various 
races,  is  too  small  to  deserve  specific  mention.  The  largest  pro- 
portionate income  from  contributions  of  children  is  shovm  by  the 
Irish,  with  34.1  per  cent,  followed  by  the  English  and  Welsh,  with 
27.9  per  cent  and  23.8  per  cent,  respectively,  while  the  smallest,  or 
2.5  per  cent,  is  shown  by  the  Ruthenians.  Of  the  income  from  pay- 
ments of  boarders  and  lodgers,  the  largest  proportion,  or  19.8  per 
cent,  is  shown  by  the  Magyars,  followed  by  the  Lithuanians  and 
North  Italians,  with  18.7  per  cent  and  18.4  per  cent,  respectively,  the 
proportions  of  the  other  races  ranging  from  17.6  per  cent,  as  shown 
by  the  Croatians,  to  0.9  per  cent,  as  shown  by  the  Welsh.  Each  race 
shows  a certain  proportionate  income  from  other  sources,  ranging 
from  4.7  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Welsh,  to  0.3  per  cent  as  shown 
by  the  Croatians. 

The  following  table  shows  tlie  per  cent  of  total  yearly  income  from 
husband,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family : 

Table  58— Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  earnings  of  husband,  by 
locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(study  of  households.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  locali- 
ties. The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races,  f'or  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.J 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

i 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.o 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

75.7 

72.5 
66.4 
83.  1 
70.2 

81.6 
80.1 
83.1 

86.0 

88.5 
74.  4 
81.4 
74.3 

84.9 

74.8 

74.9 
82.0 

75.0 
73.5 

78.1 

82.1 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

95.2 

90.0 

83.8 

(&) 

78.5 

(P) 

62.0 

72.8 

62.9 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

68.6 

84.4 

87.6 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

88.4 

77.6 

71.6 

77.1 

77.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

86.0 

84.7 

76.8 

Total  native-born 

(«>) 

86.9 

75.7 

77.7 

84.7 

75.7 

Total  foreign-bom 

71.6 

oThis  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured.  ^ 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


This  table  shows  that  of  the  total  number  of  families  the  heads 
of  which  are  employed  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry, 
the  proportion  of  the  total  yearly  income  from  the  earnings  of  hus- 
band is  77.4  per  cent,  the  different  localities  ranging  from  88.4  per 
cent,  as  shown  in  the  Middle  West,  to  71.6  per  cent,  as  shown  in  the 
South.  The  families  of  whites  native-born  of  native  father  show  the 
largest  proportion,  or  86  per  cent,  of  total  income  derived  from  earn- 
ings of  husbands  in  the  Southwest,  as  compared  with  75.7  per  cent  of 
the  total  income  derived  from  husbands  of  families  of  the  same  class 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


in  Pennsylvania.  Considering  the  foreign-born,  the  North  Italians 
and  Lithuanians  show  larger  proportions  of  family  income  from  earn- 
ings of  husbands  among  families  in  the  Middle  West  than  among  those 
of  the  Southwest  and  in  Pennsylvania.  The  South  Italians  of  the 
Middle  West  report  90  per  cent  of  their  total  income  derived  from 
earnings  of  husband,  as  compared  with  81.4  per  cent  of  the  family 
income  derived  from  the  same  source  in  the  Southwest,  83.1  per  cent 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  78.5  per  cent  in  the  South.  Of  the  Magyars,  81 .6 
per  cent  of  the  family  income  in  Pennsylvania  arises  from  the  earnings 
of  husbands,  and  62  per  cent  is  reported  for  the  South.  The  Poles 
and  Slovaks  depend  more  largely  upon  the  earnings  of  the  head  for 
the  support  of  the  family  in  the  Southwest  and  Pennsylvania  than  in 
the  South  and  the  Middle  West. 


Chapter  IV. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS. 


Hours  of  work — Methods  of  wage  payments — Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees — 
Company  houses  The  conipany-store  system — Benefits  received  by  employees  in 
Regularity  of  employment — The  immigrant  and  organized  labor — 
[Text  Tables  59  to  64  and  General  Table  19]. 

HOURS  OF  WORK. 

The  maximum  hours  worked  by  bituminous  miners  and  the  regu- 
lar  hours  for  other  employees  of  coal  and  coke  companies  throughout 
the  United  States  vary  in  the  several  localities,  within  the  same  locality, 
certain  localities,  within  the  same  mine.  The  most  general 
difference  occurs  between  localities  controlled  by  organized  labor  and 
th(^e  without  any  formal  wage  agreements.  In  nonunion  localities 
m Tennsylyania,  for  instance,  both  the  inside  and  outside  men,  with 
lew  exceptions,  work  ten  hours  a day  and  sixty  hours  a week,  while 
m localities  that  have  been  unionized,  such  as  those  of  the  Middle 
West  and  Southwest,  the  general  practice  is  to  work  eight  hours  a 
day  and  forty-eight  hours  a week.  In  one  section  of  the  South, 
district,  ten  hours  a day  and  sixty  hours  a week  is 
the  rule  generally  followed,  although  the  employees  in  certain  occu- 
pations  work  only  fifty-five  hours  a week.  In  another  section,  the 
West  Virginia  district,  some  of  the  mines  are  unionized,  and  where 
this  IS  the  case  nine  hours  constitute  a day’s  work;  otherwise  the 
employees  work  as  m the  nonunionized  mines  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  South.  In  both  the  Middle  West  and  Southwest,  where  the 
mines  are  strongly  unionized,  as  a result  of  an  agreement  between 
the  operators  and  the  unions,  eight  hours  and  forty-eight  hours  con- 
stitute a day  s work  and  a week’s  work,  respectively.  The  hours 
ol  work  are  irregular  for  certain  employees  of  the  coke  companies, 
although  the  einployees,  generally  speaking,  are  required  to  work  ten 
hours  a day  and  sixty  hours  a week. 

METHODS  OF  WAGE  PAYMENTS. 

The  frequency  and  methods  of  wage  payments,  like  the  required 
y urs  of  work  are  not  the  same  in  all  localities.  Throughout  Penn- 
sylvania, the  Middle  West,  and  the  Southwest,  the  employles  are  paid 
almost  without  exception,  twice  a month,  while  in  the  Birmingham 
aistrict,  a,nd  at  the  majority  of  the  mines  in  the  West  Virginia  and 
irginia  districts  of  the  South,  they  are  paid  once  a month.  Where 
^ unions  are  in  force  in  West  Virginia,  and  by  a 

paTdTeSonihir^""'" 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


DEDUCTIONS  FROM  EARNINGS  OF  EMPLOYEES.  i 

In  all  localities  on  regular  pay  days  wages  are  nominally  paid  in 
cash.  In  the  interim,  however,  in  the  South  and  Southwest,  scrip 
or  store  orders,  and  in  the  Middle  West  store  orders,  are  issued  to  the 
employees,  while  in  Pennsylvania  the  employee  may  “draw  checks’’ 
from  the  pay  clerk.  This  scrip,  store  order,  or  check  is  good  only 
at  the  store  of  the  company  or  at  some  store  with  which  the  company  / 
has  an  agreement  to  honor  it.  These  store  orders,  checks,  or  scrip  , 
are  presented  to  the  companies  on  pay  days,  and  the  amounts  ‘ 
deducted  from  the  wages  of  the  employee.  In  addition,  many  other 
items,  such  as  charges  for  blacksmithing,  rent  of  “company  houses,” 
medical  or  hospital  service,  dues  in  benefit  societies  maintained  by  j 
the  companies,  dues  in  the  union,  etc.,  are  also  deducted  from  the  ^ 
earnings  of  employees. 

COMPANY  HOUSES.  I 


In  all  localities  where  the  mines  are  some  distance  from  towns  or 
cities  some  provision  for  the  care  of  the  employees  and  their  families 
has  been  necessary.  As  a result  of  this  situation,  mining  camps  or 
villages  have  come  into  existence.  These  villages  in  which  the 
employees  live  are  much  alike  in  all  sections  of  the  country.  Cheaply 
constructed  frame  houses,  usually  double,  in  some  localities  one  story, 
in  others  two,  are  built  in  regular  rows.  The  streets  are  but  slightly  | 
improved.  Some  are  covered  with  coke  ashes  or  slate  from  the  mines ; , 
others  are  the  original  clay,  and  in  winter  and  spring  are  a mass  of 
mud.  The  gutters  are  open,  shallow  ditches,  often  washed  into  ! 
gullies.  At  one  end  of  the  street  is  usually  located  the  “company 
store,”  at  the  other  a schoolhouse  and  a church.  In  some  villages  the 
ground  about  the  houses  is  fenced  off,  with  sufficient  space  for  small 
gardens.  The  water  supply  is  often  of  doubtful  purity. 

The  type  of  house  in  which  the  employee  lives  varies  in  the  different 
localities  and  very  often  in  the  same  locality,  some  companies  erecting 
a better  class  of  house  than  others.  In  Pennsylvania,  for  example, 
the  usual  type  is  a two-story  double  frame  building  of  8 or  10  and  in 
some  cases  12  rooms,  designed  to  accommodate  two  families.  Some  ' 
are  plastered  and  fairly  well  finished  inside;  others  are  much  rougher 
in  their  finish.  Water  is  usually  supplied  by  outside  hydrants  set  at 
regular  intervals  on  either  side  of  the  street.  Toilets  are  invariably 
of  the  dry  type  and  are  built  at  the  rear  of  the  lot  along  the  alleys. 
The  houses  in  the  South  are  of  many  types  and  sizes.  In  one  com- 
munity in  Virginia,  for  example,  many  of  the  houses  are  of  2 or  3 
rooms,  one  story  high.  In  other  communities  double  houses  are 
found.  These  are  of  two  sizes  and  are  two  stories  high,  having  6 
rooms  to  the  house  and  3 to  the  section,  or  8 and  4,  respectively. 
Where  these  houses  have  6 rooms,  the  front  is  built  two  stories  and  the 
rear  one  story,  with  a wall  from  front  to  rear  dividing  the  house  into 
two  sections,  wliile  the  8-room  houses  are  two  stories  front  and  rear. 
Houses  of  this  type  are  constructed  of  dressed  lumber,  painted  on  the 
outside,  and  ceiled  with  regulation  3-inch  ceiling,  dressed  and  matched. 
Another  type  in  this  section,  and  preferred  to  that  first  described,  is 
the  4-room  single  house  one  story  in  height,  budt  of  a good  quality  of 
lumber  and  well  painted.  These  houses  have  an  8-foot  haU  and  are 
either  plastered  or  papered  inside.  In  the  West  Virginia  district  the 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


95 


houses  are  usually  2,  3,  or  4 room  single  houses,  or  double  houses  con- 
taining from  6 to  12  rooms,  built  of  cheap  lumber  and  painted.  The 
prevailing  type  of  house  in  the  Birmingham  district  is  a one-story 
frame  4 or  5 room  house  with  sufficient  ground  for  garden  or  yard. 
The  houses  are  in  fair  condition  and  repair.  The  rooms  average  about 
10  by  12  or  12  by  12,  with  one  or  two  windows  of  ordinary  size. 
Almost  every  house  has  a front,  and  some  have  a rear,  porch.  The 
interiors  are  ceiled  or  whitewashed.  In  the  Middle  West  most  of  the 
houses  are  small  square  or  oblong  structures  of  a temporary  nature, 
having  3 or  4 rooms  and  costing  from  $300  to  $400,  while  in  the  South- 
west one-story  frame  structures,  cheaply  built,  usually  of  the  same 
size,  containing  from  3 to  5 rooms,  are  the  rule  in  the  isolated  dis- 
tricts. The  rooms  in  these  houses  vary  in  size,  the  average  being  14 
by  14  feet. 

Where  the  mines  are  near  towns  the  company  houses  are  better. 
The  usual  monthly  rental  in  all  localities  is  from  $1.50  to  $2  a room. 

THE  COMPANY-STORE  SYSTEM. 

The  laws  of  Pennsylvania  prohibit  a coal-mining  company  from 
owning  or  operating  a company  store.”  As  a consequence  such 
stores,  found  in  practically  all  mining  communities,  are  usually  organ- 
ized as  a separate  corporation,  the  stockholders  of  which  are  invari- 
ably officials  of  the  coal  niining  company;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  com- 
pany stores,  together  with  the  mining  company,  are  often  operated 
by  a holding  company  organized  for  that  purpose.  In  a few  instances 
the  stores  are  owned  by  individuals  who  are  members  of  the  mining 
company.  In  all  cases,  however,  there  is  a working  agreement  be- 
tween the  mining  company  and  the  store,  the  former  deducting  from 
the  wages  of  the  employee  for  all  items  purchased.  In  isolated  com- 
munities, where  the  “company  store”  is  the  only  available  place  for 
the  employee  to  make  his  purchases,  it  has  been  charged  that  the 
prices  at  the  store  were  too  high  and  that  stock  of  an  inferior  quality 
was  carried.  In  the  majority  of  cases,  however,  the  reverse  is  true, 
the  employee  being  able  to  secure  from  the  company  store  as  good,  if 
Qot  better,  articles  for  the  same  or  a less  price  than  would  be  charged 
by  an  independent  store.  For  the  convenience  of  the  employees, 
■^checks,”  rarely  in  excess  of  the  wages  due,  and  good  only  at  the  com- 
pany store,  are  furnished  between  pay  days  by  the  company.  Many  of 
the  companies  issue  store  books  to  the  emplo3mes,  tlie  items  purchased 
being  recorded,  and  deductions  for  these  items,  as  in  the  case  of  tlie 
checks,  are  made  from  the  wages  of  the  employee  on  pay  day. 

It  is  maintained  that  patronage  of  the  company  store  is  not  com- 
pulsory, but  the  system  of  paying  wages  does  not  bear  out  this 
contention.  This  applies  more  or  less  to  all  localities.  In  the 
Southwest  the  miners  are  compelled  to  purchase  their  powder  and 
Dther  explosives  from  the  stores  only.  In  the  Middle  West  and  South 
patronage  is  said  to  be  not  compulsory;  at  the  same  time,  when  only 
5crip  or  store  orders  are  obtainable  between  pay  days,  and  these 
5crip  or  store  orders  are  good  only  at  company  stores,  it  is  apparent 
chat  patronage  is  practically  compulsory.  The  same  policy  in  making 
leductions  is  followed  in  all  localities.  Outside  of  Pennsylvania,  how- 
ever, the  mining  company  either  owns  and  operates  the  store  or  has 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


an  agreement  with  some  individual  whereby  the  scrip  or  store  order 
is  honored,  the  amount  to  be  deducted  from  the  wages,  as  in  cases  j 
previously  cited. 

I 

BENEFITS  RECEIVED  BY  EMPLOYEES  IN  ADDITION  TO  WAGES. 

Benefits  in  one  form  or  another,  in  addition  to  wages,  are  received 
by  the  operatives.  Each  company  has  its  own  method  of  dealing 
with  the  situation,  some  giving  more  liberally  than  others.  Among 
these  benefits  may  be  mentioned  medical  and  hospital  service.  In 
Pennsylvania,  for  example,  the  majority  of  companies  pay  all  the  cost  i 
of  treating  a workman  injured  while  on  duty,  and  furnish  whatever  i 
hospital  service  may  be  necessary;  others  pay  these  items  only  when  , 
the  man  himself  is  unable  to  pay  them,  while  still  others  pay  only  for  i 
the  first  treatment.  Again,  some  of  the  coal  companies  maintain  I 
benefit  societies  for  their  workmen,  paying  stipulated  weekly  benefits  1 
for  injuries  suffered  while  at  work,  and  if  the  accident  prove  fatal  a | 
specified  sum  is  paid.  In  other  localities  the  companies  assess  each  ; 
employee  a small  sum  monthly  for  medical  and  hospital  service,  the  1 
assessment  being  larger  for  the  married  than  for  the  unmarried  man 
for  the  reason  that  the  family  of  the  married  man  is  also  entitled  to 
this  service.  Another  plan  of  paying  for  accidents  is  followed  in 
cases  where  the  company  carries  insurance  on  its  employees  in  some 
liability  company,  deducting  for  this  purpose  a nominal  sum  from 
the  wages  of  each  employee.  One  company  in  the  Birmingham 
district  gives  a certain  sum  each  year  toward  the  maintenance  of 
churches  and  schools;  another  provides  the  land  on  which  these  i 
institutions  may  be  erected;  others  erect  and  maintain  buildings  free 
of  cost  for  these  purposes.  With  an  occasional  exception,  however, 
no  organized  or  concerted  welfare  work  is  done  by  the  mining  com- 
panies. 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

The  operation  of  coal  mines,  because  of  conditions  peculiar  to  the 
technical  side  of  the  industry  itself,  as  well  as  by  reason  of  seasonal 
and  other  fluctuations  in  the  demand  for  coal,  is  irregular  and,  as  a 
consequence,  it  is  difficult  to  form  any  conclusions  regarding  the 
regularity  of  employment  offered  or  the  relative  industriousness  of 
employees  of  different  races.  In  this  connection,  however,  data  ^ 
were  secured  as  to  the  time  worked  by  the  members  of  the  house-  ! 
holds  studied,  during  the  twelve  months  immediately  preceding  the 
collection  of  the  information.  The  results  are  presented  in  the  fol-  i 
lowing  tables,  showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual,  the 
number  of  months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of 
age  or  over  employed  away  from  home.  The  totals  are  for  all  races, 
but  the  showing  for  the  individual  races  is  confined  to  those  with  20 
or  more  males  reporting.  The  information  covers  the  entire  industry, 
and  the  tabulations  show  what  proportion  of  each  race  w'orked 
twelve,  nine,  six,  and  three  months,  respectively. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


97 


.''able  59. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  employed 
away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  working — 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


12 

months. 


9 

months 
or  over. 


6 

months 
or  over. 


3 

months 
or  over. 


lative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

fative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

English 

Irish 

Slovak 


151 

32 


19.9 

.0 


47.7 

.0 


81.5 

56.3 


98.7 

100.0 


25 

47 

32 


36.0 

14.9 

12.5 


60.0 

46.8 

43.8 


92.0 

76.6 

90.6 


100.0 

100.0 

100.0 


'oreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

'otal  native-born  of  foreign  father, 

'otal  native-born 

'otal  foreign-born 


22 

22.7 

205 

12.2 

37 

24.3 

65 

21.5 

60 

11.7 

451 

8.2 

448 

22.5 

269 

11.2 

403 

15.6 

58 

.0 

579 

14.7 

37 

73.0 

96 

12.5 

96 

59.4 

635 

17.5 

43 

18.6 

50.0 

95.5 

57.1 

83.4 

37.8 

91.9 

52.3 

98.5 

45.0 

80.0 

40.6 

76.9 

46.4 

93.8 

36.4 

89.6 

34.0 

90.8 

1.7 

63.8 

50.8 

93.3 

91.9 

100.0 

35.4 

90.6 

77.1 

87.5 

58.9 

91.7 

32.6 

74.4 

3,928 


16.8 


46.9 


188 

371 

3,557 


19.1 

17.8 

16.6 


50.0 
44.7 

47.1 


88.1 


87.2 

82.2 
88.8 


100.0 

99.0 

100.0 

100.0 

98.3 

99.8 
100.0 

95.2 

99.3 

98.3 
99.0 

100.0 

97.9 
100.0 

99.4 
97.7 


99.0 


98.9 

98.9 

99.0 


It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  that  19.9  per  cent  of  the 
^^hites  native-born  of  native  father  had  steady  employment  through- 
ut  the  year.  On  the  other  hand,  none  of  the  negroes  native-born 
if  native  father  had  employment  for  as  much  as  nine  months.  Of 
he  native-born  of  foreign  father,  19.1  per  cent  were  employed  during 
he  entire  year,  while  the  foreign-born  fall  below  the  other  two 
dvisions  and  report  only  16.6  per  cent  of  their  number  as  having 
)een  so  employed.  From  these  comparisons,  it  is  evident  that  the 
diites  native-born  of  native  father  lead  all  other  race  groups  in 
ecuring  steady  employment,  while  persons  native-born  of  foreign 
ather  occupy  an  intermediate  position,  and  the  foreign-born  em- 
>loyees  come  last. 

Of  those  reporting  employment  for  nine  months  or  more,  the  per- 
ons  native-born  of  foreign  father  stand  first,  with  a percentage  of  50; 
he  whites  native-born  of  native  father  follow  with  47.7  per  cent,  and 
he  foreign-born  report  47.1  per  cent. 

Among  the  persons  of  foreign  birth  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
loumanians  and  Ruthenians  report  the  highest  averages,  the  former 
eporting  91.9  per  cent  of  their  number,  and  the  latter  77.1  per  cent, 
mployed  for  nine  months  or  over.  This  very  high  percentage  is 
lue  largely  to  the  fact  that  these  two  races  are  emjnoyed  in  certain 
ocalities  in  Pennsylvania  in  which  the  mines  are  operated  regularly, 
rhe  Slovaks,  Croatians,  Germans,  Poles,  and  Bohemians  and  Mora- 
dans  report  from  58.9  to  50  per  cent  of  their  number  working  nine 


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The  Immigration  Commission.  | 

i 


months  or  more;  the  South  Italians,  Irish,  and  North  Italians  slmw  ' 
from  46.4  to  40.6  per  cent  employed  for  that  period,  and  the  i^nglish, 
Lithuanians,  Russians,  Magyars,  and  Welsh,  from  37.8  to  32.6 
per  cent.  The  Mexicans,  with  only  1.7  per  cent  of  their  number 
employed  as  long  as  nine  months,  show  the  least  regularity  in  work. 

As  regards  employment  for  six  months  or  over,  the  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father  have  81.5  per  cent  of  their  number  so  reported; 
the  negroes  have  56.3  per  cent  and  the  native-born  of  foreign  lather 
87  2 per  cent,  while  the  foreign-born,  88.8  per  cent,  is  the  highest  of 
all.  Among  the  foreign-born,  the  Roumanians,  Germans,  Bohemians 
and  Moravians,  South  Italians,  Polish,  English,  Slovaks,  Magyars, 
and  Russians,  report  from  100  to  90.6  per  cent,  the  Lithuanians, 
Ruthenians,  Croatians,  and  Irish,  from  89.6  to  80  per  cent,  the 
North  Italians  and  Welsh  76.9  and  74.4  per  cent,  respectively,  and 


the  Mexicans  63.8  per  cent.  i ^ u i i 

Ten  of  the  21  races  reporting  show  all  their  males  to  have  worked 
at  least  three  months  of  the  year.  One  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born 

1 1 per  cent  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  1.3  per  cent  ol 
the  native-born  of  native  father  white,  worked  less  than  that  time. 
Among  the  foreign-born,  0.2  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  0.6  per 
cent  of  the  Slovaks,  0.7  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  1 per  cent  each  ol 
the  Croatians  and  Polish,  1.7  percent  each  of  the  Irish  and  Mexicans, 

2 1 per  cent  of  the  Russians,  2.3  per  cent  of  the  Welsh,  and  4.8  per 

cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  the  highest  per  cent  reported,  had  employ- 
ment for  less  than  three  months.  i p i 

As  showing  additional  information  relative  to  the  regularity  ol  work 
among  the  numerous  races  studied,  and  also  as  affording  a compari- 
son of  the  same  kind  among  the  bituminous  coal-producing  sections 
of  the  country,  the  table  next  presented  exhibits  by  localities,  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual,  the  percentage  ol  ^ployees 
who  worked  nine  months  or  over  during  the  year  studied.  I his  table 
includes  only  those  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  m each  ol 
two  or  more  localities,  but  the  totals  are  for  all  races  studied. 


Table  60.— Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  working  9 months  or  over,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.]  


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.® 

■XT  - 4-: fot'ViiiT*  WnilA  . - - 

70.0 

73.6 

59.9 

86.7 

40.7 

66.7 
43.4 

38.8 

64.0 

15.0 
68.7 

(b) 

(«>) 

22.9 
64.5 

50.4 

38.9 

32.4 

44.4 
35.1 
23.3 

21.7 

31.8 

47.7 

57.1 

52.3 
40.6 

46.4 

36.4 
34.0 

50.8 

35.4 

58.9 

^ 8,tlVG"DOrn  Ol  Iltlll  VC  lUrtilCl  y » » i-ll  to 

Foreign-born: 

19.4 

.0 

2.9 

(.b) 

4.2 

76.9 

11.1 

62.7 

4.3 

5.5 

Grand  total 

52.0 

59.5 

42.0 

15.8 

46.9 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father (^) 

Total  native-born 2 

Total  foreign-born | 4J.  7 

57.1 

63.2 

59.2 

(*>) 

(«>) 

41.8 

29.3 

19.0 

14.9 

50.0 
44.7 

47.1 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 
lated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


99 


The  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and  Poles  are  the 
only  races  for  which  percentages  are  shown  in  all  four  of  the  different 
localities,  while  percentages  for  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  and  for  foreign-born  Slovaks  run  through  three  of  the  localities. 

In  the  Middle  West  76.9  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians  reporting 
worked  for  nine  months  or  more,  in  Pennsylvania  40.7  per  cent  of 
this  race  worked  for  the  same  period,  in  the  South  64.5  per  cent, 
and  in  the  Southwest  19.4  per  cent,  showing,  in  general,  that  40.6 
per  cent  of  all  North  Italians  reporting  in  the  entire  bituminous  coal- 
mining industry  worked  for  nine  months  or  longer.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  is  found  that  of  the  South  Italians  reporting  from  the  Middle 
West  only  11.1  per  cent,  and  of  those  in  the  Southwest  none,  worked 
for  nine  months  or  more,  while  in  Pennsylvania  the  proportion  is 
66.7  per  cent,  and  in  the  South  50.4  per  cent. 

In  the  Middle  West  62.7  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  worked  nine 
months  or  more,  in  Pennsylvania  43.4  per  cent  of  their  number 
worked  for  a like  period,  in  tlie  South  38.9^  per  cent,  and  in  the 
Southwest  2.9  per  cent.  In  Pennsylvania  64  per  cent  of  the  Poles 
worked  for  nine  months  or  more,  while  in  the  Middle  West  only  4.3 
per  cent  are  so  reported,  in  the  South  44.4  per  cent,  and  in  the 
Southwest  4.2  per  cent. 

In  the  Middle  West  70  per  cent  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  worked  for  nine  months  or  more,  in  Pennsylvania  73.6  per 
cent,  and  in  the  Southwest  21.7  per  cent.  In  the  South  the  num- 
ber of  American  white  operatives  reporting  was  not  sufficiently 
large  for  computation  and  comparison  with  other  localities. 

The  Slovaks  report  68.7  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  23.3  per  cent 
in  the  South,  and  5.5  per  cent  in  the  Southwest  as  working  nine 
months  or  more. 

The  table  next  presented  shows,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  individual,  the  proportion  of  males  who  worked  six  or 
more  months  during  the  year  studied.  It  includes  only  those  races 
with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities, 
but  contains  the  totals  for  all  races. 

Table  61. — Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  working  6 months  or  over,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  ^0  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


'Native-born  of  native  father,  White, 
^oreign-born: 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Slovak 7 


Grand  total. 


’otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

otal  native-born 

’otal  foreign-born 


Middle 
W est. 


100.0 


96.2 

88.9 

100.0 


100.0 


97.1 


ip) 

100.0 

96.7 


Pennsyl- 

vania. 


94.3 

81.9 
100.0 

72.9 

96.1 

76.1 

86.5 

92.5 
95.0 

92.9 


3.4 


89.0 

91.0 
88.2 


South. 


V>) 

(&) 

97.1 
96.8 

95.6 

97.2 

95.2 

95.7 
81.1 
90.0 


95.0 


ib) 

(6) 

94.9 


South- 

west. 


63.8 

95.4 


67.5 

80.9 

100.0 

(«>) 

83.3 


81.8 


75.2 


73.2 

64.8 

77.9 


Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
niining.o 

81.5 

83.4 

98.5 
76.9 

93.8 

89.6 

90.8 
93.3 

90.6 

91.7 

88.1 


87.2 

82.2 
88.8 


households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
h X or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


100 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Discussion  of  the  foregoing  table  is  limited  to  the  North  Italian 
South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  and  Polish  races  represented  in  all  of  the 
four  geographical  groups,  and  to  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  and  the  foreign-born  Slovaks,  with  percenta,ges  in  three. 

The  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  the  Lithuanians  and  the 
Poles  each  show  that  100  per  cent  of  the  mdividuals  tabulated  troin 
the  Middle  West  worked  six  months  or  longer  during  the  year  studied, 
and  the  Lithuanians  report  the  same  figure  in  the  Southwest,  in 
no  other  locality  do  these  races  make  so  good  a showing,  in  the 
South  more  than  95  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  South  Italians, 
Lithuanians,  and  Poles,  worked  at  least  half  the  year.  No  percent- 
awe  is  "iven  for  the  American  whites  m the  South,  as  the  number 
reportmg  is  too  small  to  be  representative.  In  . the  Pennsvlvama 
fields  the  South  Italians  have  96.1  per  cent,  winch  is  a higher  pro- 
nortion  working  six  months  or  over  than  is  shown  in  anv  other  locahtv 
by  this  race.  The  Lithuanians,  North  Italians,  and  Poles  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, however,  fall  below  the  average  shown  by  these  races  for  the 

industry  as  a whole.  , . • i -i.  • 

The  best  showing  made  by  any  of  these  six  races  in  the  bituminous 

coal  fields  is  made  by  the  South  Italians,  who  show  that  93.8  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  worked  six  months  or  over.  ^ the  Poles 
come  next,  with  93.3  per  cent.  The  other  races,  following  m the  order 
of  their  percentages,  are  the  Slovaks,  Lithuanians,  whites  native-born 
of  native  father,  and  North  Italians. 


THE  IMMIGRANT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR. 


The  extent  to  which  the  employee  of  foreign  birth  is  affiliated,  with 
labor  organizations  is  largely  a matter  of  local  conditions  of  employ- 
ment. The  mines  of  the  Middle  West  and  Southwest  are  operated 
under  an  agreement  between  trade  unions  and  operators  and  employ- 
ment in  the  mines  is  conditional  upon  membership  m the  local  unions. 
Only  a few  scattered  mines  in  the  South  are  unionized.  The  colm  region 
in  Pennsylvania  is  without  labor  organizations,  and,  outside  ol  the 
Pittsburg  mining  district,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  com- 
munities, there  is  no  collective  bargaining  between  operators  and 
nployees.  Statistics  as  to  the  affiliation  of  foreign-born  employees 
. V y 1 • £ orlrwiU  nf  DTiv  sfl ti sta.otorv  con- 


with  trade  unions,  therefore,  do  not  admit  of  any  satisfactory  con- 
clusions as  to  racial  tendencies,  and  should  be  considered  m the  light 
of  the  foregoing  explanation.® 

The  table  following  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  males  21 
years  of  ao'e  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  who  are  affiliated 
with  trade  unions.  The  exhibit  is  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


O For  a detailed  discussion  of  the  immigrant  employee  as  a unionist  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, see  pp.  330-334. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


101 


Table  62. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  work- 
ing for  wages,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

Affiliated  with 
trade  unions. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Affiliatedwith 
trade  unions. 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

132 

78 

29 

59.1 

100.0 

F oreign-born— Continued. 

451 

427 

259 

396 

56 

567 

34 

84 

77 

16 

632 

16 

Q 

Negro 

29 

Xtn.liRn  fioiiMi 

328 

72. 7 

Native-born  of  foreign  lather, 

Lithuanian 

93 

182 

88 

56 

92 

21. 8 
70.3 
22.2 
100.0 
16.2 
n 

by  race  of  father: 

Magyar 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

1 

(a) 

Mexican 

English 

16 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

55.6 

Polish 

German 

7 

Roumanian 

Irish 

27 

15 

Russian 

37 

. U 

Italian,  North 

1 

(a) 

(“) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

44. 0 
14.3 

Magyar 

2 

1 

11 

o 

Polish 

3 

1 

Slovak 

76 

(a) 

12.0 

(a) 

Scotch 

3 

Slovenian 

Slovak 

7 

Spanish 

Q 

Welsh 

5 

3 

Welsh 

O 

40 

O 

33 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

82. 5 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

22 

2 

9.1 

Grand  total 

3,676 

1,226 

33.4 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

(a) 

21.7 

.0 

Croatian 

189 

38 

41 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

===== 

■ 

■ 

English 

72 

233 

3,443 

23 

130 

1,096 

31.9 

French 

14 

64 

9 

2 

(a) 

3. 1 

Total  native-born 

Tots-l  forpisri-Lorn 

German 

55. 8 

Irish 

57 

40 

70.2 

31. 8 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  the  table  above  it  is  seen  that  of  the  white  niine  employees 
who  are  native-born  of  native  father,  59.1  per  cent  are  affiliated  with 
labor  organizations,  as  compared  with  31.8  percent  of  the  total  for- 
eign-born. Among  the  immigrant  races,  the  high  proportion  of  the 
Mexicans,  Welsh,  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and  Irish  affiliated 
with  trade  unions,  as  compared  with  other  races,  is  apparent.  This 
showing  does  not,  however,  indicate  any  relatively  greater  tendency 
on  the  part  of  the  races  mentioned  to  unite  with  organized  labor,  but 
IS  due  to  the  fact  that  these  races  are  more  extensively  employed  in 
the  Middle  West  and  Southwest  where  organized  labor  controls  the 
labor  supply  and  membership  in  the  union  is  a condition  of  employ- 
ment.  On  the  other  hand,  the  larger  proportions  of  the  other  races 
turmshmg  information  are  employed  in  the  nonunion  districts  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  South.  The  general  showing  as  to  affiliation  with 
labor  organizations  on  the  part  of  the  immigrant  workers,  therefore 
^ relative  proportions  which  are  employed  in 

dilierent  localities.  The  accuracy  of  this  statement  becomes  mani- 
™.by  a glance  at  the  table  on  page  103,  which  shows  the  extent  of 
attiliation  with  labor  organizations,  by  race  and  by  locality. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 8 


V 


race  of  individual. 


102 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


native-born 

FOREIGN-BORN 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


103 


Table  63.— Per  cm^  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages,  who  are  affili- 
ated with  trade  unions,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.® 

'Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

100.0 

2,2 

12. 0 

59.1 

21.7 

?'oreign-born; 

Croatian 

87. 1 

German 

,0 

5.7 

Af\  7 

100. 0 

Italian,  North 

100.6 

65.4 

98.0 

J. 

3. 1 

72.7 

21.8 
70.3 

Italian,  South 

Ol. 

n 

4U.  / 
11  A 

97. 6 

Lithuanian 

• u 

11.  0 

K.  Q 

97. 9 

98.5 

Magyar 

00,  ^ 

0.  y 

e 

Polish 

100. 0 

00,  tj 

1 Q 

• 0 

(^) 

97.9 

22.  2 
16.2 
44.0 

Russian 

CJ 1 It* 

1.  0 
80.0 

4. 5 
3.8 

biova-K 

4.6 

1.8 

100.0 

12.0 

Grand  total 

94  2 

1 7 n 

33.4 

'otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

1/ « U 

8, 0 

96. 2 

100. 0 

7.7 

A 0 

(6 

'otal  native-born 

(b) 

7 n 

'otal  foreign-born 

93!  4 

17  ^ 

91. 1 

97.1 

55.8 

31.8 

i / . 0 

/.  y 

a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 


ited  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured.  ’ 

i>Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

Upon  comparing  the  localities  in  the  table  above,  it  is  seen  that 
Tactically  all  of  the  mine  workers  of  all  the  races  in  the  Middle  West 
nd  bouthwest  are  affiliated  with  trade  unions,  while  the  proportions 
ary  materially  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  South.  In  the  South  a rel- 
tively  larp  proportion  of  the  North  Italians,  and  in  Pennsylvania  a 
elatively  lar^  proportion  of  the  Russians,  Lithuanians,  and  North 
talians  are  affiliated  with  labor  organizations.  In  Pennsylvania  this 
» due  largely  to  the  fact  that  the  North  Italians,  Russians,  and  Lithu- 
nians  Irom  whom  information  was  received,  were  principallyem- 
loyed  in  unionized  localities;  also,  in  a large  measure,  to  the  fact 
flat  the  JNorth  Italians  and  Lithuanians  tend  more  extensively  as 
ompared  with  other  races,  to  identify  themselves  with  labor  organ- 
lations  and  to  seek  work  in  localities  in  which  the  unions  are  in 
3ntrol. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  period  of  residence  upon  the  extent  of  affilia- 
on  with  trade  unions  on  the  part  of  the  immigrant  mine  employees, 
le  table  next  presented  is  of  value.  It  shows  for  members  of  the 
ouseholds  studied,  the  number  and  proportion  of  those  of  the  different 
^es,  according  to  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States,  who  are 
tnliated  with  trade  unions. 


104 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  64. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions 
are  working  for  wages,  by  years  in 


of  foreign-horn  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


who 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  50  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom.] 


Number  21  years  of  age 
or  over  working  for 
wages,  by  years  in 
United  States. 

Affiliated  with  trade  unions,  by  years  in  United  1 
States. 

Race  of  individual. 

10  or 
over. 

Nrunber. 

Per  cent. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

ItiiliSiii  Nort/li  . 

151 

158 

142 

98 

127 

103 

18 

91 

43 

27 

38 

64.9 

19.1 

47.3 

Q 1 

80.4 

OA  A 

72.5. 

25.7 

7ft  A • 

Tfolion  Rnnt.ll  - . . 

230 

127 

70 

44 

31 

73.9 

OA  7 

xtcliiciii; 

Lithuanian 

55 

88 

116 

26 

65 

31 

31 

27 

/o.  ^ ' 

40.2' 
17. 1 
12.9 

Mflpvar  

173 

116 

107 

14 

o.  i 
10  1 

on  ft 

Polish  

260 

149 

158 

34 

lo.  i 

K Q 

zu.  O 
1ft  0 

Slovak 

187 

150 

295 

11 

0.  y 

lo.  u 

Total  

1,284 

977 

1,182 

265 

374 

457 

20.6 

38.3 

38. 7 > 

Of  the  total  for  all  races  in  the  above  table,  an  increased  proportion 
is  seen  to  be  affiliated  with  trade  unions  as  the  period  of  residence  m 
the  United  States  increases,  20.6  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  under  five  years,  as  compared  with  38.3  per  cent 
of  those  with  a residence  of  from  five  to  nine  years  and  38  7 per  c^t 
of  those  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten  years  or  more,  being  affil- 
iated with  labor  organizations.  The  general  tendency  exhibited  by 
the  totals  is  also  apparent  in  the  case  of  the  several  races,  the  pro- 
portions invariably  increasing  largely  for  the  I period, 

and  showing  a still  further  increase,  in  the  case  of  three  ol  the  races, 
for  the  period  of  ten  years  or  more. 


Chapter  V. 


HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

Housing  and  living  conditions — Living  arrangements — Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard 
of  living — Boarders  and  lodgers— Size  of  apartments  occupied — Size  of  households 
studied — Congestion — [Text  Tables  65  to  93  and  General  Tables  20  to  31], 

HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

The  statistical  study  of  housing  and  living  conditions,  with  special 
ireference  to  rent  paid  and  to  congestion  within  the  household,  in  the 
bituminous  coal-mining  industry  is  based  on  a detailed  investigation 
of  2,371  households. 

The  great  majority  of  the  immigrant  employees  in  the  bituminous 
mining  industry  in  all  localities  live  in  the  “company  houses’’  of  the 
mining  towns  or  villages.®  The  tendency  of  the  recent  immigrant 
is  more  pronounced  in  this  direction  than  is  that  of  the  older  immi- 
grant or  the  employee  of  native  birth.  These  latter  as  a rule  prefer 
to  live  wherever  possible  in  houses  of  their  own  or  as  tenants  of 
private  landlords  in  the  larger  towns  or  centers  of  population.  Where 
no  such  living  arrangement  can  be  conveniently  made,  however,  the 
mine  workers  of  native  birth  or  of  races  from  Great  Britain  and 
northern  Europe  will  be  found  living,  along  with  the  races  of  recent 
immigration,  in  the  houses  of  the  company  village.  Within  these 
villages  or  towns  there  is  not  much  segregation  into  colonies  according 
|to  race,  for  the  reason  that  the  greater  number  of  mining  companies 
follow  the  policy  of  renting  vacant  houses  without  regard  to  the 
race  of  the  applicant.  An  exception  to  this  procedure,  however,  is 
to  be  found  m the  South,  where  the  living  quarters  of  negroes  are 
usually  separate  from  those  of  the  native  white  and  other  employees. 

LIVING  ARRANGEMENTS. 

As  regards  the  domestic  arrangements  of  the  immigrant  households, 
it  is  characteristic  of  all  localities  that  family  life  in  an  independent 
form  scarcely  exists,  and  the  distinguishing  mode  of  living  is  that 
Df  the  group.  The  family  life,  which  more  largely  prevails  among 
the  native-born  and  races  of  older  immigration,  needs  no  detailed 
iiscussion.  The  boarding  group  method  of  living,  which  is  usual 
imong  races  of  recent  immigration,  may  be  divided  into  two  general 
systems.  The  first  is  the  ordinary  American  plan  by  which  the 
Doarder  pays  a fixed  amount  each  week  or  month  for  food,  lodging, 
md  washing.  This  system  is  not  followed  to  any  considerable 
extent  by  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  The  second 
fian,  however,  which  is  the  one  generally  adopted  by  these  races,  is 

“See  general  description  of  company  houses  in  each  locality,  pp.  94,  95. 


105 


106 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


termed  the  ^‘boarding  boss’’  system,  and  under  its  provisions  each 
lodger  pays  a fixed  sum  per  month,  usually  between  $2  and  $3,  tor 
lodging,  cooking,  and  washing,  the  individual  members  of  the  group 
sharing  equally  the  cost  of  food.  There  are  many  variations  of 
this  plan,  but  it  constitutes  the  basis  for  the  piwaihng  system. 
The  boarding  boss  is  usually  a married  employee,  wiiose  wife  does 
the  cooking,  washing,  and  other  household  work. 


KENT  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 


As  regards  rent  as  an  item  of  cost  of  living,  the  series  of  Ubles 
next  presented  will  be  found  to  be  of  value,  but  the  figures  are  chiefly 
of  sivnificanoe  as  an  indication  of  the  standard  of  living  maintained  by 
households  of  bituminous  mining  communities.  If  no  boarders  or 
lodf'ers  were  kept,  the  rent  paid  per  apartment  would  be  indicative, 
in  a general  way,  of  the  standard  of  living ; but  inasmuch  as  inany  races 
follow  the  custom  of  renting  larger  houses  than  are  needed  for  their 
immediate  family  for  the  purpose  of  adding  to  the  family  income  by 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  it  is  believed  that  the  rent  per  person 
is  the  only  fair  basis  of  comparison  of  standard  of  living. 

The  fairest  comparison  possible  would  be  the  rent  paid  per  adult, 
a presentation  which  is  highly  desirable;  but  such  a plan  would 
involve  an  arbitrary  fixing  of  age  limits  and  a large  amount  of  work 
in  tabulating,  and  it  has,  therefore,  not  been  followed  in  this  report. 
A table  showing  the  average  monthly  rent  per  apartment,  per  room, 
and  per  person,  for  the  1,848  households  studied,  by  race,  is  next 
presented. 

Table  Average  rent  per  month,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  oj  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.) 


Number  of 
households 

Average  rent  per— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Apartment. 

Room. 

Person. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

61 

$8.43 

$2. 10 

$1.95 

21 

5. 17 

1.60 

1.  ic 



Foreign-born: 

115 

7.21 

1.79 

.91 

1 AC 

V*.  n P’1  i ‘sTi  - 

21 

7.60 

1.77 

1.78 
1.93 

1.79 
1.67 
1.91 
1.87 
1.63 
1.72 
1.31 
1.67 

1.80 

1. 41 
1 

35 

7. 10 

1.  ^ 

17 

6. 59 

1. 4< 

1 (\i 

215 

6.42 

i.\jc 

It3iliB>n  South- 

157 

6. 25 

• 

1 1^ 

LithuOfiiiciri  * 

134 

6.90 

1.  It 
1 u 

225 

6.96 

1.  It 
O' 

36 

4. 58 

• 

O’ 

269 

6.27 

• 

1 Q 

10 

6. 70 

X.  0 

Qt 

40 

5. 30 

. 

1 n 

38 

7.01 

i.u 

O’ 

390 

6. 10 

1. 65 
1.68 
1.73 

. y 

1 Oi 

SlovGTiitin  

10 

6.20 

1.  / 
1 

Welsh 

15 

7. 73 

1*0 

Grand  total 

1,848 

6.54 

1.77 

1.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14 

8.84 

1.96 

1.6 

1.7 

1 0 

'Prvfol  r»c»f 

96 

7.78 

1.99 

fnrpi(TTi-.Virtrn  

1,752 

6. 48 

1.75 

l.U 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


107 


The  highest  rent  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  person  is  paid 
by  the  white  households  native-born  of  native  father,  the  averages 
being  $8.43  per  apartment,  $2.10  per  room,  and  $1.95  per  person. 
The  Welsh  pay  the  second  highest  average  rent  per  apartment  and 
per  person,  although  eight  other  foreign  races  pay  a higher  average 
rent  per  room.  The  Irish  pay  the  second  highest  average  rent  per 
room.  The  Mexicans  pay  the  lowest  average  rent  per  apartment, 
$4.58.  The  employees  of  this  race  are  found  in  the  mines  of  the 
Southwest  and  occupy  the  least  desirable,  the  most  dilapidated,  and 
consequently  the  cheapest,  houses  in  the  mining  communities.  The 
Roumanians  pay  the  lowest  average  rent  per  room,  $1.31.  The 
Russians  pay  the  lowest  average  rent  per  person,  $0.85,  and  the  third 
lowest  average  per  apartment,  $5.30. 

The  average  rent  per  person  paid  by  some  of  the  foreign  races, 
compared  with  the  average  paid  by  whites  native-born  of  native 
father,  shows  that  the  Russians  pay  56.4  per  cent  less  than  the  native- 
born  whites,  the  South  Italians  52.8  per  cent  less,  the  Croatians  50.8 
per  cent  less,  and  the  Mexicans,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  50.3  per  cent  less. 
The  Welsh  most  nearly  approach  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father,  but  at  the  same  time  pay  19.5  per  cent  less;  the  English  pay 
23.6  per  cent  less,  and  the  Irish  24.6  per  cent  less. 

The  table  showing,  by  geographical  divisions,  the  average  rent  per 
apartment  is  next  presented. 


Table  66. — Average  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities. 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.a 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

$9.  43 

$9.  81 

$7. 10 

$8.43 

7.60 
7. 10 

Foreign-born: 

English 

9. 45 

$5.91 

German 

9.  07 

5.  79 

Italian,  North 

5. 97 

6.  88 

5.  80 

5.  65 
5. 17 

6.  42 
6.  25 

Italian,  South 

6. 23 

6.  68 

6. 10 

Lithuanian 

7. 16 

7. 10 

6.  21 

5.  97 

6. 90 

Magyar 

6.  70 

7. 67 

(«>) 

5.  05 

6.  96 

Polish 

(^) 

6.49 

6. 02 

6.  27 

Slovak 

6.  08 

6.  93 

(t) 

6. 10 

Grand  total 

7. 13 

6.  05 

6.  46 

5.  54 

6.  54 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

8.  84 

Total  native-born 

9.  43 

9.  81 

6.  29 
5.  33 

7.  78 

Total  foreign-born 

6.  63 

0.  60 

0.  46 

6.  48 

“This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 
i>Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  the  white  households,  native- 
born  of  native  father,  in  each  geographical  division  in  which  they 
are  represented,  pay  the  highest  average  rent  per  apartment.  In 
the  South  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  are  not  repre- 
sented, and  the  highest  .average  is  paid  by  the  Magyars.  In  the 
Middle  West  the  second  rank  is  taken  by  the  Lithuanians,  in  Penn- 


108 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


sylvania  by  the  English,  in  the  South  by  the  Slovaks,  and  in  the 
Southwest  by  the  Lithuanians.  The  lowest  average  in  the  Middle  j 
West  is  paid  by  the  North  Italians,  in  Pennsylvania  by  the  Slovaks,  I 
in  the  South  by  the  Germans,  and  in  the  Southwest  by  the  Poles,  i 
The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  average  rent  per  room  paid  in  ! 
each  geographical  division. 

Table  67. — Average  rent  per  month  per  room,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  of  households.)  I 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  | 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.]  i 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.a 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

S2. 24 

$2.  21 

2. 15 
2.  02 
1.77 
1.64 
1.92 
1.81 
1.6G 
1.64 

$1.94 

$2. 10 

1.77 
1.  78 
1.79 
1.  67 
1.  91 
1.87 
1.  72 
1.65 

Foreign-born: 

Fnglish 

$1.41 
1.58 
1.58 
1.62 
1.43 
2.  02 
1.83 
1.89 

German 

Italian,  North  

1.95 
1.  95 
2. 14 

1.95 
1.  77 
1.84 
(«>) 
1.88 
(b) 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magvar 

Polish 

(«>) 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

2.  09 

1.73 

1.  75 

1.80 

1.77 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

1.96 

1.99 

1.75 

Total  native-born 

2.  24 
2.05 

2.21 

1.72 

1.81 

1.80 

Total  foreign-born 

1.75 

o This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  households  whose  heads  are  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  pay  the  highest  average  rent  per  room  in  the  Middle  West  / 
and  in  Pennsylvania.  In  the  South  this  race  is  not  represented,  and  j 
the  highest  rent  is  paid  by  the  Magyars.  The  North  Italians  in  the  j 
Southwest  pay  a slightly  higher  average  than  do  the  native  whites.  I 
Second  rank  in  average  rent  per  room  is  taken  by  the  Lithuanians 
in  the  Middle  West,  by  the  English  in  Pennsylvania,  by  the  Slovaks 
in  the  South,  and  by  the  native  whites  of  native  father  in  the  South- 
west. The  lowest  average  in  the  Middle  West  is  paid  by  the  North 
and  South  Italians,  in  Pennsylvania  by  the  Slovaks,  in  the  South  by 
the  English,  and  in  the  Southw^est  by  the  South  Italians.  The  average 
for  all  families  studied  is  $2.09  per  room  in  the  Middle  West,  $1.80 
in  the  Southwest,  $1.75  in  the  South,  and  $1.73  in  Pennsylvania. 

For  reasons  already  set  forth,  rent  payments  per  apartment  and 
per  room  are  not  so  satisfactory  as  rents  per  person  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  comparative  living  conditions  and  standards  of  living. 

It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  rent  per  person  is  an  entirely  satis-  i 
factory  basis  of  comparison,  the  only  disturbing  factor  being  the 
varying  proportions  of  women  and  children  among  different  races.  | 
Consequently  the  best  indication  as  to  standard  of  living  afforded 
by  rent  payments  is  to  be  found  in  the  table  following,  which  shows 
the  average  rent  per  person  in  each  geographical  division. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


109 


Table  68. — Average  rent  per  month  per  person,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.a 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

English 

S2.  81 

U.  92 

1.82 

1.44 

1.00 

.78 

1.09 

1.07 

.93 

.97 

$1. 18 
1.  11 

1. 18 
.97 
.93 

1. 14 
1.01 
1.01 

$1.65 

$1.95 

1.49 
1.26 
1.08 
.92 
1. 16 
1.  10 
.97 
.97 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

1.90 

1.53 

1.44 

1.17 
1. 13 
1.22 

1. 19 
(b) 

Magvar 

Polish 

(^) 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

1.  74 

1.00 

1.05 

1.21 

1.06 

1.63 

1.73 

1.03 

Total  native-born 

2.81 

1.56 

1.92 

.99 

1.45 

1. 15 

Total  foreign-born 

1.05 

oThis  total.includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated tmless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

& Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


It  is  at  once  evident  from  the  foregoing  table  that  the  households 
whose  heads  are  native-born  white  of  native  father  pay  the  highest 
average  rent  per  person  in  each  of  the  three  geographical  divisions 
in  which  they  are  represented.  In  the  South,  where  no  households  of 
that  group  are  included,  the  English  and  North  Italians  average 
highest,  the  showing  being  the  same  for  those  two  races,  but  very 
much  smaller  than  the  average  of  the  native  whites  in  the  other 
localities  In  the  Middle  West  the  North  Italians  rank  second,  in 
Pennsylvania  the  English,  in  the  South  the  Magyars^  and  in  the 
Southwest  the  Lithuanians.  The  Lithuanians  rank  lowest  in  aver- 
age rent  per  person  in  the  Middle  West,  the  South  Italians  in  Penn- 
sylvania,  the  Lithuanians  in  the  South,  and  the  South  Italians  in 
the  Southwest. 

^ The  average  rent  per  person  may  be  compared  for  some  of  the  for- 
eign races  with  the  average  of  households  whose  heads  are  whites 
native-born  of  native  father  in  the  Middle  West,  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  in  the  Southwest.  Taking  as  a standard  households  whose  heads 
are  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  it  appears  that  in  the  Middle 
West  the  Lithuanians  are  48.8  per  cent  less  than  the  standard  in  the 
rate  of  rent  they  pay,  the  South  Italians  45.6  per  cent  less,  and  the 
North  Italians  32.4  per  cent  less.  In  Pennsylvania  the  South  Italians 
are  59.4  per  cent  less,  the  Poles  51.6  per  cent  less,  the  Slovaks  49.5 
per  cent  less,  the  North  Italians  47.9  per  cent  less,  the  Magyars 
44.3  per  cent  less,  the  Lithuanians  43.2  per  cent  less,  the  Germans 
25  per  cent  less,  and  the  English  5.2  per  cent  less,  than  the  house- 
holds native-born  of  native  father.  In  the  Southwest  the  South 
Italians  are  31.5  per  cent  less,  the  North  Italians  29.1  per  cent  less, 
the  Poles  27.9  per  cent  less,  and  the  Lithuanians  26.1  per  cent  less. 

Three  races  only  can  be  compared  in  all  three  geographical  divisions 
with  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father.  They  are  the  North 


110 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Italians,  South  Italians,  and  Lithuanians.  The  average  rent  per  per- 
son reported  by  each  of  these  three  races,  compared  with  the  average 
rent  per  person  reported  by  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father, 
shows  that  the  North  Italians  are  32.4  per  cent  less  in  the  Middle 
West,  47.9  per  cent  less  in  Pennsylvania,  and  29.1  per  cent  less  in  the 
Southwest;  the  vSouth  Italians  are  45.6  per  cent  less  in  the  Middle 
West,  59.4  per  cent  less  in  Pennsylvania,  and  31.5  per  cent  less  in  the 
Southwest;  and  the  Lithuanians  are  48.8  per  cent  less  in  the  Middle 
West,  43.2  per  cent  less  in  Pennsylvania,  and  26.1  per  cent  less  in  the 
Southwest. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each 
specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Table  69. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 
of  house- 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

holds 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Under  $5. 

Under 

$7.50. 

Under 

$10. 

Under 

$12.50. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

61 

.<?8. 43 

4.9 

42.6 

70.5 

88.5 

N egro  

21 

5.17 

42.9 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

115 

7.21 

2.6 

75.7 

82.6 

98.3 

English  

21 

7.60 

4.8 

52.4 

66.7 

100.0 

German  

35 

7.10 

14.3 

65.7 

77.1 

94.3 

Italian  North  

215 

6.  42 

13.0 

76.7 

95.3 

98.6 

Italian  South  

157 

6.25 

20.4 

73.9 

93.6 

100.0 

Lithuanian  

134 

6. 90 

10.4 

63.4 

91.8 

100.0 

Magyar  

225 

• 6.96 

9.3 

69.8 

88.9 

96.4 

Mexican 

36 

4.58 

75.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Polish  

269 

6.27 

14.9 

79.6 

97.8 

98.5 

Russian  

40 

5. 30 

32.5 

95.0 

97.5 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

38 

7.01 

2.6 

60.5 

89.5 

100.0 

Slovak 

390 

6. 10 

13.8 

86.9 

99.2 

100.0 

Grand  total  

1,848 

6.54 

14.0 

75.7 

92.5 

98.3 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14 

8.84 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Total  native-born  

96 

7. 78 

13.5 

53.1 

74.0 

92.7 

Total  foreign-born 

1,752 

6.48 

14.0 

76.9 

93.6 

98.6 

* 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  households  whose  heads  were  foreign-born,  the  Mexicans, 
with  75  per  cent,  present  the  largest  proportion  paying  less  than  $5 
per  month  for  their  apartments.  The  Russians  rank  second,  with 
32.5  per  cent.  The  Ruthenian,  Croatian,  and  Endish  households 
have  the  smallest  per  cents  in  this  column.  Of  the  households  pay- 
ing under  $7.50,  the  Mexican  still  hold  the  lead,  every  household 
coming  under  this  rate.  The  Russian  follow  with  95  per  cent.  The 
Slovak,  Polish,  North  Italian,  Croatian,  South  Italian,  Magyar,  Ger- 
man, Lithuanian,  Ruthenian,  and  English  households,  follow  in  the 
order  named.  Of  the  households  paying  under  $10,  the  Mexicans 
are  followed  closely  by  the  Slovaks.  If  any  criterion  as  to  the  rela- 
tive standard  of  living  may  be  taken  from  the  above,  it  is  obvious 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


Ill 


that  the  Mexican  households  have  the  lowest  standard,  while  the 
races  which  belong  to  the  old  immigration  from  Great  Britain  and 
northern  Europe  have  the  highest. 

The  next  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each 
specified  monthly  rent  per  room.  The  percentages  are  cumulative, 
or,  in  other  words,  the  number  under  each  rate  includes  the  numbers 
under  all  lower  rates. 

Table  70. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 
of  house- 

Average 

rent 

per 

room. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

holds 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Under  $1. 

Under  $2. 

Under  $3. 

Under  .$4. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

61 

$2.10 

0.0 

36.1 

93.4 

96.7 

Negro 

21 

1.60 

.0 

57.1 

100.0 

100.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

115 

1.79 

.0 

69.6 

94.8 

100.0 

English 

21 

1.77 

.0 

71.4 

71.4 

90.5 

97.1 

100.0 

100.0 

German 

35 

1.  78 

2.7 

Italian,  North 

215 

1.79 

.0 

55.3 

95.8 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

157 

1.  67 

1.3 

66. 9 

98.1 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

134 

1.91 

.0 

42.5 

95.5 

98.5 

Magyar 

225 

1.87 

.0 

56.  4 

95. 1 

100.0 

Mexican 

36 

V 1.63 

.0 

72.2 

100.0 

100.0 

Polish 

269 

1.72 

■.4 

75. 1 

98.5 

100.0 

Russian 

40 

1.67 

.0 

82.5 

100.0 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

38 

1.80 

.0 

63.  2 

100.0 

100.0 

Slovak 

390 

1.65 

.3 

79.7 

97.9 

99.2 

Grand  total 

1,848 

1.77 

.3 

65.2 

96.8 

99.6 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14 

1.96 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

39.6 

66.6 

(a) 

95.8 

96.8 

(a) 

97.9 

99.7 

Total  native-born 

96 

1. 99 
1.  75 

Total  foreign-born 

1,752 

.3 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


This  table  shows  that  36.1  per  cent  of  the  white  households  native- 
born  of  native  father,  pay  under  $2  per  month  per  room,  93.4  per 
cent  pay  under  $3,  and  96.7  per  cent  pay  under  $4.  The  Kussians 
have  the  highest  percentage  among  those  who  pay  under  $2,  their 
figure  being  82.5;  the  Slovaks  are  second,  with  79.7,  and  the  Poles 
third,  with  75.1.  The  lowest  among  the  foreign-born  is  42.5  for  the 
Lithuanians,  and  the  next  is  55.3  for  the  North  Italians.  Only  four 
races  report  households  paying  less  than  $1  per  room,  and  only 
three  races  report  households  paying  as  much  as  $4.  The  Slovaks 
appear  in  both  these  groups. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  pay- 
ing each  specified  monthly  rent  per  person.  The  percentages  are 
cumulative. 


112 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


^ABLE  71  —Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  hy 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

of 

house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
report- 
ing 

amount. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Average 

rent 

per 

person. 

Under 

SI. 

Under 

$2. 

Under 

S3. 

Under 

S4. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

61 

SI.  95 

4.9 

45.9 

72.1 

85.7 

86.9 
^ 95.2 

21 

1. 18 

42.9 

76.2 



Foreign-born: 

Cro3<tiRn 

115 

.96 

45.2 

79.1 

93.9 

90.5 

98.3 

100.0 

100.0 

English 

21 

1.  49 

9.5 

71.4 

German 

35 

1.26 

25.7 

74.  3 

88. 6 
93.5 
98.1 

ItB-liRH  North 

215 

1.08 

35.3 

80.  5 

97.  7 

TIoHqti  Snnt.h  

157 

.92 

48.4 

87.3 

99.  4 
99.3 

Lithii3<nisn  * 

134 

1. 16 

27.6 

88.8 

96.3 

93.8 



225 

1.10 

35.6 

81.  8 

99. 1 

M6xic^^^  - 

36 

.97 

55.6 

83.  3 

1(X).  0 
98.5 
95.0 
100.0 
96.9 

1(X).  0 

Polish 

269 

.97 

46. 1 

89.  6 
90.0 

100.  0 

Russian 

40 

.85 

52.5 

100. 0 

RuthonifiTi  

38 

1.05 

39.5 

89.  5 

100. 0 

Slovak 

390 

.97 

44.4 

90.  8 

99.  7 

Grand  total 

1,848 

1.  06 

38.6 

83.5 

94.7 

98.6 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

14 

1.63 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

89.6 

99.1 

npnfQl  vp-hnrn  

96 

1.73 

13.5 

54.2 

78.1 

95.6 

T'a+q1  fArpicrn-hOTTi 

1,752 

1.03 

40.0 

85.1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  61  white  households  in  the  foregoing  table  the  heads  of 
which  are  of  native  birth,  4.9  per  cent  pay  under  $1  per  person,  45.9 
per  cent  under  $2,  72.1  per  cent  under  $3,  and  86.9  per  cent  unto  $4. 
The  Kussians  and  Mexicans  show  a very  low  rent  per  person.  01  the 
Russians,  52.5  per  cent  pay  under  SI,  90  per  cent  pay  under  S2, 
95  per  cent  pay  under  $3,  and  all  households  pay  under  $4. 

The  highest  per  cent  paying  under  $1  per  person  is  55.6  lor  the 
Mexicans,  the  second  52.5  for  the  Russians,  and  the  third  48.4  lor  the 
South  Italians.  Of  the  foreign-born  races,  the  English  have  the 
lowest,  9.5  per  cent,  and  the  Germans  the  next,  25.7  per  cent. 

BOAKDERS  AND  LODGERS. 

The  presence  of  boarders  and  lodgers  in  a household  has  a direct 
bearing  on  housing  and  living  conditions.  They  affect  not  only  con- 
gestion within  the  household,  but  also  the  family  income  and,  m a 
greater  or  less  degree,  the  family  life.  , . , i i j 

Data  relative  to  the  number  of  households  which  keep  boarders 
or  lodgers,  and  the  average  number  per  household,  are  presented  in 
the  series  of  tables  which  immediately  follows.  The  first  table  in  the 
series  shows  for  the  entire  industry  the  number  and  per  cent  ot  house- 
holds which  keep  boarders  or  lodgers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


113 


Table  72. — Number  and  per  cent  o f households  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not 
the  entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number  of 

Households  keeping 
Iwarders  or  lodgers. 

households. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

1 no 

2.8 

Negro 

XUo 

07 

3 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 

1 1 

3. 7 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

60.6 

14.8 

f /l\ 

Irish 

J.1 

1 c: 

3 

Foreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

lo 

1 n 

1 

o 

Croatian 

iO 

1 QO 

English 

ioZ 

07 

80 

A 

French 

11 

4 

German 

ry 

Irish 

Oi 

i 

o 

13. 7 

Italian,  North 

ou 

O 

1 1 O 

6. 0 

Italian,  South 

olD 

onn 

lly 

1 no 

37. 7 

Lithuanian 

zuu 

1 70 

lUo 

OQ 

51. 5 

Magyar 

1 /y 

0/41 

yo 

100 

54. 7 

Mexican 

AO 

izy 

n 

53. 5 

Polish 

QQ/I 

y 

1 1 A 

21.  4 

Roumanian 

1 n 

1/4 

52. 1 

(a) 

Russian 

lU 

AO 

4 

OA 

Ruthenian 

z4 

07 

57. 1 

Scotch 

1 1 

z/ 

Q 

62. 8 
(a) 

Slovak 

li 

4^4 

O 

1 7CC 

Slovenian 

19 

i/0 

tr 

38. 5 

(a) 

Welsh 

0 

1 

oy 

1 

2. 6 

Grand  total 

9 ‘?71 

07CC 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

y /o 

41. 1 

26 

A 

Total  native-liorn 

Q 

lo.  4 

Total  foreign-born 

lOi 

9 9in 

O 

OA7 

5. 0 

Z;  ZIU 

yb/ 

43. 8 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  2,371  households  studied,  975,  or  41.1  per  cent,  have  boarders 
1 races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting,  the 

Welsh  have  the  lowest  per  cent  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers.  The 
households  whose  heads  are  whites  native-born  of  native  father 
rank  next,  and  the  native-born  negroes  third.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Ruthenians  have  the  highest  per  cent  which  keep  boarders  or 
lodgers,  and  the  Croatians  the  next  to  the  highest. 

The  proportions  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  of  the  households  of 
the  various  races  for  which  percentages  have  been  computed,  rank  as 
follows : 


Buthenian . . . 

Croatian 

Russian 

Lithuanian . . 

Magyar 

Polish 

South  Italian 

Slovak 

North  Italian 

Mexican 

English 


Per  cent. 
..  62.8 
..  60.6 
..  57.1 
..  54.7 
..  53.5 
52.1 
..  51.5 
38.5 
..  37.7 
..  21.4 
14.8 


114 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Per  cent. 

German 0 0^ 

Irish 3!  7 

American  negro 2.  8 

American  white 2 fi 

Welsh 


From  this  exhibit  it  is  seen  that  the  per  cent  of  households  which 
keep  boarders  or  lodgers  is  low  among  the  English-speaking  races 
and  the  Germans,  and  high  among  the  races  from  southern  and 
eastern  Europe,  the  difference  being  quite  marked  between  the  races 
of  the  old  and  those  of  the  new  immigration.  . 

The  table  next  presented  shows  for  each  of  the  bituminous  coal- 
mining areas  the  per  cent  of  households  which  keep  boarders  or 


lodgers, 


Table  73.- 


-Per  cent  of  households  leering  hoarders  or  lodgers  hy  locality  and  hy  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

rr  ^ voiotinir  tn  Loflrdprs  OF  lodgcFs  covcFs  Only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not 

[Information  relating  to  hoarders  or  loage  lodging.  The  races  included 


rocarmes.  T.e  ..tals,  how- 


are  only  those  with  20 
ever,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Middle  Pennsyl- 
West.  vania. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 
Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


0.0 


.0 

12.0 

20.0 


20.1 

11.1 


.0 

12.8 


72.1 
6.7 

58.3 
71.9 
72.8 

51.3 

55.1 

41.1 


50.5 


0.1 

51.6 


South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.® 

1.9 

2.8 

.0 

60.6 

23.8 

13.7 

44.0 

25.0 

37.7 

59.2 

25.7 

51.5 

(^) 

55.6 

54.7 

64.9 

(^) 

53.5 

66.7 

30.6 

52.1 

71.4 

4.1 

38.5 

59.2 

17.4 

41.1 

: 

15.4 

5. 0 

59.2 

20.5 

43.8 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 
b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  num.ber  involved. 


The  differences  among  the  geographical  divisions,  as  can  be  readily 
seen  from  this  table,  are  almost  as  great  as  the  differences  among 
the  various  races.  Three  races,  the  North  Italian,  South  Italian,  and 
Polish  are  represented  in  each  of  the  four  bituminous  areas.  Of  the 
North  Italian  households,  none  in  the  Middle  West,  58.3  cent  m- 
Pennsvlvania,  44  per  cent  in  the  South,  and  25  per  cent  in  the  South- 
west keep  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian 
households  which  have  boarders  or  lodgers  is  12  in  the  Middle  West, 
71.9  in  Pennsylvania,  59.2  in  the  South,  and  25.7 
The  Poles  show  26.1  per  cent  of  their  households  in  the  Middle  West 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  55.1  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  66.7  per. 
cent  in  the  South,  and  30.6  per  cent  in  the  Southwest. 

The  preceding  tables,  showdng  the  per  cent  of  households  which 
have  boarders  or  lodgers,  should  be  studied  in  connection  with  ^ 


i 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


115 


those  following,  which  give  the  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers 
per  household.  In  one  tabulation  the  average  is  based  on  the  total 
number  of  households  reporting,  and  in  another  it  is  based  on  the 
number  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers. 


Table  74, — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household^  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


Average 

number  of 

boarders 

or  lodgers 

per  household — 

Total 

Number  of 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

households 

Number  of 
])oarders 

household. 

number  of 

keeping 

Based  on 

households. 

boarders 

or  lodgers. 

Based  on 

number  of 

or  lodgers. 

total  num- 

households 

ber  of 

keeping 

households. 

boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

108 

27 

3 

4 

0. 04 

OJ. 

(a) 

(a) 

Negro 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father: 

English 

11 

15 

3 

97 

(a) 

(a) 

Irish 

1 

0 

1 

07 

Foreign-born: 

. U/ 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

132 

27 

2 

4 

,25 

(a) 

5.  60 

(a) 

Croatian 

80 

English 

4 

24 

o.  oy 

French 

11 

. 4:1 

German 

51 

50 

316 

200 

179 

241 

42 

334 

10 

42 

43 
11 

454 

12 

7 

1 ^ 

' 9Q 

(a) 

(a) 

0 {^9 

Irish 

3 

JLO 

o 

. Ay 
OA 

Italian,  North 

119 

103 

98 

0 

419 

398 

282 

. uo 
1.33 

1 oo 

Italian,  South 

o.  0^ 

Lithuanian 

1,  yy 

1.58 

9 10 

3.  86 
2.  88 
3.91 

(a) 

3.31 

(a) 

Magyar 

129 

9 

174 

4 

Mexican 

ouo 

1 c 

Z,  iU 

Polish 

10 

• OO 

1.72 
2. 00 

9 AO 

Roumanian 

Oi  o 
20 

1 1 o 

Russian 

24 

27 

3 

Ruthenian 

110 

A.  oy 

9 07 

4.  71 

Q 90 

Scotch 

OiJ 

A 

A,  Vi 
QA 

o.  oU 
(a) 

Slovak 

175 

5 

• OD 

1 QC 

Slovenian 

19 

i.  OO 

1 ro 

3. 59 

(a) 

Welsh 

39 

1 

1 

1.  OO 

. Uo 

(a) 

Grand  total 

2,371 

975 

1 CIO 

Oj  ooy 

1.  oU 

3. 65 

rotal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

26 

4 

A 

1 1; 

(^) 

(a) 

Fotal  native-born 

161 

2,210 

Q 

‘i 

Q 

• lo 

OA 

Fotal  foreign-born 

o 

967 

y 

. Uo 

1 A1 

o,  OOu 

1.  Ol 

1 

3.  67 

« Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


^1^®  column  in  the  table  above  which  presents  the  average  number 
)f  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household  based  on  the  total  number  of 
louseholds,  indicates  the  differences  in  practice  among  the  races 
'egarding  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  last  column  shows  the  degree 
)i  congestion  within  the  households. 

The  column  containing  the  averages  based  on  the  total  number  of 
louseholds  shows  for  the  Croatians  an  average  of  3.39  boarders  or 
odgers  for  each  household  studied,  for  the  Russians  an  average  of 
169,  for  the  Magyars  2.10,  for  the  Ruthenians  2.07,  and  for  the 
Roumanians  2 boarders  or  lodgers.  The  108  households  whose  heads 
ire  whites  native-born  of  native  father  have  only  4 boarders  or 
odgers,  or  an  average  of  but  0.04  per  household. 


116 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  last  column  of  the  table,  which  indicates  the  degree  of  crowding 
within  the  household,  shows  that  the  Croatians  have  an  average  of 
5.60  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  Russians  4.71,  the  Magyars  3.91,  and 
the  South  Italians  3.86. 

The  same  contrast  between  the  native-born  and  the  older  immi- 
grant races  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  recent  immigrant  races  on  the 
other,  is  shown  by  this  table  as  by  the  previous  tables  relating  to 
boarders  or  lodgers. 

The  table  next  submitted  exhibits  for  each  of  the  bituminous  coal- 
mining areas  studied,  the  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per 
household,  based  on  the  total  number  of  households  studied. 

Table  75. — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers,  based  on  total  number  of  households, 
by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  tirneof  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.  The  races  included  are  only 
those  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  totals,  however,  are 
for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bitu- 
minous 
coal 

mining.o 

Native  liorn  of  nfitivo  Whitp 

0.00 

0. 06 

0.04 

0.04 

Foreign-born: 

r^rrkof i<^r»  . 

4.04 

.00 

3.39 

.00 

1.00 

.41 



(jrOnilBD  

.10 

.57 

.29 

Irish  

.10 

.05 

.06 

Italian,  North 

.00 

2. 03 

1.28 

.98 

1.33 

Italian,  South 

.20 

2.98 

2. 41 

. 54 

1.99 

Lithuanian - - 

.44 

2.  43 

1.92 

1.11 

1. 58 

Mnfiynr  

2.  06 

2.54 

.27 

2. 10 

Polish 

. 05 

2. 03 

2.  00 

.53 

1.72 

Slovak 

1.49 

2.43 

.06 

1.38 

Grand  total 

.25 

1.98 

2.06 

.42 

1.50 

Totsl  n3,tivG“borii  of  foroign  ftithor  

1 

■ ■“ 

______ 

Ts 

Tot^il  

1 .06 

.04 

.06 

Total  foreign-born 

.28 

1 2. 03 

2.06 

.50 

1.61 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


It  would  seem  from  the  table  above  that  the  number  of  boarders  or 
lodgers  per  household  is  as  much  a matter  of  locality  as  of  race.  For 
all  households  the  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  house- 
hold is:  Middle  West  0.25,  Southwest  0.42,  Pennsylvania  1.98,  and 
South  2.06;  or,  in  other  words,  in  the  Middle  West  the  number  of 
boarders  or  lodgers  is  at  the  rate  of  25  to  every  100  households,  in  the 
Southwest  42  to  every  100  households,  in  Pennsylvania  198  to  every 
100  households,  and  in  the  South  206  to  every  100  households.  Four 
races — North  Italians,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and  Poles — are 
represented  in  each  of  the  four  geographical  divisions.  For  each  of 
these  races  it  will  be  seen  that  the  average  number  of  boarders  or 
lodgers  is  highest  in  Pennsylvania;  for  the  North  Italians,  South 
Italians,  and  Lithuanians  the  lowest  average  is  in  the  Middle  West; 
for  the  Poles  the  lowest  average  is  in  the  South.  The  Magyars  and 
Slovaks  are  represented  in  all  geographical  divisions  except  the  Middle 
West.  Each  of  these  races  has  the  highest  average  number  of 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


117 


boarders  or  lodgers  per  household  in  the  South  and  the  lowest  average 
in  the  Southwest.  The  highest  average  for  any  race  in  any  locality 
is  reported  by  the  Croatians  in  Pennsylvania,  who  average  4.04 
boarders  or  lodgers  per  household.  It  is  apparent  that  no  races 
have  an  average  number  per  household  of  2 or  more,  except  in 
Pennsylvania  and  the  South,  and  that  in  these  two  localities  the 
average  is  2 or  more  in  the  households  of  immigrants  from  the  south 
and  east  of  Europe  only. 

The  table  which  immediately  follows  supplements  the  one  preced- 
ing by  showing  for  each  mining  area  the  average  number  of  boarders 
or  lodgers  per  household,  based  on  the  number  of  households  keepino- 
boarders  or  lodgers.  ^ 

Table  IQ.— Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers,  based  on  number  of  households  heeving 
boarders  or  lodgers,  bij  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.  The  races  included  are  onlv 
those  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  totals,  however  are 
lor  3/11  r3C6S.J 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 

mining.® 

Foreign-bom: 

Italian,  North 

3. 49 

9 Q1 

O QO 

Italian,  South 

(b) 

2.20 

A r\7 

O* 

(b) 

o on 

3. 52 
3. 86 

Lithuanian 

lO 

3,  34 
4. 01 

U/ 

Magyar 

Q9 

UU 

2.  88 

Polish 

(^) 

3 0g 

o.  uAi 

nn 

1 70 

3.  91 

Slovak 

3 03 

o.  UU 

1.  40 

/'h\ 

3.  31 

0. 

3.  59 

Grand  total 

2.  21 

3 92 

O A1 

3.  65 

o. 

Ji.  41 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

(h\ 

Total  native-born 

(&) 

3.  92 

(^) 

Total  foreign-bom 

2.  21 

Q 4Q 

3.  67 

1 

0.  'ly 

2.  43 

localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
^ Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  foregoing  table  shows  that  the  average  number  of  boarders  or 
lodgers  per  household  is  much  higher  for  practically  all  the  races  in 
Pennsylvania  than  in  any  other  division.  The  South  Italian  households 
have  an  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  of  4.15  in  Pennsyl- 
v^ania  and  4.07  in  the  South.  The  Magyar  households  have  an  aver- 
age of  4.01  in  Pennsylvania  and  3.92  in  the  South.  The  North 
Italian  households  have  an  average  of  3.92  in  the  Southwest,  3.49 
in  Pennsylvania,  2.91  in  the  South,  and  none  in  the  Middle  West. 


SIZE  OF  APARTMENTS  OCCUPIED. 

The  series  of  tables  next  presented  gives  data  relative  to  the  num- 
oer  of  rooms  in  the  apartments  occupied. 

The  first  of  the  tables  shows  for  each  race  the  per  cent  of  households 
iccupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

48296° — VOL  6 — 11 9 


118 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  77  —Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of 

rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  househotd.  j 

(study  of  households.) 

fTWs  tables  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals  however,  are  (or  aU  | 

r8tC6S.J 


General  nativity  and 

Total 

number 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 

Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms. 

hold. 

of  house- 
holds. 

3er  apart- 
ment. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6.  ’ 

7 or  more. 

Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

108 

4.41 

0.0 

7.4 

21.3 

36.1 

22.2 

• 14.8 
7.4 

10.2 

A 

10.2 

n 

N egro  

27 

3. 26 

.0 

11.1 

59. 3 

• U 

• u 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

132 

3.99 

.0 

4.5 

14.4 

61.4 

40.7 

17.4 

29.6 

7.8 

22.0 

9.5 

12.0 

6.1 

10.0 

.0 

8.4 

2.4 

14.0 

7.5 

23.1 

2.3 

11.1 

17.6 

14.0 

K 1 

.0 

Q 7 

English  

27 

4.88 

.0 

.0 

14.8 

O.  1 

Q Q 

German 

51 

4.31 

.0 

2.0 

19.6 

49. 0 

o.  y 

A n 

Irish 

50 

4.  32 

.0 

4.0 

30.0 

24.0 
42.4 

39.0 

39.1 

D.  U 

Q 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian  - . - 

316 

200 

179 

3.  68 
3.74 
3.63 

.9 

2.5 

2.2 

11.1 

10.0 

7.8 

30. 1 
29.0 
36.9 

0.  1 
6.0 
7.8 
3.7 

A 

• y 
1.5 
.0 

A 

Magyar 

241 

3.73 

.4 

6.2 

31.5 

47.7 

16.7 

• 4 

n 

Mexican  . . 

42 

2.86 

.0 

31.0 

52.  4 

• U 

3.9 

.0 

7.0 

3.3 

. u 
.3 

A 

Polish  

334 

3.60 

.9 

10.8 

32.3 

43.4 

Russian 

42 

3.21 

2.4 

26.2 

21.4 

47.  6 

• U 

.0 

.7 

7 7 

Ruthenian 

43 

3.  91 

.0 

4.7 

27.9 

46.  5 

Slovak 

454 

3. 66 

.0 

14.5 

22.9 

51. 1 

Welsh 

39 

4.  54 

.0 

2.6 

25.  6 

30.  8 

10.  3 

i.  t 

Grand  total 

2,  371 

3.  77 

.7 

10.2 

28.1 

43.7 

10.3 

5.5 

1.5 

Total  native-born  of 
forpipn  

26 

4.73 

.0 

.0 

19.2 

26.9 

34.6 

7.7 

8.1 

5.3 

11.5 

Q 7 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

161 

2,210 

4.  27 
3.  73 

.0 

.8 

6.8 

10.4 

27.3 

28.1 

32.3 

44.5 

16.8 

9.9 

O.  7 
1.0 

The  table  shows  that  among  the  employees  in  bituminous  coal 
mining  4 rooms  is  the  usual  size  of  apartment.  Of  the  2,371  house- 
holds  studied,  43.7  per  cent  occupy  4-room  apartnients.  ihe  size 
ranking  second  is  3 rooms,  28.1  per  cent  of  the  households  occupying 
apartments  of  that  size.  The  4-room  apartment  is  more  common 
than  any  other  one  type  for  each  race  except  the  native-born  negroes, 
the  Irish,  and  the  Mexicans.  Of  the  negro  households,  59.3  per  cent 
occupy  3-room  apartments  and  22.2  per  cent  4-room  apartments,  ot 
the  Irish,  30  per  cent  occupy  3-room  apartments,  24  per  cent  4-room 
apartments,  and  22  per  cent  5-room  apartments;  of  the  Mexicans, 
31  per  cent  occupy  2-room  apartments,  52.4  per  cent  3-room  apart- 
ments, and  16.7  per  cent  4-room  apartments.  i i i 

The  Slovak  race  is  represented  by  the  largest  number  ol  households, 
14.5  per  cent  of  which  occupy  2-room  apartments,  22.9  per  cent  3- 
room  apartments,  51.1  per  cent  4-room  apartments,  7.5  per  cent 
5-room  apartments,  3.3  per  cent  6-room  apartments,  and  0.7  per  cent 
apartments  of  7 or  more  rooms.  Of  the  334  Polish  households,  0.9 
per  cent  occupy  1-rooni  apartments,  10.8  per  cent  2-room  apartments, 
32.3  per  cent  3-room  apartments,  43.4  per  cent  4-room  apartments, 
8.4  per  cent  5-room  apartments,  3.9  per  cent  6-room  apartments, 
and  0.3  per  cent  apartments  of  7 rooms  or  over. 

Six  races  report  no  households  in  apartments  of  as  many  as  7 
rooms,  but  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  the  Welsh,  and 
the  Irish  have  relatively  large  proportions  thus  housed.  No  negro 
or  Russian  households  have  more  than  5 rooms,  and  no  Mexican 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


119 


household  has  more  than  4.  The  South  Italians,  Russians,  and  Lithu- 
anians have  higher  per  cents  of  households  with  only  1 room  than 
have  the  other  races  reporting. 

The  table  which  follows  shows  for  each  race  the  per  cent  of  house- 
holds occupying  apartments  of  less  than  4 rooms.  The  exhibit  is  by 
geographical  divisions. 

Table  78. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  less  than  4 rooms,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  bead  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bituminous 

coal 

mining,  a 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

18.2 

9.0 

45.3 

71.4 

28.7 

18.9 
21.6 
AO  1 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

9.0 

3.3 

29.2 
18.8 

38.3 

34.3 
21.7 
30.5 

German 

47.7 
16.0 
42.1 

(«>) 

37.8 

Italian,  North 

25.5 

48.0 

60.0 

77  1 

Italian,  South 

4 1 • 1 

77  9 

At  K 

Lithuanian 

4 i , ^ 

41.  O 
/I  A n 

Magyar 

uO,  O 

4o.  y 

90  1 

Polish 

9i.3 

CQ  A 

OO.  1 

44.0 

Slovak 

uo.  i 

52.4 

OO.  4 
QC  fi 

OO.  0 

37. 4 

Grand  total 

46.8 

26.5 

44  n 

A7  A 

39.0 

D< . D 

Total  native-born  of  foreien  father. . . 

=== 

IQ  9 

Total  native-born 

lU,  £» 

*^4  1 

Total  foreign-bom 

51.0 

27. 1 

A±  n 

o*±.  1 

/U.  O 

39. 3 

* includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 

tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured.  ^ 

t>Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved 


The  foregoing  table  shows  great  differences  among  the  various  coal- 
producing  areas.  Sixty-seven  and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  the  house- 
holds in  the  Southwest,  46.8  per  cent  of  those  in  the  Middle  West,  44 
per  cent  of  those  in  the  South,  and  26.5  per  cent  of  those  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, occupy  apartments  of  less  than  4 rooms.  The  differences  in 
^e  geographical  divisions  are  marked  for  practically  all  of  the  races. 
The  households  whose  heacls  are  whites  native-born  of  native  father, 
are  reported  in  three  divisions;  the  per  cent  occupying  apartments 
M less  than  4 rooms  is  45.3  in  the  Southwest,  18.2  in  the  Middle 
West,  and  9 in  Pennsylvania.  The  Poles  have  a very  high  percentage 
in  each  division  except  Pennsylvania.  The  per  cent  for  this  race  is 
91.3  in  the  Middle  West,  83.4  in  the  Southwest,  68.1  in  the  South 
and  21.7  in  Pennsylvania.  ^ 

The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  average  number  of  rooms  per 
apartment  in  each  of  the  four  geographical  divisions. 


120 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Average  number  of  rooms  per  household^  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 
Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


Middle 

West. 


4. 45 


3.48 

3.44 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


3.69 


4.45 

3.58 


Pennsyl- 

vania. 


5. 27 

4.14 
4. 69 
4.77 
4.90 
3.97 
4.13 

3!  73 
3.95 
3.74 


3.92 


5.27 

3.89 


South. 


Total 

South-  bituminous 


west. 


4. 18 
3.67 


3. 68 
3.78 
4.33 
3.85 
3.29 
3.67 


3.85 

3.19 


3.70 


3.70 


4. 18 
3.09 
3.11 
3.50 
3.20 
2.78 
3.00 


coal 

mining.® 


4.41 

3.98 

4.48 

4.31 

4.32 
3.68 
3.74 
3.63 
3.73 
3.60 
3.66 


3.34 


3.65 

3.27 


3.77 

4. 73 
4.27 

3.73 


a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities, 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


because  within  a locality  no  race  was 


If  the  total  number  of  households  shown  by  the  above  table  be 
considered,  the  average  number  of  rooms  per  apartment  is  lowest  in 
the  Southwest,  second  in  the  Middle  West,  third  in  the  South,  and 
highest  in  Pennsylvania.  In  the  three  localities  where  the  native- 
born  and  foreign-born  are  represented,  the  average  for  the  native- 
born  is  higher  than  the  average  for  the  foreign-born.  The  figures  are : 
In  the  Middle  West,  native-born  4.45  rooms  and  foreign-born  3.58; 
in  Pennsylvania,  native-born  5.27  and  foreign-born  3.89;  and  in  the 
Southwest,  native-born  3.65  and  foreign-born  3.27.  x t 

The  variations  by  race  within  localities  are  of  interest.  J^he 
Southwest  the  Irish  report  4.18  rooms  per  apartment  the  highest 
average  for  the  locality.  They  are  followed  by  the  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father,  with  3.85  rooms,  and  by  the  Lithuanians,  with 
3.50  rooms.  The  Poles  report  an  average  of  2.78  rooms,  the  lowest 
in  the  locality.  In  Pennsylvania,  where  the  average  number  of  rooms 
per  apartment  is  highest,  the  households  whose  heads  are  whites 
native-born  of  native  father  have  the  largest  apartments,  the  average 
number  of  rooms  being  5.27.  The  Irish,  with  an  average  ol  4.90, 
are  second,  and  the  lithuanians,  with  an  average  of  3.69  rooms,  are 
the  lowest  in  the  locality. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


121 


SIZE  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  range  in  size  of  households,  the  table  which  follows 
shows  for  each  race  the  per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  num- 
ber of  persons. 


Table  80. — Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
house- 
hold. 

Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  or 
more. 

Native-born,  of  na- 

tive father: 

White 

108 

4.62 

0.0 

14.8 

25.9 

15.7 

7.4 

13.9 

11.1 

6.5 

4.6 

0.0 

Negro 

27 

4. 44 

3.7 

22.2 

14.8 

11.1 

14.8 

14.8 

11.1 

.0 

7.4 

. 0 

Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

132 

7. 14 

.0 

7.6 

9.8 

11.4 

11.4 

14.4 

9.1 

6.8 

6.8 

22.7 

English 

27 

5. 44 

.0 

3.7 

18.5 

7.4 

22.2 

18.5 

11.1 

14.8 

3.7 

.0 

German 

51 

5. 88 

.0 

9.8 

5.9 

15.7 

17.6 

2.0 

23.5 

13.7 

5.9 

5.9 

Irish 

50 

5. 84 

.0 

8.0 

6.0 

18.0 

12.0 

20.0 

10.0 

12.0 

8.  0 

6. 0 

Italian,  North.. 

316 

5.71 

.9 

9.2 

14.2 

16.5 

13.0 

13.0 

7.6 

9.5 

5. 1 

11. 1 

Italian,  South.. 

200 

6.45 

.0 

8.0 

14.5 

9.5 

11.0 

12.5 

11.0 

12.0 

7.0 

14. 5 

Lithuanian 

179 

5.  70 

.0 

7.8 

7.3 

15.6 

21.2 

17.3 

9.5 

8.9 

6.7 

5^6 

Magyar 

241 

6. 27 

.0 

6.6 

10.8 

16.2 

14.5 

8.3 

11.6 

12.9 

3.3 

15.8 

Mexican 

42 

4.  67 

.0 

14.3 

16.7 

19.0 

23.8 

7.1 

7.1 

9.5 

.0 

2.4 

Polish 

334 

6.25 

.0 

5.4 

10.8 

11.7 

15.0 

13.2 

12.3 

12.6 

8.4 

10.8 

Russian 

42 

6.31 

.0 

16.7 

14.3 

9.5 

7.1 

9.5 

9.5 

9.5 

7. 1 

16.  7 

Ruthenian 

43 

6.  81 

.0 

2.3 

2.3 

7.0 

23.3 

14.0 

18.6 

11.6 

7.0 

14.0 

Slovak 

454 

6. 16 

.0 

6.2 

8.4 

15.9 

12.8 

15.9 

13.7 

10.6 

6.2 

10.6 

Welsh 

39 

4.  72 

.0 

17.9 

12.8 

17.9 

15.4 

17.9 

7.7 

5.1 

5.1 

.0 

Grand  total. . 

2,371 

6.00 

.2 

7.9 

11.8 

14.2 

14.1 

13.4 

11.3 

10.3 

6.0 

10.7 

Total  native-born 

of  foreign  father. . 

26 

5.50 

.0 

3.8 

23.1 

15.4 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

7.7 

11.5 

3. 8 

Total  native-born . . 

161 

4.  73 

.6 

14.3 

23.6 

14.9 

9.3 

13.7 

11.2 

5.6 

6.  2 

. 6 

Total  foreign-born . . 

2, 210 

6.09 

.1 

7.5 

10.9 

14.2 

14.5 

13.4 

11.3 

10.7 

6.0 

1L4 

The  average  number  of  persons  in  the  2,371  households  covered  by 
the  above  table  is  6.  Two-tenths  of  1 per  cent  of  the  total  number 
of  households  include  but  1 person  each;  7.9  per  cent,  2 persons; 
11.8  per  cent,  3 persons;  14.2  per  cent,  4 persons;  14.1  per  cent,  5 
persons;  13.4  per  cent,  6 persons;  11.3  per  cent,  7 persons;  10.3  per 
cent,  8 persons;  6 per  cent,  9 persons;  and  10.7  per  cent,  10  or  more 
persons. 

The  Croatians  have  the  highest  average,  7.14  persons  per  house- 
hold, no  fewer  than  22.7  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  households  con- 
sisting of  10  or  more  persons.  Other  races  having  a considerable 
percentage  of  households  of  10  or  more  persons  are  the  Russian  with 
16.7  per  cent,  the  Magyar  with  15.8  per  cent,  the  South  Italian  with 
14.5  per  cent,  and  the  Ruthenian  with  14  per  cent. 


122 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  for  each  race  the  per  cent  of  households 
in  each  of  the  four  geographical  divisions  having  6 or  more  persons 
per  household: 

Table  81— Per  cent  of  households  of  6 or  more  persons  each,  by  locality  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
'•  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumin- 
ous coal 
mining,  a 

iwT.-. 4- r\f  T^o■^^TTn  •fo  + Vior  Wllit0 

18.1 

57.6 

30.2 

36.1 

JNa,tlV6“DOril  Ol  UdllVc  laiuei,  vv  

Foreign-born: 

67.5 

19.1 

59.8 

60.0 

38.1 

51.0 

TfQliQn  NTnrtFi  

17.7 

66.7 

44.0 

31.2 

46.2 

jt^lian  

40.0 

78.1 

54.0 

37.1 

57.0 

T i+VinoniQH  ...  - 

26.0 

65.3 

36.1 

48.0 

49.9 

60.8 

51.9 

Polish 

26.0 

67.6 

50.6 

36.2 

57.2 

57.8 

71.3 

42.9 

56. 8 

Grand  total 

24.6 

61.5 

53.1 

34.4 

51.8 

: 

4^ 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  latner 

r»QfiiTa-Knrn  . . 

18.1 

57.6 

31.3 

37.3 

Total  foreign-born 

25.6 

61.5 

53.1 

35.1 

52.9 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that,  for  the  2,371  households 
studied,  the  average  number  of  persons  per  household  is  6.  The  fore- 
going table  gives  the  per  cent  of  households  in  which  the  number  of 
persons  is  the  average  or  greater  than  the  average,  by  race,  for  each 
geographical  division.  1 

The  per  cents  for  the  total  number  of  households  studied  are: 
Pennsylvania,  61.5;  South,  53.1;  Southwest,  34.4;  and  Middle  West, 
24.6.  Pennsylvania  has  the  highest  proportion  of  large  households, 
not  only  when  the  total  number  of  households  is  considered,  but  also  ■ 
for  the  households  of  each  race  excepting  the  ^lagyar  and  the  Slovak.  ; 
For  these  two  races  the  percentages  are:  Magyars  in  Penns3dvania  | 
49.9  and  in  the  South  60.8;  Slovaks  in  Pennsylvania  57.8  and  in  the  ! 
South  71.3. 

In  Pennsylvania,  households  of  6 or  more  persons  are  most  commcDn 
among  the  South  Italians,  who  have  78.1  per  cent.^  Then  follow  m i 
order  the  Poles  with  67.6  per  cent,  the  Croatians  with  67.5  per  cent,  ; 
and  the  North  Italians  with  66.7  per  cent.  The  household  of  6 or  ^ 
more  persons  is  least  common  among  the  Magyars,  the  percentage  ot  . 
such  households  being  49.9,  or  about  one-half.  This  is  the  only  i 
foreign  race  in  this  locality  with  a lower  per  cent  than  that  of  the 
whites  native-born  of  native  father. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


123 


CONGESTION. 

The  degree  of  congestion  indicated  in  the  foregoing  tables  is  set 
forth  in  greater  detail  in  the  series  of  tabulations  next  presented. 
The  first  table  submitted  shows  for  each  race  the  average  number  of 
persons  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

Table  82. — Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all 

races.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 


Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 


6.  7 or  more.  Total 


Native-born  of  native 

father.  White 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 


(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


2. 88 


(a) 


2.88 


(a) 

(a) 

3.11 
3.  45 
4.21 

3.  93 
4.14 

4.  74 


3. 96 

5.11 
5.02 

5. 12 
5.  27 
5.  58 
5.  33 
5. 78 


4.  46 

7.  37 

6.  47 

7.  37 
6. 10 
6.63 
7.17 
6.  61 


5.31 

8. 61 
6. 10 
9.21 
6.  64 
7.17 
7.14 
6.  59 


5.  27 

(a) 

8. 25 
5.91 
7. 14 

(a) 

8.  23 
6. 60 


3.  93 


5.  28 


6.  59 


6.  90 


7.1 


(a) 

2.  73 

3.  99 


(a) 

4.20 
5.  36 


(a) 

4.  63 
6.  70 


(a) 

5.  48 
7.08 


(a) 

5.  46 
7. 26 


6. 18 


(a) 

(a) 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


7.  50 


(«) 
6.21 
8.  32 


4.62 

7.14 
5.71 
6.  45 

5.  70 

6.  27 
6.  25 
6. 16 


6.00 


(a) 

4.  73 
6. 09 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  table  shows  that,  on  the  whole,  the  worst  crowding  is  found 
in  the  small  apartments.  Of  all  households  studied,  there  are  but 
17  occupying  1-room  apartments,  in  which  the  average  number 
of  persons  is  2.88;  the  average  number  of  persons  per  household 
in  2-room  apartments  is  3.93,  or  1.97  per  room;  the  average  in  the 
3-room  apartments  is  5.28,  or  1.76  per  room;  in  4-room  apartments 
6.59,  or  1.65  per  room;  in  5-room  apartments  6.90,  or  1.38  per  room; 
in  6-room  apartments  7.08,  or  1.18  per  room;  and  in  apartments  of 
7 or  more  rooms  7.50  per  household.  Omitting  the  few  households 
living  in  1-room  apartments,  the  greatest  congestion  is  in  the  2-room 
apartments,  among  the  Lithuanians,  the  Magyars,  the  Poles,  and 
the  Slovaks.  The  greatest  degree  of  congestion  in  the  3-room  apart- 
ments is  shown  by  the  Slovaks,  in  the  4-room  apartments  by  the 
South  Italians  and  Croatians,  in  the  5-room  apartments  by  the 
South  Italians,  and  in  those  of  6 rooms  by  the  North  Italians 
and  Poles. ^ In  the  case  of  all  races  except  the  Croatian  and  the 
South  Italian,  there  is  in  general  a gradual  lessening  of  the  crowd- 
ing per  room  as  the  number  of  rooms  increases. 


124 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows,  in  summary  form  for  all  races  represented 
by  10  or  more  households,  the  average  number  of  persons  per  apart-  A 
ment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room:  , 


Table  SS— Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUOy  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Average  number  of  persons 
per— 

of  house- 
holds. 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Sleeping 

room. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

108 

4. 62 

1.05 

2. 24 

N egro 

27 

4. 44 

1.36 

2. 45 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Ti'.nfyli<sh  

11 

4. 91 

1.04 

2.16 

Msh  

15 

5. 93 

1.25 

2. 78 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian.  

16 

5. 94 

1.64 

3.17 

Croatian 

132 

7.14 

1.79 

3.14 

English 

27 

5.  44 

1.21 

2.58 

French  - 

11 

4.  64 

1.59 

2.68 

German 

51 

5.88 

1.36 

2. 83 

Irish 

50 

5.84 

1.35 

2.  47 

Italian  N orth  

316 

5.71 

1.55 

2. 77 

Italian  South 

200 

6. 45 

1.73 

3.08 

Lithuanian - 

179 

5.70 

1.57 

2.67 

Mawar  

241 

6. 27 

1.68 

3. 05 

Mexican 

42 

4. 67 

1.63 

3. 27 

Polish 

334 

6.25 

1.73 

3. 21 

Roumanian - - 

10 

5. 10 

1.00 

2.83 

Russian .... 

42 

6. 31 

1.96 

3.08 

Ruthenian 

43 

6.81 

1.74 

3.22 

Scotch 

11 

6.45 

1.29 

2.37 

Slovak 

454 

6.16 

2.29 

3.29 

pinvpniari  

12 

5.83 

1.56 

3.50 

Welsh  

39 

4.72 

1.04 

2.39 

HranH  tntal  

2,371 

6.00 

1.59 

2. 97 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

26 

5.50 

1.16 

2. 51 

"Pofal  nativp.Hnrn  ..... 

161 

4. 73 

1.11 

2.32 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

6.09 

1.63 

3.02 

It  may  be  noted  that  the  averages  per  apartment,  per  room,  and 
per  sleeping  room  are  all  considerably  higher  for  the  total  foreign- 
born  than  for  the  total  native-born,  and  that  all  three  of  the  averages 
for  the  total  native-born  of  foreign  father  are  higher  than  the  corre- 
sponding averages  for  white  persons  native-born  of  native  father. 

The  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment  is  given  for  each 
mining  area  in  the  table  next  presented. 


i 

i 

: Bituminous  Coal  Mining.  125 


Table  84. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment^  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities. 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  bead  of  liousehold. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bituminous 

coal 

mining.® 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

3.  59 

5.58 

7.  73 

5.  75 

6.  37 
6.00 
6.90 

8.  22 
6.  44 
6.  20 
6.  86 
6.  26 

4.45 

4. 00 

4.  62 

7.14 

5.  44 
5.  88 
5.  84 

5.  71 

6.  45 

5.  70 

6.  27 
6.  25 
6. 16 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

English 

5. 00 
5.19 

German 

Irish 

5. 79 
4. 93 
4.77 
5.14 
4.  80 
4.  72 
5.10 

Italian,  North 

4. 18 
4.  84 
4.  68 

4.  92 
6.  25 
6.  67 
6.  72 

5.  94 

6.  86 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

4.  83 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

4.  43 

6.  62 

6.13 

4.  84 

6. 00 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

5.  50 
4.  73 

6.  09 

Total  native-born 

3.  59 

4.  56 

5.  58 

6.  65 

4.  45 
4.92 

Total  foreign-born 

6.13 

o This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


The  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment  for  the  total  num- 
ber of  households  studied,  as  shown  by  the  above  table,  is  6.62  in 
Penns;7lvania,  6.13  in  the  South,  4.84  in  the  Southwest,  and  4.43  in 
the  Middle  West.  The  lowest  average  number  of  persons  per  apart- 
ment shown  for  any  race  in  any  locality  is  3.59  for  the  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father,  in  the  Middle  West;  the  highest  average  num- 
ber per  household  in  any  case  is  8.22,  reported  by  the  South 
Italians  in  Pennsylvania.  It  will  be  noted  that  no  race  in  the 
Middle  West  reports  an  average  as  high  as  5 and  that  no  race  in 
Pennsylvania  reports  an  average  as  low  as  5.  In  the  South  the 
lowest  average  is  4.92,  reported  by  the  North  Italians,  and  the  highest 
is  6.86,  reported  by  the  Slovaks.  In  the  Southwest  the  Croatians 
have  the  lowest  average,  4,  and  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
father  the  next  lowest,  4.45.  The  Irish  report  an  average  of  5.79 
persons,  the  highest  average  for  this  locality. 

The  tabulation  next  presented  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of 
households  having  each  specified  average  number  of  persons  per 
room.  Both  numbers  and  percentages  are  cumulative,  as  indicated 
by  the  column  headings. 


126 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  85.— Persons  per  room,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

of 

Average 

number 

of 

persons 
per  room. 

Number  of  households 
having  each  specified 
number  of  persons  per 
room. 

Per  cent  of  households 
having  each  specified 
number  of  persons  per 
room. 

holds. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more.  : 

4 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

108 

1.05 

67 

9 

1 

62.0 

8.3 

0.9 

0.0 

27 

1.36 

21 

7 

1 

77.8 

25.9 

3.7 

.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

11 

1.04 

5 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Tri  «:h  

15 

1.25 

12 

3 

(a) 

(0) 

(a) 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . . 
Croatian 

16 

132 

1. 64 

14 

6 

(a) 

85.6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1.79 

113 

47 

18 

3 

35.  6 

13.6 

2.  3 

Fngl''!L  

27 

1.21 

21 

4 

77.8 

14.8 

.0 

.0 

Tronch  

11 

1.  59 

10 

5 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

G<^TTTinTl  

51 

1.36 

43 

10 

2 

84.3 

19.6 

3.9 

.0 

Tri<!h  

50 

1.  35 

43 

11 

1 

86.0 

22.0 

2.0 

.0 

Italian  North  

316 

1.55 

274 

98 

16 

1 

86.7 

31.0 

5.1 

.3 

Italian  South  

200 

1.73 

180 

86 

17 

3 

90.0 

43.0 

8.5 

1.5 

T/itbua,nifl,n  

179 

1.  57 

160 

65 

11 

3 

89.4 

36.3 

6.1 

1.7 

Magyar 

241 

1.68 

215 

91 

18 

3 

89.2 

37.8 

7.5 

1.2 

42 

1.63 

40 

14 

2 

95.2 

33.3 

4.8 

.0 



Polish  

334 

1.73 

308 

136 

23 

2 

92.2 

40.7 

6.9 

.6 

T?  mim  o n iQTi 

10 

1.00 

4 

1 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Russian 

42 

1.96 

38 

21 

8 

2 

90.5 

50.0 

19.0 

4.8 

Ruthenian  

43 

1.74 

38 

17 

5 

1 

88.4 

39.5 

11.6 

2.3 

11 

1.29 

10 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Slfiva.lr  

454 

2.  29 

409 

182 

50 

10 

90.1 

40.1 

11.0 

2.2 

Plovf^nir^n 

12 

1.56 

6 

5 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Welsh 

39 

1.04 

26 

4 

66.7 

10.3 

.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

2,371 

1.59 

2,057 

825 

176 

28 

86.8 

34.8 

7.4 

1.2 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

fafEor 

26 

1.16 

17 

4 

65.4 

15.4 

.0 

.0 

Totsl  ii9.tiY6*Tomi 

161 

1.11 

105 

20 

2 

65.2 

12.4 

1.3 

.0 

Total  foreign-bom  

2,210 

1.63 

1,952 

805 

174 

28 

88.3 

36.4 

7.9 

1.3 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  Slovaks  in  the  foregoing  table  show  the  highest  average  number  : 
of  persons  per  room,  the  Russians  the  second,  and  the  Croatians  the 
third.  The  Roumanians  have  the  lowest  average  number  of  persons 
per  room,  the  native-born  of  English  parentage  and  the  Welsh  rank 
next,  and  the  households  whose  heads  are  white  native-born  of 
native  father,  third. 

Considerable  difference  in  respect  to  number  of  persons  per  room  is 
noted  among  the  various  races.  If  only  the  races  represented  by  20 
or  more  households  are  considered,  the  per  cent  of  households 
aging  3 or  more  persons  per  room  varies  from  none  of  the  English 
and  Welsh  to  19  per  cent  of  the  Russian  households.  The  per  cent 
averaging  2 or  more  persons  per  room  varies  from  8.3  per  cent  of  the 
households  whose  heads  are  white  native-born  of  native  father  to 
50  per  cent  of  the  Russian  households.  The  per  cent  averaging  1 or 
more  persons  per  room  varies  from  62  per  cent  of  the  households 
whose  heads  are  white  native-born  of  nativo  father  to  95.2  per  cent 
of  the  Mexican  households.  It  is  noteworthv  that  the  households 
whose  heads  are  white  native-born  of  native  father  have  the  lowest 
per  cents  with  1 or  more  persons  per  room  and  with  2 or  more  per- 
sons per  room,  next  to  the  lowest  per  cent  of  households  having  3 
or  more  persons  per  room,  and  no  households  with  4 or  more  per- 
sons per  room. 


Per  cent  of  households  having  2 or  more  persons  per  room,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  100  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


127 


128 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows,  by  locality,  the  per  cent  of  households 
with  2 or  more  persons  per  room:  1 

Table  86.— Per  cent  of  households  having  2 or  more  persons  per  room,  hy  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.)  [j 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities,  j 
The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.]  '' 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.o 

■fotVlOT  1 1 Ck 

0.0 

12.1 

39.6 

13.3 

44.4 

57.8 

50.6 

36.8 

38.9 
39.3 

9.4 

14.3 

8.3 

35.6 

19.6 

31.0 

43.0 
• 36.3 

37.8 

40.7 

40.1 

iN  <ltl  V c*UUl  il  U1  lx<xbl  V c Id  tiACi  j r V xix  lo 

Foreign-born; 

Cro3(ti3<ii  

G6nii3<ii 

28.6 

20.0 

43.4 

(fi) 

41.9 

47.8 

42.9 

Italian,  Nortli 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar. 

7.8 

20.0 

20.0 

26.0 

31.4 

27.8 
(&) 

44.4 

44.9 

Polish 

Slovak 

2G.1 

Grand  total 

14.6 

39.3 

39.8 

27.5 

34.8 

• 

isT 

ol  n oti  VT£a_l'\r4TTl 

12.1 

15.0 

12.4 

Total  foreign-bom 

16.8 

40.0 

39.8 

30.1 

36.4 

“This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated imless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 
bNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  this  table  much  variation  is  apparent  both  by  race  and  by  locality. 
Three  races  are  represented  by  percentages  in  all  of  the  four  localities. 
The  North  Italians  vary  from  7.8  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  to  44.4 
per  cent  in  Pennsylvania;  the  South  Italians  from  20  per  cent  in  the 
Middle  West  to  57.8  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania;  and  the  Poles  from 
26.1  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  to  47.8  per  cent  in  the  South.  The 
households  whose  heads  are  white  native-born  of  native  father  have 
the  lowest  per  cent  in  each  of  the  three  localities  in  which  they  are 

represented.  _ • l 

Another  comparison  of  geographical  divisions  appears  in  the  table 
below,  which  exhibits  the  average  number  of  persons  per  room  in 
each  locality. 

Table  .-—Average  number  of  persons  per  room,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


I This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.o 

r\f  TYofi^TCk  fofVtor  AVTiitp 

0. 81 

1. 06 

1.16 

1.05 

Foreign-born: 

rirnfitinn  

1.87 

1.25 

1.79 

English 

1.23 

1.20 

1.21 

1.34 

1.42 

1.36 

. . . 

Irish 

1.22 

1. 39 

1. 35 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


129 


Table  87. — Average  number  of  persons  per  room,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.® 

Foreign-born  —Continued : 

Italian,  North 

1.05 
1. 39 
1.36 

1.74 
1.99 

1. 75 
1.66 
1.74 
1. 67 

1.34 

1.66 

1.54 

1.74 

1.81 

1.87 

1. 59 
1. 53 
1.47 
1. 50 
1.70 
1.70 

1.55 
1.73 
1.57 
1.68 
1.73 
2. 29 

Italian.  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

1. 56 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

1.20 

1.69 

1.66 

1.45 

1.59 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

1. 16 
1.11 
1.63 

Total  native-born 

.81 

1.27 

1.06 

1.71 

1.22 

1.50 

Total  foreign-born 

1.66 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


^ The^  average  number  of  persons  per  room  for  all  the  households  of 
bituminous  coal  miners  studied  is,  as  shown  by  the  above  table,  1.59. 
The  average  in  the  Middle  West  is  1.20,  in  the  Southwest  1.45,  in  the 
South  1.66,  and  in  Pennsylvania  1.69.  The  variations  by  race  are 
noteworthy.  In  Pennsylvania,  the  locality  which  has  the  highest 
general  average,  the  average  number  of  persons  per  room  ranges 
from  1.06  in  the  case  of  the  households  whose  heads  are  white 
native-born  of  native  father  to  1.99  in  the  case  of  the  South  Italian 
households.  This  average  for  the  South  Italians  in  Pennsylvania  is 
the  highest  for  any  race  in  any  locality.  The  lowest  average  in  any 
locality,  0.81,  is  found  in  the  households  in  the  Middle  West  whose 
heads  are  whites  native-born  of  native  father. 

The  averages  in  the  Southwest  vary  from  1.16  persons  per  room  in 
the  households  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  to  1.70 
reported  by  both  Poles  and  Slovaks.  In  the  South  the  foreign-born 
English  have  the  lowest  average  number  of  persons  per  room,  1.20, 
and  the  Slovaks  have  the  highest,  1.87. 

The  significance  of  these  averages  is  greater  when  studied  in  con- 
nection with  certain  other  figures  taken  from  tables  of  this  series. 


Table  88. — Rooms  per  apartment,  persons  per  apartment,  and  persons  per  room,  by 

locality. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Middle  West. 
Pennsylvania, 

South 

Southwest 


Locality. 


Average 
number  of 


Average  number  of 
persons  per— 


rooms  per 
apartment. 


Apartment. 


Room. 


3. 69 
3. 92 

3.70 
3.34 


4. 43 
6. 62 
6.13 
4.  84 


1.20 

1.69 

1.66 

1.45 


In  Pennsylvania,  where  the  average  apartment  is  considerably 
larger  than  in  any  other  locality,  the  tendency  toward  large  house- 
holds results  in  the  largest  average  number  of  persons  per  room  in 


130 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


any  locality.  The  average  number  of  rooms  in  the  South  is  approxi- 
mately the  same  as  in  the  Middle  West.  The  households  of  the  South,  j 
which,  it  will  be  remembered,  average  2.06  boarders  or  lodgers,  the 
highest  number  in  any  locality,  are  sufficiently  large  to  bring  the  \ 
average  of  persons  per  room  far  above  the  average  for  the  Middle  j 
West  and  almost  as  high  as  the  average  in  Pennsylvania.  In  the  ! 
Southwest,  where  the  apartments  average  the  smallest  number  of  ■: 
rooms,  the  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment  is  also  compara-  ; 
tively  low. 

A much  better  conception  of  crowding  or  congestion  and  the  result- 
ant effects  upon  living  conditions  among  bituminous  mine  workers 
than  that  afforded  by  persons  per  apartment  and  per  room,  is  fur- 
nished by  an  analysis  of  the  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room^  in 
the  households  studied.  Such  an  exhibit  is  made  in  the  following 
table,  which  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  households  having  | 
each  specified  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room.  Both  the  num-  i 
bers  and  per  cents  are  cumulative. 

Table  S9. —Persons  per  sleeping  room,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of 
father: 

English 

Irish 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian  

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian..- 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


Grand  total. 


foreign  father. . . 
Total  native-born. 
Total  foreign-born. 


Total  1 
number  i 
of  ; 
house-  ! 
holds.  : 

1 

Aver- 

age 

number 
of  per- 
sons per 
sleeping 
room. 

Number  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of  per- 
sons per  sleeping  room. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more.  ; 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more.  : 

1 

4 or 
more.  ; 

5 or  1 

more. 

6 or 
more. 

108 

2. 24 

80 

41 

13 

3 

1 

74.1 

38.0 

12.0 

2.8 

0.9 

27 

2.  45 

22 

9 

1 

81.5 

33.3 

3.7 

.0 

.0 

11 

2. 16 

g 

2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

15 

2.  78 

13 

10 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

16 

3. 17 

14 

9 

8 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

132 

3.14 

118 

73 

37 

19 

9 

89.4 

55.3 

28.0 

14.0 

6.8 

27 

2.  58 

21 

10 

3 

1 

1 

77.8 

37.0 

11.1 

3.7 

3.7 

11 

2.  68 

9 

8 

3 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

51 

2. 83 

48 

23 

9 

2 

1 

94.1 

45. 1 

17.6 

3.9 

2.0 

50 

2.  47 

41 

17 

6 

2 

1 

82.0 

34.0 

12.0 

4.0 

2.0 

316 

2.  77 

269 

159 

65 

23 

7 

85.1 

50.3 

20.6 

7.3 

2.2 

200 

3. 08 

178 

120 

54 

19 

7 

89.0 

60.0 

27.0 

9.5 

3.  5 

179 

2.  67 

159 

78 

30 

13 

3 

88.8 

43.6 

16.8 

7.3 

1.7 

241 

3.05 

219 

124 

67 

26 

5 

90.9 

51.5 

27.8 

10.8 

2.1 

42 

3.  27 

41 

25 

17 

10 

4 

97.6 

59.5 

40.5 

23.8 

9.  5 

334 

3.21 

310 

219 

115 

44 

18 

92.8 

65.6 

34.4  • 

13.2 

5.  4 

10 

2.  83 

8 

6 

2 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

42 

2,.  08 

37 

23 

13 

5 

4 

8^1 

54.8 

31.0 

11.9 

9.5 

43 

3.  22 

40 

25 

14 

9 

3 

93.0 

58.1 

32.6 

20.9 

7.0 

11 

2. 37 

8 

3 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

454 

3. 29 

425 

303 

175 

83 

45 

93.6 

66.7 

38.5 

18.3 

9.9 

12 

3.  50 

10 

8 

4 

4 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(«), 

39 

2. 39 

28 

18 

8 

4 

2 

71.8 

46.2 

20.5 

10.3 

5. 1 

. 2,371 

2.  97 

2, 106 

1,313 

648 

272 

113 

88.8 

55.4 

1 27.3 

11.5 

4.8 

26 

2.  51 

21 

12 

3 

80.8 

46.2 

!n.5 

.0 

.0 

161 

2. 32 

123 

62 

17 

3 

1 

76.4 

38.5 

1 10.6 

19 

.6 

. 2,210 

3. 02 

1,983 

1,251 

631 

269 

112 

89.7 

56.6 

28.6 

12.2 

5. 1 

1 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  Involved. 


Per  cent  of  households  having  4 or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  100  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


131 


132 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


From  the  column  showing  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  j 
room,  it  appears  that  no  race  averages  as  few  as  two  persons  per  sleep- 
ing room  nor  as  many  as  four  persons.  The  Slovenians  nave  the  | 
highest  average,  the  Slovaks  the  second,  and  the  Mexicans  the  third,  i 
The  persons  classed  as  native-born  of  English  parentage  have  the  ; 
“lowest  average,  and  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  the  next.  . 

The  average  for  the  total  foreign-born  is  3.02  and  for  the  total  r 
native-born  2.32.  In  this,  as  in  other  comparisons  of  the  native-  < 
born  and  foreign-born  in  respect  to  crowding,  it  should  be  remeni-  i 
bered  that  the  relative  number  of  adults  in  foreign  households  is 
larger  than  in  native  households. 

Percentages  have  been  computed  for  all  races  represpted  by  20  or 
more  households.  Of  the  races  with  this  representation,  the  Mexi- 
cans have  the  highest  per  cent  of  households  sleeping  two  or  more 
persons  per  room,  the  Germans  the  second,  and  the  Slovaks  the  third. 
The  Welsh  rank  lowest,  the  white  persons  native-born  of  native  father 
rank  second,  and  the  English  third  in  ascending  order.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  all  races  represented  by  any  considerable  number  of 
households  have  households  with  six  or  more  persons  per  sleeping 
room.  The  Slovaks  have  45  such  households,  the  Poles  18,  the 
Croatians  9,  the  North  and  South  Italians  each  7,  and  the  Magyars  5, 
as  compared  with  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  several 
other  races  reporting  only  1 . . 

The  per  cent  of  households  having  3 or  more  persons  per  sleeping 
room  is  given  for  each  of  the  bituminous  mining  areas  m the  table 
next  submitted. 

Table  90.— Per  cent  of  households  having  3 or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(study  of  households.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting  In  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining.o 

XT.-. r\f  totVlOF  AA/^EltP 

31.8 

33.3 

43.4 

38.0 

Foreign-born: 

Cro3-ticiii  

63.1 

14.3 

55.3 

GGrm3/ii  

36.7 

57.1 

45.1 



43.1 

59.7 

60.0 

37.5 

50.3 

Italian  South  

56.0 

73.4 

57.9 

42.9 

60.0 

Lithuanian  

34.0 

51.9 

(f>) 

38.9 

43.6 

50.0 

56.8 

(«>) 

51.5 

- 

Polish  

39.1 

75.8 

58.0 

44.4 

65.6 

Slovak 

68.2 

61.9 

57.1 

66.7 

Grand  total  

40.4 

62.2 

56.3 

41.8 

55.4 

46.2 

Tot3.1  

31.8 

33.3 

40.0 

38.5 

Total  foreign-born  

41.6 

62.9 

56.3 

42.2 

56.6 

a This  total  includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 
tabulated  imless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  all  the  races  engaged  in  bituminous  coal  mining  and  included  in 
the  above  table,  the  Slovaks  have  the  highest  per  cent  of  households 
with  3 or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  or  66.7 ; the  Poles  rank  next 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


133 


with  65.6  per  cent,  and  the  South  Italians  third  with  60  per  cent.  The 
figures  for  these  three  races  by  locality  show  marked  variations  in  the 
frequency  of  the  specified  degree  of  crowding.  In  the  Southwest,  57.1 
per  cent  of  the  Slovak  households,  in  the  South  61.9  per  cent,  and  in 
Pennsylvania  68.2  per  cent,  show  an  average  of  three  or  more  persons 
per  sleeping  room.  The  Poles  have  39. 1 per  cent  in  the  Middle  West, 
44.4  per  cent  in  the  Southwest,  58  per  cent  in  the  South,  and  75.8  per 
cent  in  Pennsylvania.  The  South  Italians  have  42.9  per  cent  in  the 
Southwest,  56  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West,  57.9  per  cent  in  the  South, 
and  73.4  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  white  persons  native-born  of  native  father  have  31.8  per  cent 
of  households  in  the  Middle  West  with  3 or  more  persons  per 
sleeping  room,  33.3  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  and  43.4  per  cent  in 
the  Southwest.  In  the  Middle  West  and  in  Pennsylvania  the  white 
persons  native-born  of  native  father  have  the  lowest  per  cents  reported 
from  these  localities.  In  the  Southwest  four  of  the  six  races  have 
lower  per  cents  than  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father. 

The  per  cents  for  the  total  of  all  races  indicate  that  the  specified 
degree  of  crowding  per  sleeping  room  is  least  common  in  the  Middle 
West,  most  common  in  Pennsylvania,  and  more  common  in  the  South 
than  in  the  Southwest. 

The  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room,  which  has 
already  been  presented  for  the  industry  as  a whole,  is  given  in  the 
following  table  for  each  locality. 

Table  ^1— Average  number  of  ^persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  locality  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Middle 

West. 


Pennsyl- 

vania. 


South. 


Total 

South-  bitumi- 
west.  nous  coal 
mining.® 


!^ative-born  of  native  father,  White, 
Foreign-born: 


2.14 


2.  27 


2.24 


Croatian. 


English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

2.32 

Italian,  South 

2.75 

Lithuanian 

2.46 

Magyar 

Polish 

2.71 

Slovak 

3.29 

2. 15 

2. 63 

2.50 

2.65 

3.21 

2.50 

2.48 

3.03 

2. 86 

2.52 

3.63 

2.97 

2.42 

2.78 

3.08 

2.53 

3.00 

3. 13 

2.67 

3. 46 

2.95 

2.66 

3.36 

3.06 

2.87 

Grand  total. 


3. 18 


2.54 


3.14 
2.58 
2.83 
2.47 
2.77 
3.08 
2.67 
3.05 
3.21 
3. 29 


2. 97 


1 fetal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


2.14 
2. 50 


2.  27 
3.21 


• 3.00 


2. 31 
2.59 


2.51 
2. 32 
3.02 


includes  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was 
abulated  imless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 


The  foregoing  table  shows  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleep- 
ng  room  for  the  entire  industry  and  for  all  the  races,  to  be  2.97.  The 
ow^est  average  reported  is  2.14  for  the  whites  native-born  of  native 
^ather  in  the  Middle  West;  the  highest  average  is  3.63,  reported  by  the 
,5011  th  Italians  in  Pennsylvania.  The  averages  for  all  races  show  that 
• 482nu°— VOL  6—11 10 


134 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  crowding  per  sleeping  room  is  greatest  in  Pennsylvania,  followed  t 
by  the  South,  the  Southwest,  and  the  Middle  West. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  lowest  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping 
room  is  2.27,  reported  by  white  persons  native-born  of  native  father. 
Four  other  races  average  fewer  than  three  persons.  Of  the  six  races 
which  average  three  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  the  South 
Italians,  with  3.63  persons,  stand  highest. 

The  effect  of  the  congestion  by  apartment,  by  room,  and  by  sleeping  j 
room,  upon  the  general  living  conditions  of  the  households  studied  is 
quickly  apparent  from  a showing  of  the  number  and  per  cent  of  the  | 
rooms  of  the  households  not  used  for  sleeping.  The  reduction  of  the 
number  of  persons  per  household  and  per  room  makes  the  use  of 
separate  rooms  for  cooking,  eating,  and  general  living  purposes  pos- 
sible, while  an  increase  in  the  number  of  persons  per  apartment  and 
per  room  obviously  has  the  opposite  effect,  reducing  or  wholly  elimi- 
nating the  space  which  may  be  utilized  separately  for  other  pur- 
poses than  sleeping.  The  living  conditions  thus  brought  about  are 
set  forth  in  the  tables  which  are  submitted  below,  showing  the  num- 
ber and  percentage  of  rooms  not  used  for  sleeping,  according  to 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Table  92. — Number  and  'per  cent  df  households  regularkj  sleeping  in  all  except  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  gen'eral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Aver-  1 

Aver- 

age 

Number  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

Per  cent  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

age 

num- 

General nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

num- 
ber of  1 
rooms 
per 
house- 
hold. 

ber  of 
sleeping 
rooms 
per 
house- 
hold. 

All 

rooms. 

All  ex- 
cept 1 
room. 

All  ex- 
cept 2 
rooms. 

All 

rooms. 

1 

All  ex- 
cept 1 
room. 

All  ex- 
cept 2 
rooms. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White  - 

108 

4.41 

2.06 

25 

38 

0.0 

23.1 

35.2 

27 

3. 26 

1.81 

18 

6 

.0 

66.7 

22.2 

...  - 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

"17  M frl  1 oVl 

11 

4. 73 

2. 27 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Irish  - - - 

15 

4. 73 

2. 13 

1 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 
Croatian 

16 

132 

3.63 

3.98 

1.88 

8 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

2.  27 

3 

57 

48 

2.3 

43.2 

36.4 

59.3 

En{’'li‘^h  

27 

4. 48 

2.11 

1 

16 

.0 

3.7 

Erprinh  

11 

2. 91 

1.73 

2 

6 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

52.9 

Cp''TnnTi  

51 

4.31 

2.08 

7 

27 

.0 

13.7 



50 

4.32 

2.36 

18 

18 

.0 

36.0 

36.0 
33.9 

40.0 

29.1 
39.8 

45.2 
36.5 

(o) 

Italian  North  

316 

3.68 

2.06 

3 

165 

107 

.9 

52.2 

Italian  South 

200 

3.74 

2.09 

6 

90 

80 

3.0 

45.0 

Lithuanian  

179 

3.63 

2. 13 

8 

99 

52 

4.5 

55.3 

Magyar 

241 

3.73 

2.06 

2 

112 

96 

.8 

46.5 

52.4 

Mexican  

42 

2. 86 

1.43 

1 

22 

19 

2.4 

Polish 

334 

3.60 

1.95 

11 

152 

122 

3.3 

45. 5 
(a) 

R 0 uma  n i a ^ 

10 

5. 10 

1.80 

2 

1 

(o) 

Russian 

42 

3. 21 

2.05 

2 

31 

9 

4.8 

73.8 

21.4 

37.2 

Rutb^'Ti'f'n  

43 

3.91 

2.12 

18 

16 

.0 

41.9 

Scotch  

11 

5.00 

2. 73 

2 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

38.1 

(0) 

Slovak 

454 

3.66 

1.87 

10 

189 

173 

2.2 

41.6 

(«) 

plovf'nia.n  

12 

3.75 

1.67 

3 

5 

(a) 

Welsh 

. 39 

4. 54 

1.97 

6 

15 

.0 

15. 4 

38.5 

Grand  total 

2,371 

3. 77 

2. 02 

48 

1,032 

874 

2.0 

43.5 

.36.9 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father  

26 

4.73 

2. 19 

1 

14 

.0 

3.8 

53.8 
36.0 

36.9 

Total 

161 

4. 27 

2.04 

44 

58 

.0 

27.3 

Total  foreign-bom 

2,210 

3.73 

2. 02 

48 

988 

816 

2.2 

44.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


135 


j In  this  table  161  native-born  and  2,210  foreign-born  house- 
holds are  represented.  The  average  number  of  rooms  per  apartment 
: is  4.27  in  the  case  of  the  native-born,  and  3.73  in  the  case  of  the  for- 
: eign-born.  The  corresponding  average  numbers  of  sleeping  rooms 
I per  apartment  are  2.04  and  2.02,  or,  in  other  words,  the  apartments 
I used  by  the  native-born  average  about  half  a room  more  than  the 
j apartments  occupied  by  the  foreign-born,  and  this  additional  space 
I is  not  devoted  to  sleeping  purposes.  Not  any  of  the  native-born 
! households  use  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  but  27.3  per  cent  use  all  but 
one  room,  and  36  per  cent  use  all  but  two.  Of  the  foreign-born 
households,  2.2  per  cent  use  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  44.7  per  cent  use 
all  but  one  room,  and  36.9  per  cent  use  all  but  two  rooms.  The  108 
I households  whose  heads  are  whites  native-born  of  native  father, 

I have  an  average  of  4.41  rooms  per  apartment;  this  race  has  no 
i households  which  use  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  but  23.1  per  cent  use 
all  but  one  room  for  that  purpose,  and  35.2  per  cent  use  all  but  two. 

The  three  foreign-born  races  represented  by  the  largest  number 
of  households  are  the  North  Italians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks.  The  North 
Italians  report  3.68  rooms  and  2.06  sleeping  rooms  per  apartment. 
Nine-tenths  of  1 per  cent  of  their  households  use  all  rooms  for  sleep- 
ing, 52.2  per  cent  all  but  one  room,  and  33.9  per  cent  all  but  two 
rooms.  The  Poles  report  3.60  rooms  and  1.95  sleeping  rooms  per 
household.  Of  their  households,  3.3  per  cent  use  all  rooms  for  sleep- 
ing, 45.5  per  cent  all  but  one  room,  and  36.5  per  cent  all  but  two 
rooms.  The  Slovak  apartments  average  3.66  rooms  and  1.87  sleep- 
ing rooms.  Two  and  two-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Slovak  households 
use  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  41.6  per  cent  all  but  one  room,  and  38.1 
per  cent  all  but  two  rooms. 

The  per  cent  of  households  of  the  principal  races  who  use  either 
all  rooms  or  all  but  one  room  as  sleeping  rooms,  is  shown  by  geograph- 
ical divisions  in  the  next  table  presented. 

Table  93. — Per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  rooms,  or  all  except  1 room, 
hy  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUD^  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 
totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Middle  Pennsyl- 
West.  vania. 


South. 


'fative-born  of  native  father,  AVhite 
■^oreign-bom: 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

'otal  native-born  of  foreign  father. . 

jotal  native-born 

1 otal  foreign-born 


4.5 


19.6 

32.0 

54.0 


69.6 


35.7 


4.5 

40.9 


9.1 

40.5 
6.7 

48.6 
32.8 
70.4 
46. 1 

29.3 

38.3 


39.9 


9.1 

40.6 


23.8 
20.0 
47.4 

(P) 

45.9 
71.0 

61.9 


46.9 


Total  bi- 
South-  tuminous 
west.  coal 

mining.a 


39.6 


23.1 


71.4 


45.5 

13.7 


86.5 

88.6 
55.6 


(P) 

97.2 


79.6 


53. 1 
48.0 

59.8 
47.3 

48.8 

43.8 


66.8 


48.7 


45.5 

"Ti 

27.3 


70.5 


46.9 


households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
5 or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

; oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


136 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  great  variations  in  the  percentages  within  each  locahty  indicate  f 
that  the  use  for  sleeping  purposes  of  all  rooms,  including  the  kitchen,  r 
or  the  use  of  all  rooms  except  one,  which  is  usually  the  joint  kitchen, 
dining  room,  and  living  room,  is  not  entirely  the  result  of  local  cus-  ^ 
tom.  The  proportions  vary  in  the  Middle  West  from  4.5  per  cent  i 
of  the  households  whose  heads  are  whites  native-born  of  native  ^ 
father  to  69.6  per  cent  of  the  Polish;  in  Pennsylvania,  from  6.7  per  - 
cent  of  the  German  households  to  70.4  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanian,  i 
in  the  South,  from  20  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian  to  71  per  cent  of  1 
the  Polish;  and  in  the  Southwest,  from  39.6  per  cent  of  the  whites 
native-born  of  native  father  to  97.2  per  cent  of  the  Polish. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Poles  have  generally  the  highest  per  ce^  ot 
households  occupying  all  rooms  or  all  but  one  room  for  sleeping  This 
is  the  case  in  every  locality  except  Pennsylvania,  in  which  locality 
they  rank  third  from  the  lowest  among  the  races  of  the  community. 


Chapter  VI. 

SALIENT  CHAKACTEEISTICS, 


Literacy — Conjugal  condition — Visits  abroad — Age  classification  of  employees  and 
members  of  their  households— [Text  Tables  94  to  111  and  General  Tables  32 
to  41]. 


LITERACY. 

As  regards  the  literacy  of  mine  workers,  the  following  table  shows 
for  86,908  individual  bituminous  mining  employees,  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race,  the  per  cent  who  can  read  and  the  per  cent  who 
can  both  read  and  write. 

Table  94 — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read,  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

(This  table  Includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Num- 
ber re- 


Per  cent  who- 


Num- 
ber  re- 


Per  cent  who — 


General  nativity  and  race. 


porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 


Read. 


Read 


General  nativity  and  race. 


and 

write. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Aus  tria-IIungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 


18,097 

96.9 

96.1 

6,479 

75.3 

73.0 

813 

96.4 

95.8 

50 

98.0 

98.0 

47 

100.0 

100.0 

1,775 

98.5 

98.1 

168 

97.6 

97.6 

2,184 

99.1 

98.9 

1,340 

98.3 

97.8 

182 

94.0 

93.4 

171 

95.9 

94.2 

906 

99.6 

99.6 

64 

100.0 

100.0 

462 

98.5 

96.5 

737 

94.0 

93.6 

176 

78.4 

76.7 

2,404 

66.9 

64.8 

104 

98.1 

97.1 

2,478 

97.7 

97.1 

70 

95.7 

91.4 

765 

91.0 

89.9 

2,659 

96.8 

90.1 

Foreign-born,  by  race— 
Cont’d. 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


porting 

com- 


Read 


plete 

data. 


Read. 


and 

write. 


113 

65.5 

924 

93.5 

6,584 

87.8 

4,197 

65.7 

112 

89.3 

1,878 

79.5 

4,515 

89.2 

107 

81.3 

134 

69.4 

7,293 

77.3 

154 

74.7 

1,826 

70.8 

303 

59.4 

1,148 

99.1 

130 

77.7 

11,238 

82.  4 

1,877 

83.6 

305 

100.0 

396 

94.7 

62.8 

91.2 
86.6 

62.7 
87.5 

74.2 
88.0 

74.8 

68.7 

74.1 

72.7 

67.1 

57.4 

98.5 
75.4 

80.3 

81.6 

99.3 

92.7 


86,908 

86.7 

85.1 

8,240 

98.3 

97.9 

32,818 

93.0 

92.0 

54,090 

82.9 

80.9 

Of  the  86,908  male  employees  covered  by  this  table,  54,090  are  ' 
foreign-born  and  32,818  are  native-born.  Of  the  native-born,  8,240 
were  born  of  foreign  father,  18,097  are  whites  born  of  native  father, 
and  6,479  are  negroes  born  of  native  father.  Of  the  whole  number 


137 


GENERAL  NATIVITY  AND  RACE 


138 


The  Immigration  Commission 


t 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


139 


reporting,  14.9  per  cent  are  unable  to  read  and  write.  Of  the  foreign- 
born,  80.9  per  cent  are  reported  as  being  able  to  read  and  write, 
while  92  per  cent  of  all  native-born,  96.1  per  cent  of  native  whites 
born  of  native  father,  and  97.9  per  cent  of  natives  born  of  foreign 
father  can  read  and  write.  Of  native  negroes,  only  73  per  cent  are 
able  to  read  and  write. 

Of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  2.1  per  cent  are  unable  to  read 
and  write.  This  is  a better  showing  than  that  made  by  the  native- 
born  whites  of  native  father,  of  whose  number  3.9  per  cent  are  unable 
to  read  and  write. 

In  practically  all  cases,  the  per  cent  able  to  read  is  but  slightly  higher 
than  the  per  cent  able  to  both  read  and  write.  Of  the  total  number 
reporting,  1.6  per  cent  more  are  able  to  read  than  are  able  to  both 
read  and  write.  Considerable  difference  in  this  respect  is  noted 
among  the  Mexicans,  Lithuanians,  and  Finns.  The  native-born  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  or  Russia  are  the  only 
representatives  of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  who 
have  a larger  per  cent  of  illiterates  than  have  the  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father.  The  greatest  degree  of  illiteracy  among 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  is  found  among  those  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Italy.  Of  1,775  reporting  father  born  in  Eng- 
land, 98.1  per  cent  are  able  to  read  and  write,  and  of  2,184  natives 
with  fathers  born  in  Germany,  98.9  per  cent  are  able  to  read  and 
write. 

Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Dutch,  English,  Scotch,  and  Swedes  report 
a higher  per  cent  of  literacy  than  do  native  whites  born  of  native 
father.  The  Germans  report  practically  the  same  per  cent,  but  all 
other  foreign-born  races  have  a lower  per  cent  of  literacy  than  have 
the  native  whites  born  of  native  father. 

Only  64.8  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  and  67.1  per  cent  of  the  Russians 
are  able  to  both  read  and  write,  as  compared  with  80.3  per  cent  of 
the  Slovaks,  81.6  per  cent  of  the  Slovenians,  and  88  per  cent  of  the 
Magyars.  Of  the  North  Italians,  86.6  per  cent  read  and  write.  The 
South  Italians,  on  the  other  hand,  have  only  62.7  per  cent  able  both 
to  read  and  to  write.  Of  the  races  of  southern  Europe,  the  Bohe- 
mians and  Moravians  lead  in  the  point  of  literacy.  The  following 
races  rank  in  the  order  named,  the  first  having  the  highest  per  cent 
of  literacy:  Bohemian  and  Moravian,  Magyar,  North  Italian,  Slo- 
venian, Slovak,  Lithuanian,  Polish,  Russian,  Croatian,  Greek,  South 
Italian,  and  Ruthenian.  As  a whole,  this  table  emphasizes  the  fact 
that  there  are  more  illiterates  among  immigrants  from  southern  and 
eastern  Europe  than  among  those  from  northern  Europe  and  Great 
Britain. 

In  the  households  studied  the  heads  of  which  were  mine  workers, 
information  relative  to  literacy  was  also  obtained  from  7,834  persons 
10  years  of  age  or  over.  Of  this  number,  4,747  were  males  and  3,087 
were  females.  As  to  general  nativity,  6,257  were  foreign-born,  1,041 
were  native-born  of  foreign  father,  452  were  native-born  white  of 
native  father,  and  81  were  native-born  negroes.  The  number  and 
per  cent  who  read  and  who  read  and  write  are  presented  in  the  table 
following,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


140 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  95  — Per  cent  of  'persons  10  'years  of  age  or  over  'who  read,  and  per  cent  who  read  and 
write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(study  of  households.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  who  read. 

Per  cent  who  read  and 
write. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

9.9.2 

230 

1 

452 

98.2 

96.1 

97.1 

97.3 

95.7 

96.5 

41 

40 

81 

87.8 

90.0 

88.9 

87.8 

87.5 

87.7 

37 

15 

52 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

46 

79 

100.0 

97.8 

98.7 

100.0 

97.8 

98.7 

84 

58 

142 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

98.3 

99.3 

53 

49 

102 

100.0 

98.0  ' 

99.0 

100.0 

98.0 

99.0 

22 

19 

41 

95.5 

78.9 

87.8 

95.5 

78.9 

87.8 

23 

17 

40 

95.7 

100.0 

97.5 

95.7 

100.0 

97.  5 

42 

39 

81 

95.2 

97.4 

96.3 

95.2 

97.4 

96.3 

57 

69 

126 

96.5 

98.6 

97.6 

96.5 

98.6 

97.6 

105 

116 

221 

95.2 

95.7 

95.5 

95.2 

95.7 

95. 5 

28 

23 

51 

96.4 

100.0 

98.0 

96.4 

100.0 

98.0 

23 

19 

42 

i 

100.0 

94.7 

97.6 

100.0 

94.7 

97.6 

218 

140 

358 

56.4 

50.0 

53.9 

55.0 

45.0 

51. 1 

44 

30 

74 

97.7 

96.7 

97.3 

97.7 

96.7 

97.3 

73 

55 

128 

91.8 

92. 7 

92.2 

90.4 

1 92.7 

; 91.4 

61 

33 

94 

96.7 

97.0 

96.8 

93.4 

97. 0 

94. 7 

517 

326 

843 

87.0 

73.9 

82.0 

86.1 

1 72.7 

i 80.9 

505 

202 

707 

57.2 

1 35.1 

50.9 

56.2 

35.1 

50. 2 

287 

180 

467 

70.7 

65.0 

68. 5 

63.1 

1 46.7 

56. 7 

451 

255 

706 

93.1 

85.1 

90.2 

91.6 

1 83.9 

88.8 

64 

38 

102 

67.2 

23.7 

51.0 

65.6 

23.7 

50.0 

654 

358 

1,012 

75.5 

70.1 

73.6 

72.3 

64.0 

(.9.6 

39 

13 

52 

82.1 

61.5 

76.9 

82.1 

61. 5 

76.9 

99 

44 

143 

61.6 

27.3 

51.0 

61.6 

25.0 

50. 3 

106 

46 

152 

71.7 

52.2 

65.8 

71.7 

50. 0 

65. 1 

707 

478 

1,185 

82.6 

76.8 

80.3 

81.0 

71.1 

77. 1 

48 

38 

86 

97.9 

84.2 

91.9 

95.8 

81.6 

88.4 

. 4, 747 

3,087 

7,834 

80.9 

75.9 

78.9 

79.1 

72.5 

76.5 

530 

511 

1,041 

97.2 

96.1 

96.6 

97.2 

95.9 

96.5 

793 

784 

1,577 

97.0 

95.8 

96.4 

96.7 

95. 4 

96. 1 

. 3,954 

2,303 

6,257 

77.6 

69.1 

74.5 

75.6 

64.7 

71.6 

Of  the  total  number  furnishing  information  for  this  table  23.5  per 
cent  are  not  able  to  read  and  write,  and  21.1  per  cent  are  not  able 
to  read.  In  comparing  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  with 
the  foreign-born,  it  is  seen  that  among  the  former  there  are  only  3.5 
per  cent  unable  to  read  and  write  as  against  28.4  per  cent  among  the 
latter.  Comparing  the  native  whites  with  natives  born  of  .foreign 
father,  the  same  per  cent  able  to  read  and  write  is  found  m both 


^ Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  have  only  2.4 
per  cent  illiterate,  the  English  2.7  per  cent,  the  Germans  8.6  per  cent, 
the  Irish  5.3  per  cent,  and  the  Welsh  11.6  per  cent.  The  Magyars 
have  88.8  per  cent  able  to  read  and  write,  while  only  65.1  per  cent 
of  the  Ruthenians  and  56.7  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  are  able  to 
read  and  write.  Another  striking  difference  is  found  in  comparmg 
the  North  Italians  and  South  Italians,^  there  being  a considerably 
larger  proportion  unable  to  read  and  ^vrite  among  the  South  Italians 
than  among  the  North  Italians.  A larger  per  cent  of  illiteracy  is 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


141 


found  among  the  women  than  among  the  men,  for  all  races  except 
the  German  and  Irish.  This  difference  between  the  sexes  is  espe- 
cially marked  among  the  South  Italians,  the  Mexicans,  and  the 
Russians. 

The  next  table  shows  by  locality  the  per  cent  of  persons  10  years 
of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  read,  by  sex  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race. 

Table  96. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read,  hy  locality,  hy  sex,  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Per  cent  of  males  who  read  in  each 
specified  locality. 

Per  cent  of  females  who  read  in  each 
specified  locality. 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

syl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitumi- 

nous 

coal 

min- 

ing.a 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

syl- 

vania. 

1 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitumi- 

nous 

coal 

min- 

ing.® 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

100.0 

98.7 

(<>) 

97.8 

98.2 

96.7 

98.6 

(«>) 

95.1 

96.1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father,  Slovak 

95.3 

(fc) 

94. 1 

95.2 

94.3 

0>) 

100.0 

95.7 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

52.3 

(^) 

87.5 

56.4 

43.4 

77.8 

50.0 

German  . 

93.9 

90.0 

91.8 

100.0 

84.6 

92.7 

Italian,  North 

100.0 

82.2 

92.7 

86.7 

87.0 

100.0 

62.1 

93.8 

77.0 

73.9 

Italian,  South 

62.9 

57.5 

53.6 

71.2 

57.2 

50.0 

28.6 

26.2 

51.3 

35.1 

Lithuanian 

98.0 

65.5 

43.6 

75.3 

70.7 

92.2 

48.1 

60.0 

65.8 

65.0 

Magyar 

93.2 

92.9 

(^) 

93. 1 

88.2 

76.3 

(^) 

85.1 

Polish 

92.0 

73.2 

76.3 

80.0 

75.5 

89.5 

70.0 

69.0 

60.5 

70.1 

Slovak 

82.9 

82.8 

79.7 

82.6 

79.3 

70.8 

58.3 

76.8 

Grand  total 

92.6 

79.9 

75.2 

85.7 

80.9 

89.4 

73.7 

67.6 

78.6 

75.9 

Total  native-horn  of  foreign 

father 

100.0 

97.7 

90.6 

95.3 

97.2 

96.7 

95.2 

100.0 

96.4 

96.1 

Total  native-born 

100.  0 

97.9 

88.9 

95.0 

97.0 

96  7 

95.9 

90.0 

95. 1 

95.8 

Total  foreign-born 

90.3 

76.6 

74.7 

82.2 

77.6 

86.5 

67.9 

65.4 

68.0 

69.1 

o This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  foregoing  table  shows  the  Middle  West  in  the  lead,  with  92.6 
per  cent  of  males  and  89.4  per  cent  of  females  able  to  read.  The 
Southwest  ranks  second,  with  85.7  per  cent  of  the  males  and  78.6 
per  cent  of  the  females  thus  reported;  Pennsylvania  third,  with  79.9 
per  cent  and  73.7  per  cent,  respectively;  and  the  South  last,  the  per- 
centage in  this  section  being  75.2  for  the  males  and  67.6  for  the 
females.  The  males  show  a greater  per  cent  of  literacy  than  the 
females  in  each  division. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  per- 
sons 10  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  read,  and 
the  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 
by  race  of  individual. 


142 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  97. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  ^persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read,  and  per 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by  years  in 
United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  and  write, 
by  years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . . 

42 

95.0 

100.0 

100.0 

95.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Croatian 

358 

56.0 

54.3 

49.4 

52.7 

52.8 

45.7 

English 

74 

96.8 

100.0 

97.0 

96.8 

100.0 

97.0 

German 

128 

85.7 

92.3 

97.0 

83.7 

92.3 

97.0 

Irish 

94 

100.0 

(a) 

96.3 

100.0 

(a) 

93.8 

Italian,  North 

843 

82.4 

82.2 

80.9 

81.8 

80.6 

80.0 

Italian,  South 

707 

48.3 

51.6 

59.0 

47.0 

51.6 

59.0 

Lithuanian 

467 

59.3 

69.0 

74.3 

52.5 

54.6 

61.7 

Magyar 

Mexican 

706 

93.2 

89.9 

90.8 

89.4 

87.2 

89.3 

102 

44.4 

59. 1 

49.3 

44.4 

59.1 

47.9 

Polish 

n 1 TTi  Q n 1 Q n 

1,012 

52 

72.9 

80.6 

i 72.2 

1 68.8 

76.3 

69.  7 
80.6 

67.0 

68.8 

71.2 

Russian 

143 

46.7 

50.0 

76.5 

46.7 

50.0 

70.6 

Ruthenian 

152 

64.2 

69.0 

65.1 

62.7 

69.  0 

65. 1 

Slovak 

1,185 

83.8 

82.8 

76.0 

80.2 

81.9 

71.7 

Welsh 

86 

94. 1 

100.0 

90.2 

94.1 

100.0 

86.9 

Total 

6,257 

72.5 

73.8 

77.5 

70.4 

70.8 

73.8 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  persons  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians,  the  English,  and  the  Welsh,  show  100  per 
cent  able  to  read  and  write.  The  Germans  follow,  with  92.3  per  cent, 
and  the  Magyars  report  87.2  per  cent.  The  Slovaks  and  North  Ital- 
ians each  report  in  excess  of  the  general  average.  The  Russians, 
with  50  per  cent,  have  the  smallest  proportion,  although  the  South 
Italians  with  51.6  per  cent  and  the  Croatians  with  52.8  per  cent  are 
only  a little  higher.  The  lithuanians  with  54.6  per  cent  able  to  read  ! 
and  write,  and  the  Mexicans  with  59.1  per  cent,  are  far  below  the  aver-  ‘ 
age  for  the  total  of  all  races  with  a residence  of  five  to  nine  years. 

The  North  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Roumanians  who  have  been  in  j 
the  United  States  less  than  five  years  show  a greater  proportion  able  ; 
to  read  and  write  than  is  shown  by  those  of  their  races  here  a longer  | 
time.  The  race  ranking  first  in  this  classification  is  the  Irish,  all  of 
whom  can  read  and  write.  The  English  follow,  with  96.8  per  cent,  and 
the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  with  95  per  cent.  The  Welsh  percent-  i 
age  for  those  with  a residence  under  five  years  is  94.1;  the  Magyar,  | 
89.4 ; the  German,  83.7 ; and  the  North  Italian,  81.8.  The  Roumanians 
and  Slovaks,  each  showing  a little  over  80  per  cent,  pe  considerably 
above  the  general  average  for  all  races  with  a period  of  residence 
less  than  five  years,  while  the  Poles,  with  69.7  per  cent,  fall  just 
below  it.  The  Mexicans  show  the  greatest  illiteracy  among  the 
most  recent  comers,  only  44.4  per  cent  being  able  to  read  and  write. 
The  Russians  come  next,  with  46.7  per  cent,  the  South  Italians  next 
with  47  per  cent,  and  the  Lithuanians  and  Croatians  show  52.5  and 
52.7  per  cent,  respectively,  able  to  read  and  write. 

Of  persons  ten  or  more  years  in  the  United  States,  the  Bohemians 
and  Moravians,  with  100  per  cent  able  to  read,  stand  highest.  The 
English  and  Germans  follow,  with  97  per  cent  in  each  case,  and  the 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


143 


Irish,  with  96.3  per  cent  are  not  far  behind.  The  Magyars  report 
90.8  per  cent  able  to  read,  the  Welsh  percentage  is  90.2,  and  the 
North  Italian  is  80.9.  These  races  are  the  only  ones  exceeding  the 
general  average  of  77.5  per  cent.  The  Mexicans  rank  the  lowest  of 
all,  with  the  Croatians  but  slightly  higher,  their  percentages  being  49.3 
and  49.4  respectively. 

Of  those  in  the  United  States  as  mucli  as  five  years  but  less  than 
ten,  all  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  English,  and  Welsh  are 
able  to  j:ead.  The  Germans,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and  North  Italians 
follow  in  the  order  indicated,  and  each  exceeds  the  general  average 
of  73.8  per  cent  for  all  races.  The  Russians,  with  only  50  per  cent  of 
their  people  able  to  read,  rank  the  lowest,  and  the  South  Italian  51.6, 
Croatian  54.3,  and  Mexican  59.1,  are  percentages  which  make  a very 
unfavorable  showing. 

The  most  recent  immigrants,  or  those  who  have  a residence  under 
five  years,  show  72.5  per  cent  of  their  number  able  to  read.  All 
of  the  Irish  furnishing  information  are  able  to  read.  The  English 
take  second  rank  with  96.8  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Bohemians  and 
Moravians  with  95  per  cent,  the  Welsh  with  94.1  per  cent,  and  the 
Magyars  with  93.2  per  cent.  The  Mexican  44.4  per  cent  is  the  lowest 
among  the  races  with  this  period  of  residence.  The  percentages  for 
the  Russians,  South  Italians,  Croatians,  and  Lithuanians  are  also 
very  low. 

The  table  next  presented  makes  a comparison  of  the  races  with 
regard  to  literacy  of  all  persons  who  at  the  time  of  furnishing  infor- 
mation were  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  age  at  time  of  arrival  in  the 
United  States,  and  by  race. 


Table  98. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read,  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  hy  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read, 
by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  United 
States. 

Per  cent  who  read 
and  write,  by  age 
at  time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

42 

(a) 

97.4 

100.0 

97.4 

Croatian 

358 

81.3 

51.2 

75.0 

48.8 

English 

74 

95.2 

98.1 

95.2 

98.1 

German 

128 

100.0 

90.2 

100.0 

89.2 

Irish 

94 

100.0 

95.7 

96.0 

94.2 

Italian,  North 

843 

93.3 

80.3 

92.5 

79.2 

Italian,  South 

707 

67.6 

49.1 

66.2 

48.4 

Lithuanian 

467 

81.0 

67.3 

78.6 

54.6 

Magyar 

706 

93.4 

89.8 

92.1 

88.4 

Mexican 

102 

48.0 

51.9 

44.0 

51.9 

Polish 

1,012 

87.0 

71.6 

86.3 

66.9 

Roumanian 

52 

(a) 

75.5 

100.0 

75.5 

Russian 

143 

83.3 

49.6 

83.3 

48.9 

Ruthenian i 

152 

83.3 

63.4 

83.3 

62.7 

Slovak 

1, 185 

92.5 

78.5 

91.8 

75.0 

Welsh 

86 

100.0 

87.0 

100.0 

83.3 

Total 

6, 257 

88.0 

72.5 

86.4 

69.4 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


144 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


From  the  foregoing  table  it  appears  that  foreign-born  persons,  with  I 
the  exception  of  the  English  and  Mexicans,  who  were  under  14  at 
time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  show  a larger  proportion  who  are 
literate  than  do  those  who  were  14  or  over  at  time  of  coming.  This 
difference  in  literacy  in  favor  of  those  under  14  at  time  of  coming 
is  most  marked  among  the  Russians,  Croatians,  and  Roumaniaiis. 

Comparing  those  who  were  under  14  at  time  of  coming,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Germans,  Roumanians, 
and  Welsh  report  their  entire  numbers  as  being  able  to  both  read 
and  write,  while  the  English,  Irish,  North  Italians,  Magyars,  and 
Slovaks  report  larger  proportions  with  ability  to  both  read  and  write 
than  that  shown  for  the  total  of  all  races.  Those  below  the  percent- 
age for  the  total  are  the  Poles,  Russians,  Ruthenians,  South  Ital- 
ians, and  Mexicans. 

Of  the  foreign-born  who  were  14  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming  to, 
the  United  States,  the  English,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Irish,] 
Germans,  Magyars,  Welsh,  North  Italians,  and  Roumanians,  m the 
order  named,  show  larger  proportions  with  ability  to  both  read  and 
write  than  is  shown  for  the  total  in  this  class. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 

The  conjugal  condition  of  the  immigrant  labor  supply  is  also  of 
importance  in  its  bearing  upon  living  arrangements,  migratory 
habits,  and  permanent  assimilation. 

The  following  table  is  entered  for  the  purpose  of  showing,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race,  the  per  cent  of  males  20  years  of  age  or  over 
wlio  are  single,  married,  or  widowed. 

Table  99. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condi- 
tion, by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whitp  

15, 697 

24.3 

72.8 

2.8 

Negro 

6,023 

31.7 

63.1 

5.1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

A nctrif^-TTnnc^^iTV’  

309 

65.0 

35.0 

.0 

Canada - 

46 

15.2 

84.8 

.0 

E ngland - 

1,329 

36.3 

61.9 

1.9 

France 

120 

35.8 

60.8 

3.3 

Germany 

1,820 

38.3 

59.9 

1.8 

Ireland. 

1,147 

39.7 

56.3 

4.0 

Italy 

65 

60.0 

40.0 

.0 

H.iissi3*  

53 

64.1 

35.8 

.0 

Scotland. 

666 

44.7 

53.6 

1.7 

W 3<l6S«  

377 

27.6 

70.0 

2.4 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Boh^miBn  

698 

18.8 

80.4 

.9 

Bulgarian. 

164 

28.7 

67.7 

3.7 

Cro3-ti3.n  

2, 180 

38.9 

59.8 

1.3 

Dutch 

95 

27.4 

71.6 

1.1 

English 

2,406 

18.1 

76.9 

5. 0 

jTBinisli.  

67 

35.8 

64.2 

.0 

French 

728 

25.3 

71.3 

3.4 

German. 

2,551 

20.7 

76.0 

3.3 

Greek  

105 

33.3 

66.7 

.0 

Irish 

913 

24.8 

1 68.3  1 6.9 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


145 


Table  99. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condi- 
tion, hy  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  are — 

coinplete 

d^a. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Foreign-bom,  by  race— Continued. 

Italian,  North 

6,074 

41.6 

57.1 

1.3 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

3,815 

38.5 

60.7 

.8 

100 

45.0 

55.0 

.0 

Lithuanian 

1,846 

49.8 

49.4 

.8 

Magyar 

4,126 

29.3 

69.9 

.8 

Mexican 

104 

44.2 

52.9 

2.9 

Montenegrin 

124 

63.7 

35.5 

.8 

Polish 

6,892 

34.0 

65.3 

.7 

Koumanian 

138 

28.3 

70.3 

1.4 

Russian 

1,740 

38.2 

61.2 

.6 

Ruthenian 

270 

23.7 

76.3 

.0 

Scotch 

1,101 

19.7 

75.4 

4.9 

Servian 

119 

39.5 

59.7 

.8 

Slovak 

10,383 

22.0 

77.2 

.8 

Slovenian 

1,730 

39.6 

59.1 

1.3 

Swedish • 

301 

28.2 

67.8 

4.0 

Welsh 

386 

20.2 

72.0 

7.8 

Grand  total 

78,  290 

30.5 

67.4 

2.1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

6,049 

40.1 

57.8 

2.1 

Total  native-born 

27, 771 

29.4 

67.5 

3.2 

Total  foreign -bom 

50, 519 

31. 1 

67.3 

1.6 

A total  of  78,290  male  individuals  report  complete  data,  and  of 
this  number  30.5^  per  cent  are  single,  67.4  per  cent  are  married,  and 
2.1  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  native-born  show  a greater  proportion 
of  married  males  than  do  any  of  the  other  general  nativity  groups. 
Out  of  a total  of  27,771  native-born  males,  29.4  per  cent  are  sin^e, 
67.5  per  cent  are  married,  and  3.2  per  cent  are  widowed.  Out  of  a 
total  of  6,049  males  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father,  40.1  per 
cent  are  single,  57.8  per  cent  are  married,  and  2.1  per  cent  are  wid- 
owed. Thirty-one  and  one-tenth  per  cent  of  the  total  of  50,519  for- 
eign-born males  are  single,  67.3  per  cent  are  married,  and  1.6  per 
cent  are  widowed.  Among  the  different  races  of  foreign  birth  the 
Slovak  reports  in  largest  numbers;  of  a total  of  10,383  individuals 
reporting,  22  per  cent  are  single,  77.2  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.8 
per  cent  are  widowed.  The  proportion  of  married  males  is  greater 
with  this  race  than  with  any  other  except  the  Bohemian  and  Moravian. 
The  Poles,  who  also  report  in  very  large  numbers,  make  a showing 
not  unlike  that  of  the  Slovaks.  Information  was  secured  from  6,892 
Polish  males,  of  which  number  34  per  cent  are  single,  65.3  per  cent 
are  married,  and  0.7  per  cent  are  widowed.  Comparing  the  North 
Italians  with  the  South  Italians,  it  is  found  that  a greater  proportion 
of  unmarried  men  report  from  the  former  than  from  the  latter  race. 
Of  a total  of  6,074  North  Italians,  41.6  per  cent  are  single,  57.1  per 
cent  are  inarried,  and  1.3  per  cent  are  widowed,  while  of  the  3,815 
South  Italians  reporting,  38.5  per  cent  are  single,  60.7  per  cent  are 
married,  and  0.8  per  cent  are  widowed.  Twenty-nine  and  three- 
tenths  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  are  single,  69.9  per  cent  are  married, 
and  0.8  per  cent  widowed,  while  out  of  a total  of  2,551  Germans 
reporting,  20.7^  per  cent  are  single,  76  per  cent  are  married,  and  3.3 
per  cent  are  widowed. 


Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  single,  married,  and  widowed,  h,j  general  nativity  and  race. 

IThis  chart  shows  only  races  with  1,000  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  tor  all  races.] 


146 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


£1^.  a:  2 ztns  ^ 

$ z i;;  u o ? o lu  CD  1 1 _1 5 Q.  q:  (D  tn  U1 0 


i 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


147 


Comparing,  by  country  of  birth  of  father,  those  who  are  native-born 
of  foreign  father,  the  same  wide  diversity  is  found  as  in  the  case  of 
those  who  are  foreign-born.  Employees  reporting  fathers  born  in 
England,  Gerniany,  or  Ireland,  are  represented  in  large  numbers,  and 
those  of  English  parentage  show  the  highest  percentage  married. 
Of  a total  of  1,329  of  that  race,  36.3  per  cent  are  single,  61.9  per  cent 
are  married,  and  1.9  per  cent  are  widowed.  Out  of  a total  of  1,820 
males  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany,  38.3  per  cent  are  single, 
59.9  per  cent  are  married,  and  1.8  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  1,147 
males  of  Irish  parentage  report  39.7  per  cent  single,  56.3  per  cent 
married,  and  4 per  cent  widowed. 

The  information  concerning  the  conjugal  condition  of  males  report- 
ing from  the  entire  coal  and  coke  industry  is  important  when  con- 
sidered by  age  groups.  In  this  way  there  can  be  shown  not  only  the 
proportion  of  married  males  but  the  proportion  who  are  married  at  a 
given  age.  The  first  general  group  in  the  table  following  is  for  those 
reporting  who  are  from  20  to  29  years  of  age,  the  second  for  those 
1 from  30  to  44  years  of  age,  and  the  third  for  those  who  are  45  years 
||  of  age  and  over. 

[i  The  detailed  tabulations  for  the  different  age  groups  are  presented 
i on  the  pages  following. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

23 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2(j 

27 

2? 

3C 

31 

3^ 

3J 

•iz 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  100.— Pgr  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal 

(STUDY  OF 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males 


General  nativity  and  race. 


20  to  29  years  of  age. 


[ative-bom  of  native  father: 
White 


fativeSom  of' foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Wales 

^oreign-bom,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian  

Scotch  

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


Grand  total 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father  . 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  who  are- 


Single.  Married.  Widowed 


6,436 

2,465 

278 

668 

62 

842 
411 
395 
154 

210 

101 

1,195 

483 

204 

509 

56 

123 

2,870 

1,939 

56 

843 
1,751 

33 

72 

3,034 

55 

830 

126 

215 

77 

4,380 

843 

53 

52 


32.568 


3,008 
11,909 
20, 659 


46.7 

54.0 

68.7 

57.0 

46.8 

63.8 
67.6 

62.5 
49.4 

44.3 

40.6 

61.3 

45.3 

53.9 

58.0 

60.7 

52.8 

67.6 
62.2 

73.2 

74.6 

57.7 

57.6 

79.2 

62.9 

56.4 

62.3 

47.6 

53.5 

55.8 

44.3 

63.9 

73.6 
55.8 


56.0 


62.1 

52.1 

58.3 


52.3 

44.4 

31.3 

42.4 
51.6 

36.1 
31.6 

36.5 

50.6 

55.2 

57.4 

38.2 

53.6 

44.1 

42.0 

39.3 

47.2 

32.0 

37.4 
26.8 

25.4 

42.1 

42.4 

19.4 

37.1 

43.6 

37.5 

52.4 

45.6 

44.2 

55.6 

35.6 

26.4 

42.3 


43.5 


.37.5 

46.9 

41.5 


1.0 

1.5 

.0 

.5 

.6 

.1 

.7 

1.0 

.0 

.5 

2.0 

.4 

1.0 

2.0 

.0 

.0 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


OOOtOOOvUOtOOOCOCOO 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


149 


condition^  by  age  groups  and  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

EMPLOYEES.) 


reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


30  to  44  years  of  age. 

45  years  of  age  or  over. 

20  years  of  age  or  over. 

Number 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Number 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Number 

Per  cent  who  are— 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

6,306 

11.3 

85.8 

3.0 

2, 955 

3.5 

90.1 

6.5 

15,697 

24.3 

72.8 

2.8 

1 

2,299 

20.6 

74.0 

5.4 

1,259 

8.5 

79.8 

11.7 

6,023 

31.7 

63.1 

5.1 

2 

28 

28.6 

71.4 

.0 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

309 

65.0 

35.0 

.0 

3 

510 

18.2 

80.4 

1.4 

151 

5.3 

85.4 

9.3 

1,329 

36.3 

61.9 

1.9 

4 

33 

33.3 

6.3.6 

3.0 

25 

12.0 

80.0 

8.0 

120 

35.8 

60.8 

3.3 

5 

654 

20.3 

77.7 

2.0 

324 

8.3 

86.1 

5.6 

1,820 

38.3 

59.9 

1.8 

6 

465 

29.5 

66.0 

4.5 

271 

14.8 

77.1 

8.1 

1,147 

39.7 

56.3 

4.0 

7 

208 

22.6 

75.0 

2.4 

63 

6.3 

90.5 

3.2 

666 

44.7 

53.6 

1.7 

8 

164 

14.0 

82.3 

3.7 

59 

8.5 

86.4 

5.1 

377 

27.6 

70.0 

2.4 

9 

362 

8.6 

91.2 

.3 

126 

5.6 

91.3 

3.2 

698 

18.8 

80.4 

.9 

10 

51 

11.8 

80.4 

7.8 

12 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

164 

28.7 

67.7 

3.7 

11 

825 

13.1 

85.5 

1.5 

160 

5.0 

88.1 

6.9 

2, 180 

38.9 

59.8 

1.3 

12 

964 

16.7 

80.5 

2.8 

959 

5.7 

85.1 

9.2 

2, 406 

18.1 

76.9 

5.0 

13 

329 

17.0 

80.5 

2.4 

195 

9.2 

84.1 

6.7 

728 

25.3 

71.3 

3.4 

14 

1,083 

16.3 

82.0 

1.8 

959 

6.0 

87.3 

6.7 

2,551 

20.7 

76.0 

3.3 

15 

38 

100.0 

.0 

11 

9.1 

90.9 

.0 

105 

33.3 

66.7 

.0 

16 

295 

30.8 

64.7 

4.4 

495 

14.1 

75.8 

10.1 

913 

24.8 

68.3 

6.9 

17 

2,699 

19.3 

79.1 

• 1.6 

505 

10.3 

82.2 

5.5 

6,074 

41.6 

57.1 

1.3 

18 

1,549 

15.8 

83.3 

.8 

327 

5.5 

91.1 

3.4 

3,815 

38.5 

60.7 

.8 

19 

36 

11.1 

88.9 

.0 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

100 

45.0 

55.0 

.0 

20 

848 

32.1 

66.9 

1.1 

155 

12.3 

84.5 

3.2 

1,846 

49.8 

49.4 

.8 

21 

1,963 

9.0 

90.2 

.8 

412 

4.9 

91.5 

3.6 

4, 126 

29.3 

.8 

22 

43 

41.9 

55.8 

2.3 

28 

32.1 

60.7 

7.1 

104 

44.2 

52^9 

2.9 

23 

43 

48.8 

51.2 

.0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

124 

63.7 

35.5 

.8 

24 

3,116 

12.7 

86.3 

.9 

742 

5.0 

92.6 

2.4 

6,892 

34.0 

65.3 

.7 

25 

64 

10.9 

87.5 

1.6 

19 

5.3 

89.5 

5.3 

^ 138 

28.3 

70.3 

1.4 

26 

756 

18.3 

81.0 

.8 

154 

6.5 

92.2 

1.3 

1,740 

38.2 

61.2 

.6 

27 

124 

2.4 

97.6 

.0 

20 

5.0 

95.0 

.0 

270 

23.7 

76.3 

.0 

28 

417 

15.6 

82.0 

2.4 

469 

7.9 

83.2 

9.0 

1,101 

19.7 

75.4 

4.9 

29 

36 

11.1 

88.9 

.0 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

119 

39.5 

59.7 

.8 

30 

4,768 

6.1 

93.0 

.9 

1,235 

4.5 

92.8 

2.8 

10,383 

22.0 

77.2 

.8 

31 

711 

18.3 

80.5 

1.3 

176 

9.1 

85.8 

5.1 

1,730 

39.6 

59. 1 

1.3 

32 

139 

22.3 

74.8 

2.9 

109 

13.8 

78.9 

7.3 

301 

28.2 

67.8 

4.0 

33 

137 

21.9 

75.2 

2.9 

197 

9.6 

77.7 

12.7 

386 

20.2 

72.0 

7.8 

34 

32,840 

14.6 

83.4 

2.0 

12, 882 

6.7 

86.8 

6.6 

78, 290 

30.5 

67.4 

2.1 

35 

2, 124 

21.9 

75.6 

2.5 

917 

9.8 

83.4 

6.8 

6,049 

40.1 

57.8 

2.1 

36 

10, 731 

15.4 

81.2 

3.4 

5,131 

5.8 

86.4 

7.8 

27,771 

29.4 

67.5 

3.2 

37 

22, 109 

14.2 

84.5 

1.3 

7,751 

7.2 

87. 1 

5.7 

50,519 

31.1 

67.3 

1.6 

38 

48296°— VOL  6—11 11 


150 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  total  number  of  males  between  the  ages  of  20  and  29  years 
reporting  the  information  is  32,568,  of  whom  56  per  cent  are  smgle,  43.5 
per  cent  married,  and  0.5  per  cent  widowed.  In  the  same  age  group 
the  total  number  of  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  reporting  is 
3,008,  of  whom  62.1  per  cent  are  single,  37.5  per  cent  are  married,  and 
0.4  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  proportion  of  married  people  is  smaller  • 
in  this  group  than  in  any  of  the  others.  The  total  of  persons  native- 
born  is  11,909,  of  whom  52.1  per  cent  are  single,  46.9  per  cent  are  mar- 
ried and  0.1  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  total  foreign-born  reporting 
is  20,659,  of  whom  58.3  per  cent  are  single,  41.5  per  cent  are  married, 
and  0.3  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  race  of  foreign  birth  reporting  the 
largest  number  of  persons  is  the  Slovak.  Out  of  a total  of  4,380  male 
Slovaks,  44.3  per  cent  are  single,  55.6  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.1 
per  cent  are  widowed.  A total  of  3,034  Polish  males  reported;  of 
that  number  62.9  per  cent  are  single  and  37.1  per  cent  are  married. 
The  North  and  South  Italians  show  proportions  that  are  almost 
parallel.  Of  a total  of  2,870  North  Italians,  67.6  per  cent  are  single 
32  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.3  per  cent  are  widowed.  Of  a total 
of  1,939  South  Italians,  62.2  per  cent  are  single,  37.4  per  cent  are 
married,  and  0.3  per  cent  are  widowed.  A total  of  1,751  Magyar 
males  report  complete  information,  and  of  that  number  57 .7  per  cent 
are  single,  42.1  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.2  per  cent  are  widowed. 
Like  the  other  races  just  considered,  the  Croatians  show  a high  pro- 
portion of  single  persons;  61.3  per  cent  of  a total  of  1,195  males 
are  single,  38.2  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.4  per  cent  are  widowed. 

It  has  been  pointed  out  in  this  consideration  of  the  males  20  to  29 
years  of  age  that  in  the  totals  a greater  proportion  of  the  males  native- 
born  of  foreign  father  than  of  any  other  group  are  single.  Of  a total 
of  842  males  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany,  63.8  per  cent  are 
single,  36.1  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.1  per  cent  are  widowed.  Those 
who  are  native-born  of  English  parentage  are  the  next  in  numbers; 
57  per  cent  of  a total  of  668  males  are  single,  42.4  per  cent  are  mar- 
ried, and  0.5  per  cent  are  widowed.  Of  a total  of  411  persons  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Ireland,  67.6  per  cent  are  single,  31.6  per  cent 
are  married,  and  0.7  per  cent  are  widowed. 

Information  was  furnished  by  32,840  males  between  the  ages  of 
30  and  44  years.  Of  this  number,  14.6  per  cent  are  single,  83.4  per 
cent  are  married,  and  2 per  cent  are  widowed.  Of  the  2,124  males 
native-born  of  foreign  father,  21.9  per  cent  are  single,  75.6  per  cent 
are  married,  and  2.5  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  native-born  males 
reporting  are  10,731,  and  of  that  number  15.4  per  cent  are  single,  81.2 
per  cent  are  married,  and  3.4  per  cent  are  widowed.  Of  the  22,109 
males  of  foreign  birth,  14.2  per  cent  are  single,  84.5  per  cent  are 
married,  and  1.3  per  cent  are  widowed.  It  will  be  seen  from  these 
totals  that  the  proportion  of  married  males  is  greater  in  the  group 
of  foreign-born  persons  than  in  either  of  the  others.  Of  the  foreign- 
born  races  reporting  in  large  numbers,  the  Slovaks  show  the  largest 
proportion  married.  Of  a total  of  4,768  males  reporting  from  this 
race,  93  per  cent  are  married,  6.1  per  cent  are  single,  and  0.9  percent 
are  widowed.  In  the  proportion  of  married  males,  the  Magyars  are 
second  among  the  races  that  report  in  large  numbers.  _ Of  a total  ot 
1,963  males,  90.2  per  cent  are  married,  9 per  cent  are  single,  and  0.8 
per  cent  are  widowed.  Among  the  3,116  Polish  males  reporting  the 
proportion  of  married  men  is  also  large;  86.3  per  cent  are  married, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


151 


12.7  per  cent  are  single,  and  0.9  per  cent  are  widowed.  Of  1,549  South 
Italians,  15.8  per  cent  are  single,  83.3  per  cent  are  married,  and  0.8 
per  cent  are  widowed.  A total  of  1,083  foreign-born  Germans  report 
in  this  age  group,  and  of  that  number  16.3  per  cent  are  single,  82  per 
cent  are  married,  and  1.8  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  only  other 
foreign-born  race  in  this  group  reporting  1,000  or  more  males  is  the 
North  Italian.  Of  a total  of  2,699  of  that  race,  19.3  per  cent  are 
single,  79.1  per  cent  are  married,  and  1.6  per  cent  are  widowed. 

From  information  reported  for  12,882  males  45  years  of  age  or  over, 
it  is  found  that  86.8  per  cent  are  married,  6.7  per  cent  are  single, 
and  6.6  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  most  interesting  fact  in  connec- 
tion with  the  totals  is  that  slight  difference  exists  between  the  per- 
centages for  the  native-born  and  those  for  the  foreign-born.  Of  the 
native-born,  86.4  per  cent  are  married,  as  compared  with  87.1  per 
cent  of  the  foreign-born;  5.8  per  cent  of  the  native-born  are  single, 
as  compared  with  7.2  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born;  and  7.8  per  cent 
of  the  native-born  are  widowed,  as  compared  with  5.7  per  cent  of  the 
foreign-born. 

Of  the  males  45  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  native-born  of 
native  father,  the  negroes  show  a proportion  of  11.7  per  cent  who  are 
widowed,  as  compared  with  6.5  per  cent  of  the  whites.  The  whites 
show  a larger  proportion  of  married  males,  however,  the  proportion 
being  90.1  per  cent,  as  compared  with  79.8  per  cent  of  the  negroes. 

Of  the  foreign-born  males  in  this  group,  the  Bulgarians  show  100 
per  cent  married.  The  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Greeks,  South 
Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  Ruthenians,  and  Slovaks  each 
report  90  per  cent  or  more  married  males,  while  in  no  case  among 
these  races  does  the  proportion  of  widowed  males  equal  4 per  cent. 
The  Mexicans  show  the  smallest  proportion  of  married  males,  60.7  per 
cent,  and  next  to  this  race  come  the  Irish,  of  whom  only  75.8  per  cent 
are  married.  The  Croatians,  English,  French,  Germans,  North  Ital- 
ians, Lithuanians,  Montenegrins,  Roumanians,  Scotch,  Servians,  and 
Slovenians  each  report  a proportion  not  less  than  80  per  cent  nor 
more  than  90  per  cent  of  married  males. 

The  Mexicans  report  the  largest  proportion  of  single  males,  32.1 
per  cent,  and  the  Servians  the  largest  proportion  of  widowed  males, 

16.7  per  cent. 

Of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  or  second  generation  immi- 
grants, those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Scotland  report  90.5  per 
cent  of  married  males,  with  Wales,  Germany,  and  Engmnd  following 
in  the  order  named. 

In  addition  to  the  information  secured  from  individual  employees, 
the  household  study,  as  shown  in  the  following  table,  exhibits  the 
conjugal  condition  of  male  members  of  such  households,  by  age 
groups  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


152 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  101 Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition^  by  sex  and  age  groups, 

and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

MALE. 


20  to  29  years  of  age. 

30  to  44  years  of  age. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Num- 
ber re- 

Per  cent  who  are—  ‘ 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid-  , 
owed.  1 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White.  1 
Foreign-born:  ] 

Croatian j 

German i 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

48 

89 

12 

5 

187 

218 

92 

140 

18 

248 

43 

32 

235 

43.8 

30.3 

66.7 

(a) 

46.5 

61.5 

57.6 

38.6 

55.6 

53.6 

41.9 

53.1 

28.1 

56.3 

69.7 
• 33.3 

(a) 

53.5 

38.5 

42.4 

61.4 

44.4 
46.0 

55.8 

46.9 

71.9 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.4 

2.3 

.0 

.0 

57 

91 

35 

20 

215 

192 

148 

208 

29 

285 

44 

38 

324 

8.8 

6.6 

17.1 

25.0 

7.4 

10.4 

13.5 
8.2 

20.7 

6.3 

13.6 
7.9 
3.1 

89.5 

93.4 

82.9 

75.0 

91.6 

86'.  5 

89.4 

79.3 

93.0 

86.4 

92.1 

96.9 

l.sj 

.5  ' 
.0  : 
2.4  ' 
.0 
.7 
.0 
.0 
.0 

Grand  total j 

1,507 

48.5 

51.2 

•2i 

1,789 

8.4 

90.8 

.8 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. . . ; 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

75 

128 

1,379 

1 

88.0 
68.8 
46. 6 

10.7 

30.5 

53.2 

1.3  1 

12 

89 

1,700 

.0 

6.7 

8.5 

! 100.0 
j 91.0 
90.8 

.0 

2.2 

.7 

45  years  of  age  or  over. 

20  years  of  age  or  over. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Num- 
ber re- 

Per cent  who  are— 

Num- 
ber re- 

Per cent  who  are— 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 



porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Single. 

! 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  V/hite. 
Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

35 

18 

0.0 

.0 

94.3 

100.0 

5.7 

.0 

140 

198 

18.6 

16.7 

79.3 

83.3 

2.1 

.0 

1.5 

3.5 



20 

5.0 

90.0 

5.0 

67 

22.4 

76.1 

Irish  

32 

3.1 

90.6 

6.3 

57 

15.8 

80.7 



GO 

8.3 

83.3 

8.3 

462 

23.4 

75. 1 

1.5 

jtaliBTi  

32 

.0 

96.9 

3.1 

442 

34.8 

64.7 

.5 

.0 



23 

4.3 

95.7 

.0 

263 

28.1 

71.9 

Maevar  

51 

.0 

98.0 

2.0 

399 

17.8 

.80.7 

1.5 

1.7 

Mexican 

11 

9.1 

81.8 

9.1 

58 

29.3 

69.0 

Polish 

53 

5.7 

92.5 

1.9 

586 

26.3 

73.0 

. 7 
1.1 
.0 
.8 

Russian  

5 

(o) 

(a) 

(o) 

92 

26.1 

72.8 

Ruthenian  

10 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

80 

25.0 

75. 0 

Slovak 

95 

1.1 

93.7 

5.3 

654 

11.8 

87. 5 

Grand  total 

515 

3.3 

92.2 

1 4.5 

3,811 

23.6 

75.4 

1.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. . 

8 

(a) 

(o) 

1 (a) 

95 

70. 5 

28.4 

1.1 

1.9 

1.0 

Total  native-born  

47 

4.3 

91.5 

! 4.3 

264 

36.  4 

61. 7 

Total  foreign-born 

468 

3.2 

92.3 

i 4.5 

3,547 

22.6 

76.4 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


153 


Table  101. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


1 

1 

j 

J 

•j  General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
1 vidual. 

l: 

20  to  29  years  of  age. 

30  to  44  years  of  age. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Single. 

19.3 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

1.1 

2.3 

.0 

(o) 

.6 

.0 

.0 

1.1 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

J Native-born  of  native  father,  White. . 
i Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

' German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

i Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

' Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

! Grand  total 

57 

74 

7 

3 

139 

94 

87 

107 

159 

30 

20 

189 

77.2 

100.0 

(a) 

(a) 

100.0 

98.9 

97.7 

100.0 

(a) 

99.4 

100.0 

100.0 

98.9 

3.5 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

68 

40 

29 

13 

121 

63 

69 

93 

16 

127 

9 

20 

195 

2.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 
. 5 

97.1 

97.5 
100.0 
100.0 

98.3 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

(a) 
100. 0 

98.5 

[ 0.0 

2.5 

.0 

; -0 

1.7 
.0 

.0 

; .0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

1.0 

1,103 

4.2 

95.5 

.4 

941 

.6  98.5 

.9 

\ Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. .. 

j Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

1 ^ 

' 15G 

947 

1 

31.0 

23.7 

1.0 

67.8 
74.4 

98.9 

1.2 

1.9 

.1 

17 

98 

843 

5.9 

3.1 

.4 

j 94.1 
i 96. 9 
98.  7 

.0 

.0 

.9 

General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

45  years  of  age  or  over. 

20  years  of  age  or  over. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

Single. 

Mar- 

ried. 

Wid- 

owed. 

[ Native-born  of  native  father,  White. . 

) Foreign-born: 

' Croatian 

German 

Irish 

1 Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

: Magyar 

i Mexican 

’ Polish 

' Russian -f 

! Ruthenian 

25 

8 

13 
15 
24 

14 
11 
21 

8 

21 

2 

0.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

96.0 

(a) 

92.3 

93.3 
91.7 

92.9 

90.9 
100.0 
(a) 
95.2 
(o) 

4.0 

(a) 

7.7 

6.7 
8.3 

7.1 

9.1 
.0 

(«) 

4.8 
(a) 

150 

122 

49 

31 

284 

171 

167 

221 

31 

307 

41 

40 

423 

8.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.6 

1.2 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.0 

.7 

89.3 

96.7 
98.0 

96.8 

98.6 

98.8 

98.2 
100.0 

90.3 

99.3 

97.6 
100.0 

98.6 

2.0 

3.3 
2.0 
3.2 

1.4 

.6 

.6 

.0 

9.7 

.3 

2.4 
.0 
.7 

1 Slovak 

I 

j Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father.. . 

fi  Total  native-born 

f|  Total  foreign-born 

'] ^ 

39 

.0 

97.4 

2.6 

255 

91.4 

8.6 

2, 299 

2.3 

96.3 

1.4 

4 

31 

224 

.0 

.0 

90.3 

91.5 

(c) 

9.7 

8.5 

105 

285 

2,014 

25.7 

14.0 

.6 

73.3 

83.9 

98.1 

1.0 

2.1 

1.4 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


154 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  101. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 
Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


20  to  29  years  of  age. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 


105 


163 

19 

8 

326 

312 

179 

247 

25 

407 

73 

52 

424 


2,610 


159 

284 

2,326 


Per  cent  who  are — 


Single. 


30.5 


16.6 

42.1 

(a) 

26.7 
43.3 

30.7 

21.9 

40.0 

32.9 

24.7 

32.7 

16.0 


29.8 


Mar- 

ried. 


67.6 


83.4 

57.9 

(a) 

73.3 
56.7 

69.3 
78.1 
60.0 


74.0 
67.3 

84.0 


70.0 


57.9 

44.0 

28.0 


40.9 

54.6 

71.8 


Wid- 

owed. 


1.9 


.0 

.0 

(al 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.2 

1.4 

.0 

.0 


1.3 

1.4 

.1 


30  to  44  years  of  age. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 


125 


131 

64 

33 

336 

255 

217 

301 

45 

412 

53 

58 

519 


2,730 


29 

187 

2,543 


Per  cent  who  are— 


Single. 


5.6 


4. 6 

9.4 

15.2 

4.8 

7.8 

9.2 

5.6 

13.3 

4.4 

11.3 

5.2 

2.1 


5.7 


3.4 

4.8 

5.8 


94.7 

90.6 

84.8 

94.0 

91.8 

90.8 

92.7 

86.7 

95.1 

88.7 

94.8 
97.5 


93.5 


96.6 

94.1 

93.4 


Wid- 

owed. 


0.8 


.0 

.0 

1.2 

.4 

.0 

1.7 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.0 

.4 


.8  i 


.0 

1.1 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 


Native-born  oi  native  father.  White. 
Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


45  years  of  age  or  over. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 


60 


34 

72 

19 

74 

7 

10 

134 


770 


Per  cent  who  are — 


Single. 


0.0 


.0 

3.0 

2.1 
6.0 

.0 

2.9 

.0 

5.3 

4.1 

(a) 

.0 

.7 


2.2 


8.3 

2.6 

2.2 


Mar- 

ried. 


95.0 


88.5 
90.9 

91.5 

85.7 

95.7 
94.1 


73.7 
93.2 
(a) 
100.0 

94.8 


91.9 


91.7 

91.0 

92. 1 


Wid- 

owed. 


5.0 


11.5 

6.1 

6.4 

8.3 

4.3 
2.9 

1.4 

21.1 

2.7 

(a) 

.0 

4.5 


5.8 


.0 

6.4 

5.8 


20  years  of  age  or  over. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 


290 


320 

116 

88 

746 

613 

430 

620 


133 

120 

1,077 


6,110 


200 

549 

5,561 


Per  cent  who  are— 


Single. 


13.4 


10.3 
12.9 
10.2 

14.5 

25.3 

17.7 

11.5 
19.1 

17.4 
18.0 

16.7 
7.4 


15.5 


47.0 

24.8 

14.6 


Mar- 

ried. 


84.5 


88.4 

85.3 

86.4 

84.0 

74.2 

82.1 
87.6 

76.4 
82.1 

80.5 

83.3 
91.8 


83.2 


52.0 

73.2 

84.2 


Wid- 

owed. 


2.1 


1.3 
1.7 

3.4 

1.5 
.5 
.2 

1.0 

4.5 


1.5 

.0 

.7 


1.2 


1.0 

2.0 

1.1 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  3,811  males  20  years  of  age  or  over  furnishing  complete 
data,  are  apportioned  into  age  groups  as  follows:  1,507  are  from  20  to 
29  years  of  age,  1,789  are  from  30  to  44  years  of  age,  and  515  are  45 
years  of  age  or  over.  Of  the  total  number  of  males,  75.4  per  cent  of 
whom  are  married  and  1 percent  widowed,  93.1  per  cent  are  foreign- 
born  and  6.9  per  cent  native-born.  A comparison  of  the  foreign  and 
the  native  born  shows  that  a larger  proportion  of  the  former  than  of 
the  latter  are  married,  while  a smaller  proportion  of  the  former  than 


155 


j Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


of  the  latter  are  widowed.  Of  the  native-born,  however,  95  are  born 
of  foreign  father,  of  which  number  70.5  per  cent  are  single  and  28.4 
per  cent  married,  which  proportions  are  practically  the  reverse  of 
those  shown  by  either  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  or  the 
foreign-born. 

A comparison  of  all  races  represented  by  males  20  years  of  age  or 
over  shows  that  only  five,  the  Mexicans,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians, 

' Poles,  and  Russians,  report  less  than  three-fourths  of  their  num- 
bers  married,  while  the  proportions  of  the  others  range  from  87.5 
: per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  to  75  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians.  Those 
ki  races  immediately  following  the  Slovaks,  and  in  the  order  named,  are 
y the  Croatians,  Irish,  Magyars,  and  native  whites. 

I In  the  first  group,  of  those  from  20  to  29  years  of  age,  48.5  per 
I cent  are  single  and  51.2  per  cent  married.  The  native-born,  especi- 
I ally  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  show  a much  smaller  per  cent 
;j  married  than  do  the  foreign-born.  A majority  of  the  foreign  races 
,1  in  the  20  to  29  year  group  show  over  50  per  cent  of  their  males  single, 

I the  proportions  ranging  from  66.7  percent  of  the  Germans  to  53.1  per 
|i!  cent  of  the  Ruthenians.  Of  those  showing  less  than  50  percent  sin- 
\\  gle,  the  Slovaks  with  28.1  per  cent,  and  the  Croatians  with  30.3  per 
\\  cent,  are  the  lowest;  the  others  range  from  38.6  per  cent  of  the  Mag- 
i|  yars  to  46.5  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  the  native  whites  report- 
||  ing  43.8  per  cent  single  and  not  any  widowed.  The  Russians  and 
\\  Poles  in  this  group  report  as  widowed  2.3  and  0.4  per  cent,  respectively. 

I I In  the  second  group,  30  to  44  years  of  age,  it  is  seen  that,  of  1,789 
II  males  reporting,  90.8  percent  are  married, as  compared  with  51.2  per 
j cent  in  the  first  group.  Of  special  interest  in  this  group  is  the  large 
i|  gain  shown  by  the  native-born,  91  per  cent  of  whom  are  married,  as 
\ compared  with  30.5  per  cent  in  the  previous  group. 

;;  As  between  the  native  and  foreign  born  males  of  the  third  group, 
45  years  of  age  or  over,  little  difference  in  the  proportions  of  single 
;i  and  married  exists.  The  Croatians  and  Ruthenians  each  show  100 
j per  cent  married.  The  Mexicans  and  North  Italians  show  the 
i smallest  proportions  married  and  the  largest  proportions  widowed, 
the  former  reporting  81.8  per  cent  married  and  9.1  per  cent  widowed, 
[While  the  latter  report  83.3  per  cent  married  and  8.3  per  cent 
widowed.  It  is  evident,  in  general,  from  the  above  comparisons  that 
I a larger  per  cent  of  all  races  marry  between  30  and  44  years  of  age 
I than  during  any  other  age  period. 

The  conjugal  condition  of  males  by  age  groups  having  been 
I discussed,  it  is  important  to  note  also  this  condition  for  the  females 
i in  the  households  studied.  The  table  shows  that  96.3  per  cent  of 
i the  2,299  females  20  years  of  age  or  over  are  married  and  only  1.4 
jper  cent  widowed.  A very  large  majority,  2,014,  reporting  98.1  per 
; cent  married  and  1.4  per  cent  widowed,  are  foreign-born^  only  285, 
reporting  83.9  per  cent  married  and  2.1  per  cent  widowed,  being  na- 
tive-born. Of  all  races  represented  by  females  20  years  of  age  or 
^ over,  only  two  show  over  1 per  cent  single,  the  native  whites  report- 
ing 8.7  per  cent  and  the  Lithuanians  1.2  per  cent.  The  largest 
proportion  of  married  females  is  shown  by  the  Magyars  and  Ruthe- 
i nians,  each  race  reporting  100  })er  cent,  while  the  native  whites,  with 
^ 89.3  per  cent,  show  the  smallest  proportion. 

* Of  the  foreign-born  females  from  20  to  29  years  of  age,  98.9  per  cent 
I are  married,  as  compared  with  74.4  per  cent  of  the  native-born.  Of  the 


156  The  Immigration  Commission. 


native-born  84  are  born  of  foreign  father,  and  of  this  number  67.8  per  i| 
cent  are  married  and  31  per  cent  single.  With  the  exception  of  the 
native  whites,  77.2  per  cent  of  whom  are  married  and  3.5  per  cent  wid- 
owed, and  the  Poles,  South  Italians,  Slovaks,  and  Lithuanians,  all  the 
races  report  100  per  cent  as  married. 

In  the  second  group,  of  females  30  to  44  years  of  age,  only  two 
races,  the  native  whites  with  2.9  per  cent  and  the  Slovaks  with  0.5 
per  cent,  show  a proportion  of  their  numbers  as  single;  and  only  three 
races,  the  Croatians,  North  Italians,  and  Slovaks,  show  any  of  their 
numbers  widowed.  With  the  exceptions  above  noted,  the  races  in 
this  age  group  report  each  100  per  cent  married. 

The  third  age  group  is  of  interest  in  that  it  shows  not  one  female 
from  any  of  the  races  to  be  single,  a very  large  proportion,  as  com- 
pared to  the  other  age  groups,  being  widowed. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years 
of  age  or  over  who  are  married,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race. 

Table  102.— Pf-r  cent  of  male  employees  20  years^  of  age  or  over  who  are  married,  by  local- 
ity and  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitu- 

minous 

coal 

mining. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

73.9 

72.8 

71.2 

73.5 

72.8 

Negro 

63.7 

74.4 

60.3 

68.9 

63.1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

Austria-Hungary  

42.7 

34.1 

(a) 

72.3 

(a) 

35.0 

England 

64.3 

58.4 

67.7 

61.9 

France 

69.6 

62.5 

(a) 

(a) 

60.8 

Gf'rm^ny  

59.9 

60.0 

(a) 

57.8 

59.9 

ffplnnH  

65.8 

65.9 

47.4 

64.8 

56.3 

.SNPfitlnnfl  

52.8 

51.4 

53.5 

62.0 

53.6 

Wfi.lps  

66.7 

72.9 

(a) 

(a) 

70.0 

Foreign -born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

83.1 

79.1 

(a) 

(“) 

80.4 

Prmtifln  

73.3 

58.9 

56.5 

(a) 

59.8 

English  

74.5 

77.1 

82.9 

81.3 

76.9 

Vrpnnh  

71.0 

73.1 

(a) 

69.7 

71.3 

German 

73.6 

78.4 

64.8 

73.9 

76.0 

Irish. 

63.4 

69.6 

62.8 

68.4 

68.3 

Tt.nl inn  North  

58.7 

56.7 

63.5 

53.9 

57.1 

Italian  South  . 

60.6 

61.2 

62.9 

52.2 

60.7 

Lithuanian  

49.7 

49.4 

34.1 

52.6 

49.4 

Macrvar  - 

69.0 

70.6 

66.1 

60.9 

69.9 

Polish  

61.7 

66.2 

54.3 

68.8 

65.3 

Ttn.sslan  

53.5 

63.9 

54.9 

62.2 

61.2 

Sontoh  i 

72.9 

75.1 

83.7 

76.6 

75.4 

Rlovalr  

82.1 

77.4 

66.0 

66.7 

77.2 

Slovenian 

74.2 

57.5 

69.4 

61.5 

59.1 

Swedish 

64.2 

70.5 

(a) 

S 

67.8 

Y2.0 

Welsh 

68.4 

74.7 

(a) 

Grand  total 

67.1 

68.6 

64.3 

64.8 

67.4 

Totftl  rititivG^bom  of  forGign  f3.thGr 

59.3 

56.4 

54.9 

61.0 

57.8 

Total  native-born 

69.2 

67.5 

65.1 

69.9 

67.5 

T'otal  forpign-hnm  

65.3 

68.9 

62.5 

61.7 

67.3 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  total  reporting,  67.4  per  cent  are  married.  The  native-born 
and  the  foreign-born  show  almost  identical  percentages.  The  persons 


I 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


157 


native-born  of  foreign  father,  however,  have  only  57.8  per  cent  mar- 
ried, as  compared  to  67.3  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  and  72.8  per 
cent  of  the  whites  native-^orn  of  native  father.  The  totals  show 
very  little  difference  in  the  relative  number  of  married  men  in  each 
locality.  Pennsylvania,  with  68.6  per  cent,  has  the  largest  propor- 
tion of  married  men.  For  the  same  reason  that  there  is  a larger  pro- 
portion of  married  men  in  Pennsylvania,  as  shown  by  the  totals,  there 
are  more  races  in  that  locality  than  in  the  others  with  high  per- 
centages of  married  males.  The  reason  for  the  presence  of  a rela- 
tively larger  number  of  married  males  in  Pennsylvania  is  probably 
the  longer  residence  of  immigrants  in  that  section.  Native  whites 
born  of  native  father  show  about  the  same  proportions  of  married 
men  in  the  different  localities.  The  variation  is  a little  more  notice- 
able among  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  61  per  cent  of 
those  in  the  Southwest  and  only  54.9  per  cent  of  those  in  the  South 
being  married.  The  Croatians,  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  the 
Slovaks,  and  Slovenians  show  their  highest  relative  number  of  married 
men  in  the  Middle  West.  The  Croatians  there  have  73.3  per  cent 
married  as  compared  with  58.9  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania  and  56.5 
per  cent  in  the  South. 

The  French,  the  Germans,  the  Irish,  the  Magyars,  the  Kussians, 
the  Swedish,  and  the  Welsh  have  larger  proportions  of  married  males 
in  Pennsylvania  than  in  the  other  localities.  The  English,  the  North 
Italians,  the  South  Italians,  and  the  Scotch  have  their  highest  per- 
centages of  married  men  in  the  South.  Of  the  English  in  the  South, 
82.9  per  cent  are  married,  as  compared  with  74.5  per  cent  of  those  of 
the  Middle  West.  The  Lithuanians  and  the  Poles  are  the  only  races 
showing  their  largest  proportions  of  married  men  in  the  Southwest. 
In  that  section  52.6  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  are  married  as  com- 
pared with  34.1  per  cent  of  the  same  race  in  the  South. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  per  cent  of  all  males  20  years 
of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  are  married,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Table  103. — Per  cent  of  males  20  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  married,  by  locality  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities. 

totals,  however,  are  for  ail  races.] 


The 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumin- 
ous coal 
mining.o 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

70.2 

85.5 

75.5 

79.4 
92.9 
77  7 

88.4 

84.6 

64.3 

79.3 

75.1 
64  7 
71.9 
80.7 
73.0 
87.5 

Foreign-born: 

Italian.  North 

98.0 

Italian,  South 

53.5 

Lithuanian 

98.0 

60.9 

Magyar 

68.8 

58.3 

72.9 

Polish 

8L6 

94.2 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

07  7 

CO  n 

57  8 

74.0 

75.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

(6)  1 41.0 

98.  0 84.  2 

W 

(^) 

58.2 

W 

73.6 

74.1 

1 

28.4 
61.  7 
76.  4 

hoaseholds  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

0 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


158 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  household  study  gives  results  different  from  those  of  the  study 
of  employees,  and  indicates  that  the  four  localities  differ  widely  in 
their  proportions  of  married  males,  the  percentages  being  57.8  in  the 
South,  74  in  the  Southwest,  82.3  in  Pennsylvania,  and  97.7  in  the  Mid- 
dle West.  The  proportions  of  the  foreign-born  in  the  several  localities 
are  slightly  higher  than  these  figures.  Of  the  native-born,  73.6  per 
cent  in  the  Southwest  are  married,  as  compared  with  41  per  cent  in 
Pennsylvania.  In  the  Middle  West,  two  races,  the  North  Italians 
and  Lithuanians,  each  report  98  per  cent  married,  a larger  propor- 
tion than  is  shown  in  Pennsylvania,  and  a much  larger  proportion 
than  is  shown  in  the  Southwest  by  either  of  these  races.  The  Slovaks, 
the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  and  the  Poles  show  larger 
proportions  married  in  the  Southwest  than  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
South  Italians  and  Magyars,  represented  in  but  two  localities,  show 
larger  proportions  married  in  Pennsylvania  than  in  the  South. 

Because  of  economic  conditions,  the  difficulty  of  securing  a foot- 
hold in  a new  country  when  handicapped  by  the  presence  of  a family, 
and  the  additional  expense  involved  in  the  transportation  of  more 
than  one,  many  of  the  married  immigrants  leave  their  wives  abroad 
when  coming  to  the  United  States.  Money  is,  in  most  cases,  sent 
abroad  for  the  support  of  the  wife  in  the  old  country.  When  suffi- 
ciently well  established,  the  husband,  if  he  intends  to  make  the 
United  States  his  permanent  place  of  residence,  sends  for  the  wife, 
or,  going  abroad  upon  a visit,  brings  her  back  with  him.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  immigrant  employee  who  is  unmarried  at  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  the  United  States  may,  after  a period  of  residence, 
marry  and  establish  his  home  in  this  country.  The  place  of  residence 
of  the  wives  of  the  married  employees  of  foreign  birth  constitutes, 
therefore,  a fair  indication  of  the  economic  condition  of  the  husband, 
upon  the  one  hand,  and  of  his  intention  to  become  a permanent  resi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  upon  the  other. 

Table  104. — Percent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  United  States  and 
per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

(study  of  employees.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands^  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 


Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Per  cent  report- 
ing wife — 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

Per cent  report- 
ing wife— 

Race  of  husband. 

In 

United 

States. 

Abroad. 

Race  of  husband. 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

In 

United 

States. 

Abroad. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

536 

92.5 

7.5 

Mexican 

48 

93.8 

6.3 

77.3 

T5  111  rt<\  1*1  o 

109 

1,268 

66 

1,754 

23.  9 

76. 1 

Montenegrin 

44 

22.  7 

Idli. 
t i o n 

43.  5 

56.  5 

Polish 

4,367 

72.5 

27.5 

81.  8 

18.2 

Roumanian 

97 

19.6 

80.4 

1?  n rrl  icVi 

97.0 

3.0 

Russian 

1,025 

55.6 

44.4 

'C'lriTiioL 

43 

74.4 

25.6 

Ruthenian 

204 

56.4 

43.6 

UtgucIi 

498 

94.  0 

6.  0 

Scotch 

787 

97.0 

3.0 

1,864 

68 

95.3 

4.  7 

Servian 

68 

61.8 

38.2 

lT-T*r*r‘lr 

63.2 

36.  8 

Slovak 

7,862 

68.5 

31.5 

Irish. 

597 

98.  2 

1.  8 

Slovenian 

992 

72.9 

27. 1 

3,361 

2,237 

70.0 

61.3 

30.  0 

Swedish 

201 

98.5 

1.  5 

ILclilcilly  i>  Ui  til . . .......... 

Italian,  South 

38.7 

Welsh 

266 

98.5 

1.5 

Italian  (not  specified) 

T i+V»nonian 

53 

882 

60.4 
80.  5 

39.6 
19.  5 

Total 

32,966 

72.1 

! 27. 9 

J^ltlltlCtllKXU  * . ............. 

Magyar 

2,818 

54.5 

45.  5 

1 __ 

±'er  cent  oj  jorexgn-born  employees  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

[This  chart  shows  only  r ices  with  503  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  i s f )r  all  foreign-born.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


159 


T 

Z 

< 

X 

< 

z 

0 

h 

< 

5) 

o 

h 

< 

> 

UJ 

> 

o 

!j 

(D 

o 

o 

o 

< 

o 

D 

o 

J 

-J 

5 

Q. 

Of 

(/) 

(0 

ifi 

160  The  Immigration  Commission. 


On  the  basis  of  the  information  furnished  by  32,966  individuals  in 
the  foregoing  table,  it  is  seen  that  72.1  per  cent  of  this  number,  or 
nearly  three-fourths,  have  their  wives  in  the  United  States. 

The  table  also  shows  that  one-third  of  the  races  furnishing  infor- 
mation report  that  more  than  90  per  cent  of  the  husbands  have  their: 
wives  in  the  United  States.  The  races  that  comprise  this  group  are 
the  older  immigrants  to  this  country,  principally  from  Great  Britain! 
and  northern  Europe,  together  with  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians 
and  the  Mexicans.  The  proportions  of  these  races  with  wives  in  the 
United  States  range  from  98.5  per  cent  of  the  Swedish  and  Welsh  toj 
92.5  per  cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians. 

Among  the  more  recent  immigrant  races  the  proportion  of  husbands 
with  wives  in  the  United  States  is  by  no  means  so  large.  Only  one 
race,  the  Lithuanian,  shows  80  per  cent  or  over  of  husbands  having 
wives  in  this  country  j four  races,  the  Finnish,  North  Italian,  Polish,  f 
and  Slovenian,  show  from  70  to  75  per  cent  each;  five,  the  Greek,  j 
South. Italian,  Italian  not  specified,  Servian,  and  Slovak,  show  between  i 
60  and  70  per  cent;  and  three,  the  Magyar,  Russian,  and  Ruthenian,,i 
show  between  50  and  60  per  cent.  The  Croatian  shows  43.5  per  centi 
of  husbands  with  wives  in  the  United  States,  while  the  Bulgarian,  ' 
Montenegrin,  and  Roumanian  races  show  23.9,  22.7,  and  19.6  per 
cent,  respectively. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  husbands  who  report  wife' 
abroad,  by  locality  and  race  of  husband: 

Table  105.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  locality  and  by 

race  of  husband. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


1 

Race  of  husband. 

1 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South-  ! 
west. 

i 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3.4 

8.7 

(a) 

(a) 

7.5 

Croatian.  

42.9 

57.0 

65.4 

(a) 

56.5 

English 

4.4 

2.7 

1.1 

1.1 

3.0 

French  

4.7 

8.6 

(a) 

2.3 

6.0 

Oerman  

3.2 

4.8 

14.9 

4.6 

4.7 

Irish . . 

2.7 

1.8 

(a) 

1.8 

1.8 

Italian,  North 

21.0 

36.7 

33.5 

22.6 

30.0 

Italian,  South 

36.1 

39.4 

43.4 

22.3 

38.7 

Lithuanian  

20.2 

20.2 

(«) 

6.4 

19.5 

Magyar  

36.2 

46.8 

48.3 

(a) 

45-5 

Polish  

20.9 

28.1 

34.9 

22.4 

27.5 

Russian  

36.6 

47.1 

(a) 

17.2 

44.4 

Scotch..  

6.2 

2.1 

.0 

2.2 

3.0 

Slovak 

11.5 

32.9 

40.2 

23.3 

31.5 

Slovenian 

21.4 

29.6 

(a) 

15.4 

27.1 

Swedish  

.0 

2.0 

(a) 

(a) 

1.5 

Welsh 

.0 

2.9 

(“) 

(a) 

1.5 

Total 

16.5 

30.7 

40.7 

14.3 

27.9 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  all  husbands  reporting  in  the  foregoing  table  27 .9  per  cent  report 
that  their  wives  are  abroad.  The  greatest  proportion  of  husbands 
whose  wives  are  not  in  this  country  is  found  in  the  South.  Of  all 
husbands  reporting  from  that  locality  40.7  per  cent  report  their  wives 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining.  161 


abroad,  as  compared  with  30.7  per  cent  of  those  reporting  from  Penn- 
sylvania, 16.5  per  cent  from  the  Middle  West,  and  14.3  per  cent  from 
the  Southwest. 

The  Croatians  show  a greater  proportion  of  husbands  whose  wives 
are  abroad  than  do  any  of  the  other  races  for  whom  information  was 
secured. 

The  Croatians  in  Pennsylvania  show  a much  larger  proportion  of 
wives  abroad  than  is  reported  by  this  race  in  the  Middle  West,  and 
those  in  the  South  report  a percentage  considerably  higher  still. 

In  the  South  and  Pennsylvania  there  is  little  difference  in  the 
proportions  of  Magyar  husbands  reporting  their  wives  abroad,  each 
of  these  localities,  however,  showing  a larger  proportion  than  does  the 
Middle  West. 

In  regard  to  the  South  Italians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  there  is,  as  with 
the  Magyars,  very  little  difference  between  the  South  and  Penn- 
sylvania in  the  proportions  of  husbands  whose  v/ives  are  not  living 
in  the  United  States,  the  South  in  each  instance  reporting  a slightly 
larger  proportion  than  Pennsylvania,  and  each  of  these  localities 
showing  a larger  proportion  than  the  Middle  West  or  Southwest. 

As  previously  stated,  the  above-mentioned  races  in  the  South  show 
larger  proportions  with  wives  abroad  than  are  shown  in  any  other  local- 
ity, whereas  of  the  North  Italians,  Russians,  and  Slovenians,  larger 
proportions  are  noted  in  Pennsylvania  than  elsewhere.  Because  of 
the  small  number  of  Russians  and  Slovenians  reported  from  the 
South,  a comparison  of  this  with  other  localities  is  precluded.  It 
will  be  noted,  however,  that  the  Russians’  47.1  per  cent  in  Pennsyl- 
vania is  a proportion  considerably  larger  than  that  for  the  Middle 
W'est  and  very  much  larger  than  that  for  the  Southwest.  A similar 
statement  is  true  of  the  Slovenians,  except  that  there  is  not  such  a 
linarked  difference  in  the  proportions.  The  proportions  of  the 
Lithuanian  husbands  in  Pennsylvania  and  in  the  Middle  West 
■'eporting  wives  abroad  are  identical,  and  are  much  higher  than  the 
proportion  reported  from  the  Southwest. 

As  regards  the  remaining  foreign-born  husbands,  the  Bohemians 
md  Moravians,  French,  Swedes,  and  Welsh  show  larger  proportions 
in  Pennsylvania  with  wives  abroad,  and  the  English,  Irish,  and 
Scotch  larger  proportions  in  the  Middle  West,  than  in  any  other 
ocality. 

With  the  exception  of  the  German  husbands,  14.9  per  cent  of 
whom  in  the  South  report  their  wives  abroad,  the  husbands  among 
;Re  older  immigrant  races  in  not  a single  locality  report  proportions 
iqual  to  10  per  cent,  while  in  the  majority  of  cases  these  propor- 
lons  are  less  than  5 per  cent. 

The  table  next  presented  indicates  the  relation  between  period  of 
'esidence  in  the  United  States  of  married  males  and  the  location  of 
heir  wives,  or,  in  other  words,  the  tendency  on  the  part  of  wives 
who  have  been  living  abroad  to  join  their  husbands  after  the  hus- 
bands have  been  in  the  United  States  a specified  number  of  years. 


162 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  106. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husbam 
and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

(By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includei 
only  races  with  200  or  more  husbands  reporting.]  ( 


Race  of  husband. 


Number  having  been  in  United 
! States  each  specified  number 
of  years  who  report  location  of 
wife. 


Per  cent  having  been  in  Uniteci 
States  each  specified  numbeii 
of  years  who  report  ^vif(! 
abroad. 


Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Total. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Total,  i 

Boheinian  and  Moravian 

129 

144 

263 

536 

24.8 

4.2 

0.8 

7.i 

Croatian 

561 

526 

181 

1,268 

1,754 

498 

78.1 

43.9 

26.0 

56.5 

English  

245 

159 

1,350 

265 

15.5 

6.3 

.3 

3.(' 

French 

96 

137 

15.6 

3.6 

3.8 

6.(' 

German 

221 

240 

1, 403 
556 

1,864 

597 

26.7 

7.1 

.8 

4. 7 \ 

Irish 

22 

19 

4.5 

5.3 

1.6 

1.8' 

Italian,  North  

930 

1,326 

948 

1,105 

3,361 
2, 237 
882 

58.8 

24.8 

11.9 

30.C!| 

Italian,  South 

715 

574 

67.0 

30.8 

16.6 

38. 

Lithuanian 

138 

305 

439 

52.2 

17.7 

10.5 

19.  SS 

Magyar 

1,145 
1, 354 
422 

1,033 

1,559 

640 

2,818 
4, 367 
1,025 
204 

69.3 

34.7 

20.3 

45.5! 

Polish  

1, 454 

56.6 

20.9 

7.4 

27.  £1 

Russian  

306 

297 

81.0 

25.8 

11.4 

44.4 

Ruthenian  

82 

55 

67 

76.8 

32.7 

11.9 

43.6. 

Scotch  

87 

71 

629 

787 

17.2 

7.0 

.6 

3.0 

Slovak 

2, 049 
284 

2,685 

436 

3,128 

272 

7,862 

992 

63.6 

27.8 

13.6 

31.5 

Slovenian  

48.6 

22.0 

12.9 

27.1 

Swedish 

4 

15 

182 

201 

25.0 

6.7 

.5 

1.5 

Welsh 

15 

7 

244 

266 

13.3 

28.6 

.0 

1.5 

That  a much  larger  proportion  of  males  of  the  races  from  Great 
Britain  and  northern  Europe  than  of  those  from  southern  and 
eastern  Europe  are  accompanied  by  their  wives  upon  entering  this 
country,  or  send  for  them  within  a short  time  after  their  arrival,  is 
apparent  from  the  above  table.  For  example,  the  English  show  that 
only  15.5  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less 
than  five  years,  6.3  per  cent  of  those  with  a residence  of  from  five  to 
nine  years,  and  0.3  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  ten  years  or  over,  have  their  wives  abroad. 

Of  the  more  recent  immigrants,  those  in  the  United  States  less 
than  five  years,  the  Russians  show  a larger  proportion  having  their 
wives  abroad  than  does  any  other  race,  their  figure  being  81  per 
cent.  Closely  following  the  Russians  are  the  Croatians  and  Ruthe- 
nians,  each  showmg  over  75  per  cent  without  their  wives  in  this 
country.  In  the  second  period  of  residence  group,  comprising  those 
in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  it  is  noticeable  that,  of 
these  three  races,  the  Russians  have  only  25.8  per  cent  with  their 
vdves  abroad,  as  compared  with  43.9  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  and 
32.7  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians.  Twenty-four  and  eight-tenths  per 
cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  with  a residence  of  less  than 
five  years  report  wives  abroad,  as  do  only  4.2  per  cent  of  those  with 
a residence  of  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  0.8  per  cent  of  those  who 
have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  over.  These  percentages, 
it  will  be  noted  from  the  above  table,  are  the  smallest  shown  by  any 
one  of  the  more  recent  immigrant  races. 

The  fact  that  a large  proportion  of  the  males  of  foreign-born  races 
do  eventually  bring  their  wives  to  the  United  States,  as  shown  in  the 
above  table,  indicates  a certain  tendency  on  the  part  of  these  races, 
greater  with  some  than  others,  toward  making  a permanent  residence 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


163 


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UNDER  5 I ^ m = 5 TO  9 Vy///y/////A  lo  OR  OVER 


164 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


VISITS  ABROAD. 

Among  the  mine  workers  of  recent  immigration  there  is  a constant  i 
movement  in  progress  both  within  this  country  and  between  this 
country  and  Europe.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  a large  proportion  of 
mining  employees  of  recent  immigration  are  unmarried,  and  even 
when  married  are  not  in  any  considerable  numbers  property  holders, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  are  unimpeded  by  personal  belongings  which 
are  of  value  or  difficult  to  transport,  they  move  readily  from  one 
community  to  another  of  the  coal  industry,  and,  with  equal  facility, 
from  coal  mining  to  another  industry,  according  to  the  fluctuating 
demands  for  labor.  This  tendency  is  especially  noticeable  in  times 
of  industrial  depression,  when  there  is  an  exodus  of  immigrant  rnine 
workers  from  the  affected  districts  and  an  influx  into  communities 
and  localities  where  work  is  still  available.  The  mobility  of  the  ' 
immigrant  labor  supply  is  also  evident  in  the  development  of  new 
coal  fields,  as  in  the  case  of  the  opening  of  the  coal-producing  territory 
of  the  Southwest,  where  immigrants  are  brought  long  distances  to 
operate  the  new  mines. 

Immigrants  also  make  many  visits  abroad.  These  visits  may  be 
made  for  one  or  all  of  several  reasons.  Many  immigrants  who  have 
been  in  this  country  for  a period  of  years  return  to  their  native  land 
to  bring  over  their  wives  and  families;  others  owning  property  abroad 
return  to  settle  up  their  affairs  preparatory  to  making  the  United  | 
States  their  permanent  home;  a great  many  immigrants,  especially  I 
those  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  come  to  this  country  with 
the  idea  of  remaining  only  a few  years,  or  until  they  can  save  suffi- 
cient money  to  return  to  their  native  land,  and  others  go  to  Europe 
solely  for  a visit  to  friends  and  relatives.  Very  often  during  a strike 
or  suspension  in  the  coal-mining  industry,  numbers  of  immigrants 
return  to  Europe  and  remain  there  until  work  in  the  mines  is  resumed. 
For  example,  during  a recent  strike  in  Oklahoma,  over  100  South 
Italians  left  one  small  mining  town  within  a week  and  returned  to 
Italy,  where  they  remained  until  mining  was  resumed,  bringing  other 
immigrants  with  them  when  they  returned  to  the  United  States. 
In  other  coal  fields  many  immigrants  declared  that  the  cost  of  living 
was  so  much  lower  in  Europe  that  in  times  of  unsteady  work  or  strikes 
in  this  country  they  could  return  to  their  native  country  and  in  five 
or  six  months’  time  the  difference  between  what  they  would  have  to 
spend  for  living  in  the  United  States  while  idle  and  the  cost  of  living 
abroad  would  pay  their  traveling  expenses  to  and  from  Europe. 

In  the  course  of  the  individual  study  of  foreign-born  mining  em- 
ployees information  regarding  the  number  of  visits  made  abroad 
was  secured.  These  data  are  set  forth  in  the  table  next  presented, 
by  race  and  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


165 


Table  107.  Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United 

States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States  This  tahV 
includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  alllnS.Kir.  . 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

iVelsh 


Total . 


Number  in  United  States— 

Under  5 

5 to  9 

10  years 

years. 

years. 

or  over. 

Total. 

164 

133 

197 

494 

130 

17 

7 

154 

619 

419 

131 

1, 169 

315 

184 

1,231 

1,730 

140 

181 

294 

615 

311 

246 

1,319 

1,876 

28 

25 

399 

452 

1, 943 

1,922 

1,280 

5,145 

1, 279 

1,148 

509 

2, 936 

365 

557 

568 

1,490 

1,070 

802 

488 

2, 360 

27 

23 

51 

101 

no 

12 

3 

125 

1, 602 

1, 173 

870 

3,645 

84 

12 

4 

100 

691 

368 

258 

1,317 

64 

42 

41 

147 

106 

79 

618 

803 

1,948 

1,709 

1,713 

5, 370 

533 

491 

259 

1,283 

13 

21 

136 

170 

21 

9 

247 

277 

12, 020 

10, 051 

11,117 

33, 188 

Per  cent  reporting  one  or  more  visits, 
who  have  been  in  United  States— 


Under  5 
years. 


4.3 

.8 

10.7 

9.8 
2.1 
4.2 

7.1 

9.9 

14.5 

2.7 
11.9 

37.0 
.9 

7.2 

7.1 

7.2 

15.6 

15.1 
14.3 

8.4 

7.7 

28.6 


5 to  9 
years. 


10.0 


6.0 

35.3 

22.7 

25.5 
8.8 
7.3 

12.0 

26.0 

29.9 

6.8 

23.1 

30.4 

16.7 

14.3 

33.3 

16.3 

28.6 

36.7 

26.1 
13.0 

14.3 

33.3 


21.0 


10  years 
or  over. 


3.6 

14.3 

22.9 

23.1 

21.4 
9.1 

15.3 

38.3 

36.3 

10.9 

27.5 

31.4 
33.3 

15.6 

.0 

15.9 

34.1 
27.8 

26.2 

14.7 
19.1 

21.5 


Total. 


4.5 

5.2 

16.3 

20.9 

13.3 

8.0 

14.6 

23.0 

24.3 
7.4 

18.9 

32.7 

3.2 
11.5 

10.0 

11.5 

24.5 
27.0 

21.9 

11.5 

17.6 

22.4 


22.4 


17.5 


Of  the  33,188  foreign-born  males  reporting,  17.5  per  cent  are  shown 
)y  the  loregoing  table  to  have  made  one  or  more  visits  abroad.  Those 
vho  have  been  in  this  country  under  five  years  show  10  per  cent  who 
lave  made  visits  abroad;  those  here  between  five  and  nine  years 
ihow  21  per  cent;  and  those  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over  show 
12  4 per  cent  of  their  number  making  such  visits;  indicating  for  the 
otal  loreign-born  an  increasing  per  cent  visiting  their  native  lands 
IS  the  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  is  extended. 

Immigrants  from  Mexico  show  the  highest  per  cent  visiting  their 
lative  land,  37  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  this  country  under 
ive  years,  30.4  per  cent  of  those  here  between  five  and  nine  years 
-nd  31.4  per  cent  of  those  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over  having 
uade  one  or  more  visits  to  Mexico.  Most  of  the  Mexicans  reporting 
^ere  from  the  coal  mines  of  Oklahoma,  and  as  the  trip  from  there  to 
lexico  IS  neither  a long  nor  an  expensive  one,  many  Mexicans  visit 
heir  native  land  each  summer,  returning  to  this  country  in  the  fall 
^hen  work  is  more  steady.  Montenegrins  show  the  lowest  per  cent 
^ 10  make  visits  abroad,  only  3.2  per  cent  of  the  total  number  report- 
ig  having  visited  abroad.  On  account  of  the  small  number  of  this 
ace  from  whom  data  were  secured,  however,  the  figures  given  are 
ot  condusive  Races  from  northern  Europe  given  in  the  table 
iclude  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  French,  German,  and  Swedish, 
h these  races  the  Scotch  show  the  highest  per  cent  visiting  Eurone 
r 27  per  cent  of  the  803  reporting.  Of  Scotchmen  15.1  per  cent 
t those  who  have  been  m this  country  under  five  years,  36.7  per 
3nt  ot  those  here  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  27.8  of  those 
48296°— VOL  6—11 12 


166 


Thz  Immigration  Commission. 


Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  reporting  one  or  more  visits  abroad,  by  years  in  | 

the  United  States  and  race. 


[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  1,000  or  more  employees  reporting.] 


UNDER  S VRS 


□ Yres.0R  OVEI 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


167 


1,  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over,  have  made  visits  to  their 
native  land.  Germans  rank  the  lowest  in  the  matter  of  visits  abroad 
among  the  races  in  this  group,  or  8 per  cent  of  a total  of  1,876  report- 
ing. Of  the  total  number  in  the  United  States  under  five  years  4.2 
per  cent  have  visited  abroad;  of  those  with  a residence  of  between 
1 five  and  nine  years  7.3  per  cent,  and  of  those  here  ten  vears  or  over 
9.1  per  cent.  It  was  found  that  many  Germans  came  to  this  countrv 
in  order  to  escape  niilit ary  service  and,  consequently,  do  not  visit 
! Europe  for  fear  of  being  forced  into  the  army.  The  small  numbers 
returning  to  their  home  country  would  also  indicate  that  the  interests 
of  members  of  this  race  who  are  here  are  thoroughly  centered  in  the 
United  States.  The  percentages  show  that  more  visits  abroad  were 
made  by  races  from  Great  Britain  than  by  the  other  races  included 
in  the  group  from  northern  Europe.  Of  the  English-speaking 
races,  the  Irish  show  the  lowest  per  cent;  of  452  reporting,  only  14.6 
per  cent  have  visited  abroad. 

Both  North  and  South  Italians  show  a large  jier  cent  visiting 
abroad.  Of  the  5,145  North  Italians  reporting,  23  per  cent  have 
"Visited  their  native  country.  Those  of  this  race  in  this  country 
under  five  years  show  9.9  per  cent  making  visits  abroad;  those  here 
between  five  and  nine  years  show  26  per  cent,  and  those  with  a 
residence  of  ten  years  or  over  show  38.3  per  cent.  Data  were  secured 
from  2,936  South  Italians,  24.3  per  cent  of  whom  have  made  one  or 
more  visits  abroad;  the  proportions  of  those  visiting  abroad  are  14.5 
per  cent  of  those  in  this  country  under  five  years,  29.9  per  cent 
of  those  here  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  36.3  per  cent  of  those 
with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over. 

Slavic  races  include  the  Croatian,  Polish,  Russian,  Slovak,  Slove- 
nian and  other  ra^s  reporting  in  smaller  numbers.  Of  the  races 
in  this  group,  the  Polish,  Russian,  and  Slovenian  each  report  11.5 
per  cent  visiting  abroad,  and  the  Croatians  report  16.3  per  cent.  Of 
the  5,370  of  the  Slovak  race  reporting,  21.9  per  cent  have  visited 
tiieir  native  land. 

Li thuaifians,  numbering  1,490,  show  only  7.4  per  cent  making  visits 
ai^oad.  Of  those  of  this  race  in  the  United  States  under  five  years, 
-.7  per  cent  have  made  one  or  more  visits  to  the  liome  country; 
those  with  a residence  between  five  and  nine  years  show  6.8  per 
cent,  and  those  here  ten  years  or  over  show  10.9  per  cent.  Members 
or  this  race  have  come  to  this  country  with  the  idea  of  making  it 
tlieir  permanent  home,  and  of  those  interviewed  very  few  expressed 
any  desire  to  visit  their  native  land. 

The  significant  showing  of  the  table  in  its  bearing  upon  the  charac- 
ter ot  recent  immigration  as  contrasted  with  that  of  past  years  is  the 
xact  that  the  races  of  old  immigration,  as  a rule,  revisit  their  native 
,^ands  only  after  an  extended  residence  in  the  United  States,  indi- 
atin"  that  the  races  have  become  more  or  less  permanently  estab- 
ished  m this  country,  and  the  visits  abroad  are  mainly  for  the 
:)urpose  of  renewing  temporarily  old  ties  and  associations.  On  the 
)tiier  hand,  the  races  of  recent  immigration  revisit  Europe  with  com- 
Daratwely  greater  frequency  and  after  a shorter  period  of  residence 
n this  country,  which  makes  them  a more  fioating  and  transitory 
)art  of  the  population. 


Per  cent  of  Joreiqn-honi  male  employees  repoHing  one  or  more  risils  abroad,  by  race. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  1,000  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  tor  all  loreign-bom.] 


1 


168 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


O 

oo 


a 


o 


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q: 


SLOVENIAN 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


169 


The  percentage  of  foreign-born  males  making  one  or  more  visits 
abroad  is  set  forth  by  locality  and  by  race  in  the  following  table: 

Table  108. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  reporting  one  or  more  visits  abroad, 

by  locality  and  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total, 

however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3.2 

4.6 

(a) 

(a) 

4.5 

Croatian 

16.0 

16.4 

16.4 

(a) 

16.3 

English 

20.6 

22.6 

25.0 

13.4 

20.9 

French 

11.1 

16.4 

(a) 

11.2 

13.3 

German 

7.3 

8.6 

9.2 

7.7 

8.0 

Irish 

12.5 

15.8 

(a) 

(a) 

14.  6 

Italian,  North 

20.4 

24.0 

29.1 

22.7 

23.0 

Italian,  South 

20.0 

27.6 

22.3 

24.1 

24.3 

Lithuanian 

7.7 

4.4 

(a) 

13.6 

7.4 

Magyar 

14.4 

20.5 

20.5 

(a) 

18.9 

Polish 

7.9 

12.1 

10.5 

17.9 

11.5 

Russian 

10.1 

12.1 

(o) 

14.3 

11.5 

Scotch 

24.3 

25.4 

36.3 

31.7 

27.0 

Slovak 

10.3 

24.6 

19.4 

5.9 

21.9 

Slovenian 

7.0 

12.7 

(a) 

8.2 

11.5 

Welsh 

22.0 

21.4 

(a) 

(a) 

22.4 

Total 

14.0 

18.8 

19.1 

17.2 

17.5 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


An ‘inspection  of  the  totals  of  the  preceding  table  shows  that  the 
percentages  of  males  of  all  races,  making  trips  abroad  differ  but 
little  for  the  several  localities.  The  variation  among  the  entries 
is  within  6 points,  the  highest  percentage  for  any  one  locality  being 
entered  for  the  South. 

There  are  seven  races  for  which  percentages  are  computed  in 
every  locality.  These  may  be  divided  into  two  groups,  the  first  to 
include  Germans,  English,  and  Scotch,  and  the  second,  Poles,  Slovaks, 
and  North  and  South  Italians.  In  the  first  group  the  Germans 
show  the  lowest  percentages  for  all  localities,  ranging  from  7.3  in  the 
Middle  West  to  9.2  in  the  South.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Scotch 
included  in  the  same  group  show  not  only  the  highest  percentage  for 
this  group,  but,  with  the  exception  of  the  South  Italians  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  highest  percentage  for  all  localities.  In  the  second  group 
the  Italians  report  the  highest  average  proportions,  varying  between 
20  and  30  per  cent.  The  entries  for  the  other  two  races  in  the  sec- 
ond group  are  comparatively  low,  except  for  the  Poles  in  the  South- 
west and  the  Slovaks  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  South. 

AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSE- 
HOLDS. 

Information  as  to  the  ages  of  the  coal-mining  employees  and  the 
members  of  their  households  is  of  value  as  indicating  both  the  general 
composition  of  the  working  body  and  something  of  the  conditions 
under  which  the  workers  live.  Data  upon  this  subject  were  secured 
by  means  of  the  household  study,  and  are  presented  in  the  tables 
which  follow.  The  classification  is  according  to  age  groups,  sex,  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  heads  of  households.  The  presentation 
IS  by  percentages. 


170 


1 


The  Immigration  Commission. 

Table  109.— Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  hy  sex  and  by  general  nativity . 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.]- 

MALE. 


Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

i 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  fattier, 

by  race  of  father,  Irish 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian ] 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 

259 

54 

48 

48 

329 

91 

1 161 

1 162 

853 

! 717 

481 
727 
112 
1,018 
100 
155 
1,290 
98 

19.7 

13.0 

18.8 

18.8 

24.9 

11.0  1 
15.  5 1 

14.8 

24.2 

20.8 
26.  6 
18.6 
23  2 
22.9 
25.0 
18.7 

23.3 
10.2 

19.3 

20.4 

29.  2 

27.1 
9.4 
22.  0 

21.7 

17.9 

14.7 
10.0 

13.7 
14.3 

17.0 
13.6 

7.0 

12.9 

17. 1 
23.5 

3.5 

7.4 

6.3 

6.3 
.9 

5.5 

4.3 
6.2 
2.2 
1.8 
1.7 
1.9 

.9 

1.3 
2.0 

.6 

2.4 
2.0 

8.1 

5.6 

4.2 

6.3 

4.6 
11.0 

6.8 

15.4 

4.3 

6.3 

3.5 
5.2 

4.5 
4.8 
1.0 

14.8 

4.7 

13.3 

15.1 

9.3 

16.7 

16.7 

26.7 

18.7 

16.1 
13.6 

22.3 

30.5 

18.9 

22.3 

17.0 

23.6 

33.0 

20.6 

19.9 

15.3 

21.2 

37.0 

12.5 

14.6 

28.0 

17.6 
22.4 

12.3 

25.4 
26. 1 

31.0 

30.1 

27.7 

28.4 
31.0 

24.5 

25.3 

14.3 

13.1 

7.4 

12.5 

10.4 

5.5 

14.3 
LI.O 
19.8 

6.9 

4.5 

4.6 

7.6 
9.8 
5.5 
1.0 

7.7 
7.3 

21.4 

Grand  total 

6, 860 

21.6 

14.9 

2.3 

5.7 

22.0 

26.1 

7.5 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

73 

386 

6,474 

19.2 

18.7 

21.8 

27.4 
21.0 

14.5 

5.5 

4.4 

2.1 

4.1 

7.0 

5.7 

15.1 

14.2 
22.4 

17.8 

22.8 
26.3 

11.0 

11.9 

7.2 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father,  Irish 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Welsh 

238 
66 

41 

43 

239 
56 

139 

130 

647 

374 

337 

477 

84 

763 

73 

109 

1,089 

86 

14.7 

22.7 

14.6 

20.9 

31.4 
16.1 

17.3 

12.3 

28.6 

27.0 

28.5 

30.0 

27.4 

29.8 
24.7 

33.9 

31. 6 

11.6 

24.4 

25.8 

24.4 

23.3 

11.3 

21.4 

24.5 

25.4 

19.0 
18.2 

15.1 

15.5 

13.1 
21.4 

15.1 

20.2 
21.1 
23.3 

4.2 

3.0 

7.3 

2.3 

1.3 

7.1 

5.0 

8.5 

2.5 
2.9 

1.5 

2.3 

4.8 

3.0 
.0 

4.6 

2.9 

4.7 

9.2 
7.6 

9.8 

14.0 

3.8 

5.4 

10.1 
10.8 

4.3 

4.5 

3.0 

5.2 

8.3 

3.3 

4.1 

4.6 
4.1 

10.5 

19.7 

18.2 

19.5 

16.3 

31.4 

14.3 

11.5 

14.6 

22.7 

25.7 

27.9 

23.1 

11.9 

21.9 

41.1 

18.3 

18.8 
9.3 

18.9 

19.7 

19.5 

14.0 

17.6 

21.4 

20.1 

13.8 

19.0 

17.6 

20.5 

20. 1 

25.0 

18.0 

13.7 

18.3 

17.6 

17.4 

8.8 

3.0 

4.9 

9.3 
.3.3 

14.3 

11.5 

14.6 

3.9 

4.0 
3.6 

3.8 
9.5 

2.8 
1.4 

.0 

3.8 

23.3 

Grand  total 

5,112 

27.3 

19.4 

3.2 

5.1 

21.6 

18.5 

5.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

68 

372 

4,740 

17.6 

16.7 
28.2 

2.3.5 
24.  5 
19.1 

8.8 

4.8 

3.0 

7.4 

8.6 

4.8 

17.6 

19.1 

21.8 

22.1 

19.6 

18.3 

2.9 
6.7 

4.9 

I 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


171 


Table  103. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household — Continued . 

TOTAL. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

497 

17.3 

21.7 

3.8 

8.7 

17.3 

20.1 

11. 1 

Negro 

120 

18.3 

23.3 

5.0 

6.7 

14.2 

27.5 

5.  0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father,  Irish 

89 

16.9 

27.0 

6.7 

6.7 

18.0 

15.7 

9.0 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

91 

19.8 

25.3 

4.4 

9.9 

16.5 

14.3 

9.9 

Croatian 

.568 

27.6 

10.2 

1.1 

4.2 

28.7 

23.6 

4.6 

English 

147 

12.9 

21.8 

6.1 

8.8 

17.0 

19.0 

14.3 

German 

300 

16.3 

23.0 

4.7 

8.3 

14.0 

21.3 

12.3 

Irish 

292 

13.7 

21.2 

7.2 

13.4 

14.0 

13.0 

17.5 

Italian,  North 

1,500 

26.1 

16.5 

2.3 

4.3 

22.5 

22.7 

5.6 

Italian,  South 

1,091 

22.9 

12.8 

2.2 

5.7 

28.9 

23.2 

4.3 

Lithuanian 

818 

27.4 

14.3 

1.6 

3.3 

22.6 

26.7 

4.2 

Magyar 

1,204 

23.1 

14.8 

2.1 

5.2 

22.6 

26.2 

6.1 

Mexican 

196 

25.0 

15.3 

2.6 

6.1 

14.8 

26.5 

9.7 

Polish 

1,781 

25.8 

16.9 

2.0 

4.2 

22.9 

23.9 

4.3 

Russian 

173 

24.9 

10.4 

1.2 

2.3 

36.4 

2,3.7 

1.2 

Ruthenian 

264 

25.0 

15.9 

2.3 

10.6 

19.7 

22.0 

4.5 

Slovak 

2,379 

27.1 

18.9 

2.7 

4.5 

19.3 

21.8 

5.7 

Welsh 

184 

10.9 

2,3.4 

3.3 

12.0 

12.5 

15.8 

22.3 

Grand  total 

11,972 

24.0 

16.8 

2.7 

5.5 

21.8 

22.8 

S 6.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

141 

18.4 

25.5 

7.1 

5.7 

16.3 

19.9 

7.1 

Total  native-born 

758 

17.7 

22.7 

4.6 

7.8 

16.6 

21.2 

9.4 

Total  foreign-born 

11,214 

24.5 

16.4 

2.5 

5.3 

22.1 

22.9 

6.2 

The  total  number  of  individuals  for  whom  complete  data  were 
reported  is  11,972.  Of  these,  6,860,  or  57.3  per  cent,  are  males.  Itwill 
be  noted  that  the  great  majority  of  individuals  of  both  sexes  belong 
to  households  the  heads  of  which  are  foreign-born.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  taking  of  data  was  confined  almost  entirely  to  house- 
; holds  whose  heads  are  foreign-born,  a small  number  of  native-born 
schedules  having  been  taken  in  each  district  for  purposes  of  compari- 
son. Of  the  males  for  whom  information  is  incorporated  in  the  tables, 
6,474,  or  94.4  per  cent,  of  the  females  4,740,  or  92.7  per  cent,  and  of 
both  males  and  females  11,214,  or  93.7  per  cent,  are  classified  as 
‘Toreign-born.”  Inasmuch  as  the  classification  according  to  race  is 
I based  upon  the  birthplace  of  the  heads  of  households,  it  is  obvious 
* that  the  tables  give  no  exact  indication  of  the  nativity  of  the  indi- 
I viduals.  This  fiact  is,  however,  immaterial  for  the  purposes  of  the 
tables. 

Of  the  total  number  of  individuals  for  whom  information  was 
reported,  it  will  be  seen  that  51  per  cent,  or  about  one-half,  are  20 
yeps  of  age  or  over.  Twenty-four  per  cent,  or  about  one-fourth,  are 
I children  under  6.  Children  of  school  age  constitute  16.8  per  cent,  or 
1 about  one-sixth  of  the  entire  number.  There  is  a very  small  propor- 
I tion,  6.4  per  cent,  of  individuals  45  years  of  age  or  over.  A com- 
j parison  of  households  the  heads  of  which  are  foreign-born  with  those 
^ the  heads  of  which  are  native-born  shows  for  the  native-born  a lower 
percentage  of  young  children  and  a higher  percentage  of  children  of 

for  the  foreign-born, 
of  individuals  from  14 


school  age  and  ot  persons  45  or  over  thar 
Among  the  native  households  the  proportion 


172 


The  Immigration 


Commission. 


to  19  years  of  age  is  higher  than  among  the  foreign  households.  The 
proportion  of  individuals  20  years  of  age  or  over  is  less  for  the  native- 
Lrn  than  for  the  foreign-born.  In  the  group  of  households  whose 
heads  are  classified  as  native-born  of  foreign  father  the  percentage 
of  children  under  6 years  of  age  and  of  individuals  20  to  44  years  of 
age  is  lower  than  for  either  the  foreign-born  or  the  total  number  of 
■ individuals.  Among  the  foreign  households  the  races  having  t e 
largest  percentage  of  young  children  are  the  Croatians,  Lithuanians 
Slovaks,  and  North  Italians;  those  having  the  largest  percentage  of 
children  of  school  age  are  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Welsh, 
Germans,  English,  and  Irish;  and  those  haying  the  largest  percentage 
of  individuals  45  years  of  age  or  over  are  the  Welsh,  Irish,  English, 

*^”co^PMhig  the  table  for  males  with  that  for  females,  it  will  be  noted 
that  for  all  individuals  for  whom  information  was  reported  as  well  as 
for  the  individuals  in  households  the  heads  of  which  are  foreign-born, 
the  percentage  of  males  who  are  15  years  of  age  or  over  is  consider- 
ably higher  than  the  percentage  of  females  who  are  15  ^ears  ot  age 
or  over  The  relation  of  the  percentages  for  the  sexes  is  indicated 
by  general  nativity  in  the  following  table : 


Table  UQ.— Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 

of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

General  nativity  of  head  of  house- 
hold and  sex  of  individual. 

Under  6.1 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father: 

Male  

73 

19.2 

27.4 

5.5 

4.1 

7.4 

15.1 

17.8 

99  1 

11.0 

2.9 

Female 

68 

17.6 

23.5 

8.8 

17. 6 

Native-born: 

Mal'^  

386 

18.7 

21.0 

4.4 

7.0 

8.6 

14.2 

22.8 

1 Q A 

11.9 

6.7 

F6II13'l6 

372 

16.7 

24.5 

4.8 

19. 1 

ly.  D 

Foreign-bom; 

Mnlp  

6,474 

21.8 

14.5 

2.1 

5.7 

22.4 

01  Q 

26.3 

7.2 

4.9 

Female 

4,740 

28.2 

19.1 

3.0 

4.8 

Zv.  O 

io.  o 

Total  male - 

6,860 

21.6 

14.9 

2.3 

5.7 

5.1 

22.0 

26.1 

IOC 

l.b 

5.0 

TotStl  f6rD.3(lG 

5,112 

27.3 

19.4 

3.2 

21. 6 

lo.  0 

J 

From  this  table  it  appears  that  among  the  foreign  households  the 
proportion  of  females  in  the  lower  age  groups  is  h^her  than  the  pro 
Urtion  of  males  in  the  same  groups.  Summarizing  briefly,  it  may 
be  said  that  the  proportion  of  children  under  6 years  of  age  is  greater 
in  the  foreign  households  than  in  the  native;  that  the  proportion 
of  persons  45  or  over  is  greater  among  the  native  than  among  the 
foreign;  and  that  for  all  households  the  proportions  of  females 
under  15  years  of  age  are  higher  than  for  the  males  of  the  same  age 
group,  the  difference  in  age  between  the  sexes  being  especially  marked 


m the  case  of  the  foreign-born. 


t/Ll©  OS'S©  01  LIl©  iUl  il*  ^ ^ 

As  regards  the  age  characteristics  of  the  immigrant  mine  workers 
the  following  table  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  per  ceni 
of  male  employees  within  each  age  group. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


178 


Table  111. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general  nativity 

and  race. 

(SlUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 


Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

14. 

14  to  19. 

20  to  24. 

25  to  29. 

30  to  34. 

35  to  44. 

45  to  54. 

55  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  fa- 
ther: 

White 

18,410 

0.1 

14.3 

18.1 

17.0 

14.3 

20.1 

11.3 

4.8 

Negro 

6,659 

.4 

8.8 

17.6 

19.6 

14.8 

19.8 

14.3 

4.7 

Native-born  of  foreign  fa- 
ther, by  country  of  birth 
of  father: 

2.2 

.1 

Austria-Hungary 

820 

.1 

62.0 

27.2 

6.8 

1.3 

.2 

Belgium 

51 

.0 

62.7 

23.5 

11.8 

2.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Canada 

49 

.0 

6.1 

8.2 

14.3 

22.4 

32.7 

10.2 

6.1 

England 

1,792 

.3 

25.3 

22.2 

15.3 

12.6 

15.8 

6.4 

2.1 

France 

172 

.0 

30.2 

18.0 

18.0 

11.6 

7.6 

9.9 

4.  7 

Germany 

2,248 

(a) 

18.6 

22.2 

15.5 

10.7 

18.5 

11.1 

3.4 

Ireland 

1,344 

.0 

14.1 

17.5 

13.4 

12.9 

21.9 

15.8 

4.4 

Italy 

196 

.5 

66.3 

22.4 

8.2 

2.0 

. 5 

.0 

.0 

Russia 

176 

.6 

69.3 

22.7 

4.0 

1.1 

1.1 

.0 

1.1 

Scotland 

921 

.1 

27.0 

26.5 

16.9 

11.1 

11.5 

5.4 

1.4 

Sweden 

66 

.0 

39.4 

33.3 

18.2 

6.1 

3.0 

.0 

.0 

Wales 

464 

.2 

18.3 

15.3 

18.1 

13.4 

22.0 

8.2 

4.5 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 

10.6 

6.5 

vian  

742 

.0 

5.1 

10.9 

17.7 

19.9 

29.2 

Bulgarian 

176 

.0 

6.2 

22.7 

35.2 

14.2 

14.8 

4.5 

2.3 

Croatian 

2,411 

.0 

9.4 

28.2 

21.4 

15.8 

18. 5 

6.0 

.6 

Dutch 

104 

.0 

8.7 

9.6 

21.2 

14.4 

22.1 

20.2 

3.8 

English 

2,486 

.0 

3.0 

7.3 

12.1 

15.7 

23.2 

23.1 

15.6 

Finnish 

70 

.0 

4.3 

8.6 

17.1 

22.9 

31.4 

11.4 

4.3 

French 

778 

.1 

6.0 

10.3 

16.1 

18.1 

24.3 

17.6 

7.5 

German 

2,680 

.0 

4.3 

7.7 

11.4 

15.0 

25.6 

16.3 

19.6 

Greek 

113 

.0 

5.3 

26.5 

24.8 

14.2 

19.5 

7.1 

2.7 

Irish 

923 

.0 

. 7 

4.6 

8.9 

9.2 

22.8 

31.7 

22.2 

Italian,  North 

6,613 

(a) 

7.2 

20.6 

23.3 

19.7 

21.4 

6.4 

1.3 

Italian,  South 

4,247 

(a) 

9.9 

22.9 

22.9 

17.6 

19.0 

6.5 

1.3 

Italian  (not  specified) . . 

108 

.0 

5.6 

30.6 

22.2 

13.9 

20.4 

7.4 

.0 

Lithuanian 

1,885 

.0 

1.6 

17.9 

27.0 

19.8 

25.4 

7.4 

1.0 

Magyar 

4,542 

.0 

8.2 

18.3 

20.8 

18.8 

24.8 

7.8 

1.3 

Mexican 

111 

.0 

6.3 

15.3 

14.4 

15.3 

23.4 

19.8 

5.4 

Montenegrin 

136 

.0 

8.8 

30.9 

22.1 

17.6 

14.0 

6.6 

.0 

Polish 

7,302 

.0 

5.3 

19.0 

22.8 

18.3 

24.5 

8. 5 

1.7 

Roumanian 

155 

.0 

10.3 

13.5 

21.9 

16.1 

25.8 

11.6 

.6 

Russian 

1,841 

.0 

5.3 

20.0 

25.1 

18.3 

22.9 

7.4 

.9 

Ruthenian 

303 

.0 

10.6 

15.2 

26.4 

15.5 

25.4 

5.9 

1.0 

Scotch 

1,153 

.0 

3.8 

7.4 

11.4 

15.1 

21.2 

26.6 

14.6 

Servian 

129 

.0 

7.8 

30.2 

29.5 

13.2 

14.7 

3.1 

1.6 

Slovak 

11,230 

.0 

7.4 

18.8 

20.3 

16.8 

25.7 

9.3 

1.7 

Slovenian 

1,897 

.0 

7.8 

20.8 

24.0 

18.3 

19.6 

7.5 

1.9 

Swedish 

307 

.0 

1.6 

7.8 

9.4 

14.3 

30.9 

23.5 

12.4 

Welsh 

394 

.0 

2.0 

5.8 

7.4 

13.2 

21.6 

26.4 

23.6 

Grand  total 

87,765 

.1 

10.3 

18.3 

19.1 

15.9 

21.7 

10.6 

4.1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

8,378 

.1 

27.3 

22.0 

14.2 

10.3 

15.1 

8.3 

2.7 

Total  native-born 

33, 449 

.2 

16.4 

19.0 

16.8 

13.4 

18.8 

11.2 

4.2 

Total  foreign-born 

54,316 

(a) 

6. 5 

17.8 

20.5 

17.5 

23.4 

10.3 

4.0 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 

It  appears  from  this  table  that  of  the  male  employees  for  whom, 
information  was  secured  only  a fraction  of  1 per  cent  are  under  14 
years  of  age,  10.3  per  cent  are  from  14  to  19,  18.3  per  cent  are  from 
20  to  24,  19.1  per  cent  are  from  25  to  29,  15.9  per  cent  are  from  30  to 
34,  21.7  per  cent  are  from  35  to  44,  10.6  per  cent  are  from  45  to  54, 
and  only  4.1  per  cent  are  55  or  over.  The  proportion  of  employees 
under  25  years  of  age  is  largest  for  those  native-born  of  foreign  father ; 
of  those  from  25  to  44  years  of  age  it  is  largest  for  the  foreign-born; 
and  of  those  45  years  of  age  or  over  it  is  largest  for  the  native-born 
of  native  father. 


GENERAL  NATIVITY  AND  RACE 


174 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


t 

1 

1 


-o 


cn 

c 


o 


o 

CO 


eI.Ii  II.IiiIiIL.  IIiI 


m > ZcD^<  UJ 
lij 

> >o 

< <V 

z zaa 


i 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


175 


Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Kuthenians  have  the  largest  and  the  Irish 
the  smallest  proportion  of  employees  from  14  to  19  years  of  age;  the 
Montenegrins  have  the  largest  and  the  Irish  again  have  the  smallest 
proportion  of  employees  from  20  to  24  years  of  age;  and  the  Bulgarians 
have  the  largest  and  the  Welsh  the  smallest  proportion  of  employees 
from  25  to  29  years  of  age.  The  proportion  of  employees  from  30  to 
34  and  from  35  to  44  years  of  age  is  largest  for  the  Finns,  and  of  those 
from  45  to  54  years  of  age  it  is  largest  for  the  Irish.  The  Welsh  have 
the  largest  proportion  among  those  55  years  of  age  or  over.  It  will 
be  noted  that  the  races  of  recent  immigration,  or  those  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe,  have  their  largest  representation  in  the  lower  age 
groups,  while  the  races  of  past  immigration,  or  those  from  Great 
Britain  and  northern  Europe,  have  their  largest  proportions  in  the 
higher  age  groups. 


i 


I 


Chapter  VII. 

GENERAL  PROGRESS  AND  ASSIMILATION. 


Ownership  of  homes — Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied — Citizenship — 
Ability  to  speak  English — [Text  Tables  112  to  128  and  General  Tables  42  to  50]. 


OWNERSHIP  OF  HOMES. 

The  relative  extent  to  which  races  of  recent  and  former  immigration 
acquire  homes,  in  addition  to  showing  comparative  saving  proclivi- 
ties, furnishes  a valuable  insight  into  the  tendencies  of  the  various 
races  to  settle  permanently  in  this  country. 

In  bituminous  coal-mining  localities  there  is  but  little  opportunity 
for  the  mine  workers  to  acquire  their  own  homes,  for  the  reason  that 
in  a large  majority  of  the  mining  communities  the  houses  are  owned 
by  the  mining  companies.  These  houses  are  known  as  ^‘company 
houses'’  and  are  rented  to  the  employees,  but  are  rarely  sold  to  them.® 

In  the  table  submitted  below,  the  number  and  per  cent  of  the 
families  studied  who  own  their  homes  are  shown  by  race  of  head 
of  family. 


Table  112. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(Jeneral  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 


Native  - bom  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 

Native  - born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of  father; 

English 

Irish 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 


Total 
num- 
ber of 
fami- 
lies. 

Owning  home. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

113 

42 

37.2 

26 

4 

(^) 

11 

6 

(^) 

14 

5 

(«') 

17 

7 

{b) 

129 

16 

12.4 

29 

6 

(^) 

12 

2 

(^) 

54 

15 

27.8 

50 

31 

62.0 

304 

99 

32.6 

188 

C41 

21.8 

178 

44 

24.7 

General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 

Total 

num- 

Owning 

; home. 

ber  of 
fami- 
lies. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent. 

Foreign-born — Cont’d . 
Magyar 

242 

15 

6.2 

14.3 

18.2 

G) 

.0 

Mexican 

42 

6 

Polish 

336 

61 

Roumanian 

10 

Russian 

44 

Ruthenian 

43 

5 

11  6 

Scotch  

12 

4 

(«>) 

12.3 

Slovak 

457 

56 

Slovenian 

12 

2 

(^) 

60.0 

Welsh 

40 

24 

Grand  total 

2, 363* 

C491 

20.8 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

25 

11 

44.0 

34.8 

Total  native-born 

164 

57 

Total  foreign-bora 

2,199 

C434 

19.7 

“These  houses  are  described  in  considerable  detail  in  the  sections  of  the  report  which  take  up  the 
various coiumunities  studied.  In  each  locality  the  “company  houses”  are  much  alike,  being  generally 
TOiisiructed  after  one  plan  with  a variation  only  in  the  number  of  rooms.  See  Chapter  V,  p.  105,  on 
Housing  and  living  conditions.” 

- Not  computed,  owing  to  s^all  number  involved. 

<=Not  including  1 family  not  reporting  complete  data. 


177 


Per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

■■This  chart  shows  only  races  with  100  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races. 


178 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


O 

00 


O 

CD 


O 


UJ 

o 

o 

2: 

< 

> 


< 

_I 

< 

cc 

LxJ 

z 

LiJ 

o 


Cfc! 


> 5 

< O 

z u. 


I 

I 

h- 

h 

z 

Qd 

D 

Or: 

O 

O 

z 

o 

z 

Z 

tn 

< 

ID 

< 

z 

tt: 

T 

1 

z 

CD 

o 

z 

< 

z 

< 

_j 

< 

3 

X 

CD 

-L 

cn 

Ij 

O 

Qd 

< 

< 

H 

< 

o 

UJ 

0^ 

U 

1- 

1- 

2 

Gu 

cn 

z 

Z o 
Of  CD 
° I 

? z 

u CD 


ii 

Q 

h 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


179 


This  table  shows  that  of  the  2,363  families  studied,  20.8  per  cent 
own  their  homes.  Among  races  represented  by  20  or  more  fami- 
lies, the  race  having  the  highest  per  cent  of  families  owning  homes 
is  the  foreign-born  Irish,  with  62  per  cent;  the  second  the  foreign-born 
Welsh,  with  60  per  cent;  the  third  the  native  whites  of  native  father, 
with  37.2  per  cent.  Among  the  races  of  recent  irnmigration,  the 
North  Italian  has  the  highest  rank,  with  32.6  per  cent  of  its  members, 
and  the  Lithuanian  the  second,  with  24.7  per  cent,  owning  homes. 
The  Magyars,  the  Slovaks,  and  the  Croatians  all  have  a very  low 
proportion  of  home  owners,  the  percentages  being  6.2,  12.3,  and  12.4, 
respectively. 

Besides  considering  the  extent  to  which  homes  have  been  acquired, 
it  is  worth  while  to  determine  whether  the  tendencies  exhibited  in 
the  showing  for  the  industry  as  a whole  are  characteristic  of  the 
races,  or  whether  they  arise  from  different  opportunities  in  the  various 
localities  studied.  For  this  reason  the  table  which  follows  is  pre- 
sented. This  table  brings  into  comparison  the  per  cent  of  families 
owning  their  homes  in  each  of  the  four  geographical  divisions  of  the 
bituminous  industry. 

Table  113. — Per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  families  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The 

totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


Middle  Pennsyl- 
West.  vania. 


South. 


Total 

South-  bitumi- 
west.  nous  coal 
mining.a 


Native-born  of  native  father.  White. 
Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


36.4 


70.6 

40.0 

36.0 


87.0 


42.4 


35.1 


37.2 


2.8 

61.9 

45.5 

0.0 

10.4 

(^) 

51.1 

10.6 

cl.  6 

65.7 

7.4 

(^) 

55.6 

3.3 

2.7 

(&) 

8.4 

.0 

47.2 

4.1 

.0 

83.3 

12.4 

27.8 

32.6 
C21.8 

24.7 
6.2 

18.2 

12.3 


Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


53.8  9.2  cl. 


1 50. 6 


C20.8 


44.0 


36.  4 
56.4 


42.4  

8.4  ci.i 


28.9  34.8 

55.2  C19.7 


“ This  total  includes  families  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race  was  tabu- 
lated unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved, 
c Not  including  1 family  not  reporting  complete  data. 


An  examination  of  the  preceding  table  strongly  indicates  that  the 
tendency  to  acquire  homes  is  largely  a matter  of  opportunity.  Con- 
sidering the  total  number  of  families  studied,  the  Middle  West  has 
53.8  per  cent  of  the  families  studied  owning  their  homes,  Penn- 
sylvania 9.2  per  cent,  the  South  1.1  per  cent,  the  Southwest  50.6  per 
cent,  and  the  industry  as  a whole  20.8  per  cent.  The  per  cent  of 
white  families  native-born  of  native  father  owning  homes  is  36.4  in 
the  Middle  West,  42.4  in  Pennsylvania,  35.1  in  the  Southwest,  and 
37.2  in  the  industry  as  a whole. 


180 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Much  more  marked  variations  among  localities  are  found  for  the 
races  of  foreign  birth.  The  Croatian  race  shows  2.8  per  cent  of  its 
families  in  Pennsylvania  and  61.9  per  cent  in  the  Southwest  owning 
homes;  the  North  Italian  reports  70.6  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West, 
10.4  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  and  51.1  per  cent  in  the  Southwest. 
No  representatives  of  races  employed  in  the  South  give  evidence  of 
any  pronounced  tendency  to  acquire  homes,  owing  principally  to  the 
lack  of  opportunity  under  the  conditions  of  employment  prevailing 
in  that  section. 


STATUS  OF  CHILDKEN  IN  THE  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

In  a study  of  the  industrial  condition  of  foreign-born  mine  workers 
in  this  country  the  status  of  their  children  is  of  value.  The  table 
following  shows  the  per  cent  of  children  of  both  sexes  in  the  house- 
holds studied,  6 and  under  16  years  of  age,  at  home,  at  school,  and 
at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Table  114.— Per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  home,  at  school,  and  at 
work,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  children  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and  race 

Num- 

ber 

Per  cent- 

1 

Num- 
ber 1 

Per  cent- 

Num- 

ber 

Per  cent- 

of  individual. 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

a 

o 

< 

o 

o 

o 

w 

o 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

1 

o 

'o 

O 

tn 

< 

o 

< 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

a3 

s 

o 

rCl 

"o 

0 

1 

M 

u 

o 

4.2 

Native-born  of  native  fa- 
ther, White 

87 

8.0 

86.2 

5.7 

92 

9.8 

89.1 

1.1 

179 

8.9 

87.7 

3.4 

Native-born  of  foreign  fa- 
ther, by  race  of  father: 

4.5 

92.4 

3.0 

German 

33 

3.0 

90.9 

6.1 

33 

6.1 

93.9 

.0 

66 

Irish 

37 

.0 

94.6 

5.4 

41 

4.9 

95.1 

.0 

78 

2.6 

94.8 

2.6 

Italian,  North 

85 

5.9 

90. 6 

3.5 

95 

14.7 

85.3 

.0 

180 

10.6 

87.8 

1.7 

Italian,  South 

42 

26.2 

66.7 

7.1 

42 

16.7 

83.3 

.0 

84 

21.4 

75.0 

3.6 

Lithuanian 

55 

27.3 

69.1 

3.6 

39 

25.6 

74.4 

.0 

94 

26.6 

71.3 

2.1 

Magyar 

71 

12.7 

81.7 

5.6 

60 

20.0 

80.0 

.0 

131 

16.0 

80.9 

3.1 

Polish 

101 

17.8 

78.2 

4.0 

125 

22.4 

76.0 

1.6 

226 

20.4 

77.0 

2.7 

Slovak 

200 

12.5 

82.5 

5.0 

207 

23.2 

74.4 

2.4 

407 

17.9 

78.4 

3.7 

Foreign-born: 

18.6 

77.5 

3.9 

Italian,  North 

59 

13.6 

79.7 

6.8 

43 

25.6 

74.4 

.0 

102 

Italian,  South 

43 

14.0 

79.1 

7.0 

37 

48.6 

51.4 

.0 

80 

30.0 

66. 3 

3.8 

Magyar 

46 

19.6 

76.1 

4.3 

24 

50.0 

50.0 

.0 

70 

30.0 

67.1 

2.9 

Polish 

49 

30.6 

65.3 

4.1 

61 

39.3 

60.7 

.0 

no 

35.5 

62.7 

1.8 

Slovak 

51 

17.6 

78.4 

3.9 

57 

24.6 

75.4 

.0 

108 

21.3 

76.9 

1.9 

Grand  total 

1,174 

16.1 

78.0 

5.3 

1,156 

22.1 

77.2 

.8 

2,330 

19.1 

77.9 

3.1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

1.1 

1,484 

17.6 

79.4 

3.0 

father 

748 

15. 6 

79.4 

4.9 

736 

19.6 

79.3 

Total  native-born 

850 

14.7 

80.2 

5.1 

847 

18.1 

80.9 

1.1 

1,697 

16.4 

8a  6 

3.1 

Total  foreign-born 

324 

19.8 

74.4 

5.9 

309 

33.0 

67.0 

.0 

633 

26.2 

70.8 

3.0 

The  grand  totals  in  the  table  above  show  only  3.1  per  cent  of  the 
children  at  work,  while  19.1  per  cent  are  at  home  and  77.9  per  cent 
at  school.  That  a greater  proportion  of  foreign-born  than  of  native- 
born  children  are  at  home  is  also  indicated. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


181 


Of  the  native-born  children  whose  fathers  were  of  native  birth,  3.4 
per  cent,  as  compared  with  3 per  cent  of  the  second  generation  and 
3 per  cent  of  the  foreign-born,  are  at  work.  The  highest  percentage 
of  children  at  work  is  shown  by  the  foreign-born  North  Italians,  3.9 
per  cent  of  whose  children  are  employed.  Other  races  with  a greater 
than  average  proportion  are  the  foreign-born  South  Italians  with  3.8 
per  cent,  and  the  second  generation  of  the  same  people  with  3.6  per 
cent,  the  second  generation  of  Slovaks  with  3.7  per  cent,  and  of 
Magyars  with  3.1  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  children  at  work  is 
greater  in  the  second  generation  of  the  Magyars,  Poles,  and  Slovaks 
than  in  the  first.  The  only  girls  at  work  are  one  native  white,  and 
two  Poles  and  five  Slovaks  of  the  second  generation.  The  South 
Italians  show  the  highest  percentage  of  bo3"s  at  work,  the  numbers 
being  7 per  cent  and  7.1  per  cent  for  the  first  and  second  generations, 
respectively.  The  foreign-born  North  Italians  rank  next,  with  6.8 
per  cent,  followed  by  the  Germans  of  the  second  generation  with  6.1 
per  cent.  The  native  whites  show  5.7  per  cent,  the  second  genera- 
tion Mag3^ars  5.6  per  cent,  and  the  Irish  5.4  per  cent. 

The  percentage  for  the  total  number  of  children  at  school  is  reduced 
by  the  low  rating  for  the  foreign-born,  only  70.8  per  cent  of  whose 
children  are  so  reported.  The  whites  native-born  of  native  father 
report  87.7  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  general  average  of  77.9 
per  cent.  The  highest  percentage  is  that  of  the  second  generation 
Irish,  whose  94.8  per  cent  exceeds  even  the  92.4  per  cent  of  the  second 
generation  German.  The  second  generation  Nortli  Italians,  with  87.8 
per  cent,  rank  third,  the  other  races  with  a greater  than  average 
proportion  being  the  Magyars  and  Slovaks  of  the  second  generation, 
with  80.9  per  cent  and  78.4  per  cent,  respectively.  All  of  the  foreign- 
born  show  percentages  less  than  that  for  the  grand  total. 

The  second  generation  Irish  and  Germans  rank  first  and  second  in 
the  comparison  relating  to  girls  at  school.  The  whites  native-born 
of  native  father  follow.  The  Irish  boys  of  the  second  generation  are 
more  generally  in  school  than  are  those  of  other  races,  the  Germans 
of  the  second  generation  again  ranking  second,  with  the  North 
Italians  of  the  second  generation  third,  and  the  native  whites  foiirtli. 
The  Poley  and  Slovaks  of  the  second  generation  rank  higher  than  the 
average  in  this  comparison,  though  falling  below  it  in  the  education 
of  their  daughters,  each  of  these  races  showing  a much  greater  pro- 
portion of  girls  than  of  boys  at  home. 

The  percentage  of  foreign-born  children  at  home  is  very  much 
greater  than  those  of  the  other  groups.  The  Poles  have  the  highest 
percentage,  with  35.5  per  cent  of  their  children  at  home,  followed  by 
the  Magyars  and  South  Italians,  each  with  30  per  cent.  The  Lithu- 
anians, not  tabulated  among  the  foreign-born  on  account  of  small 
numbers,  show  26.6  per  cent  of  the  children  of  the  second  generation 
at  home.  The  Lithuanians  and  South  Italians  of  the  second  gener- 
ation have  a greater  proportion  of  boys  than  of  girls  at  home,  the 
percentage  of  boys  in  school  being  extremely  low. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  by  race  of  father  the  relative  num- 
bers of  children  of  native  and  foreign  birth  at  work,  at  school,  and  at 
horne.  It  includes  children  between  the  ages  of  6 and  16  years,  and 
exhibits  only  those  races  reporting  20  or  more  children  born  abroad 
and  also  20  or  more  born  in  the  United  States.  The  exhibit  is 
48296°— VOL  6—11 13 


182 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


arranged  according  to  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and  birth-  1 
place  of  child.  Native-born  children  of  native  father  are  added  for  !i 
comparative  purposes. 


Table  \lb— Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  hoim,  at 
school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and  by  birthplace  of  child. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


FThis  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  children  born  in  the  United  States  and  also  20  or  more 
^ born  abroad.  The  native-born  are  shown  for  comparative  purposes.] 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  father. 

Birthplace  of 
child. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Native-born: 

White  

United  States. 

179 

Negro  

United  States. 

34 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

/United  States 

34 

Italian,  North 

(Abroad 

/United  States 

oU 

180 

102 

84 

80 

94 

34 

131 

70 

226 

110 

407 

108 

Italian,  South 

\ ATiroSid 
/United  States 

Lithuanian 

(Abroad ...... 

jUnited  States 

Magyar 

t A-broad 
/United  States 

Polish 

(Abroad ...... 

/United  States 

Slovak 

(Abroad 

/United  States 

\Abroad 

Number— 


At  At 
home,  school. 


16 

157 

1 

32 

13 

20 

7 

22 

19 

158 

19 

79 

18 

63 

24 

53 

25 

67 

11 

20 

21 

106 

21 

47 

46 

174 

39 

69 

73 

319 

23 

83 

Per  cent— 


At 

work. 


At 

home. 


At  At 
school,  work. 


6 8.9  87.7  3.4 

1 2.9  94.1  2.9 


1 

1 

3 

4 
3 
3 
2 

3 

4 
2 
6 
2 

15 

2 


38.2 

23.3 
10.6 
18.6 

21.4 

30.0 
26.6 

32.4 

16.0 
30.0 

20.4 

35.5 
17.9 
21.3 


58.8 

2.9 

73.3 

3.3 

87.8 

1.7 

77.5 

3.9 

75.0 

3.6 

66.3 

3.8 

71.3 

2.1 

58.8 

8.8 

80.9 

3.1 

67.1 

2.9 

77.0 

2.7 

62.7 

1.8 

78.4 

3.7 

76.9 

1.9 

The  purpose  of  this  table  is  to  contrast  the  status  of  native- 
born  and  foreign-born  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  of  the 
same  race.  For  example,  it  shows  for  the  Polish  race  that  20.4  per 
cent  of  the  children  born  in  the  United  States  and  35.5  per  cent  oi 
those  born  abroad  are  at  home,  77  per  cent  of  the  children  bom  m 
this  country  and  62.7  per  cent  of  those  born  abroad  are  in  school, 
and  2.7  per  cent  of  the  children  bom  in  the  United  States  and  1.8 
per  cent  of  those  of  foreign  birth  are  at  work. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

The  relative  degree  of  naturalization  is  also  a very  pertinent  factor 
in  determining  the  tendency  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration  toward 
assimilation,  and  adaptation  to,  and  interest  in,  American  institutions. 
In  this  connection  the  following  tables,  based  upon  data  secured  from 
individual  mine  workers,  show  the  present  political  condition  of 
foreign-born  males  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of 
immigration  to  the  United  States,  according  to  residence  in  the  United 
States,  and  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


183 


Table  116. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 
by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


' Number 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

Race. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

262 

1 

16 

5 

106 

' 89 

40.5 

(a) 

fn,\ 

91  n 

Bosnian 

ol.  U 

(0) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Bulgarian 

4 

Canadian,  French 

1 

3 

0 

' 1 

2 

(a  ^ 

Canadian,  Other 

6 

fn  \ 

Croatian 

617 

2 

42 

9Q 

A fi 

Dalmatian 

1 

D.  0 
(a) 

(a\ 

(a)  ' 

(a) 

(a) 

17  9 

Danish 

10 

33 

845 

39 

1 

15 

569 

1 

Dutch 

O 

A 

(d  \ 

English 

‘± 

14.A 

A7  Q 

Finnish 

i*±o 

in 

Di . 0 

(a\ 

1(  • 6 
(a) 
on  K. 

French 

325 

1,151 

32 

1 

1 112 
784 

2 

lU 

QO 

\r) 

0 4 C 

German 

UV 

182 

0 

fik  1 

oU.  0 

1 C 

Greek 

A 

oo.  1 

(a\ 

lo.  0 

(“) 

(a) 

1 A 9 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

[a) 

(a) 

[rish 

379 

2,339 

1,302 

29 

702 

2 

305 

Italian,  North 

623 

238 

q 

oa 

ou.  0 

lU.  0 
99  1 

Italian,  South 

0‘±X. 

4-0.  0 

1 fi  9 

Zo.  1 

1 c:  7 

Italian  (not  specified) 

— UO 

A 

lo.  0 
( (l\ 

lo.  / 
(a) 

111 

Lithuanian 

240 

9-1  9 

Macedonian 

i 

0-1.  Z 

(a) 

1 n 9 

11.  1 

(a) 

11  A 

Magyar 

1,432 

43 

12 

7 

146 

I 158 

Mexican 

4 

1 

1 

10.  ^ 

Q 9 

11.  u 

9 9 

Montenegrin 

2 

7 

y.  t> 
(n  \ 

Z.  0 
(a) 

.'Norwegian 

(a) 

1 1 A 

Polish 

2 557 

373 

‘>C1 

(a) 

A Q 

Portuguese 

5 

2 

11.  0 

(0) 

{ n\ 

y.  0 
(a) 

(a) 

Roumanian 

12 

541 

76 

414 

3 

1 

80  ' 
7 

o 

Russian 

o 

1 c:  0 

luthenian 

OO 

7 

10.  y 

Q 9 

10. 2 

A 9 

Icotch 

261 

y.  z 
A9  n 

y.  z 

1 C /I 

Icotch-Irish 

3 

i 0 

Oo.  U 
(a) 

(n  \ 

18.  4 

(a) 

(a) 

A 9 

Servian 

31 

3,699 

650 

144 

5 

3 

Slovak 

497 

0 

9il 

1 9 ,1 

Slovenian 

108 

O'!! 

1 nn 

lo.  1 

1 A A 

y.  z 

91  A 

Swedish 

104 

lUU  1 

10.  0 
79  9 

Zl.  0 
10  1 

Syrian 

1 

113 

2 

4^0  1 

1 

/ w.  Z 
f n\ 

lo.  1 

(a) 

1 9 A 

•Velsh 1 

140 

6 

319 

163 

6 

1 j 
1 Q ' 

en  7 

^lUstralian  (race  not  specified) 

19  j 

oU.  i 

(a) 

21.9 

A A 9 

lo.  0 

(a) 

19  A 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

70 

72 

136 

4.^ 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

IZ.  D 
97  A 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

4 

11.  Z 

(a) 

Z/  . 0 
(a) 

Total 

18,363 

4 930  1 

9 70Q 

9A  C 

t A A 

^ i 

ZO.  0 

14.  y 

“Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


ll 

134  The  Immigration  Commission.  |- 

^ 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


185 


Table  117. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  years  in  the  United 
States  and  race. 

(study  of  K.MrUOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

In  United  States  5 
years  or  over. 

Numbei 

Per  cent— 

Number 

Per  cent— 

Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent — 

report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

145 

6.2 

52.4 

] 117 

82.9 

11.1 

202 

40.5 

34.0 

Croatian 

484 

2.1 

3.3 

1 133 

24.1 

9.8 

617 

6.8 

4.7 

English 

175 

8.6 

46.3 

670 

82.7 

9.7 

845 

67.3 

17.3 

French 

1G3 

8.0 

32.5 

162 

61.1 

28.4 

325 

34.5 

30.  5 

German 

270 

14.4 

38.5 

881 

84.6 

8.9 

1,151 

68.1 

15.8 

Irish 

28 

17.9 

32.1 

351 

85.5 

8.5 

379 

80.5 

10.3 

Italian,  North 

1,460 

11.8 

24.5 

873 

51.5 

20.8 

2,339 

26.6 

23. 1 

Italian,  South 

880 

7.3 

16.5 

422 

41.2 

14.2 

1,302 

18.3 

15.7 

Lithuanian 

367 

16.9 

10.4 

335 

53.1 

11.9 

702 

34.2 

11. 1 

Magyar 

959 

2.8 

8.7 

473 

25.2 

15.9 

1,432 

10.2 

11.0 

Polish 

1,503 

1.0 

6.7 

1,054 

33.1 

14.3 

2, 557 

14.6 

9.8 

Russian 

312 

4.8 

5.1 

229 

31.0 

17.0 

541 

15.9 

10.2 

Scotch 

84 

4.8 

35.7 

330 

77.9 

13.9 

414 

63.0 

18.4 

Slovak 

2,022 

2.1 

6.2 

1,677 

27.1 

12.9 

3,699 

13.4 

9.2 

Slovenian 

437 

3.9 

28.6 

213 

42.7 

16.4 

650 

16.6 

24.6 

Swedish 

24 

20.8 

50.0 

120 

82.5 

11.7 

144 

72.2 

18.1 

Welsh 

7 

14.3 

42.9 

133 

84.2 

12.0 

140 

80.7 

13.6 

Total 

9,820 

5.8 

15.7 

8, 537 

51.1 

13.8 

18,363 

26.8 

14.9 

These  tables  are  based  upon  complete  data  for  the  political  con- 
dition of  18,363  foreign-born  males  employed  in  the  bituminous 
coal-mining  industry.  Each  individual  mine  worker  has  been  in 
the  United  States  five  years,  the  requisite  number  of  years’  residence 
before  final  naturalization  papers  can  be  issued.  Of  the  total  number 
furnishing  information,  26.8  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized,  and  14.9 
per  cent  have  first  papers  only,  the  remaining  58.3  per  cent  being 
aliens.  Of  the  8,537  males  here  ten  years  or  more,  51.1  per  cent  are 
citizens,  13.8  per  cent  have  first  papers  only,  and  35.1  per  cent  are 
aliens.  Of  the  9,826  males  who  have  been  in  this  country  from 
five  to  nine  years,  5.8  per  cent  have  full  naturalization  papers,  15.7 
per  cent  have  first  papers  only,  and  78.5  per  cent  have  taken  no 
steps  to  acquire  citizenship. 

In  the  group  which  has  a period  of  residence  of  five  years  or  more, 
it  is  seen  that  the  Welsh  lead  with  80.7  per  cent  of  their  number  fully 
naturalized;  the  Irish  follow  with  80.5  per  cent,  and  the  English  and 
Germans  have  67.3  and  68.1  per  cent,  respectively.  Upon  com- 
paring the  totals  for  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  are  found  to  have  the  highest  per  cent 
fully  naturalized.  The  North  Italians  come  next  with  26.6  per  cent, 
as  compared  with  40.5  per  cent  for  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians. 
The  Magyars,  the  Poles,  the  Russians,  and  the  Slovaks  show  similar 
tendencies,  while  the  Lithuanians,  with  34.2  per  cent  fully  natural- 
ized, have  relatively  twice  as  many  citizens  as  these  races.  In  the 
group  showing  all  races  who  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine 
years,  the  Swedes  have  20.8  per  cent  who  have  acquired  full  citizen- 
ship, and  50  per  cent  with  first  papers  only.  The  Lithuanians,  with 
,367  reporting,  have  16.9  per  cent  with  complete  papers,  as  compared 


186 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been  in  the  United  iStates  10  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of 

age  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming,  by  race. 

[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  100  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


187 


NATURALIZED  ^ZZZZZZZZA-TXnsr  PAPERS  ONLY 


188 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


with  14.4  per  cent  of  the  Germans  and  8.6  per  cent  of  the  English. 
The  North  Italians  report  11.8  per  cent  of  their  number  as  citizens, 
while  the  Poles  have  only  1.6  per  cent,  and  the  Slovaks  2.1  per  cent. 

The  figures  for  first  naturalization  papers  are  fully  as  significant 
for  the  last-mentioned  group  as  are  the  figures  for  second  papers. 
The  races  having  a high  percentage  taking  out  first  papers  during  •’ 
the  early  period  of  their  residence  in  this  country  show  almost  the 
same  relatively  high  percentage  of  citizens  after  they  have  been  here 
ten  years  or  more.  This  appears  in  the  case  of  the  Bohemians  and 
Moravians;  of  those  who  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine  years, 
they  lead  with  52.4  per  cent  having  first  papers,  and  in  the  next 
group,  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over,  although  not  of  first 
rank  they  stand  comparatively  high.  As  regards  first  papers  among 
immigrants  of  a residence  between  five  and  nine  years,  after  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  come  the  Swedes,  the  English,  Welsh,  Ger- 
mans, Scotch,  French,  Irish,  Slovenians,  North  and  South  Italians, 
Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Russians,  and  Croatians,  in 
the  order  named. 

Among  the  employees  of  foreign  birth  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  ten  years  or  more,  the  Irish  lead  with  85.5  per  cent  fully 
naturalized;  the  next  in  order,  according  to  the  proportion  who 
have  attained  complete  citizenship,  are  the  Germans,  Welsh,  Bohe- 
mians and  Moravians,  English,  Swedes,  and  Scotch.  The  Lithua- 
nians show  53.1  per  cent  of  their  number  to  be  citizens.  Less  than 
one-half  as  many  Magyars  as  Lithuanians  are  naturalized. 

Political  conditions  among  the  bituminous  coal  miners  of  foreign 
birth  from  whom  data  were  secured  in  the  course  of  the  family  study 
are  next  presented.  The  tabulation  includes  only  such  males  as 
were  at  least  21  years  of  age  when  they  came  to  the  United  States 
and  who  have  been  here  five  years  or  more.  The  showing  is  by  race 
of  individual. 

Table  118. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  hy  race  of 
individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Number 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 
first  pa- 
pers only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 
first  pa- 
pers only. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

9 

3 

3 

(a) 

12.2 

(a) 

Croatian  

82 

10 

12 

14.6 

English 

13 

10 

2 

(o) 

(“) 

French 

7 

4 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

German 

26 

15 

6 

57.7 

23.1 

Irish  . . . 

21 

18 

1 

85.7 

4.8 

Italian,  North 

218 

58 

51 

26.6 

23.4 

Italian,  South 

136 

26 

13 

19.1 

' 9.6 

Lithuanian 

113 

21 

19 

18.6 

16.8 

Magyar 

146 

25 

15 

17.1 

10.3 

Mexican  

30 

.0 

.0 

Polish 

193 

26 

29 

13.5 

15.0 

Roumanian  

8 

(a) 

8.0 

(a) 

12.0 

Russian 

25 

2 

3 

Ruthenian 

26 

4 

1 

15.4 

3.8 

Scotch 

10 

8 

(o) 

(«) 

Slovak 

251 

43 

34 

17.1 

13.5 

Slovenian  

6 

1 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

Welsh 

17 

10 

4 

(.P 

Total 

1,337 

283 

196 

21.2 

14.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


189 


Referring  to  the  totals  in  the  preceding  table,  only  21.2  per  cent 
are  found  to  be  fully  naturalized  and  only  14.7  per  cent  hold  first 
papers,  the  remaining  64.1  per  cent  being  alien.  The  Mexicans  re- 
porting are  100  per  cent  alien,  no  representative  of  this  race  having 
taken  steps  to  acquire  citizenship.  The  Irish  show  the  lowest  pro- 
portion of  aliens,  85.7  per  cent  of  this  race  being  fully  naturalized, 
and  the  Germans  follow,  with  57.7  per  cent  fully  naturalized  and  19.2 
per  cent  alien.  The  North  Italians  come  next,  with  26.6  per  cent  fully 
naturalized  and  50  per  cent  without  either  first  or  second  papers. 
These  races  are  the  only  ones  exceeding  the  general  showing  of  21.2 
per  cent  fully  naturalized,  and,  though  ranking  first,  second,  and  tliird, 
they  show  very  great  differences  in  percentages. 

The  North  Italians  and  Germans  lead  as  regards  the  holding  of  first 
papers,  reporting  23.4  and  23. 1 per  cent,  respectively.  The  South  Ital- 
ians follow  the  North  Italians  with  19.1  per  cent  fully  naturalized, 
but  show  a much  larger  proportion  of  aliens  and  a consequently  small 
proportion  of  men  with  first  papers.  The  Lithuanians  come  next, 
with  18.6  per  cent  naturalized  and  16.8  per  cent  with  first  papers, 
leaving  64.6  per  cent  alien.  The  Magyars  and  Slovaks,  with  17.1 
per  cent  each,  hold  sixth  place  in  the  comparison  of  persons  fully 
naturalized.  After  the  Mexicans,  the  Russians  show  the  smallest 
proportion  of  fully  naturalized  males,  only  8 per  cent  being  thus 
reported;  12  per  cent  hold  first  papers  and  80  per  cent  are  aliens. 
The  Ruthenians’  percentage  of  aliens  is  80.8,  this  race,  though  report- 
ing 15.4  per  cent  fully  naturalized,  showing  the  smallest  proportion 
holding  first  papers.  The  Croatians  show  73.2  per  cent  who  have 
taken  no  steps  toward  becoming  citizens,  their  percentage  of  fully 
naturalized  males  being  but  12.2,  although  a somewhat  larger  pro- 
portion hold  first  papers.  The  Poles  report  71.5  per  cent  alien  and 
the  South  Italians  71.3  per  cent.  The  latter  race,  however,  shows  a 
considerably  larger  proportion  of  American  citizens,  the  Poles  report- 
ing only  13.5  per  cent  in  contrast  with  the  Italians^  19.1  per  cent. 

The  table  next  submitted  carries  the  discussion  of  the  effect  of 
residence  upon  citizenship  one  step  further  by  showing  by  locality 
and  by  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  the  present  political 
condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming.  The  presentation  is  by  race  or  individual. 


190 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  119  — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  eadi  specified  number  of  years  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at 
time  of  coming,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

in  thft  TTnitecl  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
mceTwlih^O^^^^^^  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total,  however,  ,s  for  all 

foreign-born.]  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Per  cent  fully  naturalized  in  each  speci- 

fied locality. 

Per  cent  having  first  papers  only  in  each 

specified  locality. 

Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

sylva- 

nia. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitu- 

minous 

coal 

mining. 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

sylva- 

nia. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitu- 

minous 

coal 

mining. 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 



5.2 

6.1 

(a) 

(a) 

6.2 

60.3 
7.1 

53.4 

29.2 
51.8 

14.3 

25.4 
11.3 
10.2 

46.3 
2.4 

33.3 

(a) 

0.0 

1 

(«) 

(a) 

52.4 
3.3 

46.3 

32.5 

38.5 
32.1 

24.5 

16.5 

10.4 

8.7 

6.7 

5.1 
35.7 

6.2 

28.6 
42.9 

P.f  oa  ti  a.n  

9.5 

1.3 

0.0 

(a) 

2.1 

English 

8.2 

12.5 

.0 

0.0 

8.6 

5/.  i 
(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Q Q 

00.  0 
dk  A 

Erpneh  

8.3 

2.7 

(a) 

18.9 

8.0 

28. 8 
30.5 
15.4 
13.8 
12.3 
8.1 
5.7 
5.1 

^0.  o 

70  7 

German 

21.7 

9.1 

(“) 

18.2 

14.4 

(a) 

d 

Irish  

14.3 

23.1 

(a) 

(a) 

17.9 

Italian  N orth 

21.6 

7.0 

9.8 

8.4 

11.8 

0.  O 

6.3 

(a) 

5.0 

Oo. 

66. 3 

OO  7 

Italian  South 

13.7 

6.2 

9 7 

14.7 

7.3 

IiithuaR'a.Ti  

24.5 

4.0 

(a) 

18.2 

16.9 

(a) 

OCL  A 

Mapvar 

8.1 

1.8 

.0 

(a) 

2.8 

22.4 

"Pr^HoVi 

3.0 

1.4 

4.7 

1.6 

14.5 

3. 0 
(a) 
(a) 

C A 

ZO.  0 

11.5 

66.7 

51.9 

80.0 

(a) 

Blissian  

16.2 

1.0 

(a) 

7.7 

4.8 

7. 4 

3.9 

13.9 

Scotch 

2.9 

5.6 

(a) 

.0 

4.8 

50.0 

25.3 

(a) 

Slovak 

14.1 

1.3 

1.2 

14.8 

2. 1 

4. 4 

oo  o 

o.  ^ 

(a) 

i^lnyPTiian  

(“) 

.0 

3.3 

(a) 

8.9 

3.9 

25.0 

Welsh 

25.0 

(“) 

(a) 

14.3 

50. 0 

Total 

14.8 

3.0 

2.7 

1 11.4 

5.8 

24.8 

9.3 

8.1 

56.7 

15.7 

IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian   

92.3 

81.4 

(a) 

(a) 

82.9 

3.8  ' 

18.4 
4.6 

26.5 
5.2 

15.0 
16.3  1 

14.0 

5.7 
7.9 

15.8 

9.7 

(a) 

A A 

(a) 

f Cl'\ 

11.1 

9.8 

9.7 

Croatian 

42.1 

15.9 

0.0 

(a) 

24.1 

U.  U 

1 A 1 

28.6 

51.1 

21.1 

English 

91.4 

81.4 

80.6 

67.5 

82.7 

10.  1 
(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

OA  A 

28.4 

8.9 
8.5 

20.8 

14.2 

11.9 

15.9 

14.3 

17.0 

13.9 

12.9 

16.4 

12.0 



67.6 

68.4 

(a) 

44.4 

61.1 

Upf'cnan  

92.9 

81.2 

(a) 

78.9 

84.6 

Irish  

82.5 

88.2 

(a) 

(a) 

85.5 

4. 6 

Italian  North 

71.8 

42.3 

32.0 

41.8 

51. 5 

15. 1 
12.9 

11.2 
14.8 
13.3 

1 O C 

1 A Q 

4:1.  O 

34.1 
24.0 

(a) 

22.2 

.0 

35.7 

Italian  South  .... 

59.5 

42.6 

27.2 

47.7 

41.2 

8.1  i 

iu.  y 
(a) 

OA  A 

LithuaTiifiTi  

65.8 

31.6 

(a) 

52.0 

53.1 

9. 4 

Magyar 

45.5 

20.4 

13.3 

(a) 

25.2 

20.8 

20.1 

18.1 

18.6 

18.3 

(a) 

zU.  U 

A Q 

Polish  

39.6 

33.0 

20.7 

19.4 

33.1 

D.  y 
(a) 

(a) 

Q K 

Russian 

54.2 

18.1 

(a) 

.0 

31.0 

lo.  o 

A A 

pootf'h  

79.1 

81.3 

(a) 

54.8 

77.9 

O.  U 
11.8 

Slovak  

62.9 

21.6 

31.0 

62.1 

27.1 

y.  0 

(a) 

(a) 

O 

32.3 

Slovenian  

(a) 

38.3 

(a) 

58.1 

42.7 

14. 2 
13.1 

Welsh 

87.5 

83.6 

(a) 

(a) 

84.2 

8.9 

\^) 

Total 

71.1 

44.8 

42.3 

52.8 

51.1 

13.4 

11.6 

13.9 

32.2 

13.8 

IN  UNITED  STATES  5 YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian   

1 

32.1 

44.6 

(a) 

(a) 

40.5 

42.9 

12.5 

17.8 
28.0 
16.2 

14.9 
21.8 

10.6 

29.8 

3.0 

1 0 1 

(a) 

A A 

(a) 

(a) 

34.4 

50.0 

29.4 
(a) 

52.0 

56.1 

23.4 
(a) 

24.1 

23.8 
42.6 

42.9 

60.5 
(a) 

34.0 

4.7 

Croatian  

25.0 

4.1 

0.0 

(a) 

6. 8 

U.  U 
OQ  Q 

17.3 

English 

68.9 

70.0 

55.6 

55. 9 

67.3 

Iz.  1 
oo  1 

zo.  y 
(a) 

(a) 

Q ^ 

30.5 

French 

32.9 

36.2 

(a) 

32.9 

34. 5 

zz.  1 

1 A K 

15.8 

German 

76.1 

64.4 

(a) 

69.1 

68. 1 

80.5 

26.6 

14.  0 
5.1 

10.3 

Irish 

72.3 

85.1 

81.0 

(O) 

y.  o 
19  (\ 

23.1 

Italian  North. 

41.5 

19.1 

19.8 

21.3 

14.  Z 
12.5 
9.5 
8.7 
8.4 
7.9 

'T  A 

iz.  o 

7 A 

15.7 

Italian,  South 

24.2 

19.4 

9.8 

25.2 

18.3 

i . D 
(a) 

9.1 

4.2 
(«) 

(“) 

k k 

11.1 

Lithuanian 

44.5 

16.2 

(a) 

36.2 

34.2 

9.8 

21.8 

17.2 
12.9 
27.5 
20.7 
(«) 

10.3 

11.0 

Magyar 

20.2 

8.1 

3.6 

(a) 

10.2 

9.8 

Polish  

20.1 

14.3 

6.3 

11.4 

14. 6 

10.2 

Russian 

35.7 

7.9 

(«) 

19.0 

15. 9 

18.4 

Scotch 

57.5 

67.8 

(«) 

42.6 

63.0 

7.  4 

*7  A 

9.2 

Slovak 

46.0 

10.2 

11.2 

39.3 

13. 4 

7.  D 

O.  0 

(a) 

(a) 

24.6 

Slovenian 

(a) 

14.1 

28.9 

16.6 

ly.  / 
13.8 

13.6 

Welsh 

84.  5 

80.0 

(a) 

80.7 

Total 

44.0 

22.1 

1 17.4 

31.1 

26.8 

18.9 

10.3 

10.2 

1 45.0 

~ 14.9 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


191 


Of  all  bituminous  coal-mine  employees  of  foreign  birth  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  5.8  per  cent,  as  can 
readily  be  seen  in  Table  119,  are  fully  naturalized  and  15.7  per 
cent  have  first  papers.  It  is,  therefore,  evident  that  78.5  per  cent 
have  taken  no  steps  toward  naturalization.  Upon  com])aring  the  four 
localities,  however,  68.1  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  employees  in  the 
Southwest  are  found  to  have  either  first  or  second  papers;  the 
Middle  West  follows,  with  39.6  per  cent;  and  Pennsylvania  and  the 
South  rank  third  and  fourth,  with  12.3  per  cent  and  10.8  per  cent, 
respectively. 

In  the  Middle  West  the  Lithuanians  lead  in  the  per  cent  of  fully 
naturalized  persons.  The  Germans,  North  Italians,  Russians,  Irish,  and 
Slovaks  follow,  in  the  order  named.  In  Pennsylvania  only  3 per  cent 
of  all  reporting  have  second  papers.  Of  the  Irish  23.1  per  cent,  and 
of  the  Welsh  25  per  cent  have  become  citizens,  while  less  than  2 per 
cent  of  the  Croatians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  and  Slovaks  are 
fully  naturalized.  In  the  South  only  2.7  per  cent  of  those  reporting 
are  naturalized,  the  North  Italians  showing  the  highest  per  cent.  In 
the  Southwest  the  races  with  the  greatest  number  fully  naturalized 
are  the  French,  German,  Lithuanian,  Slovak,  and  South  Italian,  in  the 
order  named.  The  English  and  the  Scotch  have  none  naturalized 
among  those  reporting. 

Upon  comparing  the  per  cents  of  several  races  in  the  four  mining 
areas  having  first  papers  only,  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  in  the 
Middle  West  display  the  greatest  political  interest,  60.3  per  cent 
having  taken  the  first  step  toward  naturalization.  The  English, 
German,  and  Scotch  follow  in  the  order  named.  The  Croatians, 
with  7.1  per  cent,  and  the  Russians,  with  7.4  per  cent,  show  the  least 
proportions  holding  first  papers.  In  Pennsylvania,  also,  the  Bohe- 
mians and  Moravians  have  the  highest  per  cent  with  first  papers. 
Only  2.4  per  cent  of  the  Croatians  in  Pennsylvania  have  taken 
out  their  first  papers,  while  the  Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Rus- 
sians, and  Slovaks  are  each  below  the  general  showing  for  all  the 
races  in  the  locality.  In  the  South  8.1  per  cent  of  those  reporting 
have  first  papers,  as  compared  with  56.7  per  cent  in  the  Southwest. 
The  English  exhibit  57.1  per  cent  with  first  papers.  All  the  other 
races  have  below  9 per  cent.  In  the  Southwest,  where  the  tendency 
toward  acquiring  full  citizenship  is  quite  marked,  the  Slovenians, 
with  but  few  persons  reporting,  show  that  80  per  cent  of  their  num- 
ber have  first  papers.  The  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Russians  are  the 
only  races  with  less  than  45  per  cent  who  have  first  papers. 

Proceeding  further  in  the  consideration  of  residence  in  its  relation 
to  citizenship,  the  second  section  of  the  table  shows  the  present 
political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the 
time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  ten  years  or  over,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

This  tabulation  shows  that  51.1  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  males 
with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over  are  fully  naturalized,  and  that  13.8 
per  cent  have  first  papers,  or,  in  other  words,  that  only  35.1  per  cent 
have  made  no  attempt  to  secure  either  first  or  second  papers,  as  com- 
pared with  78.5  per  cent  for  those  who  have  been  here  five  to  nine 
years. 

The  Middle  West  leads  the  other  localities  in  political  or  civic 
mterest.  In  that  section  71.1  per  cent  of  those  reporting  information 


192 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


are  fully  naturalized,  while  in  the  Southwest  the  per  cent  fully  nat- 
uralized is  52.8,  in  Pennsylvania  it  is  44.8,  and  in  the  South  42.3. 
Comparing  the  different  races  in  the  Middle  MTest,  the  Germans  lead 
with  92.9  per  cent  having  second  papers,  closely  followed  by  92.3  per 
cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians.  The  Poles,  the  Croatians,  and 
the  Magyars  are  the  lowest,  in  the  order  named.  In  Pennsylvania, 
upon  comparing  the  races,  the  Irish  are  found  leading  in  the  num- 
ber fully  naturalized,  followed  by  the  Welsh,  the  English,  the  Scotch, 
and  the  Germans,  in  the  order  named.  The  lowest  showing  is  made 
bv  the  Croatians,  with  15.9  per  cent;  then  come  the  Russians  wdh 
18.1  per  cent,  the  Magyars  with  20.4  per  cent,  and  the  Slovaks  with 
21.6  per  cent.  The  North  Italians  have  42.3  per  cent  and  the  South 
Italians  42.6  per  cent  fully  naturalized.  In  the  South,  the  English 
show  80.6  per  cent  with  second  papers.  All  the  other  races  are 
below  35  per  cent,  the  highest  being  the  North  Italian  with  32  per 
cent,  and  the  lowest  the  Magyar,  with  13.3  per  cent.  In  the  South- 
west the  Germans  have  78.9  per  cent  fully  naturalized.  The  Eng- 
lish, Slovaks,  Slovenians,  and  Scotch  follow  in  the  order  named. 
None  of  the  Russians  reporting  have  either  first  or  second  papers. 
Only  19.4  per  cent  of  the  Poles  are  fully  naturalized. 

As  regards  the  relative  standing  of  the  races  reported  for  the 
whole  industry,  the  table  shows  that  the  Welsh,  Irish,  Germans, 
and  English  lead  in  taking  out  full  naturalization  papers.  The 
Croatians  and  the  Magyars,  in  the  order  named,  have  the  smallest 
per  cent  fully  naturalized.  Of  the  total  of  18,363  bituminous  coal- 
mine employees  of  foreign  birth  26.8  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized. 

Upon  comparing  the  four  localities,  it  is  seen  that  the  Middle  West 
leads,  44  per  cent  of  the  miners  having  taken  out  full  papers.  The 
Southwest  shows  31.1  per  cent  citizens,  Pennsylvania  22.1  percent, 
and  the  South  17.4  per  cent. 

In  the  Middle  West  the  Welsh  have  84.5  per  cent  fully  naturalized 
males.  The  Germans  show  the  next  highest  per  cent.  Of  the  races 
of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  the  Slovaks  lead,  with  46  per  cent, 
and  the  Lithuanians  come  next,  with  44.5  per  cent.  Most  of  the 
races  have  a higher  per  cent  of  naturalization  in  this  region  than  m 
the  other  localities. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  Irish  have  85.1  per  cent  fully  naturalized. 
The  Welsh,  English,  Scotch,  and  Germans  follow  in  the  order  named. 
The  races  showing  very  little  interest  in  acquiring  citizenship  are 
the  Croatians,  Russians,  and  Magyars.  For  this  locality  the  North 
Italians,  with  19.1  per  cent,  and  the  South  Italians,  with  19.4  percent 
of  their  numbers  fully  naturalized,  exhibit  practically  the  same 
tendencies.  The  Lithuanians  of  Pennsylvania  do  not  display  the 
same  political  interest  as  members  of  the  same  race  in  the  Middle 
West  or  the  Southwest. 

In  the  South  the  Irish  and  English  show  81  and  55.6  per  cent  ol 
their  numbers,  respectively,  who  are  naturalized.  They  are  the  only 
races  from  northern  Europe  which  have  reported  in  sufficient  numbers 
to  be  considered.  The  Croatians  show  no  desire  for  naturalizaation,  and 
the  Magyars  and  Poles  exhibit  only  slight  tendencies  in  this  direction. 

In  the  Southwest  almost  twice  as  large  a proportion  of  the  miners 
are  naturalized  as  in  the  South.  Here  the  Germans  lead  in  the  per- 
centage of  citizenship,  with  the  English  following.  The  Scotch, 
however,  are  only  sliglitly  above  the  Slovaks,  and  the  French  are 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


193 


below  the  Lithuanians  and  Slovaks.  The  Poles  are  lowest,  with 
11.4  per  cent  of  their  number  fully  naturalized.  On  comparing  the 
proportion  of  those  having  first  papers  only  it  is  seen  that  45  per  cent 
of  all  the  employees  reporting  in  the  Southwest  have  first  papers.  Con- 
sidering the  relative  activity  of  the  employees  in  this  region  in  secur- 
ing second  papers,  and  taking  it  in  connection  with  the  very  high  per 
cent  having  first  papers,  the  returns  show  that  the  Southwest  leads 
all  localities  in  the  desire  for  citizenship. 

The  Middle  West  shows  a high  percentage  of  immigrants  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  for  a long  time  and  who  have  secured 
their  second  papers.  Consequently  there  is  a correspondingly  small 
proportion  having  first  papers.  The  Bohemians  in  the  Middle  West 
show  42.9  per  cent  who  have  taken  out  first  papers,  while  the  Lith- 
uanians in  the  same  section  have  only  9.8  per  cent. 

Upon  the  basis  of  a comparison  of  those  having  first  and  those  having 
second  papers,  Pennsylvania  ranks  but  little  above  the  South.  The 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  lead  the  other  races  in  first  papers.  All 
except  9.8  per  cent  of  the  Irish  reported  in  Pennsylvania,  and  all 
but  17.9  per  cent  of  the  English,  have  either  first  or  second  papers. 
Ninety-two  and  nine-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Croatians,  84.2  per  cent 
of  the  Russians,  83.2  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  82.2  per  cent  of  the 
Slovaks,  77.3  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  and  74.3  per  cent  of  the  Lithu- 
anians in  the  Pennsylvania  mines  have  not  secured  first  papers,  or,  in 
other  words,  have  made  no  effort  toward  becoming  citizens. 

The  table  next  presented  makes  the  comparison  of  the  political 
condition  of  the  members  of  the  households  studied,  according  to  the 
geographical  divisions  of  the  industry.  Percentages  are  computed  for 
those  races  only  which  have  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of 
two  or  more  localities.  The  percentages  for  the  total  bituminous 
industry  are  the  same  as  for  Table  118  relating  to  households,  and 
are  reprinted  in  the  following  table  for  comparative  purposes. 

Table  120. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by 
locality  and  by  race  of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or  more  localities.  The  total,  however, 
is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Per  cent  fully  naturalized  in  each  speci- 
fied locality. 

Per  cent  having  first  papers  only  in  each 
specified  locality. 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

syl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitu- 

minous 

coal 

miningo 

Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

syl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 

bitu- 

minous 

coal 

mining.o 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

44.8 

ip) 

42.9 

31.6 

34.0 
10.2 
20.3 

15.0 
17.2 

d>) 

3.8 

11.8 

7.7 

12.5 

17. 1 
(&) 
14.8 
(«>) 

(«>) 

20.7 

26.6 
19.  1 
18.6 
17. 1 
13.5 
17.  1 

37.9 
P) 

17.9 

18.9 

12.0 

10.2 

14.5 

15.0 

11.1 

P) 

1.9 

P) 

2.9 
5.  1 
8.3 

25.6 

(&) 

33.3 

P) 

P) 

34.5 

23.4 
9.6 

16.8 

10.3 

15.0 

13.5 

Magyar 

Polish 

i^) 

P) 

Slovak 

Total 

41.0 

20.6 

9.5 

23.4 

21.2 

21.7 

12.7 

6.3 

24.2 

14.7 

« This  total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  localities,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
was  tabulated  unless  10  or  more  shcedules  were  secured. 

0 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


194 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  this  table  the  Middle  West  is  far  in  the  lead  of  other  sections, 
with  41  per  cent  of  its  bituminous  coal  miners  fully  naturalized  and 
21.7  per  cent  holding  first  papers.  However,  no  conclusions  may  be 
drawn  from  the  relatively  small  number  of  households  reporting,  the 
study  of  employees  being  of  more  value  in  this  comparison.  The 
Southwest  follows,  with  23.4  and  24.2  per  cent,  respectively;  Penn- 
sylvania stands  third,  with  20.6  per  cent  and  12.7  per  cent;  and  the 
South  fourth,  only  9.5  per  cent  of  foreign-born  males  in  this  locality 
being  American  citizens  and  only  6.3  per  cent  holding  first  papers. 

As  only  the  principal  races  are  here  tabulated,  the  races  under 
comparison  are  few.  In  the  Middle  W^est,  the  North  Italians  and 
the  Lithuanians  only  are  reported  in  sufficient  numbers  for  computa- 
tion. Of  these,  the  Italians  appear  to  slightly  better  advantage, 
with  44.8  per  cent  fully  naturalized  and  37.9  per  cent  holding  first 
papers,  while  the  Lithuanians,  although  reporting  42.9  per  cent  fully 
naturalized,  show  but  17.9  per  cent  with  first  papers. 

In  the  Southwest  the  Slovaks  lead,  with  20.7  per  cent  naturalized 
and  34.5  per  cent  holding  first  papers.  The  North  Italians  follow, 
with  17.1  per  cent  naturalized  and  25.6  per  cent  having  first  papers; 
and  the  Lithuanians  are  third,  their  percentages  being  14.8  and  33.3, 

respectively.  . , ^ t r*  i j f 

In  the  households  of  Pennsylvania  the  Italians  are  lar  ahead  ol  the 
other  races  as  regards  citizenship.  The  South  Italians  lead,  with  34 
per  cent  naturalized  and  12  per  cent  holding  first  papers,  while  the 
North  Italians  show  31.6  per  cent  naturalized  and  18.9  per  cent  with 
first  papers.  The  Magyars  rank  third,  with  20.3  per  cent  of  their 
number  naturalized  and  14.5  per  cent  holding  first  papers;  and  the 
Slovaks  fourth,  their  percentages  being  17.2  and  11.1,  respectively. 
The  Lithuanians  show  only  10.2  per  cent  of  their  number  who  have 

acquired  full  citizenship.  . • j 

Only  four  races  with  sufficient  numbers  for  the  computation  ol 
percentages  are  reported  in  this  table  for  the  South,  and  the  propor- 
tion of  American  citizens  is  very  small.  The  Slovaks  lead,  with  12.5 
per  cent  fully  naturalized  and  8.3  per  cent  holding  first  papers.  The 
Magyars,  with  11.8  per  cent  and  2.9  per  cent,  respectively,  are  not 
far  behind  as  regards  complete  naturalization,  but  show  a much 
larger  proportion  of  aliens.  The  Poles  rank  third,  and  the  South 
Italians,  the  race  appearing  to  best  advantage  in  Pennsylvania,  come 
last,  their  proportion  of  full}^  naturalized  men  being  but  3.8  per 
cent,  while  of  those  holding  first  papers  it  is  only  1.9  per  cent. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

To  acquire  a knowledge  of  the  English  language  is  the  first  and 
most  important  step  toward  Americanization,  besides  being  abso- 
lutely preliminary  to  any  form  of  progress.  A study  of  the  series 
of  tables  next  presented  will  give  a clear  idea  of  the  tendencies  mani- 
fested by  the  coal-mining  employees  along  these  lines. 

The  table  first  presented  shows  the  per  cent  of  persons  6 y^^^s  or 
age  and  over  in  the  households  studied  who  are  able  to  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


195 


Table  121. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English^  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals, 
however,  are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  who  speak 
English. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

German 

50 

61 

Ill 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

99 

108 

207 

96.0 

96.3 

96.1 

Italian,  South 

47 

48 

95 

95.7 

87.5 

91.6 

Lithuanian 

59 

45 

104 

93.2 

95.6 

94.2 

Magyar 

Polish 

82 

69 

151 

97.6 

97.1 

97.4 

117 

139 

256 

93.2 

91.4 

92.2 

Slovak 

244 

250 

494 

93.0 

91.6 

92.3 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian i 

26 

24 

50 

57.7 

54.2 

56.0 

Croatian ! 

230 

143 

373 

47.4 

32.2 

41.6 

German | 

79 

61 

140 

77.2 

72.1 

75.0 

Italian,  North i 

545 

344 

889 

61.8 

33.7 

51.0 

Italian,  South 1 

Lithuanian ?i 

524 

219 

743 

41.2 

28.3 

37.4 

294 

191 

485 

67.0 

47.6 

59.4 

Magyar j 

472 

265 

737 

52.8 

41.5 

48.7 

Mexican i 

64 

39 

103 

21.9 

15.4 

19.4 

Polish 

673 

386 

1,059 

39.5 

36.0 

38.2 

Roumanian 1 

39 

13 

52 

2.6 

15.4 

5.8 

Russian j 

100 

49 

149 

24.0 

14.3 

20.8 

Ruthenian i 

107 

49 

156 

27.1 

12.2 

22.4 

Slovak j 

730 

501 

1,231 

47.4 

32.1 

41.2 

Grand  total 1 

4,710 

3,119 

7,829 

55.6 

50.0 

53.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 1 

787 

805 

1,592 

92.8 

92.3 

92.5 

Total  foreign-born j 

3,923 

2,314 

6,237 

48.1 

35.4 

43.4 

According  to  the  foregoing  table,  which  presents  data  for  the  non- 
English-speaking  races  in  the  bituminous  mining  industry,  53.4  per 
cent  of  all  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied 
are  able  to  speak  English.  This  rather  low  percentage  is,  of  course, 
attributable  to^  the  preponderance  of  the  foreign-born,  79.7  per  cent 
of  all  persons  included  in  the  table  under  consideration  having  been 
born  abroad.  The  remaining  20.3  per  cent  are  persons  native-born 
of  foreign  father.  Of  this  latter  class,  92.5  per  cent  speak  English. 

The  race  of  the  second  generation  showing  the  lowest  per  cent  of 
English-speaking  people  is  the  South  Itahan,  with  but  91.6  per  cent 
thus  reported;  the  Poles  follow,  with  92.2  per  cent,  and  the  Slovaks 
with  92.3  per  cent.  The  Lithuanians,  North  Italians,  and  Magyars 
rank  in  the  order  named  and  the  German  households  head  the  list, 
with  100  per  cent  of  their  members  able  to  speak  English.  The 
North  Italians  and  Lithuanians  show  a slightly  larger  proportion  of 
females  than  of  males  able  to  speak  the  language  of  their  parents’ 
adopted  country,  but  the  reverse  is  true  of  the  other  races;  the 
greatest  difference  is  found  in  the  case  of  the  South  Italians  of  the 
second  generation,  only  87.5  per  cent  of  whose  females  speak  the 
language,  though  95.7  per  cent  of  the  males  can  do  so. 

^ Among  the  total  foreign-born  the  percentage  able  to  speak  English 
IS  43.4.  The  Germans  rank  first  with  75  per  cent.  The  Lithuanians 
lollow,  with  59.4  per  cent,  and  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  succeed 
‘/hem  with  56  per  cent.  Of  the  other  races  only  the  North  Italians, 


1 


196 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


with  51  per  cent,  and  the  Magyars,  with  48.7  per  cent,  exceed  the 
percentage  of  43.4  for  the  total  foreign-born.  The  race  which  falls 
furthest  below  the  general  average  is  the  Roumanian,  only  5.8  per 

cent  of  whom  can  speak  English.®  . -.u  oa  o + 

The  Mexicans  with  19.4  per  cent,  the  Russians  with  20.8  per  cent, 
and  the  Ruthenians  with  22.4  per  cent,  show  much  more  progress 
than  the  Roumanians,  although  ranking  considerably  below  the 
other  races.  South  Italians,  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Croatians  also  re- 
port a less  than  average  proportion  of  their  people  able  to  speak 

^mong  the  foreign-bom,  a considerably  greater  proportion  of 
males  than  of  females  are  able  to  speak  English,  the  percentages 
beino-  48  1 and  35.4,  respectively.  The  Roumanians  are  the  only 
exception  to  this  general  rule.  The  relatively  smaller  proportion 
of  females  who  have  acquired  the  use  of  English  is  due^  to  the  tact 
that  the  females  of  the  households  of  races  of  recent  immigration  are 
more  closely  segregated  than  are  the  males. 

The  next  table  submitted  shows  the  ability  to  speak  English  on  the 
part  of  48,656  individual  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth  and  of  non- 
English-speaking  races,  from  whom*detailed  inf ormation  was  secured. 

Table  122. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


fThis  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting. 
^ is  for  all  non-Enghsh-speakmg  races.] 


The  total,  however, 


1 

Num-  j 
her  re- 

Tvnrtinfy 

Speaking  Eng-  \\ 
lish.  j 

Race. 

Num- 
ber re-  j 
porting 

Speaking  Eng- 
lish. 

Race. 

p/Ul  tii-lg 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent,  i 

com-  1 

plete 

data. 

Num- 
ber. j 

Per 

cent. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

KOI 

72.2  1 

30.2  i 

Mexican  - 

107 

80 

74.8 

1 do 
172 

Ooi 

52 

Montenegrin 

136 

49 

36.0 

52.1 
47.7 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

2,394 

1, 384 

57.8 

84.2 

74.3  1 

Polish. 

7,190 

151 

1,810 

3,746 

72 

1,093 

Dutch 

101 

70 

85 

52 

Russian 

60.4 

44.3 

61.4 
58.6 
60.9 

Finnish 

760 

539 

70.9  ! 

Ruthenian 

300 

133 

French. 

2, 639 
111 

2,387 

90.5  ‘ 

Ser\’ian 

127 

1 78 

German 

74 

66.7 

Slovak 

11,137 

6,522 

6 528 

4,059 

62.  2 

Slovenian 

1,864 

' 1, 136 

Tfolion  .QnntE 

4, 188 
103 
1, 870 

2)548 

62 

1,411 

60.  8 

Swedish 

306 

1 295 

96.4 

OUUtli  

Italian  (not  specified) 

60.2  , 
75.5  i 

Total 

48,656 

i 29,775 

61.2 

Magyar 

4)470 

2,322 

51.9 

1 

Older  immigrants  and  those  races  which  mingle  freely  with  Ameri- 
cans show  in  this  table  a larger  percentage  speaking  English  than 
do  either  the  more  recent  immigrants  or  the  races  which  segregate 

themselves  in  colonies.  . w n.  oo  771^  nr 

Of  the  48,656  immigrants  reporting  complete  data,  29,7/5,  or 
61.2  per  cent,  can  speak  English.  In  this  connection  it  is  interesting 
to  note  the  races  from  northern  Europe  which  show  the  highest 
average  per  cent  of  persons  speaking  the  English  language;  96.4 
per  cent  of  the  Swedes,  90.5  per  cent  of  the  Germans,  84.2  per  cent  ol 
the  Dutch,  and  70.9  per  cent  of  the  French  are  able  to  speak  English. 

« The  table  on  p.  28  shows  that  no  members  of  this  race  in  the  households  studied 
have  been  in  the  United  States  as  much  as  ten  years. 


I'er  cent  oj  joreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  JUngiish,  by  race. 

[This  chart  shows  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


197 


48296°— VOL  6—11 14 


198 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  remarkable  progress  made  by  the  Germans  is  particularly  notice- 
able, as  out  of  a total  of  2,639  individuals  reporting,  2,387  have 
mastered  the  English  language.  The  Swedes  show  a larger  per  cent 
speaking  English  than  do  the  Germans,  but  this  fact  is  less  significant, 
inasmuch  as  information  was  secured  from  only  306  members  of  this 
race  as  compared  with  2,639  Germans. 

The  reasons  which  are  considered  accountable  for  the  better 
showing  made  in  the  knowledge  of  English  by  the  races  mentioned 
above  are,  (1)  They  have  been  in  the  United  States  in  considerable 
numbers  for  a longer  period  than  immigrants  from  other  parts  of 
Europe;  (2)  they  do  not  segregate  themselves  to  the  extent  of  other 
races,  and  they  mingle  more  freely  with  natives;  (3)  more  of  them 
have  come  to  this  country  with  the  idea  of  making  it  their  permanent 
home,  and  hence  are  anxious  to  learn  the  English  language. 

As  regards  the  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  out  of  a 
total  of  1,870  Lithuanians  furnishing  information  1,411,  or  75.5  per 
cent,  speak  English.  This  race  shows  a marked  inclination  toward 
early  Americanization,  and  seems  very  desirous  of  learning  English 
as  soon  as  possible  after  arrival  in  this  country,  this  tendency  being 
especially  noticeable  in  the  Southwest.  Although  Lithuanians  live 
in  colonies  and  settlements  to  themselves,  they  associate  more  with 
natives  than  do  Italians  and  the  Slavic  races  and  hence  are  able  to 
master  the  language  in  a shorter  time.  A slightly  larger  percentage 
of  North  Italians  than  of  South  Italians  speak  English.  Of  the  6,528 
North  Italians  shown  in  the  table,  4,059,  or  62.2  per  cent,  speak 
English.  From  the  returns  of  the  4,188  South  Italians  who  give 
complete  data,  it  is  seen  that  2,548,  or  60.8  per  cent,  speak  English. 
Both  North  and  South  Italians  usually  live  m segregated  communi- 
ties, trade  at  stores  owned  by  members  of  their  own  race  wherever 
possible,  have  little  association  with  Americans,  and,  consequently, 
hear  very  little  English  spoken.  Many  come  to  the  United  States 
with  the  intention  of  remaining  only  a few  years  and  have  no  desire  to 
learn  the  language.  Italians  seem  to  learn  English  much  more  quickly 
than  the  Slavic  races,  and  it  is  noticeable  in  mining  districts,  where 
representatives  of  all  the  races  have  lived  for  an  equal  length  of  time, 
that  Italians  are  more  proficient  in  the  use  of  English  than  are  Slavs. 

Slavic  races  in  the  table  are  the  Croatian,  Magyar,  Polish,  Russmn, 
Slovak,  Slovenian,  Ruthenian,  Bulgarian,  Bohemian  and  Moravian, 
and  other  races  from  which  only  a few  individuals  report  complete 
data.  It  is  apparent  that  there  is  a smaller  average  percentage  of  in- 
dividuals belonging  to  these  races  able  to  speak  English  than  that 
shown  in  the  table  of  percentages  for  races  from  northern  Europe  and 
from  North  and  South  Italy.  The  table  shows  735  Bohemians  and 
Moravians,  of  whom  531,  or  72.2  per  cent,  speak  English.  This  race 
is  followed  by  the  Slovenians,  of  which  race  1,136,  or  60.9  per  cent, 
are  able  to  speak  English.  The  Russians,  numbering  1,810,  follow 
with  a percentage  of  60.4.  Particular  attention  is  directed  to  the 
Slovaks.  Out  of  11,137  reporting,  only  6,522,  or  58.6  per  cent,  can 
speak  English.  Some  1,384,  or  57.8  per  cent,  of  the  Croatians  speak 
English  out  of  a total  of  2,394  reporting.  Of  the  Magyars  4 470 
report  complete  data,  showing  2,322,  or  51.9  per  cent,  speaking 
English.  Of  the  7,190  Poles  shown  in  the  table  3,746,  or  52.1  per  cent, 
speak  English.  Other  Slavic  races  have  reported  in  limited  numbers, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


199 


and  no  fair  conclusion  can  be  drawn  as  to  their  relative  or  proportionate 
ability  to  speak  English. 

Reasons  assigned  for  the  low  percentage  of  the  Slavic  races  speak- 
ing English  are,  (1)  They  are  the  more  recent  immigrants  and,  having 
been  in  this  country  a shorter  time  than  races  from  northern  Europe, 
have  not  had  time  to  acquire  the  language;  (2)  they  live  in  colonies  by 
themselves  where  English  is  rarely  spoken,  and  are  usually  segregated 
at  work,  so  that  there  is  little  association  between  them  and  Amer- 
icans; (3)  the  Slavic  races  seem  to  have  more  difficulty  in  learning 
the  language  than  have  immigrants  from  other  countries.  The 
Mexicans  and  Greeks  reporting  complete  data  show  percentages  of 
74.8  and  66.7,  respectively,  who  speak  English. 

In  reviewing  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  of  the  three  larger  racial 
groups  the  races  from  northern  Europe  show  the  highest  average  per- 
centage of  those  who  speak  English,  followed  by  North  and  South 
Italians  and  the  Slavic  races  in  the  order  named.  Individual  races, 
according  to  the  table,  have  progressed  in  the  knowledge  of  English 
in  the  following  order:  Swedes,  Germans,  Dutch,  Lithuanians,  Mexi- 
cans, Finnish,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  French,  Greeks,  N.orth  Ital- 
ians, Servians,  Slovenians,  South  Italians,  Russians,  Italians  not 
specified,  Slovaks,  Croatians,  Poles,  Magyars,  Roumanians,  Ruthe- 
nians,  Montenegrins,  and  Bulgarians.  Of  the  last  named  race,  only 
30.2  per  cent  are  able  to  speak  English. 

In  the  following  table  the  ability  to  speak  English  of  the  members 
of  the  households  studied  is  shown  by  locality  and  by  sex  and  race. 

Table  123. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy  locality 
and  hy  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting  in  each  of  two  or 
more  localities.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  non- English-speaking  races.] 


Per  cent  of  males  who  speak  English 
in  each  specified  locality. 


Per  cent  of  females  who  speak  Eng- 
lish in  each  specified  locality. 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 


Middle 

West. 


Penn- 

sylva- 

nia. 


South. 


Total 

bitu- 

South-  minous 
west.  coal 
min- 
ing .a 


Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

Magyar 

Slovak 

Foreign-born: 


100.0 


95.2 

95.7 

93.4 


(&) 

100.0 

(&) 


(&) 

(b) 

90.0 


96.0 
97.6 

93.0 


German 

Italian,  North 

87.9 

Italian,  South 

52.5 

Lithuanian 

100.0 

Magyar 

Polish 

100.0 

Slovak 

42.5 

94.1 

72.6 

60.5 

54.9 

67.6 

41.9 

47. 1 


(b) 


64.  4 

35.2 

30.2 

61.5 

38.6 

27.8 

37.9 


79.3 
Q>) 
51.1 
47.7 

66.3 


(«>) 


38.6 

60.3 


47.4 

77.2 
61.8 

41.2 
67.0 
52.8 

39.5 
47.  4 


Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  foreign-bom 


^.5 


60.2 


38.0 


54.0 


55.6 


100.  0 94.  3 
85.  4 50. 8 


98.2 

34.7 


74.5 

50.8 


92.8 

48.1 


Middle 

West. 

Penn- 

sylva- 

nia. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitu- 
minous 
coal 
min- 
ing .a 

96.2 

95.2 

(&) 

(&) 

96.3 

97.5 

100.0 

(M 

97.1 

90.8 

(^>) 

97.2 

91.6 

22.6 

ip) 

71.4 

32.2 

100.0 

46.9 

(&) 

72.1 

28.6 

40.5 

41.2 

23.8 

33.7 

48.5 

29.5 

17.6 

27.5 

28.3 

88.5 

35.6 

45.5 

22.0 

47.6 

49.7 

27.1 

(«>) 

41.5 

81.0 

37.3 

27.8 

22.0 

36.0 

31.6 

20.8 

41.5 

32.1 

70.4 

51.7 

36.2 

*44.2 

.50.0 

96.7 

. 92.3 

95.3 

88.1 

92.3 

60.0 

35.5 

28.2 

30.1 

35.4 

total  includes  persons  in  households  not  given  in  the  locality,  because  within  a locality  no  race 
tabulated  unless  10  or  more  schedules  were  secured. 

0 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


200 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


A comparison  of  the  totals  in  the  foregoing  table  shows  the  Middle 
West  in  the  lead,  with  88.5  per  cent  of  the  males  pd  70.4  per  cent  of 
the  females  able  to  speak  English.  Pennsylvania  follows  with  the 
percentages  60.2  and  51.7,  respectively,  while  those  for  the  Southwest 
Ive  54  and  44.2,  and  for  the  South  38  and  36.2.  In  each  section 
the  percentage  of  the  females  is  less  than  that  of  the  males,  the  differ- 
ence being  considerable  in  each  division  with  the  exception  ot  the 
South,  where  36.2  per  cent  of  the  females  and  only  38  per  cent  ot  the 
males  are  able  to  speak  English.  Also  in  each  locality  the  per- 
centage of  the  foreign-born  is  very  much  below  that  ot  the  second 
generation,  the  greatest  difference  being  in  the  South,  where  the 
foreign-born  males  speaking  English  number  but  34.7  per  cent,  as 
contrasted  with  98.2  per  cent  of  the  second  generation,  and  28.2  per 
cent  of  the  foreign-born  females  in  contrast  with  95.3  per  cent  ot  the 

second  generation.  i at 

In  the  Middle  West  four  foreign  races  are  shown.  Only  the  JNorth 
Italians  appear  in  any  considerable  numbers  in  the  second  genera- 
tion and  practically  all  of  these  speak  English,  the  males  reporting  100 
per  cent  and  the  females  96.2  per  cent.  Of  the  foreign-born  in  the 
Middle  West  all  the  Lithuanian  and  Polish  males  can  speak  English, 
and  88.5  per  cent  and  81  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  females  can 
do  so  The  North  Italian  males  show  a creditable  proportion,  the 
percentage  being  87.9,  but  the  females  lower  the  average  for  the  race 
bv  their  percentage  of  only  28.6.  The  South  Italians  appear  least 
favorably,  only  52.5  per  cent  ot  the  males  and  48.5  per  cent  ot  the 
females  being  able  to  speak  English.  Pennsylvania  shows  a greater 
number  ot  races  than  the  other  geographical  divisions,  .y^ong  the 
races  of  the  second  generation  the  Magyars  rank  first,  with  95.7  per 
cent  of  the  males  and  97.5  per  cent  ot  the  females  able  to  speak 
English,  and  the  North  Italians  are  second,  with  95.2  per  cent  for  both 
males  and  females.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  females  of  the  Magyar 
race  make  a better  showing  than  do  the  males,  while  the  percentages 
for  males  and  females  of  the  North  Italians  are  al^e. 

Among  the  foreign-born  in  Pennsylvania  the  Germans  lead,  witk 
94.1  per  cent  of  the  males  and  100  per  cent  of  the  females  speaking 
English.  The  North  Italians  follow  with  72.6  per  cent  ot  their 
males  thus  reported,  though  the  percentage  for  the  females  is  only 
40.5.  The  Magyars  show  67.6  per  cent  and  49.7  per  cent,  respectively , 
while  the  South  Italians  and  the  Lithuanians  exceed  the  general 
average  of  the  males  and  the  Poles  and  Lithuanians  exceed  that  ot 

the  females.  . n i 

In  the  South,  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  comprise  num- 
bers so  small  that  only  the  Magyars  are  considered  m this  p^ticular 
tabulation.  All  of  this  race,  both  males  and  females,  speak  Englisli. 
The  Germans  rank  highest  among  the  foreign-born,  64.4  per  cent  ol 
the  males  and  46.9  per  cent  of  the  females  being  able  to  speak  the 
English  language.  The  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Slovak,  and  North  Italian 
males  follow  in  the  order  indicated,  and  all  exceed  the  general  aveiage 
for  the  foreign-born,  the  only  races  falling  below  that  figure  being  the 
South  Italians,  with  30.2  per  cent  of  the  males  and  17.6  per  cent  ol 
the  females  speaking  English,  and  the  Poles,  only  27.8  per  cent  o 
whom,  both  male  and  female,  come  under  this  classification.  Ihe 
North  Italians  in  this  comparison  show  the  unusual  condition  or  41.2 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


201 


per  cent  of  the  females,  in  contrast  with  35.2  per  cent  of  the  males,  able 
to  speak  English. 

The  Southwest  division  shows  the  lowest  percentage  speaking  English 
among  persons  of  the  second  generation,  only  74.5  per  cent  of  the 
males  and  88.1  per  cent  of  the  females  speaking  that  language. 

The  Slovak  females  of  the  second  generation  are  in  advance  of  the 
males,  in  the  Southwest,  97.2  per  cent  speaking  the  language,  although 
•only  90  per  cent  of  the  males  are  able  to  do  so. 

The  foreign-born  in  the  Southwest  appear  to  better  advantage  than 
lin  the  South.  The  Croatians  rank  first,  with  79.3  per  cent  of  the  males 
jand  71.4  per  cent  of  the  females  speaking  English;  the  only  other  races 
: which  exceed  the  general  average  are  the  Lithuanians,  with  66.3  per 
cent  of  the  males  and  22  per  cent  of  the  females,  the  Slovaks,  whose 
percentages  are  60.3  and  41.5,  respectively,  and  the  North  Italians, 
with  51.1  per  cent  reported  for  the  males  and  23.8  per  cent  for  the 
females. 

In  the  table  next  presented,  progress  among  the  individual  mine 
workers  of  the  several  races  in  acquiring  the  use  of  English  is 
shown  by  geographical  divisions.  Percentages  for  the  whole  bitu- 
minous coal  industry  are  added  for  comparative  purposes.  The 
table  shows  the  ability  to  speak  English,  by  locality  and  by  race, 
of  the  48,656  bituminous  mine  workers  of  non -English -speaking 
races  from  whom  information  was  secured. 

Table  124.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  locality  and 

by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting  in  each  of  two  or 
more  localities.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total 
bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

77.3 

78.9 

68.4 

89.4 
68.0 
50.2 

75.9 
50.0 
57  3 

69.4 
54  2 

/ a'i 

(a) 

(«) 

7yf  0 

70  0 

>oatian 

71  n 

57.8 

70.9 
90.5 
62.2 

French 

7L6 
91. 0 

# 1.  u 

/'a) 

Clerman 

on  n 

0 

D1  A 

Italian,  North 

58.8 
60.3 
71.1 

50. 8 

yu.  u 

yi.  u 

AO  A 

Italian,  South 

DO.  0 

Q 

vZ,  4 

AA  A 

Lithuanian 

DO.  y 
Q9  7 

DD.  U 
QQ  0 

60. 8 

ilagyar 

y^.  i 

00.  Z 

A 

75. 5 
“ 51.9 

Poiish 

DO.  0 

lO.  u 

AC  1 

Russian 

67.' 9 
73. 5 

OU.  o 

56  9 

DO.  U 
AC 

DO.  1 
7A  0 

52. 1 
60.4 

Slovak 

57!  1 

Do.  0 
AQ  1 

/U.  0 

AC  0 

Slovenian 

72^3 
92. 5 

DO.  i 

0 

DO.  0 

58. 6 

Swedish 

oy,  0 
Q7  9 

04.  y 

68. 1 
(a) 

60. 9 

96.  4 

Total 

69.7 

58  2 

AQ  A 

AA  1 

61.2 

DO.  D 

Dy.  1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


, Upon  comparing  the  totals  of  all  races  in  this  table  for  the 
our  localities  it  is  seen  that  the  Middle  West  and  the  Southwest 
5how  the  highest  percentages  of  those  speaking  English.  Pennsyl- 
t^ania  shows  the  lowest  per  cent,  while  the  South  exhibits  a slightly 
cent  than  does  the  Middle  West  or  the  Southwest. 

. Uermans  show  the  most  consistent  high  percentages  for  all 
ocahties,  varying  only  from  89.4  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West  to 
1 per  cent  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Southwest.  The  Croatians, 


202 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


with  54.2  per  cent  in  Pennsylvania,  71  per  cent  in  the  South,  and 
78.9  per  cent  in  the  Middle  West,  show  the  widest  variations.  In 
Pennsylvania  the  North  Italians  have 

as  compared  with  68  per  cent  m the  Middle  West.  The  North 
Italians  of  the  South  and  the  Southwest  are  slightly  below  those 
of  Middle  West.  The  South  Italians  of  the  Middle  West,  however, 
show  a low  per  cent  as  compared  with  the  proportion  of  the  same 
race  speaking  English  in  Pennsylvania,  the  South,  and  the  South- 

^^The  next  table  submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons 
6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


Table  125.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  'persons  6 'years  of  age  or  o'oer  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

FThis  table  includes  only  non-Englisb-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  how- 
ever,  is  for  all  non-Enghsh-speaking  races.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak 
English,  by  age  at 
time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

50 

90.9 

46.2 

373 

84.8 

35. 5 

140 

84. 2 

71. 6 

889 

88.2 

76.6 

43. 3 

743 

30.8 

485 

91. 5 

54  9 

737 

79.4 

43.5 

103 

42.3 

11. 7 

1,059 

81.9 

29.  5 

52 

66.7 

58.3 

2.0 

149 

17. 5 

156 

50.0 

17.9 

1,231 

83.3 

33.4 

6,237 

81.3 

36.4 

The  foregoing  table  brings  out  strongly  the  greater  aptitude  of 
children  than  of  adults  in  acquiring  the  English  language,  only  36.4 
per  cent  of  those  persons  who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  tlie 
time  of  coming  being  able  to  speak  English  at  the  present  tune,  as 
compared  to  81.3  per  cent  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  their  arrival  in  this  country.  Among  those  over  14  at  time  ot 
arrival  who  can  now  speak  English,  the  Germans  rank  hrst  with 
71.6  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Lithuanians  with  54.9  per  cent,  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  with  46.2  per  cent,  the  Magyars  with 
43.5  per  cent,  and  the  North  Italians  with  43.3  per  cent.  All  the 
other  races  fall  below  the  general  average.  The  Roumanians  with 
per  cent,  the  Mexicans  with  11.7  per  cent,  the  Russians  with  17.5  per 
cent,  and  the  Ruthenians  with  17.9  per  cent,  make  a comparatively 
unfavorable  showing.  Of  those  under  14  years  of  age  at  time  ot 
arrival,  the  Lithuanians  show  the  highest  percentage  able  to  speah 
Eno-lish  at  present.  The  91.5  per  cent  of  this  race  is  followed  by  the 
90  9 per  cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  the  88.2  per  cent  ot 
the  North  Italians,  the  84.8  per  cent  of  the  Croatians,  the  84.2  per 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


203 


cent  of  the  Germans,  the  83.3  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks,  and  the  81.9 
per  cent  of  the  Poles.  The  percentages  falling  greatly  below  the 
general  average  of  81.3  are  the  Mexican  42.3,  Ruthenian  50,  and 
Russian  58.3. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Germans  who  came  as  children 
rank  only  fifth,  though  their  race  ranks  first  in  the  adult  group. 
Moreover,  the  Magyars  who  came  under  14  ^^ears  of  age  take  eighth 
place  in  the  order  of  ability  to  speak  English  at  present  as  compared 
with  the  fourth  place  of  those  who  came  at  an  age  greater  than  14. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Roumanians  who  came  as  adults  make  the 
poorest  showing  in  that  class,  although  those  who  came  while  children 
are  fourth  from  the  foot  in  the  comparison  among  the  young  people. 
The  Russians  alone  rank  the  same  among  adults  and  children,  stand- 
ing eleventh  in  each  case. 

Table  126. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is 
for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting! 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English, 
by  years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

50 

29.6 

57.1 

100.0 

Croatian  

373 

21.3 

51.5 

65.4 

German 

140 

47.5 

86.7 

97.0 

Italian,  North 

889 

26.8 

54.6 

84.9 

Italian,  South  

743 

18.3 

53.7 

76.2 

Lithuanian 

485 

28.7 

56.4 

85.1 

Magyar  

737 

25.8 

54.6 

83.2 

Mexican 

103 

.0 

13.6 

23.9 

Polish  

1,059 

52 

16.0 

42.3 

74.5 

Roumanian  

2.8 

12.5 

Russian  

149 

8.5 

28.9 

70.6 

Ruthenian  

156 

.0 

32.6 

48.8 

Slovak 

1,231 

14.5 

42.2 

61.2 

Total 

6, 237 

19.8 

48.6 

72.3 

This  table  clearly  shows  an  increase  in  the  proportion  of  persons 
able  to  speak  English  corresponding  to  the  length  of  residence  in  the 
United  States,  72.3  per  cent  of  those  here  ten  or  more  years  hav- 
ing acquired  the  language,  in  contrast  with  only  19.8  per  cent 
of  those  in  the  country  less  than  five  years.  Without  exception,  a 
steady  increase  is  shown  in  the  case  of  each  race,  the  percentage 
frequently  doubling  and  sometimes  trebling  from  the  first  residence 
classification  to  the  next.  The  Germans  rank  highest  among  the 
persons  of  recent  arrival.  Their  47.5  per  cent  able  to  speak  English 
IS  followed  by  the  Bohemian  and  Moravian  29.6  per  cent,  the  Lithu- 
anian 28.7  per  cent,  the  North  Italian  26.8  percent,  the  Magyar  25.8 
per  cent,  and  the  Croatian  21.3  per  cent.  No  other  race  reaches  the 
general  average  of  19.8  per  cent.  None  of  the  Mexicans  and  Ruthe- 
nians  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years  speak  English.  The 
Roumanians  rank  next,  with  but  2.8  per  cent  speaking  English,  and 
the  Russians  next  with  8.5  per  cent. 

All  the  races  are  represented  in  the  next  comparison,  which  concerns 
the  persons  five  to  nine  years  in  the  United  States.  The  Germans 


204 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


with  86.7  per  cent  able  to  speak  English  are  again  far  in  the  lead,  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  ranking  second  with  57.1  per  cent.  Other 
percentages  in  excess  of  the  general  average  of  48.6  are  the  Lithu- 
anian 56.4,  the  Magyar  and  North  Italian  54.6,  the  South  Italian  53.7 , 
and  the  Croatian  51.5.  All  the  others  fall  below  the  average,  the  poor- 
est showing  being  made  by  the  Roumanians,  with  12.5,  and  the 
Mexicans  with  13.6  per  cent,  both  being  much  below  the  Russian  28.9 
per  cent,  which  is  next  in  the  ascending  order  of  percentages. 

No  Roumanians  in  the  households  studied  have  been  in  the  United 
States  as  much  as  ten  years.  Of  the  other  races,  the  Bohemians  and 
Moravians  rank  highest,  with  100  per  cent  speaking  English.  The 
Germans  take  second  place,  their  proportion  being  97  per  cent.  The 
Lithuanians  follow,  with  85.1  per  cent,  and  the  other  races  which 
exceed  the  general  average  of  72.3  are  the  North  Italians,  84.9,  the 
Magyars,  83.2,  the  South  Italians,  76.2,  and  the  Poles,  74.5,  this  being 
the  first  classification  in  which  the  last-named  race  shows  a percent- 
age higher  than  the  average.  The  races  with  a less  than  average  pro- 
portion of  their  people  speaking  English,  even  after  a residence  of 
ten  years  or  more,  are  the  Mexicans  with  23.9  per  cent,  the  Ruthe- 
nians  with  48.8  per  cent,  the  Slovaks  with  61.2  per  cent,  the  Croatians 
with  65.4  per  cent,  and  the  Russians  with  70.6  per  cent. 

The  table  which  is  next  submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign- 
born  bituminous  mine  employees  who  speak  English,  according  to  age 
at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States.  Two  divisions  are  made 
according  to  age,  one  showing  all  males  under  14  years  of  age,  the 
other  all  males  14  or  over,  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  this  country. 

Table  127. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  time 
of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total, 
however,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Total. 

BotiBiniOrii  cIikI  Mortivicin. 

735 

98.6 

65.6 

72.2 

Bulgarian 

172 

100.0 

29.4 

30.2 

CroQ-tiodi - 

2,394 

74.2 

57.6 

57. 8 

Dutch 

101 

96.2 

80.0 

84.2 

French 

7G0 

97.0 

63.6 

70.9 

Genno-n.. 

2,639 

111 

99.9 

87.2 

90. 5 

Greek 

100.0 

65.  7 

66.7 

It3*liQ>n  North 

6,528 

94.1 

60.7 

62.2 

ItRliRH  South 

4,188 

87.5 

59.4 

60.8 

ItRlicin.  (not  specified, )...... - 

103 

100.0 

58.6 

60.2 

Lithuanian. 

1,870 

96.1 

74.6 

75.  5 

Magyar 

4,470 

89.1 

50.8 

51. 9 

Mexic8.n 

107 

87.5 

72.5 

74.8 

Montenegrin 

136 

100.0 

34.6 

36. 0 

Polish 

7,190 

95.3 

50.1 

52. 1 

It  ouni3.nicin 

151 

47.7 

47.7 

ItussiciD. 

1,810 

84.6 

59.9 

60. 4 

Itutheni3.n 

300 

77.8 

43.3 

44. 3 

Servicin  

127 

75.0 

61.0 

61. 4 

Slov3.k 

11,137 

92.7 

56.9 

58.6 

60.9 

96.4 

Slovenian 

1,864 

95.1 

59.3 

Swedish 

306 

100.0 

95.7 

Total 

48,656 

95.0 

59.0 

61.2 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


205 


Immigrants  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  when  they  came  to 
the  United  States  show  a much  larger  per  cent  speaking  English  at 
the  time  the  information  was  secured,  according  to  the  foregoing  table, 
than  those  who  were  older  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  this  country. 
This  is  naturally  the  case,  as  the  younger  immigrants  are  able  to 
learn  more  easily,  since  they  have  the  advantage  of  attending  Amer- 
ican schools  and  associating  with  native-born  children.  The  older 
the  immigrant  at  the  time  of  landing  in  this  country  the  greater  the 
difficulty  he  experiences  in  acquiring  the  English  language.  The 
table  shows  101  Dutch  reporting,  96.2  per  cent  of  whom  under  14 
years  of  age  and  80  per  cent  over  14  at  the  time  of  immigration  speak 
English.  Of  the  760  French,  97  per  cent  under  14  and  63.6  per  cent 
over  14  are  able  to  speak  English.  Of  the  2,639  Germans  reporting, 
99.9  per  cent  under  14  and  87.2  per  cent  over  14  speak  English.  Out 
of  306  of  the  Swedes  reporting,  100  per  cent  under  14  and  95.7  per 
cent  over  14  are  able  to  speak  English.  A comparison  of  the  above 
races  shows  the  Bulgarians  with  the  lowest  per  cent  over  14  at  time 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  the  Croatians  with  the  lowest  per 
cent  under  14,  speaking  the  English  language  at  the  present  time. 

North  Italians  reporting  complete  data  number  6,528,  94.1  per  cent 
of  whom  under  14  years  of  age  on  coming  to  this  country  and  60.7 
per  cent  over  14  are  now  able  to  speak  English.  Of  the  4,188  South 
Italians  shown  in  the  table  87.5  per  cent  under  14  and  59.4  per  cent 
over  14  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  can  at  present  speak  English.  Data 
were  secured  from  2,394  Croatians,  of  whom  74.2  per  cent  under  14 
3^ears  of  age  at  time  of  landing  and  57.6  per  cent  above  this  age  speak 
English.  Eighty-nine  and  one-tenth  per  cent  under  14  years  and 
50.8  per  cent  over  14,  of  the  4,470  Magyars  reporting;  95.3  per  cent 
under  14  years  and  50.1  per  cent  over  this  age,  of  the  7,190  Poles; 
and  84.6  and  59.9  per  cent  of  those  under  and  over  14  years  of  age, 
respectively,  of  the  1,810  Russians  reporting,  are  able  to  speak  the 
English  language.  Slovaks  report  in  the  greatest  numbers,  and  of 
the  11,137  of  this  race  shown  in  the  table,  92.7  per  cent  under  14 
years  and  56.9  per  cent  over  this  age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  this 
country,  can  now  speak  English.  The  Slovenians,  numbering  1,864, 
show  percentages  of  95.1  and  59.3  for  immigrants  under  and  over  14 
years,  respectively,  at  the  time  of  immigration,  who  can  speak  English. 
Of  all  the  Slavic  races,  Croatians,  Servians,  and  Ruthenians  show  the 
lowest  per  cents  speaking  English  at  the  present  time  of  those  who  were 
under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  the  United  States. 

Lithuanians  who  furnished  information  number  1,870,  96.1  per  cent 
of  whom  under  14  years  of  age  and  74.6  per  cent  over  this  age  at  the 
Lme  of  coming  to  the  United  States  are  now  able  to  speak  English. 
These  people  rank  well  up  with  the  races  from  northern  Europe  and, 
considering  the  fact  that  they  segregate  themselves,  the  showing  made 
denotes  progress  toward  Americanization. 

As  regards  the  relative  progress  of  the  different  races  in  acquiring 
the  use  of  English,  the  table  next  presented  exhibits  by  race  the 
proportion  of  foreign-born  employees  able  to  speak  English  after 
designated  periods  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 


206 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  128 Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  luho  speaJc  English,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


r-o  ..  in  fho  TTnitpH  ^tatps  IS  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
„“ly  ^ ith  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  ,s  tor 

all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by  years  in 
United  States. 

complete 

data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

735 

43.3 

72.6 

91.0 

72.2 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

172 

19.2 

94.  4 

87. 5 

30. 2 

2,394 

47.2 

68. 1 

78. 9 

Oi . o 
QA  O 

101 

66. 7 

78.9 

96. 2 

o4.  Z 
70  Q 

760 

36.8 

65. 9 

90. 0 

1 u.  y 
on 

2,639 

63.9 

85. 1 

97.  4 

yu.  0 

AA  7 

111 

52. 6 

74.2 

91. 3 

DO.  # 
AO  0 

6,528 

40.3 

71.5 

70.5 

86. 7 

OZ.  Z 
AA  Q 

4,188 

43.2 

85.  4 

oO.  O 

AA  0 

103 

40.4 

77.  4 

85.  0 
89.3 

DO.  Z 

(not  spBCifiod). 

1,870 

47.9 

80.6 

75. 5 

4, 470 

34.4 

65. 0 
81.5 

78. 9 

ol.  y 

7A  ft 

107 

67.9 

75. 0 

oA  n 

136 

29.9 

64.3 

60.1 

100. 0 

uO.  U 
KO  1 

7, 190 

30.5 

78. 8 

OZ.  X 
47  7 

151 

43.9 

66.7 

73.9 

100. 0 

AA  A 

1,810 

41.  5 

87.  4 

DO.  4 
44  ^ 

300 

20.9 

55. 1 
75.5 

63.2 

84. 9 

A1  4 

127 

43.1 

80. 0 

Dl.  ^ 

11, 137 

35.3 

80.  7 

Oo.  c 
AO  0 

1,864 

42.2 

72. 1 

83. 3 

DU.  0 
AA  A 

306 

60.9 

94.  4 

100. 0 

yo.  *i 



48, 656 

38.8 

68.2 

85.6 

61.5 

1 

Tliis  table,  showing  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  males  who  speak 
Eno-lish  by  years  of  residence  in  the  United  States,  includes  onh 
races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  As  the  table  is  ^ivideu 
into  three  periods,  showing  immigrants  who  have  been  in  the  Lmted 
States  under  five  years,  those  with  residence  of  five  to  nine  years, 
and  those  living  in  this  country  ten  years  or  over,  the  percentages 
indicate  which  races  have  mastered  the  language  in  a short 
which  have  been  slow  in  learning  to  speak  English.  A general  idea 
is  also  given  of  the  progress  made  toward 

immigrant  races  have  progressed  m the  knowledge  of  English  so 
have  they  advanced  in  adopting  American  ways  and  customs. 

Of  the  total  of  48,656  non-Enghsh-speakmg  immigrant  employee, 
covered  by  the  above  table,  38.8  per  cent  who  have  been  m the  United 
States  under  five  years,  68.2  per  cent  in  this  country  from  five  to 
nine  years,  and  85.6  per  cent  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  ovei, 

are  aide  to  speak  English.  ^ 

A review  of  the  entire  table  shows  the  races  from  northern  Europe 
to  be  the  older  immigrants,  with  a larger  average  per  f^t  speaking 
English  than  of  other  immigrant  races.  Lithupians  also  show  hi^ 
percentages  able  to  speak  English,  and  the  majority  of  those  report- 
ing have  been  in  the  United  States  over  five  years  Italians  are 
more  recent  immigrants  than  the  races  mentioned  and  show  only  lair 
progress  in  acquiring  English. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


207 


Slavic  races  shown  in  the  table  are  very  recent  immigrants  and 
are  very  slow  in  learning  to  speak  English.  Some  reasons  assigned 
for  the  backwardness  of  the  Italian  and  Slavic  races  are  their  living 
in  colonies  and  settlements  by  themselves  where  little  English  is 
spoken,  their  being  in  many  instances  segregated  at  work  where  con- 
versation is  entirely  in  their  own  language,  and  a certain  amount  of 
racial  prejudice  between  them  and  Americans,  as  a result  of  which 
they  are  not  encouraged  to  associate  with  natives.  The  same  condi- 
tions do  not  obtain  among  races  from  northern  Europe,  and  this 
fact  is  clearly  illustrated  by  the  progress  these  races  have  made 
toward  Americanization. 


E •'•  ■ ' -TO  ■<  J 

. v"?  ‘ -ii^-'' ttr^' " 4>««^' 


£5“ 


Chapter  VIII. 


RECENT  IMMIGRATION  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  ACCIDENTS  IN 

COAL  MINES. 

Death  rate  reported  for  the  mines  of  the  United  States— Distribution  of  accidents 
in  coal-producing  areas — Comparison  with  conditions  in  foreign  countries — The 
responsibility  of  employees  for  accidents — Inexperience  as  a cause  of  accidents — 
Racial  composition  of  the  operating  forces  of  bituminous  mines — Recent  and  old 
immigration  compared — Lack  of  experience  on  the  part  of  recent  immigrants — 
Fatalities  in  West  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Indiana— Opinions  of  state  mine 
inspectors  and  agents  of  the  Federal  Government — Opinions  of  mine  workers  and 
attitude  of  labor  organizations — Conclusion— [Text  Tables  129  to  152]. 


DEATH  RATE  REPORTED  FOR  THE  MINES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


In  the  year  1908, 2,450  men  lost  their  lives  in  the  coal  mines  of  the 
United  States.  During  the  period  of  fourteen  years,  1895  to  1908, 
inclusive,  the  loss  of  life  reached  a total  of  23,857,  an  average  of 
1,704  lives  a year.  The  following  table  shows  for  the  period  the 
actual  number  of  fatalities,  and  the  number  of  fatalities  for  each 
thousand  men  employed  and  for  each  million  tons  of  coal  mined. 

Table  129. — Number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed  and  per  1,000,000  tons  oj 
coal  produced,  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States,  1895  to  1908. 


[Compiled  from  Bulletin  No.  333  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1907.  ‘‘Coal-mine  Accidents: 

Their  Causes  and  Prevention.”] 


Year. 

Fatali- 

ties. 

Fatalities 
per  1,000 
men 

employed. 

Fatalities 
per  1,000,000 
tons  of  coal 
produced. 

Year. 

1895 

1,057 

2. 67 

6. 13 

1904 

2896 

1,120 

2.  79 

6. 53 

1905 

1897 

947 

2. 34 

5.30 

1906 

1898 

1,049 

2. 59 

5. 34 

1907 

1899 

1,243 

2.98 

5.49 

1908 

1900 

1,493 

3.24 

6. 20 

1901 

1,594 

3.24 

6.08 

Yearly  aver- 

1902 

1,828 

3. 49 

6.  79 

auft 

1903 

1,794 

3.14 

5. 62 

Fatali- 

ties. 

Fatalities 
per  1,000 
men 

employed. 

Fatalities 
per  1,000,000 
tons  of  coal 
produced. 

1,999 

3.38 

6.24 

2,097 

3. 53 

5.97 

2,061 

3. 40 

5.57 

3,125 

4.86 

6.87 

2, 450 

3. 60 

5.97 

1,704 

! 

3. 23 

6.01 

The  figures  of  the  table  are  given  graphic  presentation  in  the 
accompanying  charts. 

It  will  be  noted  that  from  1895  to  the  present  time  there  has  been 
a marked,  though  by  no  means  constant,  increase  in  the  yearly  num- 
ber of  fatalities.  In  1895  the  fatalities  numbered  1,057,  and  in  1908, 
there  were  2,450,  an  increase  of  131.8  per  cent.  The  loss  of  life  for 
each  thousand  men  employed  was  2.67  for  1895  and  3.60  for  1908. 
The  average  for  the  period  is  3.23.  These  figures  seem  to  indicate 
that  the  increase  in  the  actual  number  of  fatalities  has  not  been  occa- 
sioned solely  by  the  employment  of  a greater  number  of  men  than 
were  formerly  employed.® 


“It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that  both  the  actual  number  of  fatalities  and  the 
death  rate  per  thousand  men  employed  are  higher  for  1907  than  for  1908.  That  this 
IS  the  case  does  not,  however,  indicate  a general  improvement  within  the  past  few 
years  in  conditions  making  for  safety.  The  year  1907  was,  as  regards  accidents,  an 
abnormal  year,  and  the  figures  for  1908,  while  indeed  lower  than  mose  for  1907,  show 
an  increase  over  the  figures  for  1906  and  preceding  years. 


209 


210 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


211 


Number  of  lives  lost  per  1,000  employees  in  the  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  mines  of 
the  United  States,  1895-1908. 


212 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


There  has  been,  during  the  fourteen  years  covered  by  the  table,  a 
slight  decrease  in  the  loss  of  life  for  each  million  tons  of  coal  produced 

The  rate  reported  is  5.97  for  1908,  as  ® “ e of 

the  period.  This  showing  may  be  due  to  the  f^t  that  the  use  of 
machinery  for  mining  has  become  more  general  and  that  it  is,  there 
fore  possible  to  mine  a given  tonnage  of  cold  with  less  manual  labor 
than  formerly.  It  is  clear,  however,  frorn  the  figures  showing  fatal- 
ities for  1,000  men  employed,  that  the  introduction  of  machinery 
has  not  materially  lessened  the  danger  to  the  workmen.  In  its  rela- 
tion to  production,  the  loss  of  life  m the  mines  is  slightly  less  than 
formerly;  in  its  relation  to  the  number  of  employees,  it  is  greater. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  ACCIDENTS  IN  COAL-PBODUCING  AREAS. 

The  table  presented  below  indicates  the  distribution  of  fagfc 
amonff  the  different  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  btates, 
t^ether  with  the  number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed,  for 
the  years  1907  and  1908. 

Table  130  —Number  of  fatalities  in  the  coal  mines  of  (/le  United  States  and  number  of 
fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed,  by  States  and  Territories,  1907  and  lOOS. 

[C0„,pne<l  iron.  Production  oi  Coa,  g StS? 


State  or  Territory. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Colorado 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Maryland 

Michigan 

Missouri 

Montana 

New  Mexico 

North  Dakota. . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Pennsylvania: 

Anthracite.. 

Bituminous. 


Utah 

Washington. . . 
West  Virginia. 
Wyoming 


Total. 


1907. 

Number 
of  men 
killed. 

Death  rate 
per  1,000 
employees. 

154 

7.20 

a 10 

a 1.97 

99 

6. 96 

172 

2.62 

53 

2.52 

41 

2.63 

32 

2.57 

32 

1.89 

(9 

7 

1.76 

8 

.95 

12 

4. 39 

34 

11.45 

(9 

153 

3.27 

33 

3.93 

708 

4.23 

806 

4.94 

('=) 

(9  . 

6 

2.72 

36 

6.06 

729 

12.35 

y) 

3,125 

4.86 

Number 
of  men 
killed. 


108 
14 
61 
bl83 
45 
31 
5 27 
39 
512 
5 
10 
20 
23 
4 
113 
5 44 

678 

572 

34 

8 

25 
313 
5 81 


Death  rate 
per  1,000 
employees. 


2,450 


5.63 
2.62 
4.20 
5 2.58 
2.45 
1.93 
51.94 
2.29 
5 2.00 
1.18 
1.11 
6.36 
6.67 
6.34 
2. 

5 6. 

3. 

3. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

511.71 


3.60 


5 Fiscal  year 


cNot  reported. 


a For  six  months  only. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  death  rate  is  much  higher  in  some  States 
than  in  others.  Much  of  the  variation  ainong  the  States  and  1 

ritories  is  to  be  attributed  to  ilifferences  m natural  conditions,  or 
in  mining  laws,  regulations,  and  practices. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


213 


COMPARISON  WITH  CONDITIONS  IN  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 


The  statistics  of  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States 
appear  in  their  true  meaning  only  when  compared  with  similar 
statistics  for  the  mines  of  foreign  countries.  Table  131  and  the 
chart  shown  on  the  following  page  make  such  a comparison  possible. 


Table  IZl.— Number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed  in  the  coal  mines  of  France, 
Belgium,  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  the  United  States,  in  recent  years. 


[Compiled  from  Bulletin  No.  333  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1907.  “Coal-mine  Accidents- 

Their  Causes  and  Prevention.”] 


Country. 

Years. 

Yearly 
average 
for  years 
reported. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

Fiance 

Belgium 

Great  Britain 

Prussia 

United  States 

(a) 

1.05 
1.30 
2.25 
3. 24 

1.03 

1.16 

1.36 

2.34 

3.24 

0.95 

1.07 

1.24 

1.99 

3.49 

0.86 

1.14 
1.27 
1.92 

3.14 

0.89 

.93 

1.24 

1.80 

3.38 

0. 84 
.91 
1.35 
(a) 

3.53 

(a) 

0.94 

1.29 

(a) 

3.40 

0. 91 
1.03 
1.29 
2.06 
3.35 

“Not  reported. 


From  the  foregoing  table  and  the  chart  it  is  seen  not  only  that  the  ' 
death  rate  per  1,000  men  employed  is  higher  for  the  United  States 
than  for  any  other  country  producing  coal  upon  a large  scale,  but 
that  the  difference  is  in  most  cases  considerable.  Upon  this  basis  of 
comparison,  the  average  yearly  death  rate  abroad  ranges  from  27.2 
per  cent,  in  the  case  of  France,  to  61.5  per  cent,  in  the  case  of  Prussia, 
of  what  it  is  in  this  country.  Moreover,  the  statistics  for  Great 
Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe  indicate  a general  decrease  in 
the  average  number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  employees  as  against  the 
increase  recorded  for  the  United  States. 

The  loss  of  life  for  each  million  tons  of  coal  mined  is  shown  for 
European  countries  by  the  tables  and  statements  herewith  submitted.® 

The  following  statement  shows  the  figures  for  Great  Britain: 

Number  of  men  killed  in  the  coal  mines  of  Great  Britain  for  each  million  tons  of  coal 

produced. 


1874-1883, 

1884-1893. 

1894-1903, 

1904  

1905  

1906  


7.  42 
5.  65 
4.  70 
4.  41 
4.  64 
4.  31 


For  France  the  figures  are  as  follows: 


Number  of  men  killed  in  the  coal  mines  of  France  for  each  million  tons  of  coal  produced. 


1900 

1901 

1902 

1903, 

1904, 

1905, 


5.  55 
5.  21 
4.  80 
4.  20 
4.  55 
4. 17 


^Bulletin  333  of  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1907. 
Ineir  Causes  and  Prevention,  ” pp.  12-13. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 15 


“Coal-mine  Accidents: 


Number  of  luce  lost  per  1,000  emplm,ees  in  coal  mines  of  the  United  States,  Prussia,  Great  Britain,  Belgium,  and  France, 

ISO 1~1906 • 


214 


The  Immigration  Commission 


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Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


215 


For  Belgium,  which  is  troubled  with  fire  damp  to  a greater  extent  than  any  other 
coal-producing  country,  the  figures  are  not  so  good  as  those  just  given  for  France*  but 
even  in  Belgium  better  results  have  been  obtained  for  the  three  years  1904-1906  than 
in  the  United  States,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table: 


Number  of  men  hilled  in  the  coal  mines  of  Belgium  for  each  million  tons  of  coal  produced. 


1895 

1896 

1897. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 


7.  70 

6.  39 
5.  77 

7.  78 
5.  77 

5.  96 

6.  93 
6.  29 
6.  68 
5.  66 
5.  64 
4.  96 


Prussia  shows  less  favorable  results  than  the  United  States  in  regard  to  lives  lost 
per  million  tons  of  coal,  yet  during  the  past  ten  years  there  has  been  an  almost  steadv 
decrease  in  tne  number  killed  per  million  tons  mined,  and  the  number  of  lives  lost 
per  1,000  inen  employed  has  also  decreased  from  2.54  to  1.80,  showing  that  the  high 
death  rate  based  on  amount  of  coal  produced  is  largely  due  to  the  natural  conditions 
existing  in  the  ccal  mines  of  that  country. 

By  comparing  these  statements  with  the  figures  given  for  the 
United  States  in  Table  129,  page  209,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  loss  of  life 
per  million  tons  of  coal  mined  is  higher  in  the  United  States  than  in 
any  European  country  except  Prussia.  In  all  the  foreign  countries 
mentioned,  Prussia  included,  the  decrease  in  the  death  rate  has  been 
much  more  rapid  than  in  the  United  States. 

Natural  conditions  are  more  favorable  here  than  elsewhere  for  the 
mining  of  coal  with  a minimum  of  danger  to  the  workmen  employed. 
The  mines  of  the  United  States  are,  in  general,  not  so  old  as  those  of 
Ureat  Britain  and  Europe;  the  veins  of  coal  are  thicker  and  the 
operations  nearer  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Gaseous  mines  are  not 
more  prevalent  here  than  abroad,  while  the  abundance  and  relative 
cheapness  m this  country  of  timber  for  use  in  propping  should  be  a 
factor  working  for  comparatively  greater  safety.® 

The  high  death  rate  reported  for  the  coal  mines  of  the  United 
States  IS  of  importance  in  connection  with  a study  of  immigration 
because  of  the  fact,  elsewhere  established,  & that  persons  of  foreign 
birth  are  now  very  extensively  employed  in  mining.  The  question 
naturally  arises  whether  the  presence  of  the  immigrant  mine  workers 
is  m any  material  degree  responsible  for  the  large  and  increasing 
number  of  accidents  and  fatalities. 


THE  RESPONSIBILITY  OF  EMPLOYEES  FOR  ACCIDENTS. 


The  following  statements  are  made  in  the  report  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania department  of  mines  for  1907: 


bp?^  causes  at  least  one-half  could  have 

been  saved  if  the  victims  and  their  fellow  workmen  had  observed  greater  care  in  their 

The  number  of  fatal  accidents  in  1907  was  806. 


“Coal-mine  Accidents: 

& Chap.  II,  p.  21. 


216 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


A careful  examination  of  the  reports  shows  that  332  accidents,  or  41.19  per  cent, 
were  due  to  the  carelessness  of  the  victims;  291  or  36.10  per  cent,  to  the  carelessness 
of  others'  159,  or  19.73  per  cent,  to  unavoidable  causes;  and  24,  or  2.98  per  cent,  to 
causes  undetermined.  The  623,  or  77.25  per  cent,  caused  by  carelessness  include 
the  273  fatalities  of  the  Naomi  and  Darr  mines,  which  were  caused  by  the  careless- 
ness of  other  persons.  Omitting  Naomi  and  Darr  fatalities  the  remaining  533  are 
distributed  as  follows;  Carelessness  of  victims,  332,  or  62.29  per  cent;  carelessness 
of  others,  18,  or  3.38  per  cent;  unavoidable,  159,  or  29.83  per  cent,  and  24,  or 
4 50  per  cent,  not  determined.  At  least  two-thirds  of  these  accidents  could  have 
been  prevented  by  the  exercise  of  proper  care  on  the  part  of  the  workmen  and  officials 
in  direct  charge  of  the  mines. 


The  following  is  from  the  report  of  the  Pennsylvania  department 
of  mines  for  the  year  1903: 

Ordinary  precautions  on  the  part  of  the  victims  would  have  prevented  probably 
50  per  cent  of  the  accidents  by  falls  and  by  cars  and  machinery. 

Similar  statements  are  frequently  met  with  in  the  official  reports 
of  the  different  mining  States.  Figures  for  the  country  as  a whole 
are  not  to  be  had,  but  it  seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  those  best  miorined 
upon  the  subject  that  a high  percentage  of  all  the  accidents  occurring 
in  mines  are  due  to  the  negligence  or  incompetency  of  the  miners 


themselves. 


INEXPERIENCE  AS  A CAUSE  OF  ACCIDENTS. 


It  is  everywhere  admitted  that  the  percentage  of  fatalities  is  nmch 
higher  among  inexperienced  than  among  experienced  miners.  Data 
upon  this  subject,  collected  by  the  department  of  mines  ot  the  State 
of  West  Virginia,  are  presented  in  the  table  on  the  page  following. 


[From  Annual  Report,  Department  of  Mines,  West  Virginia,  1908.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


217 


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218 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  figures  are  for  the  years  1901  to  1908,  inclusive.  It  will  be  seen 
that  out  of  4,684  men  killed  or  injured  during  the  period  508  were 
known  to  have  been  employed  in  the  mmes  three  months  or  less 
One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighteen  casualties  or  38.8  per  cent 
of  the  total,  were  among  men  with  from  a few  weeks  to  two  years 

experience  in  the  industry.  . . -i  i , 

Data  for  States  other  than  West  Virginia  are  not  available,  but 
the  situation  in  other  coal-producing  areas  is  about  the  same,  llie 
reason  for  this  is  obvious.  Mining  is  to  a considerable  extent  a 
technical  occupation.  If  a miner  is  to  work  in  even  comparative  salety 
he  must  not  only  be  able  to  handle  pick  and  shovel,  but  must  under- 
stand the  placing  of  props  and  the  use  of  explosives,  and  must  know 
something  of  coal  and  roof  formations  and  of  the  dangers  of  coal 
dust  and  fire  damp.  Ignorance  relative  to  any  of  these  matters  may 
lead  to  serious  injury  or  death.  It  is  only  by  several  years  of  practi- 
cal experience  that  a mine  worker  gams  the  knowledge  that  qualities 

him  as  a skilled  miner.  -in 

The  importance  of  this  fact  is  generally  recognized  by  mmmg 
experts  and  inspectors.  The  mining  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
provide  that  only  those  men  shall  be  employed  as  miners  who  have 
certificates  of  competency  issued  by  one  of  the  several  examining 
boards  appointed  under  the  authority  of  the  State.  ^ To  be  entitled 
to  a certificate  a man  must  be  able  to  answer  questions  concerning 
minino-  asked  by  the  members  of  the  board  by  which  he  is  examined, 
and  rnust  present  evidence  of  having  had  at  least  two  years  ol  prac- 
tical experience  as  a miner  or  with  a miner.® 


RACIAL  COMPOSITION  OF  THE  OPERATING  FORCES  OF  BITUMINOUS 

MINES. 


It  having  been  seen  that  the  responsibility  for  many  of  the  acci- 
dents in  the  mines  rests  with  the  employees  themselves,  and  the 
connection  between  fatalities  and  inexperience  having  been  noted, 
it  becomes  evident  that  the  composition  of  the  working  force  and 
the  characteristics  of  the  workmen  are  matters  of  the  very  nrst 


The  statement  has  already  been  made  that  a large  proportion  of 
the  employees  are  of  foreign  birth.^  Figures  showing  the  race  and 
nativity  of  all  the  coal-mine  employees  of  the  country  are  not  avail- 
able. The  ground  has  never  been  completely  covered.  It  is  pos- 
sible, however,  to  determine  the  composition  of  the  working  force 
in  a representative  way  by  means  of  statistics  from  several  sources. 

Original  data  collected  from  individual  mine  workers  supply  mate- 
rial relative  to  between  20  and  25  per  cent  of  the  employees  m the 
bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  United  States.  As  infqrmaDon  has 
been  secured  from  all  the  important  mining  districts,  it  is  believed 
that  the  figures  are  representative  of  conditions  for  the  entire  indus- 
try. These  figures  are  given  for  the  entire  bituminous  coal  helds 
covered  in  the  table  next  presented. 


a Illinois  Revised  Statutes,  1909;  Hurd,  chap.  93  secs.  53-60,  inclusive^ 
b Data  upon  this  subject  have  been  presented  and  discussed  at  length  in  Lnap.  , 
pp.  21-24. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


219 


Tablb  133. — MaU  »mploye§s  for  whom  information  was  securtd,  by  gsnsral  nativity  and 

raci. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 
White 

18,515 
6, 702 

2 

21.0 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Contd. 
Norwegian 

14 

(“) 

8.3 

7.6 

Polish 

7,370 

7 

(“) 

Portirguese 

(a) 

.2 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Roumanian 

157 

2 

(“) 

.8 

Russian 

1,853 

2.1 

Bohemian  .and  Moravian. . 

747 

Ruthenian 

308 

.3 

.2 

Scotch 

1 , 162 
27 

1.3 

Bulgarian 

177 

Scotch-Irish 

(a) 

.1 

Canadian,  French 

26 

(a) 

(“) 

2.7 

Servian 

132 

Ca.nndia.n,  Other 

.80 

Slovak  . . . . 

11,318 

1,912 

7 

12.8 

Croatian 

2, 426 

1 

Slovenian 

2.2 

Cuban 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

.1 

Spanish 

(a) 

.3 

Dalmatian 

6 

Swedish 

307 

Danish 

20 

Syrian 

21 

(c) 

(a) 

.5 

Dutch  

106 

Turkish 

4 

English 

2,497 

70 

2.8 

Welsh 

399 

Finnish 

.1 

West  Indian  (other  than 
Cuban ) 

Flemish 

3 

1 

(a) 

French 

786 

Australian  (race  not  spec- 
ified)  

German 

2, 699 
113 

3.1 

8 

(a) 

Greek 

.1 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)   

885 

1.0 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

1.1 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied L - 

Herzegovinian 

6 

377 

.4 

Irish 

935 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) . 

24 

(a) 

Tt.nl  in.n  ^nrtVi 

6, 6(.6 
4,272 

7.5 

4.8 

Italian,  South 

Grand  total... 

88,368 

100.0 

Ttnlion  f^nrit  Pi Prl  ^ 

113 

1,892 

18 

.1 

2.1 

Xl'CtliaiJ.  opiTrL/liJCU. y.  • • . . 

Lithuanian 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

Macedonian 

(a) 

5.2 

8, 415 
33.634 
54,7.34 

9.5 

Magyar 

4,571 

Total  native-born 

38.1 

Mexican  

116 

.1 

Total  foreign-born 

61.9 

Montenegrin 

130 

.2 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


It  will  be  seen  that  61.9  per  cent  of  the  individuals  included  in  this 
table  are  of  foreign  birth. 

The  numbers  and  percentages  of  the  native-born  and  foreign-born 
and  of  the  different  foreign  races  are  shown  for  each  bituminous 
mining  area  in  the  following  table : 

Table  134. — Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  locality; 

per  cent  distribution. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number  in  each  specified  locality. 

Per  cent  distribution  in  each  speci- 
fied locality. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

6,003 

584 

6,448 

913 

4,389 

4,809 

1,675 

396 

82.0 
3. 1 

13.1 

1.9 

32.6 
35.  7 

23.8 

6.6 

(a) 

.0 

Negro 

Indian 

2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

2 

.0 

(a) 

.1 

.0 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 
Bosnian 

253 

457 

1 

8 

29 

1.4 

.0 

. 1 

.9 

(a) 

. 1 

.4 

.0 

Bulgarian 

17 

31 

123 

6 

9 

. 1 

Canadian,  French 

11 

11 

4 

. 1 

(a) 

(“) 

4.0 

.0 

(a) 

1.9 

. 1 

Canadian,  Other 

8 

19 

2 

1 

(a) 

1.0 

(«) 

.2 

Croatian 

183 

1,971  ! 

258 

14 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


220 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  134— i?ac6  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  locality; 
per  cent  distribution — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number  in  each  specified  locality. 

Per  cent  distribution  in  each  speci- 
fied locality. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Middle  1 
West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Foreign-born,  by  race  Con. 

1 , 

0.0 

0.0 

(a) 

0.0 

6 

.0 

(a) 

0.0 

.0 

7 

10 

2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

22 

56 

19 

9 

. 1 

. 1 

. 1 

. 1 

3.6 

812 

1,312 

119 

254 

4.3 

2.  7 

. 9 

29 

39 

2 

.2 

.1 

.0 

(a) 

3 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

194 

339 

38 

215 

1.0 

.7 

.3 

3.1 

2.6 

(a) 

864 

1,538 

112 

185 

4.6 

3. 1 

. 8 

12 

75 

23 

3 

.1 

. 2 

. 2 

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 

2 

3 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

3 

3 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

128 

663 

45 

99 

. 7 

1.3 

.3 

1.4 

16.6 

6.1 

.1 

1,716 

3,379 

402 

1, 169 

9.2 

6.9 

3.0 

422 

2, 239 

1,182 

429 

2.3 

4.  6 

8.  8 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

4 

C9 

10 

(a) 

5.8 

.2 

.0 

1,086 

640 

41 

125 

1.3 

.3 

1.8 

nn  ion 

5 

13 

.0 

(a) 

. 1 

.0 

Magyar 

648 

3,528 

346 

49 

.3.5 

7.2 

2.6 

.7 

1.6 

1 

1 

114 

(“) 

.0 

(a) 



ATI  pjrri  n 

,33 

12 

91 

.2 

(«) 

.7 

.0 

7 

5 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

(«) 

Polish 

823 

6,025 

301 

221 

4.4 

12.3 

2.2 

.0 

3.1 

.0 

crnpcp 

7 

.0 

(“) 

Roumanian  

11 

105 

37 

4 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.1 

1.5 

.0 

Russian  

377 

1,283 

86 

107 

2.0 

2.6 

. 6 

20 

284 

4 

.1 

.6 

(a) 

Scotch 

350 

562 

102 

i 148 

1.9 

1.1 

.8 

2.1 

QpAfpVi-T  tiqIi 

1 

26 

1 

(a) 

.1 

.0 

Servian 

24 

86 

21 

1 

.1 

_ 2 

.2 

(«) 

1.9 

2.8 

Slovak 

796 

9,998 

391 

133 

4.2 

20^3 

2.9 

Slovenian . 

99 

1,560 

57 

196 

.5 

3.2 

. 4 

Spanish  

1 

1 

5 

.0 

(“) 

(a) 

. 1 

Swedish 

67 

216 

5 

19 

.4 

.4 

(a) 

.3 

(a) 

Syrian 

8 

5 

5 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

4 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

Welsh 

160 

191 

11 

37 

.9 

.4 

.1 

1 

West  Indian  (other  than 
Culr>£in)  

1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(«) 

Australian  (race  notspeci- 

flprl  ^ 

1 

5 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

1 

(a) 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied ) 

127 

247 

56 

455 

.7 

.5 

.4 

6.5 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

102 

1.53 

7 

115 

.5 

.3 

(a) 

1.6 

(a) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

8 

14 

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Grand  total 

18,737 

49, 137 

13, 458 

7,036 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father  

2,717 

4,560 

343 

795 

14.5 

9.3 

2.5 

11.3 

40.8 

59.2 

Tot  al  native-born 

9,  .304 

11,921 

9,541 

2,868 

49.7 

24.3 

70.  9 

Total  foreign-born 

9,433 

37,216 

3,917 

4, 168 

50.3 

75.  7 

29. 1 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


The  proportion  of  foreign-born  individuals  is  largest  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  smallest  in  the  South.  The  figure  for  Pennsylvania  is 
75.7  per  cent;  that  for  the  South  is  but  29.1  per  cent.  In  the  South- 
west the  proportion  of  foreign-born  is  slightly  higher  than  in  the  Mid- 
dle West.  Further  data  as  to  the  nativity  of  the  employees  of  the 
coal-mining  industry  are  supplied  by  the  official  reports  of  the  min- 
ing de])artments  of  the  three  States  leading  in  the  production  of  coal. 
Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and  West  Virginia. 


Number  of  foreign-horn  employees  and  total  number  of  employees  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  locality. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


221 


222 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  figures  of  the  following  table  are  from  the  report  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania department  of  mines  for  the  year  1907: 

Table  Nationality  or  race  of  employees  w the  bituminous  mines  of  Pennsylvania, 

[From  annual  report  of  Secretary  of  f f 


Nationality  or  race. 


Per  cent 
Number,  distribu- 
tion. 


Native-l)om: 

Whites 

Negroes 

Foreign-born: 
Slavonians . . 

Italians 

Hungarians. 

Poles 

English 

Swedes 

Austrians. . . 

Germans 

Lithuanians. 

Russians 

Irish 

Scotch 

French 

Norwegians. 

Welsh 

Belgians 


21, 


987 

147 

884 
735 
764 
748 
294 
,053 
, 462 
,310 
,220 
no 

,051 

683 

564 

533 

409 

384 


27.7 

.2 

16.3 

13.5 

7.3 

7.3 

4.2 
2.6 
1.8 
1.7 
1.5 

1.4 

1.3 


! 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Foreign-born— Continued . 



220 

0.3 



209 

.3 

Croatians  

196 

.2 

Fiun.s  

136 

.2 

Yyrolppn.';  

108 

.1 

Armenians  

50 

.1 



30 

(fX) 

RoumaTiian.'t 

19 

(a) 

Canadians  

10 

(a) 

PypjfipS  

2 

(a) 

Hebrews  

1 

(a) 

Mixed 

6,941 

8.8 

TotOfl  Ti3.tivo-)^or^  

22, 134 
50, 185 

27.9 

Total  foreign-bom  

63.3 

6,941 

8.8 

- 

79,260 

100.0 

1 

1 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 

NOTE.-Total  number  of  companies,  512;  Sf tWs“lue,  ™%“o7o'iS 

of  companies  not  reportmg  on  labor  blank,  37.  Nu  p , ^ 1907,183,121.  (Annual  report  of 

number  of  employees  in  the  Tl  BituSoS  P L Two  himdred  and  seven  “ferano- 

coribiued  with  ..Hungarians-;  and  78 

“ Howats  ” (presumably  Hervats)  combined  with  Croatians. 

The  data  for  Pennsylvania  cover  79,260  out  of  a total  of  l|3,12l 
employees.  It  will  be  noted  that  a large  number  are  classified  as 
“ imxed.  ” Sixty-three  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  all  the  employees 
classified  according  to  general  nativity  and  race  are  of  foreign  birth. 

A comparison  of  the  percentages  of  this  table  with  those  given  for 
the  Pennsylvania  district  in  the  table  on  page  249  is  of  interest.  1 he 
locality  is  the  same  in  either  case.  A larger  proportion  of  all  employ- 
ees are  included  in  the  table  compiled  from  the  figures  of  the  state 
report  than  in  that  compiled  from  original  data.  Upon  the  other 
hand,  there  are  in  the  last-mentioned  table  no  employees  classified 
as  mixed,  and  the  classification  by  race  is  probably  more  rehable_ 
The  proportion  of  foreign-born  reported  in  the  original  table  is  75.7 
per  cLt,  as  against  the  63.3  per  cent  of  the  table  compiled  from  the 
figures  of  the  state  report. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


223 


In  1899  the  State  of  Illinois  collected  data  for  the  classification, 
according  to  general  nativity  and  race,  of  nearly  all  the  employees 
in  the  coal  mines  of  the  State.  The  results  are  shown  in  the  following 
table : 


Table  136. — Nationality  of  employees  of  Illinois  mines,  1899. 
[Compiled  from  Illinois  Coal  Report,  1899,  pp.  LXXII  and  LXXV.] 


Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion of 
those 
reporting 
nation- 
ality or 
race. 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion of 
those 
reporting 
nation- 
ality or 
race. 

Native-born 

15, 580 

43. 12 

Foreign-born — Continued . 

Foreign-horn: 

Russian 

498 

1.38 

English 

3,394 

9.  40 

Danish,  Swedish,  and 

Scotch . 

1,  412 

3.91 

Norwegian 

619 

1.71 

5.  77 

Welsh 

iij  UoU 

645 

1^79 

Native-born 

15, 580 

43.12 

German 

4,138 

11.45 

Foreign- born 

20, 550 

56.88 

Ti'rpn  pIi 

373 

1. 03 

Italian 

3,016 

8!  35 

Total 

36, 130 

100.  00 

Austrian  and  Bohemian.. 

975 

2.  70 

Unknown 

861 

TTnnp’arif^n 

774 

2. 14 

Polish ... 

2, 133 

5^90 

Grand  total 

36, 991 

Belgian 

487 

1.35 

General  nativity  and  race  are  given  for  36,130  out  of  a total  of 
36,991  employees.  Fifty-six  and  eighty-eight  hundredths  per  cent 
of  all  those  classified  according  to  general  nativity  and  race  are 
foreign-born. 

The  following  figures  are  for  West  Virginia: 

Table  137. — Nationality  of  employees  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  West  Virginia, 

June  30,  1908. 

[Compiled  from  annual  report  of  the  Department  of  Mines  of  West  Virginia  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 

1908,  p.  92.] 


Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion of 
those 
reporting 
nation- 
ality or 
race. 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion of 
those 
reporting 
nation- 
ality or 
race. 

Native-born  white 

23,979 

46.  312 

Foreign-born—  Continued. 

Native-born  negro 

11,270 

21.  766 

Belgian 

25 

0.  048 

Foreign-born : 

Danish 

23 

.044 

Italian...  . 

6,046 

11.  677 

Syrian  . . . 

20 

.039 

Hungarian 

3,668 

7. 084 

Macedonian 

13 

.025 

Polish 

1,901 

3.  672 

French  . 

11 

.021 

Austrian 

1,013 

1.956 

Roumanian 

8 

.015 

Russian 

851 

1.  644 

Spanish 

7 

.014 

Slavish 

620 

1. 197 

Bohemian 

5 

.010 

Eithiianian 

506 

. 977 

English 

488 

!943 

Native-born 

35, 249 

68.  078 

German... 

430 

.831 

Foreign- born 

16,528 

31.  922 

Irish. 

264 

. 510 

Litvitch 

180 

! 348 

Total 

51,777 

100.  00 

Greek 

147 

.284 

Unknown 

8, 707 

Welsh 

118 

. 228 

Scotch  

115 

.222 

Grand  total 

60,484 

Swedish 

69 

.133 

224 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Information  as  to  nativity  and  race  is  given  for  51,777  out  of  a 
total  of  60,484  employees.  Thirty-one  and  nine-tenths  per  cent  ot 
the  employees  classified  according  to  race  and  na^vity,  or  27.3  per 
cent  of  all  the  employees,  are  of  foreign  birth.  The  figures  of  the 

table  are  for  the  year  1908.  ^ 

Upon  the  authority  of  the  data  presented  it  seems  safe  to  make 
the  assertion  that  a very  large  proportion,  at  least  one-halt,  ot  all  the 
employees  in  the  bituminous  coal-mmmg  industry  ot  the  United 
States  are  of  foreign  birth. 


RECENT  AND  OLD  IMMIGRATION  COMPARED. 


The  foreign-born  workmen  may  be  further  classified,  by  race,  as 
the  old  immigrants  and  the  recent  immigrants.  The  meaning  ot  the 
distinction  has  been  explained  elsewhere  in  this  report.® 

The  fact  that  many  of  the  mine  employees  are  men  ot  the  races  ot 
recent  immigration  is  shown  by  the  preceding  tables.  In  order  to 
make  the  comparison  more  graphic,  the  figures  of  these  tables  have 
been  rearranged  in  racial  groups.  In  the  six  tables  next  presented 
Group  I in  every  case  comprises  the  native-born  and  the  races  ot 
northern  and  western  Europe  and  of  Great  Britain,  and  Group  II 
comprises  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  In  arranging 
these  groups,  those  entered  in  the  state  reports  as 
‘‘unknown”  have  been  omitted.^ 


mixed"  or 


bfhfdmlrenTraces  and  nationalities  have  been  divided  into  two  general  group^ 
In  the  first  of  these  are  included  the  Americans,  together  mth  the  immigrants  from 
northern  and  western  Europe— the  less  recent  immigrants.  The  second  poup  is  made 
UD  of  the  natives  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  These  are  the  recent  immigrants. 

^This  division  into  groups  is  made  for  two  reasons.  In  the  first  place,  the  ^l^ct  of 
the  tables  being  to  cLtrast  in  a general  way  the  number  of  old  ^ ^ 

number  of  recent  immigrants,  it  is  believed  that  the  grouping  enables  this  to  be  done 
much  more  clearly  than  had  the  races  and  nationalities  been  left  uncombined.  In 
the  second  place,  grave  doubts  are  entertained,  in  the  case  of  the  three  tables  com- 
niled  from  figures  in  state  mine  reports,  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  classification  ^^co  d- 
Fncf  to  TtioSality  and  race.  Information  seems  to  have  been  set  down  as  received 

from  operators  or  workmen  without  aiiy  attenipt  at  ‘ ‘ IlunSirian^”  ^ and 

of  the  renorts  consulted  the  words  Hervat  and  Croatian,  Munganan 
“Magyar”  frequently  appear  in  the  same  table.  The  list  of 
bee/found  to  differ  materially  from  year  to  year. 

have  little  reason  to  be,  and  are  not,  trained  ethnologists,  and  clearly  mistakes  nave 
S made  It  is  believed  that  by  the  grouping  these  mistakes  have  been  rendered 
of  less  importance.  That  a Pole  Ihould  be  sported  as  Austrian  a Rutheni^^^^^^ 
Russian  or  a Slovak  as  a Hungarian  would  appear  quite  possible,  but  there  is  nuie 
likelihood  that  any  of  these  or  an  Italian  would  be  reported  as  an  Enghshman  or 
a Scandinavian.  By  dividing  the  nationalities  into  the  menlre 

more  recent  imraigrLts,  it  is  possible  to  be  reasonably  certain  that  all  the  men  are 
deluded  at  least  in  the  general  group  in  which  they  properly  belong. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining, 


225 


The  data  secured  by  the  Immigration  Commission  are  presented 
in  the  following  table: 


Table  138. — Classification  of  employees  hy  general  nativity  and  race  and  by  groups.^' 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  I: 

Group  II: 

Native-born  of  native 

Bulgarian 

177 

0.2 

father 

25,219 

28.5 

Croatian 

2, 426 

2. 7 

Native-born  of  foreign 

Greek 

113 

!l 

father 

8,415 

9.5 

Italian,  North 

6 666 

7. 5 

Foreign-born— 

Italian,  South 

4^272 

4!  8 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

Italian (not  specified) 

113 

.1 

vian  

747 

.8 

Ta't.hnanian 

1 892 

9 1 

Dutch 

106 

.1 

Magyar 

4 571 

^ 9 

English 

2, 497 

2.  8 

Mexican 

116 

0.  z 
^ 1 

Firmish 

70 

.1 

Montenegrin 

136 

. 2 

French 

786 

.9 

Polish . 

7 370 

8.  3 

German 

2,699 

3. 1 

Roumanian 

’ 157 

. 2 

Irish 

935 

1. 1 

Russian 

1 853 

2. 1 

Scotch 

1,162 

1.3 

Ruthenian 

308 

. 3 

Swedish 

307 

.3 

Servian 

132 

Welsh 

399 

.5 

Slovak 

11  318 

12.  8 

Other  races  of  old 

Slovenian 

l’912 

2!  2 

immigration 

502 

.6 

Other  races  of  recent  im- 

m 1 £Trf5  f 1 nn 

992 

1.1 

Total 

43,844 

49.6 

dtlUll 

Total 

44,524 

50.4 

Grand  total 

88, 368 

100.0 

oFor  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 


In  this  table  all  localities  are  combined.  It  will  be  seen  that  50.4 
►er  cent,  slightly  over  one-half,  of  all  the  individuals  are  included  in 
iroup  II. 

The  following  table  gives  the  figures  for  Pennsylvania  in  1907: 


Table  139. — Classification  of  Pennsylvania  employees  hy  nationality  or  race  and  hy 

groups. (I 

(Compiled  from  annual  report  of  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs  of  Pennsylvania  for  1907,  Part  III, 
Industrial  Statistics,  pp.  95  and  96.] 


Nationality  or  race. 


Number. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Nationality  or  race. 


Number. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Group  I: 


Native-born  white. 

Native-born  negro. 

Foreign-born— 

English 

Swedes 

Germans 

Irish 

Scotch  

French 

Norwegians  . . . 

Welsh 

Belgians 

Bohemians 

Firms 

Danes 

Canadians 

Total . . . 


21,987 

147 


3,294 

2,053 

1,310 

1,051 

683 

564 

533 

409 

384 

209 

136 

30 

10 


(&) 

(^) 


32,800 


Group  II; 


30.4 

Slovenians 

.2 

Italians 

Hungarians 

4.6 

Poles 

2.8 

Austrians 

1.8 

Lithuanians 

1.  5 

Russians 

.9 

Greeks 

.8 

Croatians 

.7 

Tyroleans 

.6 

Armenians 

.5 

Roumanians 

.3 

Syrians 

.2 

Hebrews 

12,884 

10,735 

5,764 

5,748 

1,462 

1,220 

1,110 

220 

196 

108 

60 


19 

2 

1 


(«>) 

(«>) 

(*•) 


Total 


39,519 


17.8 

14.8 
8.0 
7.9 
2.0 
1.7 
1.5 

.3 

.3 

.1 


54.6 


45.4 


Grand  total 


72,319 


100.0 


For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 


5 Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


226 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Tn  fhk  table  72  319  employees  are  classified  according  to  nationality 
or  race  The  rices  included  in  Group  II  constitute  54.6 

^Tcompirison  Ae  figures  of  the  above  table  with  the  original 
data  for^the  same  territory,  secured  m 1909,  is  of  interest.  The 
original  data  appear  in  the  following  table: 


Table  140  -^Classification  of  Pennsylvania  employees  by  general  natmty  and  race 

and  by  groups. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Group  I; 

Native-born  of  native 


father - • - 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Foreign-born — 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Irish 

Scotch  

Swedish 

Welsh 

Other  races  of  old  im- 
migration   


Per  cent 
Number,  distribu- 
tion. 


7,361 


4,560 


Total. 


457 

56 

1,312 

39 

339 

1,538 

663 

562 

216 

191 


15.0 


9.3 


232 


17, 526 


.9 

.1 

2.7 

.1 

.7 

3.1 
1.3 

1.1 
.4 
.4 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Per  cent 
Number,  distribu- 
tion. 


35.7 


Group  II: 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Greek 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified)  . . - 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Montenegrin 

Polish - ■ - 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Other  races  of  recent  im- 
migration   


31 

1,971 

75 

3,379 

2,239 


640 

3,528 

12 

6,025 

105 

1,283 

284 

86 


0.1 

4.0 

.2 

6.9 

4.6 

.2 


(^) 


7.2 


12.3 

.2 

2.6 


Total. 


Grand  total . 


1,560 


296 


31,611 


49, 137 


.2 

20.3 

3.2 


64.3 


100.0 


o For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 


b Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


Of  the  49,137  individuals  classified  according  to  general  nativity 
and  race,  64.3  per  cent  are  natives  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 
In  this  table  the  proportion  of  recent  immigrants  reported  is  highe 
than  in  the  table  compiled  from  the  figures  gi.^en  in 
The  difference  in  the  percentages  may  he  due  in  part  to  the  difference 
in  dates,  the  figures  for  one  table  having  been  secured,  as  has  been 
noted,  in  1907,  and  those  tor  the  other  in  1^909  In  comparing  the 
percentages  of  the  several  tables,  the  tact  should  not  be  over  o 
hiat  the  number  of  men  employed  in  mining  is  much 
sylvania  than  in  any  other  State  or  locality 

exceptionally  high  percentage  of  eastern  and  southern  Europeans 
employed  in  the  mines  of  the  State  is  therefore  sigmfica  . 

Conditions  in  Illinois  in  the  year  1899  are  shown  by  the  next  table 
presented. 


aProduction  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker.  V.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Min- 
eral  Resources  of  the  United  States.  Table  on  page  39. 


f 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


227 


Table  141. — Classification  of  Illinois  employees  by  nationality  or  race  and  by  groups. 


[Compiled  from  Illinois  Coal  Report,  1899,  pp.  LXXII  and  LXXV.] 


Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  I: 

Group  II: 

Native-born 

15,580 

43. 12 

Italian  . ... 

3,016 

8. 35 

Foreign-born— 

Hungarian 

’774 

2!  14 

English 

3,394 

9.  40 

Poli.sh  . 

2, 133 

5. 90 

Scotch  

1,412 

3.91 

Russian 

498 

L38 

Irish 

2,086 

5.  77 

Welsh 

645 

l!  79 

Total 

6, 421 

17.  77 

Germ  an  . 

4,138 

11.  45 

French 

373 

1.03 

Grand  total. 

36, 130 

100.00 

Austrian  and  Bohe- 

mian   

975 

2.70 

Belgian 

487 

1.35 

Danish,  Swedish,  and 

Norwegian . . 

619 

1.71 

Total 

27, 709 

82.  23 

a For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 

6 The  Austrians  and  Bohemians  are  classified  together  in  the  state  report.  The  majority  of  persons  of 
Austrian  nativity  employed  in  the  mining  industry  are  probably  of  the  recent  immigration.  Upon  the 
other  hand,  a large  percentage  of  the  Bohemians  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  a considerable  period 
of  time.  (See  Table  144,  p.  229.)  It  being  impossible  to  separate  the  figures,  '‘Austrian  and  Bohe- 
mian” have  been  included  in  this  table,  arbitrarily,  in  Group  I. 

In  this  table  only  17.8  per  cent  of  the  36,130  individuals  classified 
according  to  nationality  or  race  were  natives  of  southern  or  eastern 
Europe.  It  is  over  ten  years  since  the  data  for  the  table  were  secured 
and  there  has  been,  in  the  interval,  a change  in  the  racial  composi- 
tion of  the  working  force  of  the  mines  of  the  Middle  West.  The 
prevailing  tendency  in  Illinois,  as  well  as  in  the  neighboring  States, 
is  probably  fairly  indicated  by  the  original  data  for  the  Middle  West, 
presented  in  the  following  table: 


Table  142. — Classification  of  employees  in  the  Middle  West  by  general  nativity  and  race 

and  by  groups. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Group  I: 

Native-born  of  native 

father 

Native  - bom  of  foreign 

father 

Foreign-born— 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Irish 

Scotch  

Swedish 

Welsh 

Other  races  of  old  im- 
migration   

Total 


Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  II: 

Bulgarian 

17 

0.1 

6,587 

35.2 

Croatian 

183 

1.0 

Greek 

12 

2,717 

14.5 

Italian,  North 

1,716 

9!  2 

Italian,  South 

422 

2.3 

Italian  (not  specified) 

4 

i^) 

253 

1.4 

Lithuanian 

1,086 

5.8 

22 

.1 

Magyar 

648 

3.5 

812 

4.3 

Montenegrin 

33 

.2 

29 

.2 

Polish 

823 

4.4 

194 

1.0 

Roumanian 

11 

.1 

864 

4.6 

Russian  

377 

2.0 

128 

.7 

Ruthenian 

20 

350 

1.9 

Servian 

24 

2 

67 

.4 

Slovak 

796 

4!  2 

160 

.9 

Slovenian 

99 

.5 

Other  races  of  recent  im- 

137 

.7 

migration 

146 

.8 

12,320 

65.8 

Total 

6,417 

34.2 

Grand  total 

18,737 

100.0 

For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 


& Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


228 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  will  be  seen  that  of  the  18,737  individuals  included  in  the  table 
6,417,  or  34.2  per  cent,  are  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration.  The 
data  for  this  table  were  secured  in  1909  . . 

The  following  table  gives  the  figures  for  West  Virginia . 

Table  143  -Classification  of  West  Virginia  employees  hy  nationality  or  race  and  by 

groups. 

[Complied  from  annua,  report  o.  the  Department^.  Mines  o.  West  Virginia  for  the  year  ending  lune 


Nationality  or  race. 


N umber. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


Native-born  white 23, 979 

Native-born  negro ll,27U 

Foreign-born— 

English 

German 

Irish 

Welsh.. 

Scotch.. 

Swedish. 

Belgian 

Danish 

French 

Bohemian 


Total 36,797 


46. 312 
21.  766 


.831 

.510 

.228 

.222 

.133 

.048 

.044 

.021 

.010 


Nationality  or  race. 


Per  cent 
Number,  j distribu- 
tion. 


'1. 068 


Group  II: 

Italian 

Hungarian... 

Polish 

Austrian 

Russian 

Slavish 

Lithuanian  . 

Litvitch 

Greek 

Syrian . . - . 

Macedonian . 
Roumanian . 
Spanish 


Total 

Grand  total 


6,046 

3,668 

1,901 

1,013 

851 

620 

506 

180 

147 

20 

13 


11. 677 
7.084 
3.672 
1.956 
1.644 
1.197 
.977 
.348 
.284 
.039 
.025 
.015 
.014 


14,980 


51,777 


28.  932 


100. 00 


a For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 

Data  are  presented  for51,777  indmduals.  _ Of  these,  14,980,  or  28.9 
Tier  cent  are  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration.  4.  • 

^ From  all  the  data  secured  it  is  clear  that  the  men  of  recent  mimi- 
gration  employed  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  United  bta  . 
Sv  outnumber  the  men  of  old  immigration  so  employed.  It 
further  appears  that  in  one  locality  at  least  thn  recent  immigran 
outnumber  the  old  immigrants  and  the  native-born  combined. 

LACK  OF  EXPERIENCE  ON  THE  PART  OP  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

In  considering  the  characteristics  of  the  mine  workers,  as  a cause 
of  accTdents,  a clear  distinction  must  be  made  between  the  races  of 
the  old  and  those  of  the  recent  immigration.  ... 

The  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  em 
ployees  of  the  different  races  is  shown  by  the  following  table. 


229 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


Table  144.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction 
IS  made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting  The 
total,  however,  IS  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. . . 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) . 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . 


Number 


Total. 


Per  cent  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


ing 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to 
14. 

15  to 
19. 

20  or 
over. 

744 

1.2 

3.6 

11.3 

7.7 

5.9 

25.4 

2.8 

12.1 

30.0 

173 

1.2 

34.7 

34.7 

11.0 

3.5 

10.4 

1.  2 

1.2 

2.3 

2, 416 

1.7 

8.4 

17.9 

16.2 

10.2 

35.5 

5.3 

3.5 

1.2 

103 

3.9 

5.8 

8.7 

5.8 

5.8 

18.4 

4.9 

17.5 

29. 1 

2,444 

1.6 

2.3 

4.6 

4.2 

4.0 

9.4 

3.2 

5.6 

65.2 

70 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

8.6 

10.0 

35.7 

14.3 

15.7 

11.4 

77  5 

1.4 

4.3 

7.1 

5.5 

4.9 

28.8 

4.1 

16.9 

27.0 

2, 677 

1.2 

2.1 

4.6 

4.1 

3.7 

13.6 

4.5 

20.5 

45.7 

111 

1.8 

12.6 

17.1 

10.8 

9.0 

27.9 

7.2 

7.2 

6.3 

916 

.3 

.8 

2.2 

1.2 

1.3 

4.0 

3.1 

6.6 

80.  6 

6, 622 

2.5 

5.7 

11.9 

12.2 

8.8 

36.0 

9.5 

8.3 

5.1 

4, 239 

3.4 

5.8 

13.0 

12.6 

10.1 

37.5 

8.9 

5.3 

3.4 

109 

.9 

9.2 

16.5 

11.0 

11.0 

31.2 

7.3 

7.3 

5.5 

1, 885 

1.0 

2.0 

5.9 

7.9 

8.8 

37.8 

16.4 

14.4 

5.9 

4, 543 

3.3 

9.1 

16.2 

12.4 

9.7 

32.1 

7.3 

6.5 

3.4 

111 

1.8 

4:5 

7.2 

7.2 

5.4 

24.3 

21.6 

18.9 

9.0 

136 

30.1 

37.5 

11.0 

7.4 

10.  3 

7 

9 Q 

7,316 

1.8 

6.7 

15.1 

10.4 

8.8 

31^9 

9.1 

9!  2 

iS.  a 
7.0 

156 

4.5 

34.6 

27.6 

14.1 

5.8 

10.3 

.6 

1.9 

.6 

1,831 

2.5 

9.9 

19.6 

11.3 

7.5 

27.8 

9.1 

7.4 

5.0 

307 

1.6 

8.5 

21.8 

9.1 

11.7 

23.5 

11.4 

7.2 

5.2 

1,139 

1.9 

2.3 

3.4 

3.7 

3.4 

10.1 

2.5 

6.3 

66.4 

131 

.8 

5.3 

19.1 

9.2 

10.7 

38.2 

11.5 

3.0 

2.3 

11,272 

1.5 

5.5 

11.4 

9.2 

9.0 

31.6 

11.4 

9.9 

10.  4 

1,899 

2.7 

6.2 

15.4 

10.7 

9.6 

36.6 

8.6 

6.6 

3.7 

306 

. 7 

1.3 

1.3 

2.3 

2.0 

11.8 

4.9 

21.2 

54.6 

397 

1.0 

1.8 

2.3 

1.3 

2.0 

2.8 

4.5 

6.0 

78.3 

874 

3.8 

4.7 

13.5 

9.3 

10.2 

40.2 

5.2 

8.2 

5.0 

375 

2.9 

1.9 

3.7 

3.7 

8.0 

22.4 

3.7 

22.4 

31.2 

54,300 

2.1 

5.9 

12.1 

9.7 

8.2 

29.6 

8.4 

9.0 

15.1 

This  table  is  compiled  from  original  data  and  includes  all  the 
toreign-born  employees  of  the  industry  for  whom  this  information 
was  secured.  The  classification  is  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 
by  race.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh, 
Germans,  Swedes,  and  other  natives  of  northern  and  western  Europe 
have  m general  been  in  this  country  much  longer  than  have  the  men 
or  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  In  the  columns  showing 
the  percentage  of  individuals  who  have  been  in  this  country  three 
7cars  or  less  the  distinction  between  the  old  immigrants  and  the 
recent  immigrants  is  particularly  obvious.  A very  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  latter  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  four 
fears. 

The  experience  which  the  men  of  the  different  races  had  in  mining 
oetore  coming  to  the  United  States  is  indicated  by  the  tables  and  chart 
aext  presented. 

48296°— VOL  6—11- 


-16 


L 


230 


The  Immigration  Commission 


Table  145  -Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  emphyees  who  were  engaged  in  mining  before 
i ABLE  i«.  y ^ ^ roce. 

(STUDY  01<'  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  SFfo^SboS'f  locaiities.  The 


Race. 

Middle 

West. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

South. 

South- 

west. 

Total  bi- 
tuminous 
coal 
mining. 

72.4 

41.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

57.6 

o A 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

7.1 

3.4 

2.  5 

o.  O 
82. 6 

87.8 

78.  5 
56.9 
-49.9 

("') 

(a) 

(a) 

oi . 0 

90.3 

72*.  2 

65.8 

01  A 

55.0 

13.7 

22.8 

.5.3 

3. 7 

Zi.  D 

O A 

7 7 

23.3 

4.8 

5. 1 

y.  4 
11  n 

4. 3 

3.6 

4.  5 

(a) 

ii.  U 

fn\ 

10. 9 

17.7 

9.2 

5. 0 

[a) 

QQ  1 

9.8 

14.2 

7.2 

7. 2 

oO.  1 

( n\ 

7*8 

7.3 

7 . 3 

(a) 

(a) 

( n\ 

88.2 

92.4 

84.  5 

(a) 

CJ,  1 

10.7 

15.1 

8.  7 

10. 4 

0^.  1 

30.5 

14.4 

10.4 

43.0 

20.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

Table  146.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  before 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  n^or^'^jjales  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 


1 

Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in — 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Mining. 

Farming 
or  farm 
labor. 

General 

labor. 

Manu- 

facturing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

D /aVi c»TYi  1 Q n ATorjivifin - 

408 

57.6 

16.4 

5.9 

1.2 

.0 

1 O 

10.4 

5.1 

3. 9 

2.5 

2.5 

1.9 

T^nlo*nrin,n  . - - 

158 

9.5 

75.3 

7.6 

4.7 

1,212 

3.6 

84.7 

i.  Z 
o n 

3. 8 

6.1 

Enj^listi-  

1,277 

82.6 

2.6 

3. 0 

Z.  U 
o n 

2. 8 

6.0 

352 

72.2 

6.8 

10. 2 

z,  u 

A 1 

11  0 

4.6 

1,423 

55.0 

18.6 

6.7 

4.  i 

1 o 

2. 8 

2.5 

321 

59.2 

25.9 

7.8 

1.  y 

O /I 

10. 2 

4.8 

Ttcilinn  North  

4.840 

13.7 

57.2 

11. 6 
14.4 
8.2 
9.5 

1 A 

7*1 

3.3 

1.2 

Italian  South  

2,883 

7.7 

66.  5 

1.  u 

1 7 

LitliUtini3-ii- 

1,570 

4.3 

79.2 

1.  i 

1 o 

o.  o 
7. 8 

2.2 

2,423 

10.9 

68.5 

1.  Z 

A 

1 7 

1.7 

ai  - . - - 

ATnntpnPfTrin  

118 

4.2 

91.  5 

.8 

8.8 

6.3 

. U 

O A 

2.1 

Polish. 

3,771 

9.8 

68.9 

z.  y 

1 Q 

i . O 

3. 1 

1.2 

Russi^/H 

1,389 

7.8 

79.8 

1.  O 

O A 

1. 3 

2.C 

R.uthpn.i3-n 

151 

15.9 

66.2 

11. 9 
2.5 

Z.  D 

A 

2. 7 

4.f 

Scotch. - 

561 

88.2 

1. 8 

. 4 

1 A 

5. 2 

2.2 

Slovo-k.  

5,378 

10.7 

68.4 

12. 1 

i.  4 
O A 

11. 1 

3.f 

SlovcoiBiii.  - 

1,248 

20.0 

57. 6 

5. 7 
9.9 
3.4 

Z,  0 

1 A 

11. 3 

4.2 

Swedish 

142 

15.5 

57.7 

1.  4 

A 

2*.  2 

5.1 

Welsh 

178 

87.6 

1.7 

. u 

Total 

31,325 

20.7 

58.0 

9.3 

1.9 

7.0 

3.( 

Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  m mining  and  in  farming  or  farm  labor  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  with  400  or  more  employees  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign»born.] 


f 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


231 


232 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  tables  are  compiled  from  original  data.  Of  al  the  individuals 
for  whom  information  was  secured,  only  20.7  per  cent  were  employed 
i^nhnrn^  Sr“  coming  to  the  United  States.  Except  in  the  case 
of  the  Swedes  the  proportion  of  the  men  of  the  races  of  northern 

wPstT^n  Eurone  who  were  employed  abroad  in  mining  is  not  less 
and  western  tturope  wno  we  gg  2 per 

than  55  per  ^elsh  is  87.6  per  cent.  Among  the  southern 

Td  ealr^Europeansle  p\  no  case  exceeds  20  per  cent 

Thk  nfoportion  is  reported  for  the  Slovenians,  while  only  3 A per 
cent  of  the  Croatians  were  miners  before  coming  to  the  United  States. 

A very  krge  moportion  of  the  individuals  of  the  races  of  this  group 
were  farmers  or  farm  laborers  abroad.  The  proportion  varies  from 
01  5 per  cent  for  the  Montenegrins  to  57.2  per  cent  for  the  North 
Italians  A smaller  proportion  of  the  recent  immigrants  were  em- 
Italians.  ^ be  noted  that  of  the  men  of  the 

racL  of  northern  and  western  Europe  comparatiwly  few  were  famiers 
or  farm  laborers.  The  contrast  in  occupations  before  coirimg  to  the 
United  Ks  between  the  old  and  the  repent  immigrants  is  made 

mines  of  the  United  States  for  many  years.  As  a result  of  their  e™^ 
rience  both  in  this  country  and  abroad  they  are  far  better  qualified  as 
miners  than  are  the  southern  and  eastern  Europeans.  The  older 
immisrrants  speak  English  either  as  their  native  tongue  or,  as  m the 
case  of  the  G-mans  and  Scandinavians,  because  of  long  residence  m 
this  country.  They  may  be  treated  m almost  every  respect  upon  the 

s £11116  bsisis  £is  tli6  A-incric^/ii  iiiiii6rs.  ^ 

The  employees  of  the  races  of  the  recent  immipation,  on  the 
other  l3  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  so  short  a period  of 
£e  tLt  e^en  though  it  be  assumed  that  they  have  been  empl^^^^^^^^^^^ 
mmmcy  pver  since  their  arrival,  they  must  have  had  but  a oner  expe 
rience'^at  most  in  the  mines  of  this  country.  The  data  further  show 
that  very  few  of  their  number  had  mining  experipce  abroad 

As  it  has  been  seen  that  a very  large  proportion  of  the  deaths  and 
iniuries  reported  for  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States  occur  among 
the  less  experienced  miners  it  is  clear  that 

of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  having  had  little  experience  m 
mining-  either  in  this  country  or  abroad,  are  particularly  hab 
Sents  And  as  the  responsibility  for  accidents  rests  m mo^ 
cases  with  the  men  injured,  to  say  that  they  are  partmularly 
traccTdents  is  in  effect  to  say  that  they  are  responsible  lor  a con- 
siderable  proportion  of  all  the  accidents  occurring  in  the  mines. 

The  mine  accidents  for  which  the  workmen  ‘‘re  themselves  respon- 
sible faU  naturally  into  two  Uasses-those  due  to  careless^^^^^^^ 
those  due  to  ig-norance.  As  regards  the  first  of  these,  it  is  pro 
that  the  foreigner  is  no  greater  offender  than  the  person  o na 
Si  The  imericans  fnd  other  English-s^^^^ 
doubtedly  reckless,  and  a very  large  PropoU^m  of  all  the  acc^^^^^^ 
occurring  among  their  number  seem  to  be  due  to  this  cause^ 
Grave  risks  are  often  incurred  for  the  sake  of  avoiding  a ^ j 

labor.  Props  are  left  unplaced,  open  lamps  are 

lnmn«?  cars  are  driven  in  a careless  manner,  explosi 
hritl  r”ckieSy-^Iu  in  ^efi^  of  the  most,  elementary  rules  of 
hutious  mining  Ind  by  men  of  long  experience  in  the  industry. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


233 


Among  the  recent  immigrants,  on  the  other  hand,  many  of  the 
accidents  are  unquestionably  due  to  ignorance.  Unlike  the  majority 
of  the  American  miners,  almost  all  the  recent  immigrants  employed 
in  the  mines  are  without  previous  training  or  experience  in  their  work. 
As  has  been  seen,  most  of  them  were  farm  laborers  in  their  native 
countries.  Upon  coming  to  the  United  States  they  decided  to 
follow  the  occupation  of  mining  because  the  work  was  better  paid 
than  any  other  obtainable.  Many  of  them  have  been  here  only  a 
few  months  and  many  more  but  a year  or  two.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances it  is  not  surprising  that  they  know  little  or  nothing  of  rock 
formations,  of  fire  damp,  of  the  properties  of  coal  dust,  and  of  the 
handling  of  explosives — matters  about  which  every  coal  miner 
should  be  thoroughly  informed.  To  determine  whether  a piece  of 
slate  or  roof  is  or  is  not  likely  to  fall,  often  requires  a considerable 
degree  of  experience,  and  the  majority  of  the  Slavs,  Magyars,  and 
Italians  have  not  this  experience. 

Another  element  of  danger  is  contributed  by  the  fact  that  few  of  the 
recent  immigrants  speak  or  understand  English,  while  almost  none 
are  able  to  read  or  write  the  language.  It  is  probable  that  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  mine  bosses  and  inspectors  are,  because  of  this  fact,  fre- 
quently misunderstood.  An  inspector,  for  example,  tells  an  immi- 
grant miner,  in  English  of  course,  that  his  roof  needs  propping.  The 
miner  seems  to  understand,  but  does  not,  and  a fall  results.  In  some 
mines  printed  signs  are  used  to  indicate  the  presence  of  gas  or  other 
peril.  These  are  quite  unintelligible  to  most  of  the  foreigners. 
Because,  through  lack  of  training,  they  are  unable  to  recognize  the 
presence  of  danger,  and  further  because  of  their  keenness  for  earning 
money,  the  immigrants  are  often  willing  to  work  in  places  where  more 
experienced  or  more  intelligent  men  would  refuse  to  work.  For  the 
same  reasons  they  will  frequently  be  satisfied  with  and  accept  mine 
equipment  too  defective  for  safety. 

As  has  been  stated,  it  is  generally  conceded  by  the  persons  best 
informed  upon  the  subject  that  the  responsibility  for  a majority  of 
the  accidents  in  coal  mines  rests  with  the  men  injured.  This  being 
the  case,  it  is  evident  that  the  relative  number  of  fatalities  among 
the  employees  of  a given  race  or  group  of  races  will  serve  as  a valuable 
mdicMion  of  the  extent  to  which  the  high  death  rate  in  the  mines 
IS  to  be  attributed  to  the  employment  of  men  of  this  race  or  group, 
in  other  words,  an  inquiry  as  to  the  responsibility  of  a given  race  for 
accidents  may  perhaps  best  be  answered  by  showing  the  extent  to 
which  its  members  are  sufferers  from  accidents. 

FATALITIES  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA,  PENNSYLVANIA,  AND  INDIANA. 

The  extent  to  which  the  different  groups  of  employees  suffer  from 
iccidents  ^ay  be  shown  for  the  State  of  West  Virginia  by  statistics. 
Ln  the  table  presented  on  page  228  information  has  been  given  as 
.0  the  race  or  nationality  of  employees  of  the  bituminous  mining 
ndustry  of  the  State.  The  tables  next  presented  show  the  race  or 
lationahty  of  all  the  men  killed  or  fatally  injured  in  the  mines  during 
>he  period  of  five  years,  1904  to  1908,  inclusive. 


234 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  .-Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mimes  of  West  Virginia,  by 
race  or  nationality  of  individual,  1904  to  1908. 


Nationality  or  race. 

1904. 

1905. 

1900. 

1907. 

1908. 

Total. 

57 

100 

89 

129 

71 

176 

551 

Of; /I 

29 

41 

03 

50 

2o4 

Foreign-born: 

13 

13 

29 

50 

200 

311 

1 Tnnp"n,vin.ti  

0 

11 

20 

30 

10 

15 

12 

27 

94 

on 

4 

8 

14 

44 

80 

Q 4 

6 

1 

9 

3 

o4 

n/* 

5 

4 

4 

71 

yii 

0/4 

Gr6riii3.n-  - 

3 

3 

1 

11 

6 

7 

1 

2 

4 

1-1 

2 

2 

2 

6 

7 

4 

1 

15 

8 

7 

1 

00 

o 



1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

3 

15 

3 

12 

8 

8 

Welsh 

1 

6 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4 

Not  reported 

8 

7 

10 

1 

5 

31 

Total 

140 

194 

1 266 

356 

625 

1 1,581 

1 



J 

Table  \4&.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coa\  mines  of  West  Virginia,  1904 
to  1908,  by  racial  groups  per  cent  distribution. 


[From  annual  reports  ot  the  State  Inspector  of  Mines  for 

innt;  ^ iriQ.  Tjonnrt  f nr  1 <40(1.  n.  Ifil ! Ret)ort  for  1907,  p.  205,  Keport  lOt  iyu»,  p.  Zi/.J 


Nationality  or  race. 


Group  I: 

Native-born  white , 

Native-born  negro. 

Foreign-born— 

English 

German 

Irish 

Scotch 

Welsh 

Belgian 

Scandinavian.. 


Total. 


Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

551 

35.5 

254 

16.4 

34 

2.2 

24 

1.5 

7 

.4 

3 

.2 

6 

.4 

5 

.3 

884 

57.0 

Nationality  or  race. 


Group  II: 

Italian 

Hungarian. . 

Polish 

Slavish 

Austrian 

Lithuanian. . 

Servian 

Syrian 

Russian 

Greek 

Roumanian. 


Percent 
Number,  distribu- 
tion. 


311 

94 


Total. 


Grand  total ^1;  ^50 


20.1 

G.1 

5.2 

6.2 
1.2 
2.3 

.1 

.2 

1.0 


.3 


a For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224.  ^Not  including  31  not  reporting  nationality. 


In  the  second  of  the  foregoing  tables  the  figures  for  the  period 
have  been  combined,  the  nationalities  have  been  grouped  and  tlie 
percentages  have  been  computed.  Comparing  these  percentages  with 
those  of  the  table  on  page  228,  it  will  be  seen  that  while,  m 1908, 
only  28.9  percent  of  all  the  employees  were  of  the  races  classihed 
under  Group  II,  43  per  cent  of  all  the  men  killed  or  fatally  injured 
during  the  five  years  1904  to  1908,  inclusive,  were  of  these  races. 
This  means  that  the  proportion  of  fatalities  is  decidedly  great^  amo  g 
the  employees  of  Group  II  than  among  the  employees  of  Group  1. 
Upon  the  basis  of  the  average  yearly  number  of  fatalities  tor  tn 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


235 


period  of  five  years,  1904  to  1908  inclusive,  and  of  the  number  of 
employees  classified  according  to  race  or  nationality  in  1908,  the 
death  rate  per  thousand  is  8.89  for  the  natives  of  southern  and 
eastern  Europe,  as  against  4.80  for  the  northern  and  western  Euro- 
peans and  the  native-born,  and  5.99  for  all  employees. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  comprehensive  data  as  to  the  nationality  of 
employees,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made,  it  is  impossible 
to  compute  a death  rate  for  any  State  or  locality  other  than  West 
Virginia. 

While  there  are  no  complete  data  available  as  to  the  race  or  nation- 
ality of  employees  in  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania  or  Indiana,  the  mine 
reports  of  these  states  have  in  recent  years  contained  tables  showing 
the  race  or  nationality  of  persons  killed.  The  figures  for  Pennsyl- 
vania for  the  five  years,  1904  to  1908,  inclusive,  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table : 

Table  149. — Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  1904  to 
1908,  by  nationality  or  race  of  individual. 


[From  Pennsylvania  Bituminous  Coal  Report,  1907,  p.  LXIII;  and  Pennsylvania  Bituminous  Coal 

Report,  1908,  p.  85.] 


Nationality  or  race. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

1908. 

Total. 

Native-born 

100 

104 

63 

131 

107 

505 

Foreign-born: 

English 

22 

14 

10 

8 

25 

79 

Welsh  

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

16 

Scotch  . 

4 

7 

11 

7 

7 

36 

Irish  

5 

11 

6 

12 

6 

40 

German  

13 

13 

19 

45 

10 

100 

Slavonian 

69 

90 

95 

118 

97 

469 

Italian 

73 

57 

71 

121 

73 

395 

Polish 

44 

71 

63 

70 

57 

64 

298 

Hungarian 

34 

39 

177 

43 

364 

Austrian 

39 

45 

• 46 

69 

32 

231 

Swede 

5 

5 

3 

2 

15 

Russian 

11 

14 

22 

27 

41 

115 

Belgian 

2 

4 

4 

10 

Bohemian 

5 

5 

1 

3 

14 

French 

2 

2 

5 

3 

3 

15 

Finnish 

4 

2 

1 

4 

1 

12 

Canadian 

1 

1 

2 

Lithuanian 

8 

6 

5 

9 

11 

39 

Greek 

1 

3 

1 

5 

Danish 

1 

1 

2 

Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

Japanese 

1 

1 

Syrian 

1 

1 

Montenegrin 

2 

2 

Hervat 

4 

2 

6 

Roumanian  . . 

1 

1 

Not  reported 

54 

1 

37 

92 

Total 

536 

479 

477 

806 

572 

2,870 

236 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  the  following  table  the  nationalities  have  been  rearranged  in 
groups  and  the  percentages  have  been  computed. 

Table  150. Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  1904  to 

1908,  by  racial  groups  o- ; per  cent  distribution. 


Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  I: 



505 

18.2 

Foreign-born— 

English 

79 

2.8 

Welsh  

16 

.6 

Scotch  

36 

1.3 

Irish  

40 

1.4 

German 

100 

3.6 

Belgian  

10 

.4 

French 

15 

.5 

Einnish  

12 

.4 

Canadian  

2 

.1 

Scandinavian 

17 

2.6 

Total 

832 

29.9 

Group  II: 

Slavonian  

469 

16.9 

Italian 

395 

14.2 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  II— Cont’d. 

Polish 

298 

10.7 

' Hungarian 

364 

13.1 

Austrian 

231 

8.3 

Russian 

115 

4.1 

Bohemian 

14 

.5 

Lithuanian 

39 

1.4 

Greek 

5 

.2 

Croatian 

5 

.2 

Japanese 

1 

(«>) 

Syrian 

Montenegrin 

1 

(^) 

2 

.1 

Hervat 

6 

.2 

Roumanian 

1 

(«>) 

Total 

1,946 

70.1 

Grand  total 

c2, 778 

100.0 

a For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224.  ^ Less  than  0.05  per  cent, 

c Not  including  92  persons  not  reporting  nationality. 


The  data  for  Indiana  cover  but  two  years,  1907  and  1908.  They 
are  presented  in  the  following  table : 

Table  151. — Number  of  fatalities  in  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Indiana,  1907  and  1908, 
by  nationality  or  race  of  individual. 


[From  reports  of  State  Department  of  Geology,  1907,  p.  566,  and  1908,  p.  242.] 


Nationality  or  race. 

1907. 

1908. 

Total. 

Nationality  or  race. 

1907. 

1908. 

Total. 

Native-born  white 

27 

30 

57 

Foreign-born— Cont’ d . 

"Mot iTTo-Krvrn  noo-rn 

1 

1 

Austrian 

1 

1 

2 

Foreign-born: 

Italian 

4 

1 

5 

T7r>orli(;Ii 

1 

5 

6 

Polish 

6 

1 

7 

Tie'll 

1 

2 

3 

Roumanian 

1 

1 

lyolch 

1 

1 

Russian 

1 

1 

r»Vi 

3 

1 

4 

Finlander 

3 

3 

OL/U  l/CU 

Irish  

1 

1 

riorman 

4 

2 

6 

Total 

53 

45 

98 

In  the  following  table  the  nationalities  have  been  rearranged  in 
groups  and  the  percentages  have  been  computed. 


Table  152. — Number  of  fatalities  in  the  coal  mines  of  Indiana,  1907  and  1908,  by  racial 
groups^;  per  cent  distribution. 


Nationality  or  race. 

Nmnber. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Nationality  or  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Group  I: 

Group  II: 

xJq  titrP-Iynrn  wViitp 

57 

58.  2 

Austrian 

2 

2.0 

XN  tx  tl  VC*  UUl  Lx  » Lil  l/C. 

Tvl  n f i VP-}  mrn  Tipp^rn 

1 

1.0 

Italian 

5 

5.1 

IN  ct  1/1  V C*UU1 1-1  •■••••• 

Foreign-bom— 

Polish 

7 

7.1 

English 

6 

6. 1 

Roumanian 

1 

1.0 

Erpnrh 

3 

3.1 

Russian 

1 

1.0 

Wplsh 

1 

1.0 

Finlander 

3 

3.1 

Scotch 

4 

4.1 

Irish 

1 

1.0 

Total 

19 

19.3 

German 

6 

6.1 

98 

100.0 

Total 

79 

80.6 

a For  explanation  of  grouping,  see  p.  224. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


237 


The  foregoing  tables  are,  for  the  reasons  already  mentioned,  of  no 
value  for  purposes  of  comparison.  The  figures  and  percentages  are 
of  interest,  however,  as  indie  iting  the  large  number  of  immigrant 
workmen  killed  or  fatally  injured  in  the  mines. 

OPINIONS  OF  STATE  MINE  INSPECTORS  AND  AGENTS  OF  THE  FEDERAL 

GOVERNMENT. 

The  indications  of  the  foregoing  statistics  are  sustained  by  the 
evidence  of  the  men  best  informed  with  regard  to  existing  conditions, 
as  can  be  seen  from  the  statements  and  opinions  of  agents  of  the 
Federal  Government  who  have  made  a special  study  of  accidents  in 
mines,  of  the  mine  inspectors  of  different  States,  and  of  skilled 
mine  workers,  which  are  quoted  below. 

The  following  statement  is  taken  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Department  of  Internal  Affairs,  Bureau  of  Mines,  for 
the  year  1905:® 

It  is  also  a fact  that  50  per  cent  of  the  employees,  especially  the  miners  and  loaders, 
are  men  that  can  not  understand  the  language  of  this  country  and  are  ignorant  of  the 
dangers  that  surround  them. 

Lack  of  experience  and  inability  to  understand  instructions  given  them  (on  part  of 
foreigners)  cause  frequent  accidents. 

It  would  be  a most  humane  act  if  the  foreigners  could  be  prevented  from  working 
in  the  mines  until  they  have  acquired  at  least  the  rudiments  of  the  English  language, 
unless  they  can  be  put  to  work  with  competent  men  of  their  own  nationality. 

The  department  is  unable  to  saj^  what  proportion  of  the  employees  in  the  mines  are 
English-speaking  persons,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  fatalities  among  the  employees 
designated  as  non-English-speaking  are  largely  in  excess  of  their  proportionate  num- 
ber. This  is  not  surprising,  however,  and  will  continue  to  be  the  case  until  these 
people  acquire  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  English  language  to  understand  orders 
given  by  foremen,  and  thus  be  able  to  protect  themselves  in  the  performance  of  then- 
duties. 


From  the  annual  report  of  the  state  inspector  of  mines  for  West 
Virginia  for  the  year  1902,  the  following  statement  has  been  selected: 


It  is  the  confirmed  belief  of  the  inspection  forces  of  this  State  that  this  increase 
[in  the  number  of  fatalities]  is  due  to  the  inexperience  and  carelessness  of  a very 
large  number  of  the  underground  employees  relative  to  existing  dangers. 

In  this  State  the  larger  nurnber  of  mine  employees  come  from  parts  without  the 
State  and  are  composed  of  foreigners  from  Europe,  and  the  negroes  from  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina.  With  this  class  of  employees,  many  of  whom  have  had  no  experience 
m coal  mines  prior  to  their  introduction  into  the  mdnes  of  this  State,  it  becomes  neces- 
sary that  the  mine  foremen  should  exercise  special  care  to  see  that  these  workmen 
adopt  the  proper  precautions  to  keep  their  working  places  safe. 


In  his  annual  report  for  the  year  1907,  the  chief  mining  inspector 
of  West  Virginia  gives  expression  to  the  following  opinion: 

The  mining  industry  of  the  State  is  passing  through  its  most  crucial  period— in  the 
Uansfiion  from  English-speaking  workmen  to  those  who,  speaking  the  tongue  of  many 
European  countries,  are  a menace  to  the  safety  of  a mine. 

Until  a new  generation  is  had,  which  has  taken  on  the  intelligence  of  a practical 
mine  worker  and  which  embraces  the  teachings  of  American  institutions,  there  will 
remain  a factor  of  danger  within  our  mines  that  legislation  can  not  easily  eliminate. 

When  the  foregoing  statements  appeared  in  the  West  Virginia 
reports,  Mr.  James  W.  Paul,  who  is  now  with  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  was  chief  of  the  state  department  of  mines.  Mr. 


“Several  of  the  Pennsylvania  mine  reports  of  recent  years  contain  statements  to  the 
same  general  effect. 


238 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


John  Laino-,  Mr.  Paul’s  successor  in  office,  has  discussed  the  situation 
in  a letter  to  the  Immigration  Commission  dated  March  7,  1910. 
Mr  Laing  says,  in  effect,  that  tlie  mines  have  been  developed 
Zch  Zfe  rapidly  than  it  has  been  possible  to  secure  exjDerienced 
labor  qnd  that  the  employment  of  inexperienced  labor  has,  therefore, 
been  uravoidab^  He  sthes  that,  in  the  United  States,  coal  minmg 
is  often  a temporary  occupation  with  those  wlio  engage  m it,  that 
men  do  not  continue  as  miners  long  enough  to  become  skilled  m t e 


rhe"t"ntt^dTtit°;rrbl,![eve  these 

=fSs3r2Bsf3~S:SS:~SH 

srnmMmsmss. 


n Hoiro  rliirincr  thc  last  vGap  installed  a 


"JafufarouSelV^^setrbVb^ 

r"nfs1a^lrirreru“  -d  making  such  a record  that  all  of  her 

That  witrtt  large  number  of  foreign  and  inexpenenced  labor  m gem 
eral  that  must  be  employed  in  the  mining  business  *13  country  th^^  ^ 
method  and  proper  way  to  operate  a mine  ^ith  saf^y,  wo  Y 

such  as  has  been  enumerated  above,  and  in  such  a ^^omnelled  by  law  tt 

his  experience  or  inexperience,  closely  Jiarde^^ 

comply  in  all  measures  to  a system  that  will  protect  not  only  themselves  out  ai 

employed  in  the  same  mine.  * * *. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


239 


calling.  He  further  says  that,  in  order  to  mitigate  the  evil  conse- 
quences arising  inevitably  from  the  employment  of  workmen  of  this 
sort,  and  to  lessen,  if  possible,  the  heavy  death  rate,  it  has  been  found 
necessary  to  introduce,  in  the  mines  of  West  Virginia,  a system  of 
mine  discipline.  Assistant  mine  foremen  are  to  be  employed,  and 
ventilation,  timbering,  the  installation  of  electric  wiring,  and  the  use 
of  electric  locomotives  and  mining  machines,  etc.,  are  to  be  carefully 
supervised.  In  Mr.  Laing^s  opinion,  it  is  only  by  the  introduction  of 
some  such  system  as  this  that  mines  in  which  a considerable  propor- 
tion of  ignorant  and  inexperienced  labor  is  employed,  can  be  operated 
with  comparative  safety.  Mr.  Laing  says  that  many  serious  acci- 
dents have  undoubtedly  been  due  to  overconfidence  and  willingness 
to  take  chances  on  the  part  of  experienced  miners. 

The  secretary  of  the  state  mining  board  of  Illinois  expresses  him- 
self as  follows : ® 

I believe  that  the  accidents  are  materially  increased  by  the  employment  of 
foreigners  who  have  had  no  experience  whatever  in  mining  until  coming  to  the  United 
States. 

There  is  no  question  in  my  mind  that  the  discipline  in  the  mines  can  not  be  as 
thorough  as  in  former  years  because  of  the  fact  that  75  per  cent  or  80  per  cent  at  least 
of  all  the  miners  in  this  State  are  coming  from  foreign  countries  and  entering  the 
mines  at  the  ages  of  from  20  to  40  years.  These  men  can  not  be  as  good  miners  as  the 
ones  who  have  had  earlier  training  in  the  mines,  and  for  these  reasons  I believe  that 
the  accidents  have  been  materially  increased  through  the  ignorance  of  the  mining 
business  by  so  many  of  the  immigrants  who  enter  our  mines  at  this  time.  I am  merely 
giving  you  this  as  my  opinion,  having  worked  in  the  mines  of  Illinois  for  something 
like  twenty-three  years. 

The  secretary  of  mine  industries  for  the  State  of  Kansas,  in  a letter 
of  recent  date,  says : ^ 

In  answer  to  your  question  will  say  I am  convinced  the  high  death  rate  in  mines  in 
this  State  could  be  reduced  30  per  cent  if  there  were  no  ignorant  immigrant  laborers 
employed  here. 

The  chief  mine  inspector  of  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  in  response  to  a 
letter  of  inquiry,  makes  the  following  statement : ^ 

* * * Ninety  per  cent  of  the  people  who  are  killed  and  injured  in  the  mines 
of  this  State  are  foreigners.  * * * The  high  death  rate  in  the  coal  mines  of  the 
United  States  is  caused  by  the  employment  of  men  who  are  ignorant  of  mining. 

In  Bulletin  333  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  already 
quoted  from,  entitled  ‘X^oal-mine  Accidents:  Their  Causes  and  Pre- 
vention,” the  employment  of  foreigners  is  referred  to  as  follows: 

Another  important  factor  in  the  United  States  is  to  be  found  in  the  nationality  of 
the  miners.  Most  of  the  men  are  foreign-born,  a large  proportion  of  them  are  unable 
to  understand  English  freely,  and  a still  larger  number  are  unable  to  read  or  write 
that  language.  Some  of  them  are  inexperienced  and  do  not  take  proper  precautions 
either  for  their  own  safety  or  for  the  safety  of  others.  This  becomes  a most  serious 
menace  unless  they  are  restrained  by  carefully  enforced  regulations. 

The  Industrial  Commission  says:  ^ 

A more  frequent  explanation  is  to  attribute  the  accidents  not  only  to  the  natural 
conditions  but  to  the  presence  of  foreigners.  The  mixture  of  several  nationalities  who 
do  not  speak  the  same  language  and  understand  one  another  with  great  difficulty,  is  a 
disturbing  condition  and  complicates  things  in  the  face  of  danger,  where  quick  thought 
and  promptness  of  execution  are  often  able  to  prevent  accidents. 


O'  Letter  to  the  Immigration  Commission,  dated  March  4,  1910. 
& Letter  to  the  Immigration  Commission,  dated  March  5,  1910. 
c Letter  to  the  Immigration  Commission,  dated  March  17, 1910. 
^ Report  (published  1901),  Vol.  XV,  p.  418. 


240 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Language  and  mode  of  thought  are  not  the  only  danger  in  the  employment  of  for- 
eigners. Their  io-norance,  combined  often  with  recklessness,  leads  them  into  danger- 
ous places  without  consciousness  of  the  danger.  In  connection  with  their  ignorpce, 
the  foreigners  are  often  driven  into  the  most  dangerous  places  or  they  may  wdlingly 
take  the  greatest  risks  in  order  to  show  their  willingness  to  work.  Aside  from  this  their 
desire  to  make  good  earnings,  while  they  at  the  same  time  work  cheaply,  leads  them 
to  neo-lect  many  of  the  ordinary  precautions  because  the  time  spent  on  that  is  to  them 
waste^d  It  is  thus  that  through  ignorance  they  may  enter  a dangerous  place  with  a 
naked  lamp,  or  willfully  fail  to  put  up  props  at  the  proper  time.  ^ ^ ^ n ^ 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  accidents  in  the  bituminous  mines  followed  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  foreigners  who  entered  the  mines. 


The  only  dissenting  opinion  on  the  part  of  a state  mine  inspector 
or  other  state  or  federal  investigator,  that  has  been  found,  dates  from 
1897.  In  that  year  the  chief  mine  inspector  for  Pennsylvania  said 
in  his  annual  report : 


Some  people  attribute  the  cause  of  so  many  mine  accidents  to  the  large  foreign  ele- 
ment employed  in  and  about  the  mines.  I have  my  doubts  as  to  that  being  the  case. 
My  experience  and  observations  have  been  that  this  class  are  as  careful  of  danger, 
if  not  more  so,  than  many  of  the  experienced  miners. 


It  will  be  noted  that  reference  is  made  in  the  last  sentence  to  lack 
of  caution,  and  not  to  ignorance  or  want  of  training  as  a cause  of 
accidents.  It  has  never  been  urged  that  the  foreigners  are  more  reck- 
less or  careless  than  the  Americans,  the  high  death  rate  among  their 
number  being  attributed  rather  to  their  lack  of  experience  m and 
knowledge  of  the  calling  that  they  follow.  The  above  statement  was 
published  twelve  years  ago,  and,  as  has  already  been  seen,  widely  dmer- 
ent  views  have  since  been  expressed  in  the  Pennsylvania  mine  reports. 


OPINIONS  OF  MINE  WORKERS  AND  ATTITUDE  OF  LABOR  ORGANIZA- 
TIONS. 

In  the  course  of  the  field  investigation,  expressions  of  opinion  were 
also  secured  from  many  people  well  informed  relative  to  the  employ- 
ment of  foreigners  in  the  mines.  Of  especial  interest  are  the  views 
of  the  older  generation  of  miners — the  Americans,  English,  Scotch, 
Welsh,  Irish,  and  Germans.  Among  these  men  the  belief  is  pneyal 
that  the  presence  of  the  immigrants  is  largely  responsible  tor  the  high 
death  rate  prevailing.  It  is  affirmed  that  the  foreigners  are  killed  m 
large  numbers  in  many  instances  solely  because  of  their  own  igno- 
rance and  lack  of  training.  The  English-speaking  miners  further  say 
that  the  employment  in  the  industry  of  a large  body  oi  rnen  who, 
from  their  intense  desire  to  earn  money,  are  willing  to  work  m almost 
any  place  to  which  they  may  be  assigned,  however  dpgerous  or 
unwholesome,  or  with  any  equipment  however  defectiye,  retards 
and  discourages  the  introduction  of  better  general  conditions  tor  ah 
the  workers  in  the  mines.  An  illustration  in  point  will  be  ot  interest. 
An  American  miner  went  to  the  mine  boss  with  the  staternent  that 
the  roof  of  the  chamber  in  which  he  worked  was  in  need  of  timbering. 
The  mine  boss  looked  at  the  roof,  and  said  that  he  thought  it  would 
“hold  a while  longer.”  The  miner  then  requested  pother  chamber 
in  which  to  work,  saying  that  he  would  leave  the  mine  m prwerence 
to  continuing  where  he  was.  He  was  told  that  no  other  chamber  was 
available,  and  was  allowed  to  leave,  a foreigner  being  immediately 
assigned  to  his  old  chamber.  At  the  time  the  agent  secured  his  mtor- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining. 


241 


mation  the  foreigner  was  still  working  in  the  chamber  and  no  accident 
had  occurred — a fact  that  would  seem  to  indicate  either  an  excess  of 
caution  on  the  part  of  the  American  or  extreme  good  fortune  on  the 
part  of  the  foreigner. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  quotations  presented  above,  together  with  the  tables  submitted, 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  ignorance  and  inexperience  of  the  workmen 
of  the  races  of  recent  immigration  employed  in  the  mines  are  respon- 
sible in  a large  measure  for  the  high  death  rate  reported.  Owing  to 
the  large  number  of  factors  affecting  the  situation,  no  hard  and  fast 
conclusion  can  be  drawn,  but  the  inference  from  the  data  available 
clearly  warrants  the  assertion  that  the  employment  of  immigrant 
mine  workers  has  a direct  bearing  upon  mining  casualties. 


m 


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1 *#.“•. 


PART  II.-THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY 
IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


PART  II.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


GENERAL  SURVEY. 

Chapter  I. 

IN'TRODUCTIOlf. 

Households  studied— Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured— Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured— [Text  Tables  153  to  157 
and  General  Tables  51  to  53]. 

HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  scope  of  the  study  in  Pennsylvania,  the  table  sub- 
mitted  below  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold, the  total  nuinber  and  relative  proportion  of  households  of  the 
several  races  investigated.  These  households  were  selected  from  the 
different  districts  of  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  regions  in  order 
to  show  differences  in  living  and  working  conditions.  The  table 
follows: 


Table  .—Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Households. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Households. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

Forelgn-boni: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian.. 
Croatian. . . 

English 

German 

Irish 

33 

16 

111 

16 

30 

10 

144 

64 

81 

152 

i 

2.5 

1.2 

8.3 

1.2 

2.2 

.7 

10.7 

4.8 

6.0 

11.3 

Foreign-born— Continued . 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born .... 
Total  foreign-born 

198 

10 

36 

43 

384 

12 

14.8 

.7 

2.7 

3.2 

28.7 

.9 

Italian,  North. 

Italian,  South.. 

1,340 

100.0 

Lithuanian. . 

Magyar 

33 

1,307 

2.5 

97.5 

Of  the  1,340  households  studied,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  largest 
proportion,  or  97.5  per  cent,  are  foreign,  as  compared  with  2.5  per 
cent  which  are  native.  Of  the  several  races,  the  Slovak  shows  the 
mrgest  proportion,  or  28.7  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Polish,  Magyar, 
oyn  Italiaiy  and  Croatian,  with  proportions  ranging  from  14.8  per 
-ent  ior  the  Polish  to  8.3  per  cent  for  the  Croatian.  The  smallest 
48296° — VOL  6 — 11 17 


245 


246 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


proportions,  on  the  other  hand,  are  shown  for  the  Irish  and  Rou- 
mXan  rac^s,  each  reporting  0.7  per  cent  The  native  whites  with 
2 5 per  cent,  it  will  be  noted,  show  a slightly  larger  percentage  than 
the  Germans  and  a much  larger  proportion  than  the  English,  each, 
however,  reporting  a very  small  proportion  ol  the  total. 

members  or  HOUSEHOLDS  FOR  WHOM  DETAILED  INFORMATION  WAS 

STT'.r'TTTJF.n. 


The  following  table  shows  the  persons  in  households  studied,  and 
persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 


Table  154 —Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information 
was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Persons  in  house- 
holds. 

Persons  for  whom 
detailed  informa- 
tion was  secured. 

of  house- 
holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

33 

184 

2.1 

182 

2.7 

^ RLlVG'DOru.  Ol  Xlclli V tJ  icitiid f y* 

Foreign-born: 

16 

95 

1.1 

91 

1.3 

7.1 

111 

858 

9.7 

484 

16 

92 

1.0 

92 

191 

1. 4 

30 

191 

2.2 

2.8 

10 

60 

. 7 

60 

. 9 

144 

994 

11.2 

733 

372 

10.8 

64 

526 

5.9 

6. 5 
5,2 
9.7 

81 

522 

5.9 

353 

152 

943 

10.6 

664 

1,090 

51 

ividgy  

198 

1,358 

15.3 

16.0 

10 

51 

.6 

.7 

36 

230 

2.6 

140 

2.1 

3.9 

43 

293 

3.3 

264 

384 

2,404 

27.1 

1,990 

29.2 

12 

70 

.8 

56 

.8 

Grand  total 

1,340 

8,871 

100.0 

6,813 

100.0 

TotTl  ncitivp"V>orp  

33 

184 

TT 

182 

97.3 

'Prvfol  fr^roicrn-Vinm  

1,307 

8,687 

97.9 

6,631 

1 

1 

1 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that,  of  the  grand  total  of 
8 871  persons,  97.9  per  cent  are  in  foreign  households,  as  compared 
with  2.1  per  cent  in  native  households.  The  Slovaks  show  the  largest 
proportion,  or  27.1  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Poles  and  North  Italians, 
with  15.3  and  11.2  per  cent,  respectively,  while  the  proportions  ol  the 
other  races  range  from  10.6  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Magyars  to  0.6 
per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Roumanians. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  247 


In  the  households  studied  detailed  information  was  received  for  a 
total  of  6,813  persons,  of  whom  3,747  are  males  and  3,066  females. 
The  number  and  percentage  of  males  and  females  in  these  house- 
holds are  found  in  the  following  table: 

Table  155. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  o f head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of  each  sex. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total, 

Male. 

Female. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

99 

83 

182 

54.4 

45.6 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

48 

43 

91 

52.7 

47.3 

Croatian 

288 

196 

484 

59.5 

40.5 

English 

54 

38 

92 

58.7 

41.3 

German 

97 

94 

191 

50.8 

49.2 

Irish 

32 

28 

60 

53.3 

46.7 

Italian,  North 

396 

337 

733 

54.0 

46.0 

Italian,  South 

214 

158 

372 

57.5 

42.5 

Lithuanian 

204 

149 

353 

57.8 

42.2 

Magvar 

357 

307 

664 

53.8 

46.2 

Polish 

587 

503 

1,090 

53.9 

46.1 

Roumanian 

34 

17 

51 

66.7 

33.3 

Russian 

76 

64 

140 

54.3 

45.7 

Ruthenian 

155 

109 

264 

58.7 

41.3 

Slovak 

1,076 

914 

1,990 

54.1 

45.9 

Slovenian 

30 

26 

56 

53.6 

46.4 

Grand  total 

3,747 

3,066 

6,813 

55.0 

45.0 

Total  native-born 

99 

83 

182 

54.4 

45.6 

Total  foreign-born 

3,648 

2,983 

6,631 

55.0 

45.0 

The  table  above  includes  182  persons  in  native  households  and 
6,631  persons  in  immigrant  households,  or  a total  of  6,813  individuals, 
of  which  number  3,747,  or  55  per  cent,  are  males  and  3,066,  or  45  per 
cent,  females.  In  the  households  visited  were  some  2,000  additional 
persons,  chiefly  boarders  and  lodgers,  for  whom  detailed  information 
was  not  secured,  but  who  are  accounted  for  in  the  series  of  tables 
giving  numbers  of  persons  in  households,  by  race  and  general  nativity. 
Were  these  persons,  most  of  whom  are  males,  included  in  the  fore- 
going table  the  percentage  of  males  within  the  households  would  be 
considerably  higher.  ^ 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  persons  in  the  households 
studied  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual,  and  not  by  sex  and  general  nativ- 
ity and  race  of  head  of  household,  as  in  the  previous  table. 


248 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

103 

96 

199 

2.7 

3.1 

2.9 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

24 

19 

43 

.6 

.6 

.6 

85 

77 

162 

2.3 

2.5 

2.4 

.8 

1.9 

35 

19 

54 

.9 

.6 

2.2 

60 

68 

128 

1.6 

18 

21 

39 

. 5 

.7 

5.0 

. 6 

161 

152 

313 

4.3 

4. 6 
2.4 
2.1 
3.9 
7.1 
.1 

85 

77 

162 

2.3 

2.  5 

80 

60 

140 

2.1 

2.0 

130 

138 

268 

3.5 

4. 5 

ivxti^y  ai. 

Polish 

228 

256 

484 

6.1 

8.3 

Rouin&niSiD 

4 

4 

8 

.1 

. 1 

Russi3.n 

28 

17 

45 

.7 

.6 

1.9 

.7 

1.5 

(a) 

Ruthf^TiifUTi  

44 

57 

101 

1.2 

2 

2 

.0 

. 1 

gloy^k  

457 

475 

932 

12.2 

15.  5 

13.7 

PloYf^nifiTi  

12 

10 

22 

.3 

.3 

.3 

Foreign-born: 

Roh6mi3<ii  J^orOrViodi  

28 

23 

51 

.7 

.8 

.7 

. ..... 

1 

1 

(a) 

.0 

'“>4.7 

Cro3.ti3.n 

202 

116 

318 

5.4 

3.8 

English 

18 

15 

33 

. 5 

. 5 

(a) 

. 5 

(a) 

1 

1 

.0 

GormOin. - - 

34 

27 

61 

.9 

.9 

. 9 
.3 

£X  1 

Irish 

14 

6 

20 

. 4 

.2 

5.9 

ItSilis^n  North. 

235 

180 

415 

6.3 

D.  1 

3.1 

3.1 

5.7 

jt^lian  

129 

80 

209 

3.4 

2.6 

Lithu3.ni3in. 

124 

87 

211 

3.3 

2.8 

Magyar 

220 

169 

389 

5.9 

5. 5 
7.9 

Polish 

366 

243 

609 

9.8 

8. 9 

RoumOinio^n 

36 

13 

49 

1.0 

. 4 

. 7 

Russi3«n. 

43 

47 

90 

1.1 

1.  5 

1. 3 

Ruthenian  

108 

51 

159 

2.9 

1.7 

2.3 

(a) 

Gpotoh  

1 

1 

.0 

(a) 

plnyfjV  

617 

441 

1,058 

16.5 

14. 4 

15. 5 

Slovenian  

18 

17 

35 

. 5 

. 5 

(a) 

. 5 

(a) 

Welsh 

1 

1 

.0 

Grand  total 

3,747 

3,066 

6,813 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Tot3.1  n3.tiv6-born  of  foreign  fether 

1,451 

1,452 

2,903 

38.7 

47.4 

42.6 

45.5 

54.5 

Total  native-born  

1,554 

1,548 

3,102 

41.5 

50.  5 

Total  foreign-born 

2,193 

1,518 

3,711 

58.  5 

49.  5 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 

From  the  above  table  it  may  be  seenThat  of  a total  of  6,813  persons 
for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  58.5  per  cent  of  the  males 
are  foreign-born  and  41.5  per  cent  are  native-born,  while  50.5  per  cent 
of  the  females  are  native-born  and  49.5  per  cent  foreign-born.  Ot  the 
various  races,  the  Slovaks,  both  native-born  of  foreign  father  and 
foreign-born,  stand  out  prominently,  the  proportion  of  the  former 
being  12.2  per  cent  and  of  the  latter  16.5  per  cent,  as  shown  lor  the 
males,  and  15.5  per  cent  and  14.4  per  cent,  respectively,  as  shown  lor 
the  females. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


249 


EMPLOYEES  FOR  WHOM  INFORMATION  WAS  SECURED. 

In  addition  to  the  households  and  members  of  households  studied, 
detailed  information  was  secured  for  49,137  male  workers  in  the 
bituminous  mines  of  Pennsylvania.  The  number  of  individuals 
studied  is  shown,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  in  the  following  table: 

Table  157 . — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and 

race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Number. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  covmtry  of  birth  of  father; 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Roumania 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

Bosnian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Dalmatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

Flemish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew,  other  than  Rus- 
sian  


6,448 

913 


3 

592 

31 

24 

3 

964 

65 

1,220 

803 

62 

13 

1 

91 

426 

37 

15 

210 

457 

1 

31 

11 

19 

1,971 

6 

10 

56 

1,312 

39 

3 

339 

1,538 

75 


13.1 

1.9 


(a) 


1.2 

.1 


(a) 

(a) 


(o) 

(a) 


2.0 

.1 

2.5 

1.6 

.1 


(a) 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


.2 

.9 

.1 

.4 

.9 

.1 

4.0 


(a) 


1 

2.7 

.1 

.7 

3.1 

.2 


Foreign-born,  by  race— Con- 
tinued. 

Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish , 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Turkish 

Welsh 

Australian  (not  specified). 
Austrian  (not  specified)... 

Belgian  (not  specified) 

Swiss  (not  specified) 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


3 («) 


Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

3 

(a) 

663 

1.3 

3,379 

6.9 

2,239 

4.6 

99 

.2 

640 

1.3 

5 

(a) 

3,528 

7.2 

12 

(a) 

5 

(a) 

6,025 

12.3 

7 

(a) 

105 

.2 

1,283 

2.6 

284 

.6 

562 

1.1 

26 

.1 

86 

.2 

9,998 

20.3 

1,560 

3.2 

1 

(“) 

216 

.4 

5 

(a) 

4 

(a) 

191 

.4 

5 

(a) 

247 

.5 

153 

.3 

14 

(a) 

49,137 

100.0 

4,560 

9.3 

11,921 

24.3 

37,216 

75.7 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


The  racial  composition  of  the  operating  forces  of  the  mines  may 
be  more  readily  grasped  from  the  accompanying  chart,  which  shows 
in  graphic  form  the  data  presented  in  the  above  table. 


Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 
[This  chart  shows  only  races  represented  by  100  or  more  employees.] 


250 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


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SCOTCH 


Chapter  II. 


RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 

History  of  immigration  to  Pennsylvania  bituminous  coal  mines — Period  of  residence 
in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and  members  of  their  households — 
Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time — [Text  Tables  158  to  167  and 
General  Tables  54  and  55]. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  PENNSYLVANIA  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINES. 

The  developments  in  bituminous  coal  mining  in  Pennsylvania  dur- 
ing recent  years  have  been  very  extensive.  In  1870  the  output  of 
the  mines  of  the  State  was  7,798,518  short  tons,  and  in  1880  the  pro- 
duction was  18,425,163  tons.  During  the  next  two  decades  the  figures 
for  1880  were  more  than  quadrupled,  and  by  the  year  1907  Pennsyl- 
vania bituminous  mines  were  annually  producing  150,143,177  tons. 
This  extraordinary  increase  in  production,  as  might  be  expected, 
required  a large  and  constant  increase  in  operating  forces,  the 
average  number  of  persons  employed  in  the  mines  in  1909  being 
185,921  as  compared  with  16,851  in  1870,  an  increase  of  nearly 
1,000  per  cent  during  the  period.  As  the  native  labor  supply  was 
insufficient  and  the  natural  increase  in  population  was  too  slow  to 
meet  the  increasing  demand  for  mine  workers  at  the  same  time  that 
other  industries  were  expanding  and  creating  a demand  for  labor, 
operating  forces  for  the  mines  had  to  be  secured  from  sources  of  sup- 
ply outside  the  State.  Under  the  existing  conditions  the  most  avail- 
able supply  was  found  in  the  various  races  of  northern,  southern,  and 
eastern  Europe  which  immigrated  to  the  United  States  during  the 
period  1870  to  1907. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  from  1870  until  the  present  time  the  greater 
part  of  all  the  employees  in  the  bituminous  mines  of  Pennsylvania 
have  been  of  European  birth.  All  of  the  immigrant  races  of  recent 
and  former  years  have  been  represented  in  greater  or  less  numbers. 
Among  the  older  English,  Scotch,  German,  and  Welsh  immigrants 
there  were  many  individuals  who  had  followed  the  occupation  of 
mining  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  who  naturally  sought 
similar  work  in  the  Pennsylvania  mines  on  their  arrival  in  this  coun- 
try. On  the  other  hand,  the  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern 
Europe,  who  constitute  the  bulk  of  latter-day  immigration,  have  been 
in  their  own  countries  largely  farmers,  farm  laborers,  and  unskilled 
laborers,  but  coming  to  this  country  have  been  attracted  by  the 
inducements  to  labor  held  forth  by  the  expansion  of  the  coal  industry 
and  have  in  increasing  numbers  entered  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous 
mines. 


251 


252 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  proportional  representation  of  the  different  races  among  bitu- 
minous mine  employees  during  past  periods  can  not  be  exactly 
determined.  With  the  exception  of  very  recent  years,  all  estimates 
must  be  based  upon  general  observation  or  upon  fragmentary  and 
inaccurate  reports.  Definite  figures  are  not  to  be  had.  The  federal  ^ 
census  for  1890  classifies  all  the  mine  employees  of  Pennsylvania 
according  to  nativity,  but  the  figures  given  include  the  workers 
in  anthracite  and  iron-ore  mines  as  well  as  those  in  the  bitumi- 
nous mines.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  racial  composition 
of  the  several  groups  of  miners  was,  and  is,  sufficiently  alike  to  make 
the  census  report  valuable  as  an  indication  of  the  proportional  repre- 
sentation of  the  different  races  among  the  bituminous  mine  workers, 
and  that  report  may  be  presented  to  indicate  roughly  the  racial  com- 
position and  changes  during  the  past  twenty  years. 

The  returns  for  the  Eleventh  Census  as  to  the  general  nativity  of 
mine  workers  in  Pennsylvania  in  the  year  1889  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table: 

Table  lb%.— Number  of  miners  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  1889. 


[Compiled  from  United  States  Census,  1890;  Part  II,  Occupations,  pp.  602-603.] 


Nativity. 

Number. 

Nativity. 

Number. 

Native  white: 

Foreign-born,  by  country  of  birth— Con- 

Native parents 

23,062 

tinued. 

11,606 

25, 055 

Ireiand 

25, 783 

flrpa.t  Britain  

259 

whifp 

48,117 

Canada  (Engiish) 

18 

67, 790 

Canada (French) 

1,881 

'Pntfll  nnlnrprl  a 

849 

Sweden  and  Norway 

53 

npnmarV  

21,878 

116,756 

other  countries 

Vjr  X dJLiU.  LCll 

Foreign-born,  by  country  of  birth: 

Total  foreign-born 

67,813 

Germany 

6,335 

a Includes  persons  of  negro  descent,  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  civilized 'Indians. 


It  is  unfortunate,  as  mentioned  above,  that  no  distinction  is  made 
between  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal  miners  or  between  these 
and  other  miners  in  the  State;  but  assuming  that  the  racial  com- 
position in  bituminous  mining  followed  the  same  general  lines  of 
division  as  other  forms  of  mining  enterprise  in  the  State,  it  will  be 
noted  thafout  of  a total  of  116,756  miners  in  Pennsylvania  in  1889, 
about  19  per  cent  only  were  native  white  of  native  parents,  21  jper 
cent  were  native  wliite  of  foreign  parents,  and  58  per  cent  were  for- 
eign white.  Of  the  foreign-born  67  per  cent  were  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  Welsh,  Germans,  and  Scandinavians,  showing  conclusively  that 
the  races  of  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe  were  dominant  in 
the  mining  industry  in  that  year. 

In  the  census  of  1900,  as  will  be  noted  in  the  next  table,  which  gives 
figures  for  the  year  1899,  a change  as  compared  with  the  census  of 
1890  is  made  in  the  classification.  Place  of  birth  is  given  for  foreign- 
born  parents,  but  not  for  the  foreign-born.  Quarrymen  are  also 
included  in  tlie  report,  as  well  as  miners  of  all  classes.  The  figures 
are,  however,  of  considerable  value  as  indicating  the  relative  increase 
in  the  number  of  miners  of  parentage  assigned  to  southern  and  east- 
ern Europe,  and  the  decrease  in  the  racial  element  of  northern 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


253 


European  parentage  among  the  mine  workers.  The  native  white  of 
native  parents  and  the  native  white  of  foreign  parents  in  the  mines 
in  1899  maintained  about  the  same  proportions  (20  per  cent  each) 
of  the  total  number  of  employees  as  in  1889.  The  foreign  white 
miners  in  1899  constituted  about  58  per  cent  of  all  miners  in  the 
State,  as  they  did  ten  years  before.  The  general  situation  as  regards 
the  proportions  of  native  white  and  those  born  of  foreign  parents, 
therefore,  had  not  changed  materially  during  the  period  1889  to 
1899.  The  significant  feature  of  the  situation,  however,  in  1899,  as 
contrasted  with  1889,  was  the  large  additions  to  the  number  of 
persons  engaged  in  mining  in  the  State  whose  parents  were  born  in 
southern  or  eastern  Europe.  Of  the  miners  and  quarrymen  reported, 
40,076  were  of  Austro-Hungarian,  8,972  of  Italian,  10,999  of  Polish, 
and  5,327  of  Russian  parentage.  The  table  showing  in  detail  the 
various  divisions  follows: 


Table  159. — Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  State  of 

Pennsylvania  in  1899. 


[Compiled  from  United  States  Census,  1900;  Occupations,  pp.  374-375.] 


Nativity. 

Number. 

Nativity. 

Number. 

Native  white: 

Native  parents  . . . 

36, 297 
36,716 

Persons  having  both  parents  born  as 
specified  or  one  parent  born  as  speci- 

PTiH  HTIP  TIqIiAto 

Foreign  parents 

Total  native  white 

73,013 

105,845 

dlllA  IJLLKD  yjCLLK^Hb  XlCtt  1 V L (J,* 

Great  Britain. . 

31,849 
22, 958 
8,972 
10,999 
5,327 
2,778 
2,683 

Foreign  white 

Ireland 

Colored  o 

1,616 

Italv. . 

Poland . . . 

Grand  total 

180, 474 

Russia 

Scandinavia, 

Persons  having  both  parents  born  as 

Other  countries 

specified  or  one  parent  born  as  speci- 
fied and  one  parent  native: 

Total 

138,215 

4,356 

Austria-Hungary 

40, 076 
303 
34 
12,236 

Mixed  foreign  parentage 

Canada,  English 

Canada,  French 

Total,  one  or  both  parents  foreign- 
born 

Germany 

142, 571 

a In  this  instance  all  are  of  negro  descent. 


Since  the  last  census  period  more  direct  information  regarding  the 
situation  has  been  afforded  by  the  action  of  the  secretary  of  internal 
affairs  of  Pennsylvania,  who  has  attempted  to  classify  the  mining 
employees  of  the  State  by  nationality.  The  information  secured, 
however,  has  not  been  satisfactory  for  two  reasons:  (1)  The  usual 
defects  of  an  attempt  to  classify  by  nationality  have  been  aggra- 
vated by  a loose  use  of  designations;  (2)  in  none  of  the  years  cov- 
ered have  all  the  mines  in  operation  reported  as  to  the  nationality 
of  the  men  employed.  The  proportion  reporting  has  varied  from 
year  to  year. 

Wliile  the  shov/ing  is  deficient  in  these  respects,  the  figures  given 
by  the  Pennsylvania  state  authorities  indicate  at  least  the  general 
situation  as  regards  the  nationality  of  the  persons  employed  in  bitu- 
minous mining  and  add  a sanction  to  the  changes  in  racial  composi- 
tion of  mine  workers  which  have  been  inferred  from  the  more  general 
showing  of  the  federal  census  reports  of  1890  and  1900.  From  the 
figures  available  a table  has  been  compiled  for  the  period  1903  to 
1907  and  is  here  submitted.  In  this  table  the  nationalities  reporting 


254 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


have  been  divided  into  two  groups,  the  first  comprising  American 
and  all  nationalities  of  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe,  and  the 
second  the  nationalities  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 


Table  im.— Nationality  of  bituminous  coal  miners  in  Pennsylvania,  1903  to  1907. 


rrmriDiled  from  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs,  Pennsylvania,  Part  III, 
^^ndustrial  Statistics;  1903,  p.  433;  1904,  pp.  402,403;  1905,  pp.  474,475;  1906,  pp.  bo,  66;  1907,  pp.  95,96.] 


Nationality. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

Group  1: 

American 

English 

Scotch 

Welsh 

Irish 

German 

Scandinavian 

23,798 

4,799 

1,616 

411 

3,093 

2,557 

3,519 

23,563 

3,540 

1,607 

576 

1,781 

2,878 

3,114 

17,347 

2,751 

1,189 

313 

731 

1,721 

1,745 

20,939 

3,087 

856 

402 

1.212 

1,270 

2,508 

21,987 

3,294 

683 

409 

1,051 

1,310 

2,618 

39,793 

37,059 

25,797 

30,274 

31,352 

Group  II: 

Polish 

Hungarian 

Slavic 

Italian 

Austrian 

Russian 

Other  nationalities 

6,326 

8,343 

17,439 

12,714 

2,118 

1,133 

5,720 

5,657 

4,803 

14,657 

11,411 

3,960 

868 

2,514 

5,524 

3,289 

8,586 

6,824 

2,712 

897 

1,954 

5,247 

5,042 

12,204 

9,166 

2,008 

788 

2,545 

5,748 
5,764 
12,884 
10,735 
1,462 
1,110 
10, 205 

Total 

53,793 

43,870 

29,786 

37,000 

47,908 

Total  reporting  nationality. , 

Total  not  reporting  nationality 

Grand  total 

93,586 
58, 159 

80,929 

74,818 

55,583 

109,358 

67,274 

105,654 

79,260 

103,861 

151,745 

155,747 

164,941 

172,928 

183, 121 

In  referring  to  the  foregoing  table,  it  should  be  carefully  borne  in 
mind  that  the  number  of  each  nationality  reporting,  or  the  total  of 
each  group,  is  not  indicative  of  the  proportion  of  each  nationality 
or  of  each  group  employed  in  the  mines,  for  the  obvious  reason  that 
the  information  received  is  very  incomplete  and  inaccurate.  Ine 
only  value  of  the  table  consists  in  supplementing  the  returns  ot  the 
census  of  1900  by  showing  in  the  five  years,  1903  to  1 907 , the  presence 
among  the  mine  workers  of  a large  number  of  Slavic,  Hungarian, 
Polish,  and  Italian  employees,  and  by  indicating  the  presence  m the 
industry  after  1900  of  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German 
immigrants  of  former  years.  If  to  the  evidence  furnished  by  this 
fragmentary  statistical  material  be  added  information  from  original 
sources,  a general  history  of  racial  movements  to  the  bituminous 

mines  of  the  State  may  be  given.  _ ^ n .-u 

During  the  decade  beginning  with  1870,  the  greater  part  or  the 
emplovees  in  the  bituminous  regions  of  Pennsylvania  were  Americans 
or  representatives  of  the  English,  Scotch,  Welsh,  German,  and  Irish 
races.  Of  the  foreigners,  many,  perhaps  the  majority,  had  been  in 
this  country  for  some  years  previous  to  the  great  expansion  ot  the 
coal-mining  industry.  English-speaking  miners  continued  to  imini- 
grate  and  to  find  emplovment  in  the  mines  in  large  numbers  until 
about  the  year  1890.  Since  that  year  comparatively  few  immi|^rants 
from  Germany  and  Great  Britain  have  entered  the  mdustrv.  Swedes 
and  other  Scandinavians  have  been  constantly  employed  since  the 

early  eighties.  i - ip  « 

The  employment  of  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Hurope 
hetman  in  about  1880.  The  Slovaks  were  the  first  arrivals  and  immi- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


255 


grated  in  considerable  numbers.  They  were  followed  within  a year 
or  two  by  a few  Magyars,  and  the  number  of  immigrants  of  this  race 
gradually  increased  each  year.  The  Polish  immigration  began  about 
1890,  although  individual  members  of  the  race  had  been  coming  for  a 
period  of  nine  or  ten  years.  After  the  year  1890  Poles  and  Slovaks 
arrived  in  great  numbers.  A few  Italians  were  employed  before  the 
year  1895,  but  the  immigration  of  this  race  did  not  begin  upon  a 
large  scale  until  about  1900.  Croatians  were  employed  in  some  sec- 
tions before  1890,  and  Servians  began  to  arrive  in  small  numbers 
in  the  early  nineties.  The  great  bulk  of  all  the  immigration  from 
southern  and  eastern  Europe,  however,  has  occurred  within  the  past 
eight  or  nine  years.  Russians,  Bulgarians,  Roumanians,  Ruthenians, 
Syrians,  Armenians,  Macedonians,  Croatians,  Servians,  as  well  as 
Poles,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and  Italians,  have  been  among  the  recent 
arrivals. 

As  a result  of  the  rapid  expansion  of  the  mining  industry  already 
referred  to,  man;^  of  the  mining  communities  have  been  founded, 
and  their  population  is  largely  made  up  of  immigrants  who  have  been 
coming  to  the  region  during  recent  years.®  Wherever  mines  have 
been  in  operation  for  a period  of  thirty  years  or  over,  the  course  of 
immigration  to  the  locality  has  been  substantially  the  same  as  the 
immigration  to  the  entire  region  since  1870.^  As  regards  the 
bituminous  region  of  Pennsylvania  as  a whole,  it  may  be  said  that 
the  immigration  of  English-speaking  and  northern  European  races 
has  been  proportionately  very  small  since  1890,  and  at  the  present 
time  has  practically  ceased.  On  the  other  hand,  the  races  of  southern 
and  eastern  Europe  continue  to  arrive  and  to  find  employment  in  the 
mines  in  undiminished  numbers. 

In  order  that  the  movements  of  the  different  races  to  the  bitu- 
minous regions  may  be  made  more  apparent,  the  history  of  immi- 
gration to  certain  localities  and  districts  may  be  presented  in  detail. 
With  this  object  in  view,  the  district  which  is  probably  the  most 
instructive  as  well  as  the  most  representative  for  study  is  the  section 
known  both  scientifically  and  popularly  as  the  Connellsville  coke 
region.  This  region  is  a narrow  strip  of  territory  extending  along 
the  western  foot  of  the  Chestnut  Ridge  from  Point  Marion,  Mason- 
town,  and  Brownsville  on  the  Monongahela  River  to  Greensburg  and 
Latrobe,  over  60  miles  to  the  northeast.  Very  extensive  develop- 
ment has  taken  place  in  this  district,  and  immigration  has  been  heavy. 
The  first  coke  in  the  Connellsville  region  was  made  in  the  year  1841. 
The  business  increased  slightly  by  1851,  but  its  development  was 
very  slow.  In  1855,  on  both  rivers  above  Pittsburg,  there  were  only 
26  coke  ovens.  In  1860,  a railroad  completed  its  eastern  branch 
through  Connellsville  into  Pittsburg.  The  latter  city  began  getting 
its  coke  from  Connellsville,  and  the  real  development  of  the  region 
immediately  began.  During  the  year  1860,  30  ovens  were  con- 
structed. Although  somewhat  hindered  by  the  civil  war,  the  in- 
dustry grew  very  rapidly,  and  after  the  war  there  was  an  extensive 
development  until  the  panic  of  1873.  During  this  same  period  the 
first  mines  were  opened  in  the  northern  end  of  the  region,  though 
some  years  passed  before  coke  was  made  there.  During  the  seven 

1 «See  History  of  Immigration  to  Community  A,  p.  479. 

^ See  History  of  Immigration  to  Community  B,  p.  534. 

i 


256 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


years  1873  to  1879,  the  coke  business  was  very  dull  and  development 
was  checked.  Beginning  with  1880,  however,  the  industry  began  to 
recover,  and  since  that  date  great  development  has  taken  place. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  ovens  in  operation  each 
year,  together  with  the  amount  of  coke  shipped  during  the  period, 
1880  to  1907: 

Table  161  —Number  of  coke  ovens  and  number  of  tons  of  coke  shipped  in  Pennsylvania, 

1880  to  1907. 

[Compiled  from  annual  reports  of  the  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs,  Pennsylvania.] 


Year. 


1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883, 

1884, 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 


Num- 
ber of 
ovens. 


7,211 
8,208 
9,283 
10, 176 
10, 543 
10,471 
10, 952 
11,923 
13,975 
14, 458 
16, 020 
17,204 
17,256 
17,513 


Tons  of 
coke 
shipped. 


Year. 


2,205,946 
2,639,002 
3, 043, 394 
3, 552, 402 
3, 192, 105 
3, 096, 012 
4, 180, 521 
4, 146, 989 
4,955, 553 
5,930,428 
6,464,156 
4, 760, 665 
6, 329, 452 
4,805,623 


1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

1897. 

1898. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 


Num- 
ber of 
ovens. 


Tons  of 
coke 
shipped. 


17,834 
17,947 
18, 351 
18, 628 
18, 643 
19,689 
20,954 
21,575 
26, 329 
28,092 
29, 119 
30,842 
34, 059 
35, 697 


5,454,451 
8,244,438 
5,411,602 
6,915,052 
8,460,112 
10,129,764 
10,166,234 
12,609,949 
14, 138,740 
13,345,230 
12,427,468 
17,896,526 
19,999,326 
19,029,058 


The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  production  of  coal  in  Westmore- 
land and  Fayette  counties  since  1890.  While  this  table  embraces  a 
little  more  than  the  coke  region  itself,  by  far  the  greater  part  ot  this 
production  came  from  those  mines  which  also  operate  coke  ovens. 
The  table  is  of  value,  therefore,  as  showing  the  rapid  development 
in  the  later  years  of  this  period. 


Table  162. — Production  of  bituminous  coal  in  Fayette  and  Westmoreland  counties, 

Pennsylvania,  1890  to  1907. 


[Compiled  from  Pennsylvania  State  Mining  Reports.] 


Year. 

Tons  of  bituminous 
coal  produced  in— 

Fayette 

County. 

Westmore- 

land 

County. 

6,790,277 
10, 120,541 
15,043,277 
23,729,085 
28,989,053 

7,308,842 

10,325,245 

14,872,546 

23,172,556 

28,635,824 

The  pioneer  operatives  in  the  coke  industry  were  Americans,  Irisly 
and  Germans.  There  were  a few  English  and  Scotch,  but  then 
numbers  before  the  civil  war  were  almost  negligible.  TV  hen  the 
industry  began  its  rapid  course  of  development  m 1860,  the  nrs 
demand  for  increased  labor  was  met  by  native  Americans,  and  b} 
Germans  and  Irish,  but  after  the  civil  war  the  immigration  ot  these 
two  races,  together  with  that  of  the  English  and  Scotch,  became  rela- 
tively large.  This  was  due  entirely  to  the  expansion  ot  the  coKe 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


257 


: industry  and  the  consequent  demand  for  more  labor.  The  immi^ra- 
‘ tion  of  the  races  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany  brought  sufficient 
! labor  to  the  district  during  the  rapid  development  which  took  place 
; up  to  1879.  Men  of  these  races,  together  with  native  Americans, 
mined  the  coal,  fired  the  ovens,  and  drew  and  loaded  the  coke.  They 
were  an  intelligent,  thrifty,  and  ambitious  class  of  employees. 

As  shown  by  Table  161,  page  256,  the  development  which  took 
place  after  the  year  1879  was  very  extensive  and  rapid.  The  pro- 
duction for  1881  was  practically  treble  the  production  for  1879. 
During  a number  of  years  there  was  an  annual  increase  of  approxi- 
mately 1,000  ovens  in  operation  with  proportionate  increase  in  pro- 
duction. Roughly  speaking,  one  man  must  be  employed  for  each 
oven  burned.  Consequently,  in  the  early  eighties  there  was  a yearly 
demand  in  this  district  from  the  coke  plants  alone  for  1,000  additional 
men.  This  is  the  development  which  brought  the  races  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe.  Some  operators  who,  in  the  urgent  demand  for 
labor,  had  secured  a few  Slovaks  and  Poles  from  New  York  employ- 
ment agencies,  found  that  these  races  could  be  used  in  the  unskilled 
occupations  of  the  industry  and  promptly  set  about  securing  more  of 
them.  In  1882  some  companies  had  agents  in  Europe  soliciting  and 
■encouraging  the  immigration  of  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  Bohemians. 
This  was  prior  to  the  contract-labor  law  of  1885,  and  some  immigrants 
may  have  been  imported  as  contract  laborers.  At  any  rate,  large 
numbers  of  these  races  were  influenced  to  come  to  the  Connellsville 
region  and,  after  they  had  been  given  employment,  were  urged  to 
induce  their  friends  and  relatives  to  join  them.  This  programme  of 
encouragement  of  immigration  of  these  races,  conducted  not  only  by 
; agents  in  Europe  and  in  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States,  but 
also  by  the  immigrants  themselves,  who  were  promised  work  for  their 
relatives,  resulted  in  a great  immigration  of  Slovaks,  Poles,  Magyars, 
Croatians,  Bohemians,  North  and  South  Italians,  and  other  southern 
and  eastern  European  races. 

As  indicating  how  rapid  this  immigration  actually  was,  a general 
statement  of  the  racial  classification  of  the  workmen  of  one  large 
mining  and  coke  company  in  1886  is  of  interest.  This  company, 
which  may  be  called  Plant  A,  in  the  year  1886  was  employing  about 
3,500  men.  Of  this  number  50  per  cent  were  Slovaks,  Poles,  Mag- 
yars, and  Bohemians,  though  the  great  majority  were  Slovaks  and 
Poles;  10  per  cent  were  Germans,  and  the  remainder  were  Irish  and 
Americans  with  a few  English,  Scotch,  and  Welsh.  In  this  connec- 
tion it  is  significant  to  remember  that  the  immigration  of  the  Poles, 

■ Slovaks,  Magyars,  and  Bohemians  in  any  considerable  numbers  had 
begun  only  in  1882,  though  a few  had  been  employed  some  years 
before.  Within  the  short  period  of  four  years  after  their  arrival  in 
the  region,  however,  these  races  constituted  one-half  of  the  working 
force  of  the  company  under  discussion. 

Taking  as  a further  illustration  another  plant,  which  may  be  desig- 
nated as  Plant  B,  in  operation  more  than  thirty  years,  it  was  found 
that  the  employees  up  to  the  year  1882  were  Americans,  Germans, 
and  Irish,  together  with  a very  few  English  and  Scotch.  During 
the  year  1882  the  first  Slovaks  and  Bohemians  were  employed;  in 
^83,  the  first  Poles;  in  1886,  the  first  Magyars;  in  1888,  the  first 

I 


258 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


North  and  South  Italians.  As  contrasted  with  1882,  a complete 
canvass  of  the  employees  of  Plant  B reveals  a racial  composition  of 
the  force  employed  at  the  present  time  as  follows: 


Table  Racial  composition  of  Plant  B,  by  occupation,  1908. 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 

New  immigrants. 

Occupation. 

1 American. 

1 English. 

1 Scotch. 

1 Irish. 

j German. 

j French. 

o . 
& 

(U 

1 

3 

-1  . i 

03  , 

O 

Zi 

B 

H 

a 

D 

O 

32 

1 Slovak. 

1 Lithuanian. 

1 Polish. 

j Bohemian. 

Croatian. 

j Total. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Engineer: 

Xlrtiof 

6 

6 

1 

1 

TC'q 

1 

1 

1 

1 

.... 

1 

1 

"i'l 

1 

7 

5 

1 

8 

5 

Mason 

4 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

3 

6 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

T?r\o/lTYion 

5 

5 

5 

4 

1 

8 

28 

7 

7 

Teamster 

1 

1 

"PnmT^or  Bo'nH 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

11 

7 

1 

8 

Cager 

1 

10 

2 

5 

18 

1 

3 

5 

2 

1 

7 

19 

Q 4- Q 1 £»  TTI Q Ti 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Vn  n It'TTI  o r» 

1 

1 

1 

1 

f^ar*  cVii'ftOT* 

4 

4 

8 

2 

2 

1 

8 

7 

1 

1 

, 22 

Cok^  fork^r 

1 

6 

8 

15 

loV\/^ror 

4 

5 

9 

18 

HroxiroT* 

2 

1 

. 2 

30 

81 

. 116 

Mifip  la.hnrpr  

7 

2 

2 

7 

4 

1 

2 

. 3 

7 

8 

14 

. 57 

Piplf  miner  . . 

11 

2 

4 

5 

2 

2 

"2 

33 

58 

"i' 

90 

21 

"i 

232 

Trapper 

. 3 

3 

Total  

. 85 

23 

3 

43 

13 

3 

12 

11 

44 

123 

1 

205 

57 

1 

1 624 

1 — 

Another  plant,  which  may  be  called  C,  and  which  has  been  operated 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  had  very  much  the  same  original  force  as 
Plant  B — Germans,  English,  and  Scotch.  In  1885  the  first  Slovaks 
were  employed,  together  with  a few  Bohemians;  in  1886,  the  first 
Poles;  in  1888,  the  first  North  and  South  Italians;  in  1891,  the  first 
Magyars;  in  1892,  the  first  Croatians;  in  1894,  the  first  Ruthenians. 
The  present  racial  classification  of  its  employees  will  be  found  on  the 
page  following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


259 


Table  164. — Racial  composition  of  Plant  C,  hy  occupation,  1908. 


Old  immigrants  and 
natives. 

New  immigrants. 

Occupation. 

American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

German. 

North  Ital- 

ian. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

1 Bohemian. 

5 

1 Slovenian. 

Russian. 

Croatian. 

1 Total. 

Superin  tendent 

1 

1 

Mine  foreman 

1 

1 

Fire  boss 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Rib  boss 

1 

1 

Track  boss 

1 

1 

Yard  boss 

1 

1 

Stable  boss 

1 

1 

Driver  boss 

I 

1 

1 

Engineer: 

Haulage 

1 

Hoist 

2 

2 

Charging 

1 

1 

Motor 

2 

1 

3 

Motorman 

1 

1 

Machinist 

1 

1 

Machinist  helper 

2 

2 

Electrician 

3 

3 

Blacksmith 

3 

3 

Carpenter 

5 

5 

Mason 

2 

1 

3 

Mason  tender 

1 

1 

2 

Fireman 

6 

6 

Teamster 

1 

1 

2 

Coke  leveler 

3 

1 

1 

1 

6 

Pumper 

4 

4 

Driver 

4 

1 

3 

1 

9 

Tippleman 

2 

2 

4 

Roadman 

6 

2 

1 

1 

10 

Charger 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Lamp  cleaner 

2 

2 

Car  shifter 

1 

1 

2 

Laborer; 

Outside 

8 

2 

1 

5 

1 

17 

Inside 

14 

1 

1 

8 

9 

2 

35 

Coke  drawer 

15 

1 

4 

3 

5 

55 

3 

86 

Pick  miner 

23 

2 

6 

3 

72 

4 

4 

16 

1 

41 

172 

Ash  carter 

4 

1 

1 

6 

Trapper 

4 

4 

Total 

122 

3 

1 

g 

12 

10 

11 

12 

152 

7 

4 

16 

1 

48 

405 

As  an  illustration  on  a larger  scale,  the  following  has  been  the 
course  of  development  and  racial  change  in  one  particular  portion  of 
the  coke  region,  which  we  may  call  District  A.  Mines  were  opened 
and  operated  as  follows  during  the  years  specified : 


Year. 

Number 
of  mines 
operating. 

Year. 

Number 
of  mines 
operating. 

1871 

1 

1900 

8 

1879 

2 

1901 

9 

1882 

3 

1902 

10 

1887 

4 

1905 

11 

1891 

5 

1906 

13 

1892 

6 

1907 

14 

Not  only  did  the  number  of  mines  increase,  but  the  number  of  men 
employed  also  increased  as  the  workings  were  extended.  In  addition 
to  this  development  of  the  mining  and  coke  industry,  with  its  con- 
sequent demand  for  labor,  two  important  manufacturing  establish- 
ments were  also  opened  in  1889  and  1890.  This  steady  demand  for 


260 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


more  and  more  labor  was  first  satisfied  by  the  employinent  of  the 
native  Americans  themselves,  together  with  the  immigration  of 
Swedish,  English,  Irish,  Germans,  and  a few  Welsh.  About  the  year 
1893,  however,  the  point  had  been  reached  where  not  enough  em- 
ployees of  these  races  could  be  secured,  and  the  first  Slovaks  and 
Poles  were  employed.  Shortly  afterwards  several  North  and  South 
Italians  were  given  work,  and  in  the  rapid  development  beginning 
about  the  year  1900  the  additional  laborers  secured  were  practically 
all  southeastern  Europeans.  Many  more  of  these  later  immigrants 
were  also  required  to  take  the  places  of  the  former  operatives  who 
were  entering  manufacturing  plants,  not  only  in  the  immediate 
district,  but  as  far  west  as  Pittsburg.  At  the  present  time,  of  a total 
of  4 500  mine  and  coke  workers  in  District  A,  the  combined  number 
of  American,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Swedish,  and  German  employees 

is  not  over  30  per  cent.  ^ i i . i 

Such  changes  as  those  shown  in  the  specific  cases  cited  have  taken 
place  at  all  of  the  older  mines  and  plants  of  the  entire  coal  and  coke 
region.  The  newer  operations  have  opened  with  a labor  force  com- 
posed sometimes  of  a dozen  different  races,  principally  of  foreign 

birth  and  of  recent  immigration.  i i i 

The  connection  between  the  expansion  of  coal  mining  and  coke 
manufacturing  and  the  arrival  of  immigrant  workers  is  thus  made 
apparent.  In  order  that  the  chronology,  however,  may  be  made 
clear  in  connection  with  the  racial  movements  to  the  Connellsville 
region,  it  will  be  worth  while,  at  the  risk  of  repetition,  to  indicate 
briefly  the  periods  of  arrival  and  employment  of  the  different  races. 

Prior  to  1860  there  had  been  a steady  movement  of  Germans  and 
Irish  to  western  Pennsylvania  and  to  the  particular  section  where 
coke  making  was  later  developed,  the  Irish  immigration  being  greater 
after  1835,  and  the  German  after  1848.  After  1860  immigration 
became  much  more  rapid  and  extensive.  In  addition  to  the  Ipsh  and 
German  immigrants  mentioned  above,  a few  Scotch,  English,  and 
Welsh  had  also  been  entering  before  1860,  but  never  in  large  numbers. 
About  the  year  1870  many  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish  and  some  Welsh 
began  settling  in  the  district.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  seventies  and 
the  early  eighties  this  immigration  was  relatively  large.  After  the 
year  1885  it  continued,  but  in  decreasing  numbers,  principally  to  the 
northern  end  of  the  region  up  to  1893  or  1894.  During  the  two 
years  1893  and  1894,  arrival  of  immigrants  from  Great  Britain  and 
Germany  ceased  almost  entirely,  due  partly  to  the  depression  of  those 
years,  but  also  ascribable  to  other  causes  which  will  be  mentioned 
later.®  A few  Swedes  came  to  the  northern  part  of  the  region  about 
1880  and  continued  to  1894,  though  their  numbers  were  relatively 

About  the  vear  1879  the  first  Slovaks  arrived  in  the  Connellsville 
district.  In  T882  they  began  coming  more  generally  and  their 
number  increased  very  rapidly  until  checked  by  the  financial  depres- 
sion of  1893  and  1894.  About  1896  and  1897,  with  the  revival  ol 
industry,  the  movement  began  again,  and  in  recent  years  has  assumed 
very  large  proportions.  More  of  this  race  than  of  any  other  have 
come  to  the  region. 


a See  chapter  on  Industrial  Effects  of  Immigration,  p.  423. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


261 


At  practically  the  same  time  that  the  Slovak  immigration  started, 
the  Poles  began  to  enter  the  United  States  and  pursue  much  the 
same  course,  although  only  about  one-half  as  many  Poles  as  Slovaks 
came.  About  1886  the  first  appreciable  number  of  Magyars  arrived. 
The  imrnigration  of  this  race  also  increased  rapidly  until  checked  by 
the  panic  of  1893.  It  was  renewed  with  the  resumption  of  active 
business  after  the  panic  and  assumed  its  largest  proportions  in  the 
succeeding  years.  In  numbers  there  seem  to  have  been  about  three- 
fifths  as  many  Magyars  as  Poles.  Some  Bohemian  immigration,  chiefly 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  region,  also  began  about  the  time  the  Slo- 
vaks and  Poles  first  made  their  presence  felt,  but  did  not  assume  much 
numerical  importance,  and  practically  stopped  during  1893  and  1894. 
Both  North  and  South  Italians  were  in  the  district  as  early  as  1879, 
but  their  immigration  seems  to  have  been  not  large  until  after  1888. 
Since  the  latter  date  they  have  come  in  rapidly  and,  together,  probably 
number  as  many  as  do  the  Poles.  The  Groatians  began  arriving  in 
appreciable  numbers  about  1893.  Their  immigration  was  not  large, 
however,  until  after  1896  or  1897.  Since  the  latter  year,  they  have 
entered  the  region  rapidly  and  to-day  number  as  many  as  the  Poles. 
Several  other  races  have  also  settled  in  the  region,  but  as  yet  their  num- 
bers are  relatively  small.  A few  Ruthenians  arrived  in  1892  and  1893, 
pd  a few  Servians,  Bulgarians,  and  Roumanians  since  1900.  The 
immigration  of  all  these  later  races  is  still  in  progress.  The  Slovaks, 
Poles,  Magyars,  Groatians,  and  North  and  South  Italians  are  arriving 
in  large  numbers,  and  although  scattered  individuals  of  the  other 
races  are  also  finding  employment  at  the  mines  and  coke  ovens  the 
heaviest  immigration  at  present  is  by  the  races  above  mentioned. 

PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSEHOLDS. 

Figures  showing  the  period  during  which  foreign-born  mine 
workers  have  lived  in  the  United  States  throw  valuable  light  upon 
oie  time  wlmn  each  race  was  employed  in  the  bituminous  mines  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  to  this  extent  substantiate  the  statements  about 
the  history  of  immigration.  It  is  generally  true  that  the  period 
ot  employment  of  a foreign-born  employee  coincides  with  his  period 
01  r^idence  m the  United  States,  for  the  reason  that  the  greater 
numbp  of  immigrants  come  directly  from  the  port  of  landing  to  the 
bituminous  mining  districts.  On  the  other  hand,  a considerable 
number  are  employed  in  other  industries  or  in  other  coal  fields 
belore  entering  the  Pennsylvania  mines,  and  this  fact  prevents  any 
hard  and  fast  statement  that  the  period  of  residence  in  this  country 
IS  the  same  as  the  period  of  employment  in  the  Pennsylvania  mining 
regions.  Period^  of  residence  in  the  United  States  is,  however 
indicative  of  period  of  employment  for  the  races  of  less  recent  immi- 
gration, and  for  races  of  more  recent  immigration  practically  a 
positive  critpion.  With  these  reservations  in  mind,  the  following 
tables,  showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  period  of  residence 
m this  country  of  the  foreign-born  bituminous  mining  employees  of 
Pennsylvania  will  be  found  very  interesting  and  instructive.  The 
nrst  table,  which  immediately  follows,  gives  figures  for  37,016  mine 
nip  oyees  covered  by  the  study  of  individual  mine  workers. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 18 


262 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  165.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.]  


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  ii 

complete  - 
data. 

Under  5. 

455 

26.2 

rSOiiGniiaii  aiiu  

1,963 

56.6 

56 

23.2 

1,285 

12.  5 

334 

20.1 

1,528 

12.0 

37.3 

Greek — 

75 

656 

4. 4 

3,365 

47.7 

47.0 

2,224 

96 

. 49.0 

iiaiiaii  bpcL/iiicAi^ 

637 

32.0 

3,520 

52.7 

5,990 

44.  4 

105 

90.  5 

1,279 

56.  6 

283 

51. 2 

555 

14.8 

85 

48.2 

9,962 

37.8 

1,553 

46.2 

216 

7. 9 

191 

9.9 

Total 

37,016 

40.3 

ber  of  years. 


5 to  9. 


24.2 

34.3 

21.4 
7.0 

28.7 

13.7 

37.3 
2.4 

33.5 

34.5 

31.3 


10  to  14. 


30.7 

31.0 
5.7 

25.4 

23.7 

10.1 
34.1 

31.8 

36.6 

10.6 
3.1 


2.2 

4.5 

7.1 

4.2 

1.5 
5.4 
8.0 
2.7 


29.0 


8.4 
7.3 

11.9 

7.3 
8.8 
1.0 
8.0 

12.4 
2.7 

12.9 

11.3 

8.3 
5.6 

6.3 


8.3 


15  to  19.  20  or  over 


12.5 

3.4 

19.6 

7.2 
22.2 
23.2 

10.7 

7.0 

7.1 

6.4 

7.3 
13.5 

6.3 

9.1 
1.9 
6.0 

7.4 

6.3 

3.5 

9.6 

6.1 

22.7 

7.3 


34.9 

1.1 

28.6 

69.0 

27.5 

45.6 

6.7 
83.4 

3.1 

3.7 

5.2 

5.7 

3.1 

6.7 
1.0 
4.0 

5.3 

66.1 
1.2 
9.6 

2.8 
.53.2 

73.3 


13.5 


It  is  noticeable  in  the  foregoing  table  that  the  imm^ration  of  tne 
past  ten  years  has  been  far  in  excess  of  all 
also  that  the  immigration  of  the  periods  P™'' 

was  mainly  of  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  other  Englisti-speaKing 
peoples,  while  that  of  the  last  decade  has  been 

of  southern  and  eastern  European  countnes.  The  total  number 
individuals  from  whom  information  was  secured  was  37,016^  U 
thl  number,  40.3  per  cent,  or  14,914  individuals  have  ^en  in  ^ 
United  States  under  five  years,  while  29  per  cent  or 
viduals,  have  been  m the  United  States  from  J 

Thus  it  can  be  seen  that  considerably  more  than  one-halt,  o, 
accurate,  69.3  per  cent,  of  all  the  foreign-born  males  reporting  infor- 
mation have  been  in  the  United  States  under  ten  years. 

From  the  twenty-year  period  down  to,  and  including,  Uie  te  y 
period,  the  number  reporting  is  perceptibly  smaller  M the  tota 
number,  only  8.3  per  cent,  or  3,084  individuals,  have  been  m Uie 
United  States  from  ten  to  fourteOT  years;  8-9  per  ?’  g^rs 

viduals,  have  lieen  in  the  United  States  from  tfteen  to  nineteen  yeare 
and  13  5 ner  cent,  or  4,987  individuals,  have  been  in  the  United  State., 
twity  yfars  or  Wre’.  As  already  stated  the  most  import-nt  and 
most  interesting  fact  disclosed  hy  the  table  under  eonsideration  ^ 
that  the  incoming  of  English-speaking 

during  the  past  decade,  while  immigration  from  among  ««  southeTi 
and  eastern  European  races  has  rapidly  increased  4nr  g , 

period.  Taking  on  the  one  hand  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Scotcli 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


263 


Irish,  and  Germans,  and  on  the  other  the  Croatians,  North  and  South 
I Italians,  Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  Slovaks,  and  Slove- 
i nians,  such  a statement  is  found  to  be  amply  supported.  Of  a 
1 total  of  1,285  English,  887,  or  69  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United 
States  twenty  years  or  more,  while  only  12.5  per  cent  have  resided 
in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years,  7 per  cent  have  resided  here 
from  five  to  nine  years,  4.2  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  and 
7.2  per  cent  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years.  The  same  situation  is 
brought  out  even  more  forcibly  in  the  case  of  the  Irish.  Out  of  a total 
of  656  individuals,  547,  or  83.4  per  cent,  have  resided  in  the  United 
States  twenty  years  or  more,  while  the  other  periods  are  represented 
as  follows:  Residence  of  less  than  five  years,  4.4  per  cent;  five  to  nine 
years,  2.4  per  cent;  ten  to  fourteen  years,  2.7  per  cent;  fifteen  to 
nineteen  years,  7 per  cent.  Similarly  the  Scotch  show  that  of  a total 
of  555  individuals  66.1  per  cent  have  resided  in  the  United  States 
twenty  years  or  more,  6.3  per  cent  have  resided  here  from  fifteen 
to  nineteen  years,  2.7  per  cent  from  ten  to  fourteen  years,  10.1 
per  cent  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  14.8  per  cent  under  five 
years.  The  Scotch-Irish,  of  whom  only  a small  number  of  indi- 
viduals are  reported,  follow,  in  period  of  residence,  very  much  the 
same  course  as  do  the  Irish  and  Scotch.  Of  a total  of  191  Welsh 
individuals  reported,  73.3  per  cent  have  been  in  the  United  States 
twenty  years  or  more,  7.3  per  cent  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  6.3  per 
cent  ten  to  fourteen  years,  3.1  per  cent  five  to  nine  years,  and  9.9  per 
cent  under  five  years.  The  study  of  German  individuals  is  suffi- 
ciently Inrge  to  show  clearly  the  course  of  northern  European  immi- 
gration into  western  Pennsylvania  in  contrast  with  that  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe.  Of  a total  of  1,528  Germans,  697,  or  45.6  per 
cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  more,  23.2  per 
cent  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  5.4  per  cent  ten  to  fourteen  years, 
13.7  per  cent  five  to  nine  years,  and  12  per  cent  under  five  years. 

The  course  of  immigration  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  it 
will  be  seen,  has,  on  the  other  hand,  constantly  increased  during  the 
past  twenty  years.  Out  of  a total  of  9,962  Slovak  individuals, 
3,766,  or  37.8  per  cent,  have  resided  in  the  United  States  under  five 
years;  31.8  per  cent,  from  five  to  nine  years;  11.3  per  cent,  from  ten 
to  fourteen  years;  9.6  per  cent,  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years;  and  9.6 
per  cent,  for  twenty  years  or  more.  The  recent  arrival  of  Croatians 
IS  even  more  marked  than  that  of  the  Slovaks.  Of  a total  of  1,963 
Croatian  individuals,  1,112,  or  56.6  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United 
States  under  five  years;  34.3  per  cent,  from  five  to  nine  years;  4.5  per 
cent,  from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  3.4  per  cent,  from  fifteen  to  nineteen 
years;  and  1.1  per  cent,  twenty  years  or  more.  Thus  it  will  be  seen 
that  90.9  per  cent  of  all  Croatian  individuals  reporting  have  resided 
in  the  United  States  under  ten  years.  The  course  of  Magyar  immi- 
gration runs  almost  parallel  with  that  of  the  Croatians.  Out  of  a 
total  of  3,520  Magyar  individuals,  52.7  per  cent  have  been  in  this 
country  under  five  years;  30.7  per  cent,  from  five  to  nine  years;  7.3 
per  cent,  from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  6.3  per  cent,  from  fifteen  to 
nineteen  years;  and  3.1  per  cent,  twenty  years  or  more.  In  other 
words,  83.4  per  cent  of  all  Magyar  individuals  reporting  have  been  in 
the  United  States  under  ten  years  and  only  16.6  per  cent  over  ten 
years.  Of  a total  of  1,279  Russian  individuals,  56.6  per  cent  have 


264 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


resided  in  the  United  States  under  five  years;  25.4  percent,  from  five 
to  nine  vears;  8 per  cent,  from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  6 per  cent,  trom 
fifteen  to  ninkeen  years;  and  4 per  cent,  for  twenty  years  or  more. 
The  courses  of  North  Italian  and  of  South  Italian  immigration  run 
almost  identical.  Of  a total  of  3,365  North  Italians,  47.7  per  cent 
have  been  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  as  compared  with 
2 224  South  Italians,  of  whom  47  per  cent  have  been  here  under  five 
years;  33.5  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians  have  been  here  from  five 
to  nine  years,  as  compared  with  34.5  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians 
for  a like  period-  8.6  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians  have  been  here 
rmn  en  to  Cteen  years,  while  8.4  per  cent  of  the  South  Ita bans 
have  been  here  for  the  same  period;  7.1  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians 
have  been  here  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  as  compared  with  6.4  per 
cent  of  the  South  Italians,  and,  finally,  3.1  per  cent  of  the  North 
Italians  have  been  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  more,  as 
cZZred  with  3.7  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians  for  a like  period. 

Of  a total  of  5,990  Polish  individuals,  44 .4  per  cent  have  resided  here 
under  five  years;  31  per  cent,  from  five  to  nine  years;  8.8  per  cent, 
from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  9.1  per  cent,  from  fifteen  to  nineteen 
vears-  and  6.7  per  cent,  for  twenty  years  or  more. 

^ The  Lithuanians  appear  in  smaller  numbers,  only  637  of  this  race 
reporting.  Of  that  number,  however,  32  per  cent  have  been  m the 
United  States  under  five  years;  36.9  per  cent  “n 

11  9 per  cent,  from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  13.5  per  cent,  Irom  tilteen 
to  nineteen  years;  and  5.7  per  cent,  for  twenty  years  or  more.  _ 

The  only  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  the  foregoing  exhibit  is  that, 
in  the  case  of  western  Pennsylvania,  during  the  past  ten  years  immi- 
gration from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  has  supplanted  that  from 

““Th^^geMral  table  “ gives  the  number  of  each  race  that  have  resided 
in  the  United  States  for  each  year  during  the  past  five  years.  The 
number  residin'^  in  the  United  States  less  than  one  year  is  remarkably 
farS^  f hfmedominating  races  of  recent  immigration  are  well  rep- 
rinted anS  the  individuals  are,  doubtless  persons  who  have  had 
relatives  and  friends  already  employed  m the  -“4 

gone  into  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  localities  to  join  them  imme 

studied  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  ot 
yiraccording  to  race  of  individual,  is  set  forth  in  the  table  on 
the  page 'following.  


f^See  General  Table  54,  Vol.  II,  p.  366. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


265 


Table  166. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting.  The 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.) 


Race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  of  persons  in  United 
States  each  specified  num- 
ber of  years. 


Under  5. 


Under  10. 


Under  20. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


51 

318 

33 

61 

20 

415 

209 

211 

389 

609 

49 

90 

159 

1,058 

35 


56.9 

43.7 

12.1 

14.8 

.0 

37.8 

43.1 

29.9 

38.6 

38.6 

67.3 

50.0 

45.3 

32.9 

34.3 


68.6 

78.0 

12.1 

14.8 

10.0 

68.0 

71.8 

68.2 

65.6 
65.5 

100.0 

82.2 

73.0 

60.0 

74.3 


82.4 

99.1 

15.2 

32.8 

10.0 

93.3 
95.2 

93.4 

95.1 

91.6 
100.0 

96.7 

95.0 

88.1 

97.1 


Total. 


3,711 


37.4 


65.5 


90.2 


The  preceding  table  shows,  by  race  of  individual,  the  percentage 
of  3,711  foreign-born  persons  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
under  five,  ten,  and  twenty  years,  respectively.  The  grouping  in 
this  instance  is  cumulative.  Of  the  1,058  Slovaks  reported,  only 
11.9  per  cent  have  a residence  of  over  twenty  years’  duration;  and 
of  the  20  Irish  listed,  only  10  per  cent  have  been  in  this  country 
less  than  twenty  years.  The  Roumanians  reported  have  all  been 
in  the  United  States  under  ten  years,  and  67.3  per  cent  under 
five  years.  ^ Croatians,  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Russians, 
and  Slovenians,  with  the  exception  of  a very  small  percentage, 
have  been  in  this  country  less  than  twenty  years,  in  contrast  with 
the  Irish,  English,  and  Germans,  who  show  the  largest  proportions  to 
have  been  residents  for  a longer  period  than  twenty  years. 


RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

The  effect  of  the  influx  of  races  of  recent  immigration,  together 
with  the  racial  composition  of  the  operating  forces  of  the  mines  at 
the  present  time,  can  be  quickly  seen  from  tlie  table  next  presented, 
which  shows  the  number  of  employees  of  each  race,  in  a total  of 
49,137  mine  workers  for  whom  information  was  secured. 


266 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  m .—Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and 

race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number.  | 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 
Whilft  

6,448 

13.1 

913 

1.9 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

3 

(a) 

592 

1.2 

31 

.1 

24 

(a) 

3 

(a) 



964 

2.0 

Fr3iIlCB  

65 

.1 

Q^nxiciny  

1,220 

2.5 

Trplf^nrl  

803 

1.6 

Italy 

62 

.1 

Netherlands  

13 

(a) 



1 

(a) 

'RnociQ.  

91 

.2 

Scotl^^p^l  

426 

.9 

QwaHPTi  

37 

.1 

Switzerland  

15 

(a) 

Wales  

210 

.4 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian.. 
BoSTlIflT^  

457 

1 

.9 

(a) 

Bulgarian  . 

31 

.1 



11 

(a) 

j J.  IC'AX'-AX  ........ 

Canadian  Other 

19 

(a) 

CroSitiSiH  - 

1,971 

4.0 



6 

(a) 

Danish. 

10 

(a) 

Dutch 

56 

.1 



1,312 

2.7 



39 

.1 



3 

(o) 



339 

.7 



1,538 

3.1 

Qrppif  

75 

.2 

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 



3 

(a) 

a Less  than 


General  nativity  and  race.  : 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Foreign-bom,  by  race— Con- 
tinued. 

TTiZkr'zoornVl'nlj^.n  . 

3 

(o) 

1.3 

XlCl  //CgV  V XXJ.AC4»J-1.  ♦ 

Irish 

663 

T+olion 

3,379 

2,239 

99 

640 

6.9 

XtClli-Ulll;  UAA 

IttlliSiIl  Pontic 

4.6 

Italian ’(not  specified) 

L ithuanian 

.2 

1.3 

M<lCB(l0Ili8»Il 

5 

(a) 

M n.pvar  

3,528 

12 

7.2 

..  

(a) 

Norwegian 

5 

(0) 

Polish  

6,025 

7 

12.3 

Portuguese  - - 

(a) 

Roumanian 

105 

2 

Rtissif^p  

1,283 

2*.  6 

Ruthenian  

284 

.6 

RcotfCh  

562 

1.1 

Scotch-Tvisb  

26 

.1 

Servian  

86 

.2 

Slovak  

9,998 

1,560 

1 

20.3 

- - 

3.2 

Spanish  

(a) 

Swedish  

216 

•4 

Syri3.li- - --  --  --  - 

5 

(“) 

Turkish  

4 

(a) 

W elsh  

191 

.4 

Australian  (race  not  spec- 
ified)   

5 

(a) 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 

) 

247 

.5 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

153 

.3 

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

14 

(a) 

Grand  total 

49,137 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 



4,560 

9.3 

Tot3l  --  - 

11,921 

24.3 

Total  foreign-born 

37,216 

75.7 

1.05  per  cent. 


Upon  examination  of  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  24  3 per  cent  of 
the  total  number  of  employees  consist  of  persons  native-born,  and  75.7 
per  cent  are  of  foreign  birth;  in  other  words,  of  the  total  number  o 
employees,  one-fourth  are  of  native  and  three-fourths  of  foieyi 
birth  The  number  of  white  persons  native-born  of  native  tathei  is 
only  13.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  while  the  percentage  of  native 
negroes  is  less  than  2 per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  employees^ 
The  English,  German,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  constitute  more  than 
three-fourths  of  the  second  generation  and  7.4  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  of  mine  employees,  indicating  a relatively  small  propoition 
of  the  second  generation  of  these  races  in  Pennsylvania  as  compar^ 
with  other  coal-mining  localities.  It  is  noticeable  in  connection  vith 
the  second  generation  also  that  there  are  a considerable  number  ol 
native-born  persons  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Austria-Hungary, 

^^The^EngM^German,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  constitute  less  than 
one-eighth  of  the  total  foreign-born  employees  and  Sf  P®*" 
all  the  employees,  which  is  a further  indication  of  the  relatively  small 
proportion  of  these  races  in  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  mines.  ui 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


267 


the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  the  most  important, 
numerically  speaking,  is  the  Slovak;  representatives  of  that  race 
number  20.3  per  cent  of  all  mine  employees  from  whom  information 
was  received.  Next  to  the  Slovaks  in  numerical  rank  are  found  the 
Poles,  12.3  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  mine  workers  being  of  tliis 
race.  After  the  Poles  the  Magyars  appear  in  greatest  numbers,  fol- 
lowed by  the  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  Croatians,  Slovenians,  Rus- 
sians, and  Lithuanians  in  the  order  named.  Twenty- three  races  in 
addition  to  those  above  mentioned  are  found  in  varying  numbers 
among  Pennsylvania  bituminous  mine  workers,  but  the  races  for 
which  specific  proportions  are  given  form  the  great  mass  of  coal- 
mining employees  and  the  principal  racial  elements  of  the  coal- 
mining population.  Upon  the  basis  of  the  information  at  hand,  it  is 
also  worthy  of  note  that,  of  all  the  races  of  foreign  birth  reporting, 
more  than  85  per  cent  are  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  and  that 
the  races  from  this  same  territorial  area  constitute  about  66  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  persons  for  whom  information  was  secured. 


i 


Chapter  III. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied — Principal 
occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  States — General 
occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied — General  occu- 
pation of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied — Daily  earnings — 
Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability — Annual  earnings  of  male 
heads  of  families  studied — ^Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the 
households  studied — ^Actual  annual  earnings  of  representatives  of  selected  races — 
Annual  family  income— Wives  at  work — Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age 
or  over  in  the  households  studied — ^Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and 
the  practice  of  wives  of  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers — Sources  of  family  income — 
Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income — [Text  Tables  168  to 
192  and  General  Tables  56  to  68.] 

INDUSTRIAL  CONDITION  ABROAD  OF  MEMBERS  OF  IMMIGRANT  HOUSE- 
HOLDS STUDIED. 

Before  entering  upon  a discussion  of  the  present  economic  con- 
dition of  races  of  recent  immigration  it  will  be  instructive  to  examine 
their  industrial  status  before  coming  to  the  United  States.  A com- 
parison of  the  industrial  training  and  experience  of  the  immigrant  mine 
workers  in  their  native  lands  not  only  furnishes  a valuable  means  of 
understanding  their  fitness  for  or  efficiency  in  the  mining  industry  in 
this  country,  but  also  makes  clear  certain  characteristics  of  the  immi- 
grant mine  workers  and  explains  many  working  and  other  conditions 
which  prevail  among  them  at  present. 

In  connection  with  the  households  studied  inquiry  was  made  regard- 
ing the  economic  status  of  recent  immigrants  before  coming  to  the 
United  States.  This  information  is  embodied  in  the  series  of  tables 
presented  below  and  includes  all  persons  of  both  sexes  who  were 
16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming  to  this  country.  The 
first  table  of  the  series,  which  immediately  follows,  shows  the  indus- 
trial condition  abroad  of  1,102  females  in  the  households  studied  who 
were  16  or  more  than  16  years  old  when  they  arrived  in  the  United 
States.  The  presentation  is  by  race. 

Table  168. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of foreign-horn  females 
who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all 

foreign- born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Num- 
ber  re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

Croatian 

98 

54 

9 

35 

55. 1 

9.2 

35.7 

0.0 

Italian,  North 

126 

71 

28 

19 

8 

56.3 

22.2 

15.1 

6.3 

Italian,  South 

60 

44 

8 

8 

73.3 

13.3 

13.3 

.0 

Lithuanian 

70 

25 

18 

24 

3 

35.7 

25.7 

34.3 

4!  3 

Magyar 

116 

75 

18 

22 

1 

64.7 

15.5 

19.0 

.9 

Polish 

161 

78 

32 

50 

1 

48.4 

19.9 

31.1 

.6 

Russian 

34 

13 

3 

18 

38.  2 

8.8 

52.  9 

.0 

Rnthenian 

37 

15 

9 

13 

40.  5 

24.3 

35!  1 

!o 

Slovak 

333 

187 

86 

58 

2 

56.2 

25.8 

17.4 

.6 

Total 

1,102 

604 

224 

259 

15 

54.8 

20.3 

23.5 

1.4 

1 

269 


270 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  will  be  observed  in  the  foregoing  table  that  54.8  per  cent  of  the 
immio’rant  females  were  without  occupation  abroad,  20.3  per  cent 
were  working  for  wages;  23.5  per  cent  were  working  without  wages; 
and  1.4  per  cent  were  working  for  profit.  The  greatest  number  ot 
females  without  occupation  are  found  among  the  South  Italians,  with 
73  3 per  cent.  The  Magyars  come  next,  with  64.7  per  cent,  and  the 
North  Italians,  with  56.3  per  cent,  the  Slovaks,  with  56.2  per  cpt, 
and  Croatians,  with  55.1  per  cent,  follow.  The  highest  proportions 
working  for  wages  are  found  among  the  Slovak,  Ruthenian,  ana  Ijnnu- 
anian  females,  with  about  25  per  cent  each  thus  employed.  Over 
one-fifth,  or  22.2  per  cent,  of  the  North  Italian,  and  19.9  per  cent  ot 
the  Polish  females  were  regularly  employed  for  wages,  and  relatively 
the  fewest  were  working  for  wages  among  the  Russian  and  Croatian 
races.  The  two  races  last  mentioned,  however,  have  a high  percentage 
in  the  next  group,  that  is,  those  working  without  wages,  the  Russians 
showing  52.9  and  the  Croatians  35.7  per  cent.  Other  races  m which 
a large  proportion  of  the  women  work  without  wages  are  the  Ruthen- 
ians,  Lithuanians,  and  Poles.  The  only  appreciable  numbers  worlang 
for  profit  are  among  the  North  Italian  and  Lithuanian  females.  I he 
table  next  submitted  carries  the  analysis  further  and  shows  in  more 
detail  the  character  of  the  work  done  abroad  by  the  females  from 
whom  information  was  secured  in  this  country. 

Table  169. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all 
'■  foreign-born.] 


1 

Race  of  individual. 

Num- 
ber re- 
port- 
ing 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per 

cent 

with- 

out 

occu- 

pa- 

tion. 

Per  cent  working  for 
wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
for  profit. 

o 

P 

ii 

ot 
a “ 

gg 
^ o 

o P< 

ag 

'3 

o 

e 

o 

X!  . 

.2  2 

S ^ 

3 

"a 

3.2 

o P- 
flg 

■3 

0 

OT 

1 

g g 

3.2 

P 0 

3 

0 

6-1 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

98 

126 

60 

70 

116 

161 

34 

37 

333 

55.1 

56.3 

73.3 

35.7 

64.7 

48.4 

38.2 

40.5 

56.2 

6.1 

12.7 

8.3 

17.1 

5.2 

8.7 
5.9 

2.7 
9.0 

2.0 

6.3 

3.3 
7.1 
8.6 

9.9 

2.9 
21.6 
14.1 

1.0 

3.2 
1.7 
1.4 

1.7 

1.2 

2.7 

9.2 

22.2 

13.3 

25.7 
15.5 
19.9 

8.8 

24.3 

25.8 

35.7 

14.3 

13.3 

34.3 

19.0 

30.4 
52.9 

35.1 

17.4 

0.0 

.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

35.7 

15.1 

13.3 

34.3 

19.0 

31.1 
52.9 

35.1 

17.4 

0.0 

5.6 

.0 

4.3 

.0 

.6 

.0 

.0 

.3 

0.0 

.8 

.0 

.0 

.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.3 

0.0 

6.3 
.0 

4.3 
.9 
.6 
.0 
.0 
.6 

Total 

1,102 

54.8 

8.5 

9.8 

2.0 

20.3 

23.3 

.2 

23.5 

1.1 

.3 

1.4 

The  significant  feature  of  the  preceding  table  is  found  in  the  fact 
that,  where  women  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration  were  employed 
abroad  at  all,  with  or  without  wages,  the  largest  proportion  from 
whom  information  was  received  were  working  as  farm  laborers,  me 
only  other  occupations  engaging  any  numb^  were  various  forms  ot 
domestic  service.  In  this  line  of  work  the  Ruthenians  and  o ova 
show  the  greatest  relative  numbers,  while  the  Russian  and  Lithuanian 
races  lead  in  the  proportion  of  women  employed  as  farm  laborers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


271 


The  following  table  exhibits  the  industrial  condition  of  foreign-born 
male  mine  workers  who  were  heads  or  members  of  households  studied 
in  Pennsylvania  and  who  were  16,  or  more  than  16,  years  of  age  at 
the  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  general  nativity  and  race 
of  individual: 

Table  170. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males 
who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all 

foreign-born.] 


Num- 
ber re- 

N  umber— 

Per  cent — 

Race  of  individual. 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

Croatian 

168 

37 

63 

68 

0.0 

22.0 

37.5 

40.5 

German 

23 

1 

15 

6 

1 

4.3 

65.2 

26.1 

4.3 

Italian,  North 

164 

1 

106 

9 

48 

.6 

64.6 

5.5 

29.3 

Italian,  South 

101 

2 

54 

23 

22 

2.0 

53.5 

22.8 

21.8 

Lithuanian 

105 

52 

20 

33 

.0 

49.5 

19.0 

31.4 

Magyar 

170 

4 

92 

40 

34 

2.4 

54.1 

23.5 

20.0 

Polish 

309 

5 

173 

83 

48 

1.6 

56.0 

26.9 

15.5 

Roumanian 

33 

14 

5 

14 

.0 

42.4 

15.2 

42.4 

Russian ...  

38 

8 

21 

9 

.0 

21. 1 

55.3 

23.7 

Ruthenian 

90 

52 

16 

22 

.0 

57.8 

17.8 

24.4 

Slovak 

488 

2 

284 

148 

54 

.4 

58.2 

30.3 

11.1 

Total 

1,741 

16 

928 

442 

355 

.9 

53.3 

25.4 

20.4 

This  table  shows  that  of  the  total  number  of  1,741  males  who  were 
16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  the  United  States, 
practically  none  were  without  employment  abroad.  Of  this  total 
number,  53.3  per  cent  were  working  for  wages,  25.4  per  cent  without 
wages,  and  20.4  per  cent  for  profit.  Of  the  Germans  and  North 
Italians,  65.2  and  64.6  per  cent,  respectively,  were  working  for  wages, 
and  4.3  and  29.3  per  cent,  respectively,  for  profit.  Of  the  Slovaks, 
Ruthenians,  Poles,  South  Italians,  Mag^^ars,  and  Lithuanians,  the 
per  cent  working  for  wages  ranges  from  58.2  of  the  first  named  to 
49.5  per  cent  of  the  last  named;  while  of  these  same  races  working 
for  profit,  the  per  cent  is  highest  among  the  Lithuanians,  who  report 
31.4  per  cent,  and  lowest  among  the  Slovaks,  who  report  11.1  per 
cent.  Of  the  Russian  and  Croatian  immigrants,  55.3  and  37.5  per 
cent,  respectively,  were  working  without  wages,  while  the  members  of 
the  other  races  who  were  working  without  wages  constitute  from  30.3 
per  cent  among  the  Slovaks  to  5.5  percent  among  the  North  Italians. 
A large  proportion  of  males  working  for  profit  occurs  among  the  Rou- 
manians and  Croatians,  42.4  per  cent  of  the  former  and  40.5  per  cent 
of  the  latter  being  thus  reported;  also,  it  will  be  noted  that  31.4  per 
cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  29.3  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  24.4  per 
cent  of  the  Ruthenians,  23.7  per  cent  of  the  Russians,  21.8  per  cent  of 
the  South  Italians,  20  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  15.5  per  cent  of  the 
Poles,  and  11.1  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  were  working  for  profit. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  a more  detailed  showing  and  for  ascer- 
taining the  kind  of  work  done  by  the  present  immigrant  mine  workers 
abroad,  the  three  industrial  groups  exhibited  in  the  preceding  table 


272 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


have  been  analyzed  into  the  principal  occupations  making  up  each 
o-roup.  The  resultant  showing  is  presented  in  the  following  table, 
which  sets  forth  the  occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States 
of  males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  immigration, 
by  race  of  individual. 


Table  111.— Occiij)ation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom.  ] 


Race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  without  occu- 
pation. 

Per  cent  working  for  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  work- 
ing for  profit. 

£ 

0 

03 

1 
o3 

0 

,—1  td 

rt 

01 

O 

CO 

g M 

fa 

CO 

C? 

1 

a 

D 

o 

l-B 

o ft 

a 

o 

CO 

£ 

0 

:§ 

1 

03 

ft 

o 

S.2 

O ft 

a 

'3 

"o 

ft 

CO 

(H 

c; 

I 

ft 

h 

S.a 

o ft 

1 

o 

ft 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North. . 
Italian,  South.. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Rassian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

168 

23 

164 

101 

105 

170 

309 

33 

38 

90 

488 

0.0 

4.3 

.6 

2.0 

.0 

2.4 
1.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.4 

13.1 
13.0 

28.7 

32.7 

31.4 
25.9 

27.8 

36.4 

13.2 

47.8 
32.6 

1.8 

17.4 

11.6 

5.0 
.0 

1.8 

9.7 

.0 

.0 

1.1 
4.9 

1.8 

26.1 

1.2 

1.0 

1.0 

5.3 
1.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

4.3 

4.2 

4.3 

9.8 

9.9 
11.4 
10.6 

5.5 
.0 

5.3 

3.3 

7.6 

1.2 

4.3 

13.4 

5.0 

5.7 
10.6 
11.0 

6.1 
2.6 
5.6 

8.8 

22.0 

65.2 

64.6 

53.5 

49.5 
54.1 

56.0 
42  4 

21.1 
57.8 
58.2 

36.9 

8.7 
5.5 

22.8 

19.0 

23.5 

28.5 

15.2 

55.3 

16.7 

29.9 

0.6 

17.4 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.0 

1.1 

.4 

37.5 
26.1 

5.5 

22.8 

19.0 

23.5 
26.9 

15.2 

55.3 
17.8 

30.3 

40.5 

4.3 

27.4 

19.8 

29.5 

15.9 

15.5 

42.4 

23.7 

24.4 

10.7 

0.0 

.0 

1.8 

2.0 

1.9 

4.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.4 

40.5 

4.3 

29.3 
21.8 

31.4 
20.0 

15.5 

42.4 
23.7 

24.4 
11.1 

20.4 

Total.... 

1,741 

.9 

’28.5 

5.3 

3.6 

7.1 

8.8 

53.3 

24.9 

.5 

25.4 

19.4 

1.0 

The  striking  feature  of  the  foregoing  tables  is  seen  in  the  fact  that 
the  great  majority  of  the  present  foreign-born  mine  workers  were 
farmers  or  farm  laborers  abroad;  28.5  per  cent  were  farm  laborers 
working  for  wages,  24.9  per  cent  were  farm  laborers  working  without 
wages,  and  19.4  per  cent  were  farmers  working  for  profit.  Thus  72.8 
per  cent  of  the  whole  group,  or  nearly  three-fourths,  were  either  farm- 
ers or  farm  laborers.  With  little  variation  this  proportion  holds  true  of 
each  race.  By  way  of  illustration,  the  percentage  of  farmers  and  farm 
laborers  among  the  Slovaks  is  73.2  per  cent;  among  the  Poles,  69.8  per 
cent;  among  the  Magyars,  65.3  per  cent;  among  the  Russians,  92.2  per 
cent;  among  the  Lithuanians,  79.9  per  cent;  among  the  North  itah- 
ans,  61.6  per  cent;  and  among  the  South  Italians,  75.3  per  cent. 
These  percentages  show  conclusively  that  a large  majorit}^  ot  the 
immigrant  mine  workers  were  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  As 
regards  their  training  and  experience  abroad  fitting  them  for  their 
work  in  this  country,  the  table  shows  that  of  the  1,741  males  here  rep- 
resented  only  63,  or  3.6  per  cent,  were  mine  employees  before  coming 
to  the  United  States.  Further  examination  shows  the  Magyars  and 
Slovaks  with  relatively  high  per  cents,  practically  no  members  ot 
the  other  races  of  recent  immigration  having  been  miners  abroad. 
They  were  peasants,  unskilled  laborers,  or  hand  tradesmen  with  no 
experience  which  quahfied  them  to  enter  the  coal  mines  in  the  United 
States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


273 


PKINCIPAL  OCCUPATION  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  BEFORE  COMING 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  information,  secured  from  members  of 
the  households  studied,  returns  were  secured  from  17,246  individual 
mine  workers  of  foreign  birth  regarding  their  occupations  abroad. 
These  data  are  presented  in  summary  form  in  the  table  which  follows, 
according  to  general  nativity  and  race. 

Table  172. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  before 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in — 

Mining. 

General 

labor. 

Farming 
or  farm 
labor. 

Manufac- 

turing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

188 

41.0 

6.9 

22.9 

1.1 

25.5 

2.7 

Croatian 

804 

3.4 

4.4 

85.0 

1.0 

4.7 

1.6 

English 

525 

78.5 

4.8 

2.3 

2.5 

4.0 

8.0 

French 

181 

56.9 

18.2 

9.4 

2.8 

4.4 

8.3 

German 

663 

49.9 

8.3 

19.2 

6.5 

11.9 

4.2 

Irish 

169 

53.8 

11.8 

24.3 

2.4 

3.6 

4.1 

Italian,  North 

2,083 

5.3 

13.6 

62.0 

2.0 

12.1 

5.0 

Italian,  South 

1,131 

4.8 

17.1 

63.9 

1.2 

8.8 

4.2 

Lithuanian 

398 

4.5 

4.5 

79.9 

2.3 

7.0 

1.8 

Magyar 

1,472 

9.2 

13.9 

65.8 

1.0 

7.6 

2.5 

Polish 

2,578 

7.2 

10.9 

68.5 

3.4 

8.1 

1.9 

Russian 

890 

7.3 

8.5 

78.8 

1.8 

2.6 

1.0 

Ruthenian 

130 

13.8 

11.5 

68.5 

3.1 

1.5 

1.5 

Scotch 

187 

84.5 

2.1 

1.6 

.5 

5.3 

5.9 

Slovak 

4,237 

8.7 

14.5 

67.7 

1.3 

5.5 

2.2 

Slovenian 

1,013 

14.4 

5.9 

61.4 

3.1 

12.1 

3.1 

Total 

17, 246 

14.4 

11.5 

61.2 

2.1 

7.7 

3.1 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  immigrants  are  now  largely  engaged  in 
the  mining  industry,  it  is  important  to  note  what  numbers  of  each 
race  grouped  in  the  table  above  were  miners  abroad.  Examination 
of  the  table  shows  two  distinct  groups  of  races  in  respect  to  experience. 
The  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  English,  French,  Germans,  Irish, 
and  Scotch,  show  large  proportions  of  their  numbers  who  were  mine 
workers  before  emigrating.  These  races  show  an  average  of  their 
number  to  have  been  61.3  per  cent  more  or  less  experienced  in  mining 
before  entering  the  industry  in  this  country.  In  sharp  contrast  with 
this  situation  is  the  exhibit  made  by  the  other  races  of  the  table, 
of  which  the  Croatian,  North  and  South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar, 
Polish,  Russian  and  Slovak  have  less  than  10  per  cent  reporting  as 
having  worked  in  mines  abroad.  Of  these  races,  only  7.7  per  cent 
were  miners  before  coming  to  the  United  States.  When  this  showing 
IS  compared  with  the  61.3  per  cent  of  the  preceding  group  of  races, 
it  is  an  obvious  conclusion  that  there  are  relatively  eight  times  as 
many  miners  among  the  immigrants  from  northern  Europe  and 
Great  Britain  as  among  those  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 
Further  exaniination  of  the  table  indicates  that  by  far  the  greater 
part  of  the  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  were 
farmers  and  farm  laborers  in  their  native  lands.  Eighty-five  per 
cent  of  the  Croatians,  62  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  63.9  per  cent 


274 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  the  South  Italians,  79.9  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  65.8  per  cent 
of  the  Magyars,  68.5  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  78.8  per  cent  of  the  Rus- 
sianf  68.5  per  cent  of  the  Ruthenians,  67.7  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks, 
and  61.4  per  cent  of  the  Slovenians,  report  themselves  as  farmers  oi 
farm  laborers  abroad.  A very  small  part  of  any  of  these  races  had 
anv  industrial  experience  outside  of  agriculture  before  coming  to  the 
United  States,  ^rom  the  returns  . obtained  from  individual  miners 
and  from  the  households  studied,  it  is  clear  that  only  a very  sma 
percentage  of  the  foreign-born  mine  employees  had  any  experience 
Fn  XinI  abroad,  and  practically  no  industrial  experience  beyond 
training  in  crude  methods  of  small  farming  or  m the  hand  trades  of 
small  villages. 

general  occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the 

HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  industrial  experience  and  training  abroad  of  the  immigrant 
males  and  females  who  are  at  present  employed  m the  bituminous 
localities  of  Pennsylvania  having  been  examined,  the  point  next  to 
be  considered  is  the  occupation  of  the  same  persons  m ^jns  eou  t 
The  following  table  shows  the  general  occupation,  not  only  ot  tne 
foreign-born  but  of  all  females  16  years  of  age  or  oyer,  m the  house- 
holds canvassed  in  Pennsylvania  bituminous  regions,  by  genera 
nativity  and  race. 

Table  in. general  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.! 


Per  cent— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

In  do- 
mestic 
and  per- 
sonal 
service. 

In  trade. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Vv/-v'»»ri  TYotlYTO  "futllPr  WllltG- 

60 

1.7 

6.7 

0.0 

90.0 

1.7 

NatlVG-DOril  01  UdllVt-  IdtUCl  , IXILV.- 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

25 

20.0 

.0 

4.0 

n 

i 

64.0 

78. 1 

12.0 

3.1 

32 

12.5 

6.3 

. U 

Foreign-born: 

107 

.9 

.0 

.0 

n 

99.1 
92. 0 

.0 

.0 

25 

8.0 

.0 

. U 
n 

97.  3 

2.1 

146 

.0 

. 7 

. U 

1 

98.  4 

.0 

62 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

1.  0 

A 

98. 7 

1.3 

79 

.0 

. u 

A 

98. 7 

.0 

150 

1.3 

. u 
o n 

97.  5 

.0 

201 

. 5 

.0 

z.  u 

A 

100. 0 

.0 

38 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. u 

A 

100.  0 

.0 

42 

.0 

. u 

Q 

99.  2 

.0 

378 

. 5 

.0 

. o 



1,454 

1.7 

.6 

.8 

96.0 

1 1.0 

rr\  j.  ^ r\f  •friT'oio’TI  infnPT*  . . - 

104 

14.  4 

IT 

3.0 

C 

69.  T 

8.7 

6.1 

1 otdl  notive-ooni  ui  luin^n  

164 

9.8 

4.3 

.1 

/O.  o 

98.  4 

.3 

1,290 

. 0 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


275 


^ _ 

In  the  preceding  table  98.4  per  cent,  or  almost  all,  of  the  total  of 
1,290  females  of  foreign  birth  are  seen  to  be  at  home,  as  compared 
with  90  per  cent  of  the  total  native-born  of  native  father,  and  69.2 
per  cent  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father.  Of  the  total  num- 
ber of  native-born,  9.8  per  cent  are  in  domestic  or  personal  service, 
4.3  per  cent  are  in  trade,  and  6.1  per  cent  are  at  school.  Only  1.7 
per  cent  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  20  per  cent  of 
the  Germans  of  the  second  generation,  and  12.5  per  cent  of  the  Slovak 
women  of  the  second  generation,  are  engaged  in  domestic  or  personal 
service.  The  Slovak  race  of  the  second  generation  also  shows  6.3 
per  cent  of  its  women  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  business  or  trade. 

As  a matter  of  fact,  however,  the  small  proportion  of  immigrant 
women  at  work  for  wages  can  not  be  considered  as  indicative  of 
racial  tendencies  but  rather  as  growing  out  of  the  lack  of  opportunity 
for  work  in  coal-mining  localities.  Consequently,  the  earning 
possibilities  of  the  female  members  of  the  households  are  limited 
to  the  amounts  which  they  can  secure  from  the  payments  of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  MALES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in 
the  households  studied  in  Pennsylvania,  the  following  table  shows 
the  per  cent  in  certain  general  occupations,  by  general  nativity  and 
race: 

Table  174. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent — 

Number 

reporttug 

complete 

data. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

In  bitu- 
minous 
coal  min- 
ing. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

59 

79.7 

84.6 

100.0 

13.6 

7.7 

.0 

O 1 

1.7 

2.6 

.0 

1 1 

K 1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father,  Slovak 
Foreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

39 

22 

190 
32 

188 

112 

115 

191 
339 

35 

40 
99 

563 

0.  1 
5.1 

A 

Croatian 

. U 

A 

German 

oKj.  o 

93.8 

94.7 

98.2 

97.4 

99  5 

4.  1 

0 

1.  1 

A Q 

. 0 

A 

Italian,  North 

3. 2 

0.  u 

O 1 

. U 

A 

Italian,  South 

!o 

Q 

Z,  1 

A 

. U 

A 

Lithuanian 

. y 

A 

. y 

Magyar 

• y 

n 

. y 

r 

. y 

Polish 

97  3 

• u 

a 

. 0 

1.5 

A 

. 0 

Roumanian 

100. 0 

. 0 

n 

. 6 
.0 

Russian 

ioo!o 

99.0 

. u 

A 

. U 

A 

Ruthenian 

. \) 
1.0 

A 

. U 

A 

. 0 
.0 

Slovak 

QQ  ^ 

. (J 

yy.  0 

. U 

. 4 

.2 

Grand  total 

2 148 

95. 9 

o ^ 

1.0 

.7 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Z.  0 

114 

173 

1,975 

68.4 

72.3 

97.9 

23.7 

OA  9 

O A 

K Q 

Total  native-born 

Z.  D 

O 0 

O.  O 

Total  foreign-bom  . 

ZU.  Z 

Q 

z.  O 

A 

5. 2 

o 

. y 

. y 

. O 

276 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  the  foregoing  table  79.7  per  cent  of  the  whites  native-born 
of  native  father,  16  years  of  age  or  over,  are  seen  to  be  working 
in  the  coal  industry,  while  13.6  per  cent  are  in  other  work  and  5.1 
per  cent  are  at  school.  The  total  for  the  second  generation  of  all 
races  exhibits  a smaller  percentage  working  in  the  mines,  and  a 
larger  percentage,  amounting  to  23.7,  or  almost  one-fourth,  to  be 
engaged  in  occupations  outside  of  the  coal  mines,  while  about  the 
same  proportion  as  compared  with  native-born  of  native  father  are 
at  school.  Of  the  total  foreign-born,  practically  all  are  engaged  in 
coal  mining,  only  2.1  per  cent  being  in  other  occupations  or  at  home 
or  at  school. 

Practically  all  males  of  foreign  birth  being  engaged  in  coal  mining, 
the  question  naturally  arises  in  what  occupations  within  the  industry 
the  races  of  recent  and  former  immigration  were  at  first  employed, 
and  in  what  occupations  the  different  races  are  at  present  engaged. 

The  first  Slovaks,  Poles,  Magyars,  and  other  recent  immigrants 
were  employed  in  the  coke  industry  as  yard  laborers,  car  forkers,  and 
coke  drawers.  This  class  of  work  required  little  or  no  skill,  could  be 
very  easily  learned,  and  was  most  objected  to  by  the  Americans, 
Germans,  and  English-speaking  immigrants  on  account  of  the  heat, 
smoke,  and  unpleasant  conditions.  Within  a short  time,  as  the 
demand  for  labor  became  more  and  more  insistent  on  account  of  the 
rapid  expansion  of  the  industry,  and  the  number  of  Americans, 
Germans,  and  English-speaking  operatives  became  relatively  smaller, 
the  recent  immigrants  were  taken  into  the  mines  as  road  men  and 
miners,  and  with  a few  years  of  experience  became  drivers  in  the 
mines,  as  well  as  oven  levelers  and  masons  in  the  manufacturing  of 
coke.  In  the  coke  yards,  in  the  course  of  a few  years,  the  races  of 
recent  immigration  had  worked  into  all  of  the  less  skilled  occupations 
and  were  doing  the  greater  part  of  the  hard,  rough,  unpleasant,  and 
more  dangerous  work.  At  present  they  fill  nearly  all  the  positions 
of  lesser  responsibility  in  both  mining  and  coke  making,  such  as  pick 
miners,  machine  runners,  cutters,  loaders,  road  men,  brattice  men. 
pumpers,  tipple  hands,  coke  drawers,  car  forkers,  oven  levelers 
masons,  and  yard  laborers  generally.  Stated  briefly,  the  recent  immi- 
grants are  employed  in  the  more  disagreeable  and  dangerous  work 
requiring  little  skill  or  responsibility.  Such  positions  as  boss  driver 
yard  foreman,  fire  boss,  and  others,  where  the  responsibility  is  greater 
are  now  being  fdled  by  an  occasional  Slovak,  Pole,  Magyar,  or  Italian 
but  the  majority  of  these  employees  are  Americans,  Germans,  Irish 
or  Scotch.  It  IS  only  a question  of  time,  however,  until  practical!} 
all  such  places  will  be  filled  by  recent  immigrants  or  their  children 
for  the  operatives  of  other  races  are  steadily  leaving  the  industry 
The  places  of  engineers,  mine  foremen,  superintendents,  and  othe; 
positions  of  larger  responsibility,  or  in  which  technical  training  k 
required,  are  almost  exclusively  filled  by  Americans,  Germans,  o: 
the  English-speaking  immigrant  races. 

The  table  following  shows  the  racial  composition  by  occupation; 
of  the  working  forces  of  several  typical  mines  and  coke  plants  ii 
Pennsylvania.  From  this  table  it  is  readily  seen  that  nearly  al 
the  higher  paid  and  more  responsible  positions  are  held  by  the  native 
and  older  immigrant  races,  while  the  recent  immigrants  are  chief!;' 
found  as  pick  miners,  loaders,  scrapers,  inside  laborers,  and  genera 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  277 


coke-yard  employees.  Slovaks,  North  Italians,  Poles,  and  Magyars 
occupy  more  of  the  higher  positions  than  do  members  of  other  recent 
immigrating  races,  such  as  the  Croatian  and  Lithuanian.  This  is  dne 
in  part,  at  least,  to  the  longer  residence  here  of  the  first-mentioned 
races.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  stated  that  the  South  Italian 
race  has  been  in  the  region  as  long  as  the  North  Italian,  and  that 
the  failure  of  these  people  to  advance  into  better  positions  as  rapidly 
as  have  the  North  Italians  is  partly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  fact  that 
they  prefer  other  employment  and  leave  the  mining  industry  when 
other  work  is  obtainable,  and  also  to  the  fact  that  superintendents 
very  generally  consider  them,  as  a race,  inferior  to  the  Slovaks,  Poles, 
Magyars,  and  North  Italians,  and  hence  usually  prefer  men  of  these 
races  for  the  better  places. 

The  first  four  tabulations  submitted  show  the  racial  make-up 
of  four  mines  in  connection  with  which  there  are  no  coke  plants; 
the  last  six  exhibit  the  racial  composition  of  mines  in  connection 
with  which  coke  plants  are  operated.  The  employees  are  divided  by 
races,  and  the  occupations  listed  are  arranged  in  each  division  in  a 
descending  order  of  skill  and  responsibility.  Americans  are  included 
in  the  table  for  purposes  of  comparison  with  the  foreign-born. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 19 


278 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  175  -Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  hitummous  coal  mines  and  coke 

plants,  by  occupation. 

NUMBER  1.  (COAL  MINING  EXCLUSIVELY.) 


Occupation. 


Superintendent 

Mine  foreman 

Machine  boss 

Labor  boss: 

Day 

Night 

Stable  boss 

Tipple  boss 

Driver  boss 

Engineer 

Engineer,  motor 

Rock  inspector 

Blacksmith 

Blacksmith  helper 

Carpenter 

Fireman 

Teamster 

Track  inspector 

Electrician 

Electrician  helper 

Mine  inspector 

Pipe  man 

Pumper 

Roll  repairer 

Track  layer 

Trackman 

Car  runner 

Coupler 

Driller 

Car  dropper 

Car  dumper 

Hooker 

Weighmaster 

Rope  rider 

Air-course  man 

Boiler-house  man 

Assistant  fireman 

Lineman 

Stableman 

Driver 

Leader 

Plane  man 

Plane-man  helper 

Patcher 

Oiler 

Rock  man 

Rock  dumper 

Scale  boy 

Roll  greaser 

Greaser 

Lamp  cleaner 

Night  driver 

Machine  miner 

Pick  miner 

I.oader  after  machine. 

Machine  helper 

Scraper 

U nloader 

Trapper 

Laborer 


Old  immigrants  and 
natives. 


New  immigrants. 


Total. 


American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

d 

CO 

'Eh  1 

Welsh. 

d 

1 : 

O) 

0 1 

1 Italian. 

1 . 

i’ ! 

1 . 

1 . 

. . . . 

■'i' 

...1. 

1 

1 . 

1 

. . . . 



...  1 . 

....j. 

2 . 

’i’ 

4 . 

'i'  . 

’ i' ' 

1 . 

.... 

"i’ ' 

1 . 

1 

1 

"i' 

"l 

2 

”i' 

y 

'3' 

4 

"2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

"2 

"i' 

i 

‘‘i’ 

. .... 

"1 

"i' 

. ; . . 

3 

7 

"i* 

1 

"i' 

. 11 

9 

6 

2 

2 

. 1 

’i’ 

1 

"i" 

1 

3 

. 

! "i 

2 

"i 

’ "i 

”9 

. ... 

".  '26 

' ”3 

”4 

’ "9 

■ "2 

..  40 

2 

"3 

67 

16 

i 10 

16 

. 1 

1 3 

..  1 

. J 

..  2 

! "i 

'.  'u 

; ] 

L ... 

’.  "i 

l'  "i 

...  * 

) 8 

! 4 

142 

! 3i 

5 21 

, 3J 

1 7 

39  412 


87 


1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

10 

2 

2 

6 

3 

4 
4 
1 
2 
1 

10 

19 

4 

4 
1 
7 
2 
1 
2 

5 
1 
9 

7 
1 

8 
9 

3 
2 
1 

12 

CO 

4 
2 
1 
7 
1 
2 

4 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 

160 

394 

12 

5 
9 
1 

13 

76 


35 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


279 


Table  lib.— Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  cole 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued, 

NUMBER  2.  (COAL  MINING  EXCLUSIVELY.) 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 


New  immigrants. 


Occupation. 

i 

.2 

a 

<1 

1 

■S) 

w 

1 Scotch. 

1 Irish. 

1 Welsh. 

n 

I 

O 

1 French. 

1 Swedish. 

1 North  Italian.  1 

' 1 

Magyar.  1 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Croatian. 

Lithuanian.  1 

Superintendent 

■j  !' 

Superintendent,  assistant 

1 

Mine  foreman 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Engineer: 

Haulage 

1... 

j 

Compressor 

1--- 

Slate  hauler 

Dynamo  tenders 

Boss  blacksmith 

Boss  carpenter 

Boss  driver 

Fire  boss 

1 

1 

Machine  boss 

1 

1 

Labor  boss 

Stable  boss 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

Weigh  boss 

Road  boss 

Carpenter 

Machinist 

Machinist  helper 

Pipe  fitter 

1 

Timekeeper 

Track  laver 

Track  repairer 

Timberman 

Oiler 

Mason 

Fireman 

4 

2 

1 

Check  weighman 

B lEcksm  i th 

1 

Blacksmith  helner 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Stableman 

Dumper 

Teamster 

Trip  rider 

Car  trimmer 

Car  coupler 

2 

1 

ripple  man 

1 

17 

1 

Driver 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Pumper 

Slate  dumper 

1 

)Iachine  cutters  in  entries . . 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

scrapers  in  entries 

Puncher  machine  runners: 

Entries ' 

1 

1 

3 

2 

Rooms 

2 

2 . 
6 

L«aborers: 

Outside ' 

21  , 
1 . 

5 

23 

6 . 

Inside 

Pick  miners i 

x)aders  after  machines:  i 

Entries i 

Rooms i 

’ar  dropper  ' i" 

2 

15 

4 

2 

3 

1 . 

1 , 
2 

1 

17 

1 

1 

2 . 

1 . 

1 

3 

8 

2 

4 

4 . 

9 

7 

4 

Uh  wheeler 

^rEDpGr 

1 . 
4 . 
1 . 

1 . 

V ater  bov 

...  - 

Total 

90 

30 

17 

11 

1 

4 

1 

2 

68 

14 

6 

14 

7 

6 2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 
1 
2 
1 
2 

5 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 

20 

2 

2 


Total. 


280 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  175.-JV«m6.r  of  in  each  race  i^^  bi^jncus  coal  Mines  and  coke 

plants,  hy  occupation — Continuea. 


number  3.  (COAL  MINING  EXCLUSIVELY.) 


Old  immigrants  and 


New  immigrants. 


Occupation. 


Superintendent 

Mine  foreman 

Mine  foreman,  assistant 

Fire  boss 

Stable  boss 

Tipple  boss 

Road  boss 

Driver  boss 

Machine  boss 

Engineer: 

Hoist 

Haulage 

Blacksmith 

Blacksmith  helper 


natives. 


Carpenter 

Motorman 

Fireman 

Trip  rider 

Roadman 

Driver 

Teamster 

Tippleman 

Machine  runners 

Pick  miner 

Loaders  after  machines. 

Scrapers 

Laborers: 

Inside 

Outside 

Total 


94 


10 


14 


16 


50 


32 


42 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


281 


Table  175. — Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  4.  (COAL  MINING  EXCLUSIVELY.) 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 


New  immigrants. 


Occupation. 

American.  I 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

Welsh. 

German. 

French. 

Swedish. 

North  Italian.  1 

South  Italian. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Lithuanian. 

Croatian. 

Servian. 

Russian. 

Swiss. 

Tyrolean.  | 

Mine  foreman 

1 

Engineer: 

Hoist 

1 

Slate  hauler 

1 

1 

Day  boss 

2 

1 

Fire  boss 

1 

1 

1 1 

|... 

St  able  boss 

1 

Road  boss 

i 

|... 

Weigh  boss 

1 

Machine  boss 

1 

1 . 

Tipple  boss 

1 

Boss  carpenter 

1 

1 

Boss  blacksmith 

1 

Boss  driver 

Electrician 

1 

1 

Electrician  helper 

1 

Motorman 

2 

1 

Carpenter 

3 

1 

Blacksmith 

4 

1 

Fireman 

2 

”1 

1 

Timberman 

1 

1 

Bratticeman ! 

2 

Wireman 

2 

1 

Roadman 

5 

”2' 

1 

1 

Teamster 

3 

Tippleman 

3 

1 

1 

1 

t) 

1 

Trip  rider 

Driver 

12 

1 

1 

1 

i 

...  1 i 

1 

i 

1 

Oiler 

Machine  cutters: 

Entries 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

5 

i 

1 

1 

A 

Rooms 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

Pick  miners 

50 

12 

7 

5 

2 

f! 

i' 

8 

5 

QQ 

...1 

25 

5 

25 

Loaders  after  ma- 
chines: 

Entries 

2 

1 

2 

Oo 

20 

4 

8 

4 

5 

1 

2 

Rooms 

Laborers: 

Inside 

Outside 

Trapper 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

8 

20 

4 

16 

8 

11 

3 

16 

2 

6 

2 

3 

6 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

3 

14 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

Total 

119 

24 

28 

10 

2 

17 

1 

35 

97 

30 

18 

42  j 

45 

13 

9 

4 

4 

1 

2 

C3 

O 


1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

4 
2 
2 
2 
3 
9 
3 

13 

1 

16 

1 

12 

16 

190 


48 

107 

24 

19 

6 

501 


282 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  nb.—Numher  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  5.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.) 


Occupation. 


Superintendent. 
Mine  foreman . . . 

Fire  boss 

Rib  boss 

Stable  boss: 

Day 

Nigbt 

Yard  boss 

Driver  boss 

Engineer: 

Haulage 

Hoist 

Charging... 

Machinist 

Carpenter 

Blacksmith 

Mason 

Fireman 

Timberman — 

Roadman 

Teamster 

Tippleman 

Pumper 

Trip  rider 

oTenleveiers.. 

Driver 

Charger 

Checkman 

Car  shifter 

Lamp  cleaner . . 

Car  coupler 

Carter 

Coke  laborer. . . 
Coke  drawer. . . 

Pick  miner 

Landing  boy.. 
Trapper 


Total. 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 


New  inunigrants. 


10  3 


6 6 


53 


179 


1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

1 

3 
1 

4 • 
2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

6 

10 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

94 

159 

1 

3 

327 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


283 


’able  nb.~Numher  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  6.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.') 


Occupation. 

Old  immigrants  and 
natives. 

New  immigrants. 

Total. 

American. 

j English. 

1 Scotch. 

Irish. 

German. 

French. 

Negro. 

North  Italian. 

South  Italian. 

1 Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

j Russian. 

Swiss. 

Bohemian  and 
Moravian. 

Croatian. 

Superintendent 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

6 

8 

3 

2 

11 

2 

01 

122 

Mine  foreman 

i 

Fire  boss 

2 

1 

Y ard  boss 

1 

Track  boss 

1 

1 

Stable  boss 

Engineer; 

Hoist 

1 

Haulage 

1 

Locomotive 

1 

Charging 

1 

Machinist 

Machinist  helper 

1 

1 

1 

Blacksmith 

1 

3 

1 

Carpenter 

Mason 

1 

2 

1 

Mason  tenders 

Fireman 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Brakeman 

Timberman 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Teamster 

2 

eager 

1 

1 

Rope  rider 

Pumper 

1 

1 

Haulageman 

1 

Tippleman 

1 

2 

3 

1 

Oven  levelers 

1 

4 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

Driver 

Roadmen 

Lampman 

Laborer,  inside 

Charger . 

1 

2 

4 

2 

2 

7 

23 

Coke  drawer 

1 

9 

4 

3 

18 

41 

2 

17 

1 

2 

3 

‘o' 

10 

22 

1 

1 

Pick  miner 

Total 

1 

4 

7 

J_l^ 

1 

2 

30 

20  1 82 

o 

01  1 A 

5 

6 

32 

37 

1 

2 

1 

2 

250 

I I 

284 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  175. — Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  cohe 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  7.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.) 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 

New  immigrants. 

rJ 

Occupation. 

American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

Welsh. 

1 German. 

I French. 

I North  Italiar 

1 Magyar. 

A 

"o 

Ph 

1 Slovak. 

1 Bohemian  ai 
Moravian. 

1 Russian. 

Croatian. 

I Roumanian. 

1 Total. 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Engineer: 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

1 

11 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

7 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

Laborer: 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

10 

, 2 

2 

4 

4 

12 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

3 

22 

52 

2 

80 

Pick  miner 

1 

■ 11 

. 39 

28 

20 

11 

1 

6 

19 

”3' 

139 

Total  

. 2 

30 

3 

9 

1 

1 18 

1 

43 

33 

48 

78 

1 

6 

26 

3 

292 

1 • 

1 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


285 


Table  175. — Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  8.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.) 


Old  immigrants  and  natives. 


New  immigrants. 


Occupation. 


Superintendent 

Mine  foreman 

Mine  foreman,  assistant. 

Yard  boss 

iFire  boss 

Stable  boss 

Driver  boss 

Engineer: 

Haulage 

Compressor 

Hoist 

Charging 

Machinist 

Blacksmith 

Carpenter 

Mason 

Pumper 

Brakeman,  locomotive.. 

Mason  tenders 

Roadman 

Rope  rider 

Tippleman 

Fireman 

Coke  leveler 

Laborer: 

Inside 

Outside 

Coke  drawer 

Pick  miner 

Trapper 


1 American.  I 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

German. 

Swedish. 

Negro. 

North  Italian. 

South  Italian. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian. 

Spanish. 

Total. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

4 

14 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

10 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

13 

14 

2 

36 

2 

1 

7 

1 

36 

6 

1 

54 

1 

1 

65 

15 

82 

5 

g 

1 

1 

3 

18 

61 

55 

4 

1 

159 

3 

2 

5 

31 

10 

10 

2 

13 

1 

10 

5 

19 

2 

182 

99 

8 

1 

393 

Total 


286 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  nb.— Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
plants,  by  occupation — Continued. 

NUMBER  9.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.) 


Occupation. 


Old  immigrants  and 


Superintendent 

Mine  foreman 

Mine  foreman,  assistant 

Fire  boss 

Yard  boss 

Yard  boss,  assistant 

Driver  boss 

Stable  boss: 

Day 

Night 

Engineer; 

Hoist 

Compressor 

Charging 

Locomotive 

Machinist 

Machinist  helper 

Blacksmith — 

Carpenter 6 

Ma.son 4 

Brakeman,  locomotive . . . | 3 

Pumper 

Fireman 

Teamster 

Driver 

Coke  ieveler 

eager 

Tippleman 

Lamp  cleaner 

Road  man 

Laborer: 

Inside 

Outside 

Coke  drawer 

Pick  miner 

Trapper 

Switch  boy 


W CQ 


Total. 


55  7 


New  immigrants. 


15 


147 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


287 


Table  175. — Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  and  coke 
I j)y  occupotion — Coiitinued . 


NUMBER  10.  (COAL  MINE  AND  COKE  PLANT.) 


Occupation. 


iuperintendent 

dine  foreman 

rire  boss 

f ard  boss 

itable  boss 

Assistant  mine  boss . 
engineer: 

Hoist 

Dynamo 

lotorman 

lacbinist 

lachinist  helper 

ilacksmith 

'arpenter 

lason 

lason  tender 

'ireman 

oal  shooter 

'eamster 

'imberman 

oke  leveler 

*umper 

ar  dropper 

load  man 

trattice  man 

'ipple  man 

heck  man 

lamp  cleaner 

tableman 

reaser 

ar  shifter 

alter 

harger 

•river 

oke  laborers 

aside  laborers 

oke  drawers 

ick  miner 


Old  immigrants  and 
natives. 


New  immigrants. 


1 English. 

j Scotch. 

Irish. 

German. 

North  Italian.  I 

South  Italian. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Bohemian  and 
Moravian. 

Ruthenian. 

Croatian. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

....! 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

1 

2 

2 

43 

5 

1 

1 

2 

31 

21 

5 

20 

42 

3 

2 

3 

1 

1 1 

1 

2 

2 

34 

28 

7 

80 

60 

4 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

2 

3 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 

5 

6 
1 

4 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
2 
7 
6 

16 

54 

137 


Total 


278 


Total, 


288 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


DAILY  EARNINGS.  ( 

The  industrial  condition  of  the  foreign-born  mine  workers  before  I 
they  came  to  this  country,  as  well  as  their  status  in  the  mining  J 
industry  in  Pennsylvania  at  the  present  time,  haying  been  briefly  | 
presented,  it  will  be  in  order  to  put  forward  an  exhibit  of  the  earnings  1 
of  the  immigrant  mining  employees  in  the  occupations  which  they  are  | 
now  following.  For  comparative  purposes,  the  earnings  of  the  native-  < 
born  of  native  father  and  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  are  pre-  i 
sented  along  with  the  earnings  of  foreign-born  mine  workers.  In  1 
connection  with  the  discussion  of  earnings,  the  table  which  is  first 
submitted  shows  the  per  cent  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
individual.  This  table  follows: 

Table  176.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


1 

1 

Number 

Aver- 

age 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

earn- 
ings 
per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

5,686 

865 

$2.18 

98.4 

96.0 

70.1 

27.9 

7.7 

1.5 

Neg''f^  

2. 02 

96.2 

93.5 

60.0 

17.9 

3.7 

1.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

340 

2.01 

95.3 

90.6 

54.4 

18.5 

2.4 

.3 

1.3 

1.5 

Englanr)  

782 

2. 28 

97.4 

96.4 

81.1 

42.7 

10.0 

Germany  

1,063 

695 

2.17 

97.5 

96.2 

70.5 

32.5 

8.7 



2.18 

98.4 

96.5 

72.1 

30.5 

6.  5 

.3 

1.2 

1.7 

Pf»otlf>nd  

343 

2. 30 

98.8 

97.7 

84.8 

42.9 

9.0 

Wale'S  

180 

2. 43 

98.9 

98.3 

89.4 

52.2 

16.7 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

SoliBHiiB'ii  ^nd  ]Vf orSiViBiii. 

433 

2. 18 

97.5 

91.2 

72.7 

31.4 

10.2 

1.2 

Croptif^^  

1,849 

1.90 

96.6 

87.5 

48.1 

12.6 

2.3 

.4 

2.6 

1.3 

1.4 

1.3 

1.4 

Engli^^  

1,223 

2. 32 

98.0 

97.1 

84.2 

39.7 

16.3 

Fr*^TiPh  

313 

2.09 

94.9 

91.1 

72.5 

29.4 

7.3 

German  

1,454 

2.09 

95.0 

91.5 

68.3 

26.0 

6. 5 

Irish  

618 

2.14 

97.1 

93.7 

65.5 

28.2 

12.0 

Italian  Nnrtb  

3,153 

2,090 

615 

2.11 

97.5 

94.8 

71.2 

26.8 

9.3 

Italian  South  

1.97 

98.1 

91.9 

54.8 

18.9 

3.8 

. 5 

3.7 

Lithuanian  _ 

2.17 

94.0 

91.7 

76.4 

31.4 

13.  5 

MSHyB-F  • 

3,306 

1.98 

98.3 

92.3 

64.4 

13.9 

2.8 

3.2 

.4 

Pnliqb  

5,639 

1.95 

92.7 

87.8 

58.4 

14.3 

.8 

Roumanian  

98 

1.85 

94.9 

89.8 

52.0 

9.2 

.0 

6.0 

2.6 

15.7 

2.4 

2.7 

6.2 

16.3 

15.7 

.0 

Rn';<?if>n  

1,230 

2.11 

98.0 

94.1 

73.3 

27.6 

.7 

Ruthenian  

271 

1.95 

95.2 

86.7 

49.8 

14.  4 

.4 

1.4 

.0 

Scotch  

515 

2. 35 

98.8 

97.9 

86.6 

43.  i 

Servian  

82 

1.91 

97.6 

95.1 

48.8 

12.2 

Slovak  

9,380 

1.99 

97.0 

92.4 

55.  2 

13.  4 

• 5 

Slovenian  

1,470 

2.14 

97.3 

94.8 

76.5 

30.9 

1.0 

5.7 

1.1 

Swedish  

209 

2.  33 

99.0 

98.6 

88.0 

38.3 

Welsh 

178 

2.  27 

98.3 

97.8 

82.0 

40.  4 

Grand  total 

45,052 

2.07 

96.8 

92.9 

64.6 

22.1 

5.8 

1.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. . 
Total  native-born 

3,627 
10, 178 

2.20 

2.17 

97.5 

97.9 

' 95.8 

95.7 

73.8 

7T5 

34.8 

29.5 

8.2 

7.5 

1.0 

1.3 

Total  foreign-bom 

34,874 

2. 04 

96.5 

92.0 

62.9 

19.9 

5.  3 

.9 

1 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 

tim^dr  lost  time  TrorSutdow^^^^^  cames.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 

earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


A noteworthy  feature  of  the  above  table  is  seen  in  the  fact  that 
very  few  persons  of  any  race  earn  less  than  $1.25  per  day.  A con- 
siderably less  proportion  of  the  native-born  than  or  the  forei^-born 
earn  this  low  wage.  The  Poles,  among  the  foreign-born,  with  about 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  289 


1 in  14  in  this  class,  have  relatively  the  greatest  number  of  these  small 
wage-earners.  The  next  group,  consisting  of  those  earning  $1.50  per 
day  or  over,  shows  but  little  change  from  the  preceding  column.  Of 
the  native-born,  95.7  per  cent  earn  $1.50  or  over  per  day,  as  compared 
with  97.9  per  cent  who  earn  $1 .25.  Among  the  foreign-born,  the  table 
shows  92  per  cent  in  the  $1.50  group,  as  against  96.5  per  cent  in  the 
$1.25  group.  This  small  general  change  in  the  percentage  figures  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  for  nearly  all  the  employees  in  the  industry  the 
general  level  of  daily  earnings  is  above  $1.50.  In  the  next  group, 
however,  which  includes  those  earning  $2  and  over  per  day,  this  limit 
has  been  reached  for  an  appreciable  number  of  workers.  Many  coke- 
yard  and  mine  laborers  who  are  paid  on  a day  basis  receive  less 
than  $2.  The  less  efficient  pieceworkers  are  also  affected  when  the 
$2-rate  of  daily  wages  is  reached.  Of  the  native-born,  95.7  per  cent 
earn  $1.50  and  over  per  day,  while  only  70.5  per  cent  earn  $2  and 
over  per  day,  or,  to  use  another  mode  of  expressing  the  same  com- 
parison, 25.2  per  cent  earn  between  $1.50  and  $2  per  day.  Among 
the  foreign-born  the  falling  off  is  still  greater,  92  per  cent  of  the 
immigrant  mine  workers  being  found  in  the  preceding  group  as  com- 
pared with  62!9  per  cent  in  the  group  earning  $2  or  more  per  day, 
showing  29.1  per  cent  to  be  earning  between  $1.50  and  $2.  If  this 
comparison  be  restricted  to  the  foreign-born  of  the  races  of  recent 
immigration,  the  proportionate  decrease  is  much  greater.  The  older 
immigrant  races  do  not  show  such  decreases  as  do  the  later  and, 
therefore,  raise  the  general  average  for  the  foreign-born.  The 
English  drop  from  97.1  per  cent  in  the  group  earning  $1.50  or  more 
per  day  to  84.2  per  cent  in  the  group  earning  $2  or  more  per  day; 
the  Irish,  from  93.7  per  cent  to  65.5  per  cent;  the  Scotch,  from  97.9 
per  cent  to  86.6  per  cent;  the  Swedish,  from  98.6  per  cent  to  88  per 
cent;  the  Germans,  from  91.5  per  cent  to  68.3  per  cent;  and  the 
Welsh,  from  97.8  per  cent  to  82  per  cent.  On  the  other  hand, 
among  the  races  of  recent  immigration  from  southern  and  eastern 
Europe,  the  Croatians  drop  from  87.5  per  cent  in  the  group  earning 
$1.50  or  more  per  day  to  48.1  per  cent  in  the  group  earning  $2  or 
more  per  day;  the  South  Italians,  from  91.9  per  cent  to  54.8  per  cent; 
the  Poles,  from  87.8  per  cent  to  58.4  per  cent;  the  Servians  from 
95.1  per  cent  to  48.8  per  cent;  the  Puthenians,  from  86.7  per  cent 
to  49.8  per  cent;  the  Koumanians,  from  89.8  per  cent  to  52  per  cent; 
and  the  Slovaks,  from  92.4  per  cent  to  55.2  per  cent.  This  is  also 
true  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father;  those  of  Austro-Hungarian 
parentage  show  the  greatest  falling  off  in  earning  capacity  in  tliis 
gtoup.  Of  the  later  immigrating  races,  the  North  Italian,  with  71.2 
per  cent,  the  Lithuanian,  with  76.4  per  cent,  the  Kussian,  with  73.3 
per  cent,  the  Slovenian,  with  76.5  per  cent,  the  Bohemian  and 
Moravian,  with  72.9  per  cent,  and  the  Magyar,  with  64.4  per  cent,  in 
the  group  earning  $2  per  day  or  over,  show  relatively  the  highest 
earning  capacity.  The  next  group,  composed  of  those  earning  $2.50 
or  more  than  $2.50  per  day,  shows  that  29.5  per  cent  of  the  native- 
born  and  19.9  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  earn  this  amount.  This 
^oup  also  accentuates  differences  in  relative  efficiency  and  position 
in  the  industry  among  the  different  races.  The  second  generation 
English,  Scotch,  and  Irish,  and  the  English,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 
foreign-born,  have  relatively  the  largest  numbers  in  this  group'.  Of 


290 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  races  of  recent  immigration,  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  i 
North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Russians,  and  Slovenians,  make  the 
best  showing.  The  next  two  groups,  consisting  of  mmii^  employees 
earning  $3  and  over  and  those  earning  $3.50  and  over  per  day  simply 
serve  to  bring  out  further  the  differences  already  noted.  The  lead- 
ing position  is  occupied  by  the  Enghsh  Scotch  Welsh  Germa^^ 
and  Irish  immigrants  and  their  children  born  in  this  country . This 
is  significant  and  is  of  interest  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  many 
of  the  immigrants  of  these  races  have  been  mine  employees  abroad, 
and  conseqiTently  entered  the  industry  here  with  valuable  experi- 
ence while  the  later  immigrants  were  mostly  farmers  or  farm 
laborers,  and  hence  inexperienced  when  entering  the  industry. 

The  English,  Irish,  Welsh,  Scotch,  and  German  imnugrants  also 
came  to  the  bituminous  regions  prior  to  the  great  expansion  of  the 
industry  and  were  ready  to  advance  to  positions  of  responsibility  and 
better  pay  which  the  development  of  the  industry  made  availably 
The  relatively  poor  showing  made  by  the  group  of  persons 
of  native  f atlmr  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  children  in  this  classification 
have  been  steadily  leaving  the  industry  for  more  attractive  vocations, 
and  consequently  an  undue  proportion  of  the  less  skilled,  less  ambi- 
tious, and^less  enterprising,  are  enumerated  m this  group,  and  the 
DOor6r  sliowins!’  is  tlie  result  to  bo  expectod.  *1. 

^ In  connection  with  the  earnings  of  the  adult  mine  employees  it  is 
also  ofTmportance  to  consider  the  earnings  of  the  imne  workers  w^io 
have  not  reached  maturity.  The  following  table  therefore  is  pre- 
sented showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  per  cent  of  males 
14  but  under  18  years  of  age  who  are  earning  specified  amounts 

per  day. 

Table  m .-Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  agejarning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  hy  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


iThis  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting. 

The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

Number 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

iVVtJl  d-fec 

earnings 
per  day. 

$1  or 
over. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White  

498 

$1.46 

95.2 

64.9 

50.2 

16.9 

3.2 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father; 

A no+rlo-TIlTnaf^.TV  

240 

1.40 

92.1 

57.1 

68.2 
63.6 

40.8 

17.5 
26.0 

24.8 

16.9 

28.6 

2.S 

3.2 

ALloL'l 

EnglS'iid.  

154 

1.52 

98.1 

04.  0 

•4.7 

riprmfiriV  

129 

1.51 

96.1 

OD.  U 

in  s 

7.C 

Ireland 

71 

1.42 

94. 4 
100.0 

54. 9 

4U.  O 

60. 3 

l.t 

Scotl^n^  

63 

1.56 

by.  o 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Tfolion  "WArtTi  

72 

1.83 

100.0 

86.1 

83.7 

77.5 

80.6 
AQ  R 

55.6 

25.6 
40.8 
22.1 

11.1 

2.J 

Tfplipn  Rnnt.Vi  

43 

1.56 

97. 7 

oy . u 
66.2 
55.9 
61.3 

7.C 

-------- 

71 

1.65 

100.0 

92.6 

94.2 

2.1 

Polish 

Slovak 

68 

155 

1.48 

1.55 

D/ . D 

73.5 

25.2 

6.1 

Grand  total 

1,899 

1.51 

96.1 

66.5 

53.6 

24.5 

Ti' 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 


792 

1.46 

95.8 

95.6 

61.1 
AO  Q 

49.4 

49.8 

fi9  1 

22.6 

20.5 

3.1 

3.t 

1,316 

1.47 

0^.  y 
74.6 

33.6 

7.1 

1 ULJ/l  VC  UUl  11 - 

Total  foreign-born 

583 

1.60 

97.1 

01.  i 

annual earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


account  is  taken  of  volunt^ 
tables  in  this  report  showmi 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  291 


In  the  foregoing  table,  as  in  the  case  of  the  preceding  tables,  the  races 
are  presented  according  to  general  nativity  in  three  groups:  those 
native-born  of  native  father,  those  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and 
those  foreign-born.  In  general,  there  is  little  difference  in  earning  ca- 
pacity between  the  first  two,  95.2  per  cent  of  the  whites  native-born 
of  native  father  earning  $1  or  over  per  day  as  compared  with  95.8 
per  cent  of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father.  In  the  wage 
class  composed  of  those  earning  $1.25  or  over  the  percentages  are 
64.9  for  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  61.1  for  the 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father.  Fifty  and  two-tenths  per 
cent  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  49.4  per  cent  of 
the  second  generation  earn  $1.50  or  more  per  day;  and  16.9  per  cent 
of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  22.6  per  cent  of  the 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  earn  $2  or  over  per  day.  In 
the  last  class,  consisting  of  those  earning  $2.50  or  over  per  day,  be- 
tween 3 and  4 per  cent  of  both  groups  of  native-born  are  found. 

Compared  with  the  persons  native-born  of  native  father  and  the 
group  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  foreign-born  youths  have  a 
higher  percentage  in  the  higher  wage  classes,  the  average  percentages 
for  the  foreign-born  by  wage  classes  as  compared  with  the  total  native- 
born  being  as  follows : 


General  nativity. 

SI  per 
day  or 
over. 

$1.25  per 
day  or 
over. 

$1.50  per 
day  or 
over. 

$2  per 
day  or 
over. 

$2.50  per 
day  or 
over. 

Total  native-born 

95.6 

97.1 

62.9 

74.6 

49.8 

62.1 

20.5 

33.6 

3.6 

7.0 

Total  foreign-born 

This  showing,  apparently  so  unfavorable  to  the  native-born  males 
of  these  ages,  may  be  readily  explained.  Almost  all  of  the  native-born 
youths  attend  school  and  become  Americanized,  and  the  more  enter- 
prising and  ambitious  soon  seek  employment  in  other  industries  than 
^al  mining,  where  the  work  is  more  pleasant  or  the  wages  are  better. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  greater  number  of  foreign-born  youths  do  not 
know  English  and  do  not  attend  school,  but  go  into  the  mines  as 
soon  as  possible  and  remain  there.  Consequently,  the  fact  that  the 
Qumbers  of  the  foreign-born  earning  larger  amounts  are  relatively 
^r^ter  is  a result  which  would  be  expected  from  the  existing  situation. 

From  a racial  standpoint,  the  North  Italians  show  the  highest 
3arning  ability  among  the  foreign-born,  followed  by  the  Magyar 
l^ouths.  The  lowest  earning  capacity  is  found  among  the  Poles. 
Mnong  the  group  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  English,  Ger- 
aians,  and  Scotch  are  the  leaders. 

DELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY, 

As  regards  the  earning  ability  of  foreign-born  mining  employees, 
)ne  of  the  most  interesting  points  that  arises  is  the  question  of  rela- 
tion between  earnings  and  period  of  residence,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  question  whether  a more  extended  period  of  residence  brings  with 
t a greater  industrial  efficiency  and  adaptation  among  the  foreign- 
i>orn  and  consequently  an  increased  earning  capacity.  This  inquiry 
s answered  in  the  tables  next  submitted,  which  show,  by  race,  the 
|)6rcent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  earn  specified  amounts 
line!  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  a specified  number  of  years. 

i 


292 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  178 —Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
lay  yed,i£>  m 2oo  or  more  males  reporting^ 


] 

umber 

Pace  and  years  in  United  States.  ^ 

eporting 
;omplete  « 
data.  ^ 

Bohemian  and  Moravian; 

Under  5 

5 to  9 

10  or  over 

Croatian: 

113 

102 

218 

1,035 

643 

171  1 

English; 

1 

151 

82 

990 

French: 

59 

89 

165 

German: 

166 

Q 

196 

1,092 

Irish: 

28 

5 to  9 

16 

to  nvpr  

574 

Italian,  North: 

Under  5 

1,488 

5 to  9 

1,063 

1 0 or  p>vpr  

602 

Italian,  South: 

U nder  5 ..  

961 

5 to  9 

730 

10  or  nvpr  

399 

Lithuanian: 

Under  5 

203 

5 to  9 

225 

10  or  ovor  

187 

Magyar: 

Under  5 

1,720 

5 to  9 

1,023 

10  or  over 

563 

Polish: 

Under  5 

2,492 

5 to  9 

1,748 

to  or  ovor  

1,399 

699 

Russian: 

Under  5 

5 to  9 

.^14 

to  ari'l  over  

217 

Ruthenian: 

Under  5 

137 

5 to  9 

64 

1 0 or  ovpr  

70 

Scotch: 

Under  5 

72 

5 to  9 

46 

to  or  over  

397 

Slovak: 

Under  5 

3,433 

5 to  9 

3,039 

10  or  over 

2,908 

Slovenian: 

tT^^tpr  .5  

664 

to  9 

546 

10  or  over 

260 

Swedish: 

JTfider  .5  - 

15 

5 to  9 

.1  22 

10  or  over 

172 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 


!5  or 

Tr. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

99.1 

91.2 

73.5 

27.4 

98.0 

94.1 

79.4 

35.3 

96.3 

89.9 

69.3 

31.7 

95.4 

84.1 

41.7 

9.3 

98.0 

90.8 

54.3 

15.4 

98.8 

95.3 

63.2 

22.2 

98.7 

97.4 

82.8 

31.1 

98.8 

98.8 

89.0 

39.0 

97.9 

96.9 

84.0 

41.0 

94.9 

93.2 

81.4 

25.4 

96.6 

92.1 

. 74.2 

25.8 

93.9 

89.7 

68.5 

32.7 

94.6 

91.6 

69.3 

26.5 

98.5 

95.9 

74.0 

30.6 

94.5 

90.7 

67.1 

25.1 

100.0 

100.0 

78.6 

35.7 

100.0 

100.0 

87.5 

37.5 

96.9 

93.2 

64.3 

27.5 

97.4 

93.8 

67.1 

24.0 

97.6 

95.4 

74.3 

29.2 

97.5 

96.3 

75.9 

29.4 

97.9 

89.8 

47.2 

14.4 

97.9 

94.1 

61.6 

22.9 

98.7 

93.0 

60.7 

22.3 

96.6 

93.6 

75.9 

25.6 

93.8 

92.0 

78.2 

36.9 

91.4 

89.3 

74.9 

31.0 

97.9 

90.6 

61.4 

9.9 

98.7 

94.5 

68.7 

16.6 

98.8 

93.6 

65.5 

21.3 

92.3 

86.0 

54.2 

12.6 

93.7 

89.5 

63.0 

15.8 

92.0 

88.7 

60.2 

15.6 

97.1 

91.8 

67.4 

23.3 

99.4 

96.8 

79.0 

33.4 

99.1 

97.2 

83.9 

.32.7 

91.2 

79.6 

36.5 

10.9 

98.4 

93.8 

56.3 

21.9 

100.0 

94.3 

70.0 

14.3 

100.0 

98.6 

93.1 

45.8 

100.0 

100.0 

87.0 

50.0 

98.5 

97.5 

85.4 

42.6 

9.5.7 

88.7 

48.3 

9.7 

97.8 

94.4 

58.4 

15.4 

97.7 

94.6 

60.0 

15.6 

96.7 

93.5 

73.2 

24.8 

97.1 

95.2 

78.9 

36.1 

99.2 

: 97.3 

, 80.0 

1 . 35.  4 

100.  C 

( ■ 100.  C 

1 93.3 

; 13. 3 

100.  C 

1 100.  C 

1 95.  S 

1 54. 5 

‘98.J 

! ■■  98.  2 

1 ■■  86.  f 

i »8. 4 

$3  or 
over. 


$3.50  or 
over. 


15.7 

0.2 

9.2 

1.4 

1.7 

.2 

2.6 

.5 

4.1 

1.8 

9.  9 

18.3 

3.7 

17.1 

2.9 

3.  4 

5.6 

2.2 

9.7 

1.2 

4 8 

9.2 

2.6 

6.3 

1.4 

7.1 

3.6 

12.5 

12.2 

■ 1.2 

8.0 

1.1 

11.0 

2.3 

9.5 

. .8 

2.2 

.4 

5.5 

.7 

4.5 

.3 

8.4 

1.5 

18.2 

5.8 

13.4 

3.7 

1.5 

.1 

4.2 

. 7 

4.3 

.7 

2.8 

.e 

3.7 

l.C 

3.3 

.£ 

2 4 

11.5 

9.7 

^ C 

1.5 

3 1 

4.3 

26.4 

.5.( 

1.5.2 

13.9 

.i 

1.6 

3.4 

3.2 

5.3 

6.6 

1. 

7.7 

1. 

6.7 

22.7 

ii 

16.3 

5. 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicat^',  but  no  sho^in 

lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  snowi 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


293 


Table  179. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of 
age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States* 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  LESS  THAN  5 YEARS. 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

113 

99.1 

91.2 

73.5 

27.4 

7. 1 

Croatian 

1,035 

95.4 

84.1 

41.7 

9.3 

1.7 

0.2 

English 

151 

98.  7 

97.  4 

82. 8 

31. 1 

Q Q 

French 

59 

94.  9 

93.  2 

81.  4 

25.  4 

"i  4. 

German 

166 

94.  6 

91.  6 

69. 3 

26.  5 

0.  ^ 

Irish 

28 

100.0 

100.0 

78!  6 

35!  7 

'I.  0 

7. 1 

3.6 

Italian,  North 

1,488 

97.4 

93.8 

67.1 

24.0 

8.0 

1. 1 

Italian,  South 

961 

97.9 

89.8 

47.2 

14.  4 

2.2 

.4 

Lithuanian 

203 

96.6 

93.6 

75.9 

25.6 

8.4 

1. 5 

Magyar 

1,720 

97.9 

90.6 

61.4 

9.9 

1.5 

! 1 

Polish 

2,492 

92.3 

86.0 

54.  2 

12.6 

2.8 

.6 

Russian 

699 

97. 1 

91.  8 

67.  4 

23.  3 

2.  4 

Ruthenian 

137 

91.  2 

79.  6 

36  5 

10.  9 

1. 5 

Scotch 

72 

100.0 

98.6 

93!  1 

i5.8 

26!  4 

5.6 

Slovak 

3,433 

95.7 

88.7 

48.3 

9.  7 

1.6 

.2 

Slovenian 

664 

96.7 

93.5 

73.2 

24.8 

5.3 

.8 

Swedish 

15 

100.0 

100.  0 

93.3 

13.3 

6.7 

IN  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

102 

98.0 

94. 1 

79.4 

35.3 

15.  7 

2.0 

Croatian 

643 

98.0 

90.8 

54.3 

15.4 

2.6 

.5 

English 

82 

98.8 

98.8 

89.0 

39.0 

18.3 

3.7 

French 

89 

96.6 

92.1 

74.2 

25.8 

5.6 

2.2 

German 

196 

98.5 

95.9 

74.0 

30.6 

9.2 

2.6 

Irish 

16 

100.0 

100.  0 

87.  5 

37.  5 

19  ^ 

Italian,  North 

1,063 

97.6 

95!  4 

74!  3 

29!  2 

1^.  0 
11.0 

2.3 

Italian,  South 

730 

97.9 

94. 1 

61.6 

22.9 

5.5 

. 7 

Lithuanian 

225 

93.8 

92.0 

78.2 

36.9 

18.2 

5.8 

Magyar 

1,023 

98.7 

94.5 

68.7 

16.6 

4.2 

.7 

Polish 

1,748 

93.7 

89.5 

63.0 

15.8 

3.7 

1.0 

Russian 

314 

99.4 

96.8 

79.0 

33.4 

11.5 

2.2 

Ruthenian 

64 

98.  4 

93.  8 

56.  3 

21.  9 

^ 1 

Scotch 

46 

100.  0 

100.  0 

87.  0 

50.  0 

0.  X 

1 *>  9 

Slovak 

3,039 

97.8 

94.4 

58!  4 

15!  4 

Xu.  ^ 

3.  4 

.7 

Slovenian 

546 

97.1 

95.2 

78.9 

36.1 

6.6 

1.1 

Swedish 

22 

100.0 

100.0 

95.5 

54.5 

22.7 

13.6 

IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian . 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 


218 

96.3 

89.9 

69.3 

31.7 

9.2 

1.4 

171 

98.8 

95.3 

63.2 

22.2 

4.1 

1.8 

990 

97.9 

96.9 

84.0 

41.0 

17.1 

2.9 

165 

93.9 

89.7 

68.5 

32.7 

9.7 

1.2 

1,092 

94.5 

90.7 

67.1 

25.1 

6.3 

1.4 

574 

96.9 

93.2 

64.3 

27.5 

12.2 

1.2 

602 

97.5 

96.3 

75.9 

29.4 

9.5 

.8 

399 

98.7 

93.0 

60.7 

22.3 

4.5 

.3 

187 

91.4 

89.3 

74.9 

31.0 

13.4 

3.7 

563 

98.8 

93.6 

65.5 

21.3 

4.3 

.7 

1,399 

92.0 

88.7 

60.2 

15.6 

3.3 

.9 

217 

99.1 

97.2 

83.9 

32.7 

9.7 

.9 

70 

100.0 

94.3 

70.0 

14.3 

4.3 

1. 4 

397 

98.5 

97.5 

85.4 

42.6 

13.9 

.8 

2,908 

97.7 

94.6 

60.0 

15.6 

3.2 

.7 

260 

99.2 

97.3 

80.0 

35.4 

7.7 

1.2 

172 

98.8 

98.3 

86.6 

38.4 

16.3 

5.2 

..  shows  wages  or  earnmgs  for  the  penod  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 

lime  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 ^20 


294 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  the  preceding  tables  the  different  races  fall  into  two  distinct  ' 
groups — (1)  those  races  in  which  the  relative  numbers  of  persons  i 
earning  the  larger  amounts  per  day  generally  increase  with  length  of  ' 
residence  in  the  United  States,  and  (2)  those  races  in  which  the  j 
relative  numbers  of  those  earning  the  larger  amounts  decrease  with  1 
length  of  residence  in  the  United  States.  In  the  first  group  are  the  i 
principal  races  of  recent  immigration,  such  as  the  Croatians,  North  1 
and  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Russians,  and  Slovaks.  A brief  j 
examination  of  the  tables  shows  that  in  every  wage  class  the  Croatians  n 
have  an  increase  of  relative  numbers  with  length  of  residence.  By  ' 
way  of  illustration,  among  the  Croatians  who  earn  $2  and  over  are 
only  41.7  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less 
than  five  years,  in  contrast  with  63.2  per  cent  of  those  here  ten  years 
and  more.  In  the  class  earning  at  least  $2.50  per  day  are  found  9.3 
per  cent  of  the  Croatians  who  have  been  in  this  country  less  than  five 
years,  as  compared  to  22.2  per  cent  of  those  who  have  resided  here 
more  than  ten  years.  These  tendencies^  are  found  to  be  generally 
true  also  of  the  other  races  of  recent  immigration.  .... 

In  the  second  general  group  are  the  races  of  earlier  immigration, 
such  as  the  English,  Irish,  German,  Welsh,  and  Scotch.  Among 
these  races  length  of  residence  results  in  little,  if  any,  increase  of  the 
relative  numbers  in  the  higher  wage  groups.  This  situation  is  espe- 
cially manifest  where  the  immigrants  of  ten  or  more  years’  residence 
are  compared  with  those  of  five  to  nine  years.  Such  a comparison 
uniformly  shows  a decrease  among  those  of  longer  residence,  though 
the  five  to  nine  year  class  may  show  an  increase  over  the  residents  of 
less  than  five  vears.  Taking  the  Irish  race,  by  way  of  example,  it  is 
seen  that  in  the  class  earning  $2  or  more  per  day  the  percentages  for 
less  than  five,  five  to  nine,  and  over  ten  years  of  residence,  are  78.6 
per  cent,  87.5  per  cent,  and  64.3  per  cent,  respectively,  while  in  the 
next  wage  class,  consisting  of  those  earning  $2.50  per  day  and  over, 
the  percentages  are  35.7  per  cent,  37.5  per  cent,  and  27.5  per  cent, 
respectively.  These  conditions  do  not  mean,  however,  that  the 
races  of  older  immigration  are  less  progressive  in  the  industry  than 
are  the  races  of  recent  immigration,  but  are  due  to  the  fact  that,  of 
the  earlier  immigrant  races,  many  who  have  resided  in  this  country 
over  ten  years  have  either  left  the  mining  industry  entirely  or 
moved  away  from  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  regions,  while  those 
that  remain  are  now  becoming  old  and  their  earning  power  has 
begun  to  diminish.  This  situation  is  clearly  illustrated  by  the  large 
numbers  of  men  of  these  races  resident  in  the  United  States  ten 
years  or  more,  as  compared  with  those  of  a shorter  period  of  residence. 

Of  the  618  Irish  from  whom  information  was  secured,  574  have 
been  residents  ten  years  or  more;  of  the  1,223  English,  990;  of  the 
1,454  Germans,  1,092;  and  of  the  515  Scotch,  397.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  races  of  more  recent  immigration,  such  as  the  Slovaks, 
Poles,  Croatians,  and  North  and  South  Italians,  have  not  advanced 
to  the  stage  where  the  more  enterprising  are  leaving  the  industry, 
nor  have  so  many  reached  an  age  of  diminishing  earning  capacit} 
as  in  the  case  of  the  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Germans.  Among 
the  races  of  recent  immigration  the  greatest  numbers  occur  not  in 
the  groups  of  oldest  residence  in  the  United  States,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  races  of  older  immigration  cited  above,  but  in  the  groups  ol 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


295 


relatively  short  periods  of  residence.  Of  the  1,849  Croatiaiis  fur- 
nishing information  only  171  have  been  in  this  country  ten  years  or 
over,  as  compared  with  1,035  who  have  been  here  less  than  five 
years;  of  the  3,153  North  Italians  only  602  have  been  residents  ten 
years  or  more,  and  1,488  have  been  here  less  than  five  years;  of  the 
5,639  Poles,  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  recent  immigrating  races  to 
enter  the  Pennsylvania  mines,  the  figures  are  2,492,  1,748,  and  1,399, 
according  to  groups  of  less  than  five,  five  to  nine,  and  ten  years' 
residence  and  over,  respectively.  The  Poles  furnish  an  illustration 
of  a much  more  even  distribution  by  length  of  residence  than  the 
Croatians,  and  in  this  connection  it  is  significant  that  the  Poles 
show  less  difference  in  the  relative  numbers  earning  the  large  amounts 
when  the  second  and  third  periods  of  length  of  residence  are  con- 
sidered, as  compared  with  the  Croatians.  The  Slovaks,  another  of 
the  earlier  races  of  the  recent  immigrants,  afford  almost  a parallel 
case  with  the  Poles. 

This  condition  of  affairs  brings  up  another  important  consideration 
that  must  be  borne  in  mind  when  studying  the  foregoing  table,  and 
that  is  the  fact  that  by  far  the  greater  number  of  all  the  individuals 
of  the  recent  immigrating  races  were  farmers,  farm  laborers,  or  other 
unskilled  laborers  abroad,  while,  on  the  contrary,  large  numbers  of 
the  English,  Irish,  Scotclp  and  Germans  were  experienced  in  mine 
work  before  coming  to  this  country.  The  races  of  recent  immigra- 
tion, therefore,  would  be  expected  to  show  much  greater  relative 
progress  in  earning  ability  after  a short  period  of  residence,  for  the 
reason  that  they  begin  work  knowing  practically  nothing  of  the  indus- 
try. On  the  other  hand,  the  experienced  English,  Germans,  Irish, 
and  Scotch  stand  w^ell  up  in  the  scale  of  earnings  at.  the  outset. 

ANNUAL  EAKNINGS  OF  MALE  HEADS  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

In  addition  to  the  extent  to  which  the  races  are  earning  specified 
amounts  per  day  and  the  relation  between  period  of  residence  and 
earning  ability,  it  will  be  of  even  greater  value  in  discussing  earnings 
to  carry  the  presentation  further  and  consider  the  annual  earnings  of 
the  different  races  of  irnmigrant  mine  workers.  A comparison  of  the 
yearly  earnings  of  the  foreign-born  with  those  of  persons  native-born 
will  also  be  of  importance  in  arriving  at  a conclusion  regarding  the 
economic  status  of  the  immigrant  mining  employee. 

In  the  investigation  of  households  of  immigrant  mining  employees 
information  was  secured  as  to  the  general  economic  condition  of  the 
families,  together  with  the  annual  earnings  of  the  head  and  the  male 
members  of  the  households  who  were  working  in  or  around  the  mines. 
From  this  detailed  study  the  table  next  presented  has  been  prepared, 
showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  number  and  per  cent  of 
husbands  at  work,  and  their  average  annual  earnings. 


296 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  \m— Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 
(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

of 

selected 

families.® 

Number 
of  hus- 
bands. 

Number 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Per  cent 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Average 
yearly 
earnings 
of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Italian,  North 

26 

13 
98 

14 
24 

9 
137 

59 

76 

143 

182 

10 
35 
39 

347 

11 

26 

13 
97 

14 
24 

9 

136 

59 

76 

143 

181 

9 

34 

39 

345 

11 

26 

13 
97 

14 
22 

9 

136 
59 
' 76 
143 
181 

9 

34 

39 

345 

11 

100.0 

(«>) 

100.0 

(«>) 

91.7 

(P) 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

(*>) 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

(«>) 

$586 

413 

403 

476 

573 

P) 

374 

462 

362 
393 
458 
615 

363 
441 
4.53 
384 

1,223 

1,216 

1,214 

99.8 

431 

26 

2% 

100.0 

Total  foreign-born 

1,197 

1,190 

1,188 

99.8 

427 

Tr^Ts^ion  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


It  will  be  observed  from  this  table  that,  with  the  ^ception  of 
the  Germans,  all  the  husbands  reporting  are  at  work.  This  feature, 
which  in  the  case  of  other  industries  would  be  significant,  has  no 
special  importance  in  connection  with  the  coal-mmmg  mdustry,  tor 
the  reason  that  the  tabulation  covers  families  resident  m c(^hminmg 
vdlages  or  connected  with  the  coal-mining  mdustry.  ihe  coal- 
mining industry  gives  opportunity  for  employment  to  males  alone, 
and  unless  a son  can  take  the  husband’s  place  as  head,  those  families 
in  which  the  husbands  can  no  longer  engage  in  mining  move  out  ot 
the  mining  towns  and  seek  other  employment  for  their  members. 
In  this  connection  it  must  be  remembered  that  m the  isolated  coal- 
mining villages  there  is  almost  no  opportunity  for  women  to  Imd 
remunerative  employment. 

As  regards  the  average  yearly  earnmgs,  some  variations  occur 
among  the  different  races,  which  are  discussed  m detail  below,  but  as 
a whole  the  earnings  are  relatively  low.  This  may  be  due  m part  to  a 
low  scale  of  pay,  but  it  is  due  also  to  the  conditions  of  employment  in 
the  industry.  For  the  majority  of  employees  work  is  irregular,  and 
during  the  year  many  days  are  lost.  In  most  districts  the  mines 
operate  less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  workmg  days  in  the  year, 
and  even  when  reported  as  operating  the  force  may  be  much  reduce  . 
This  large  number  of  days  lost  materially  reduces  the  total  earnings 

The^  average  yearly  earnings  of  the  husbands  are  affected  by  both 
the  relative  efficiency  and  the  relative  position  in  the  mdustry,  o 
the  various  races  represented.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  native 
white  husbands  have  the  highest  average  yearly  earnmp.  Ifiis  is 
due  not  so  much  to  the  greater  efficiency  of  this  group  of  earners,  as 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


297 


f 


• to  the  fact  that  more  of  them  are  in  the  better-paid  occupations 

■ positions  entailing  responsibility,  such  as  that  of  foreman,  or  requir- 
ing technical  knowledge,  such  as  that  of  engineer.  To  a certain 
extent  this  is  true  of  the  Gerinans,  though  industriousness  is  also 
an  important  factor.  The  English  show  a much  lower  average  as 
compared  with  either  of  the  two  races  mentioned  above.  This  is 
partly  due  to  the  fact  that  for  a number  of  years  the  more  pro- 
gressive and  ambitious  English  and  Irish  immigrant  workers  have 
been  leaving  the  nonunion  districts  of  Pennsylvania  and  going  into 
other  coal  fields.  In  consequence  of  this  movement  the  English  and 
^ish  as  races  occupy  less  advantageous  positions  in  the  industry  in 
Pennsylvania  than  do  the  natives,  and  this  situation  is  reflected  in 
their  earnings. 

Of  the  races  of  more  recent  immigration  the  South  Italians,  Poles, 
and  Slovaks  show  the  highest  earnings.  The  South  Italian  stands 
higher  than  the  North  Italian.  This  is  largely  ascribable  to  the  fact 
that  the  Smith  Italian  seeks  employment  more  often  as  a mine,  yard, 
or  other  laborer  at  a day  wage  than  as  a miner  or  other  pieceworker 
and  is  less  affected  by  partial  or  occasional  cessation  of  operations 
m the  imne  or  coke  plant  than  is  the  North  Italian,  who  is  more 
trequently  a pick  miner,  loader,  or  other  pieceworker.  The  Polish 
and  Slovak  races  owe  their  relatively  high  positions  to  greater  efli- 
ciency  and  longer  service  in  the  industry.  By  many  mine  superin- 
tendents  and  employers  they  are  considered  the  best  races  employed 
m the  rank  and  file  of  the  industry  and  the  above  showing  only  con- 
their  efficiency.  Although  as  long  in  service  as 

• and  Slovak  races,  the  Magyar  shows  a lower  earning  power, 

-loo  number  of  1,214  male  heads  of  families  reporting 

f yearly  earnings  of  $427,  were  foreign-born,  while 
2b  heads  of  families  reporting  average  annual  earnings  of  $586  were 
whites  native-born  of  native  father. 

point  it  will  be  profitable  to  take  into  consideration  another 
tabulation,  which  repeats  the  average  earnings  of  the  mining  employees 
and  shows  also  the  number  of  representatives  of  the  different  races 
who  are  earning  annually,  specified  amounts.  From  an  examination 
ot  this  table,  which  is  next  submitted,  it  may  be  seen  which  races 
are  above  or  below  the  general  average  for  the  foreign-born,  and  to 
amount  members  of  a given  race  are  earning  designated 


298 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  lil.-Earnmgs  per  year  of  male  he^s  of  families,  by  general  nalwily  and  race  of 

individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  ol  selected  lamilles.  For  selection  ol  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 


NuiU' 

ber 

work 

ing 

for 

wages 


Native-born  of  na- 
tive father,  White. 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German. ... 

Irish 

Italian,  North.. 
Italian,  South.. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


Av- 

erage 

earn- 

ings. 


Number  earning- 


26 


$586 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born . 
Total  foreign-born. 


136 

59 

76 

143 

181 

9 

34 

39 

345 

11 


1,214 


26 

1,188 


413 

403 

476 

573 

(a) 

374 

462 

362 

393 

458 

(a) 

363 

441 

453 

384 


431 


586 

427 


14 


14 


78 


78 


12 


573 


11 

87 

10 

13 

8 

119 

50 

68 

126 

152 

3 

33 

31 

280 

10 


134 

56 

76 

141 

176 


Per  cent  earning- 


0.0 


13 
97 

14 
21 

9 

136 

59 

76 

143 

180 


1,013 


12 

1,001 


34 

39 

340 

11 


1,192 


24 

1,168 


34 

39 

345 

11 


1,212 


26 

1,186 


(a) 

1.0 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

6.6 

.7 

.6 

(«) 

5.9 

2.6 

.6 

(a) 


0.0 


1.2 


(a) 

8.2 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

10.3 

3.4 
19.7 

7.7 

2.8 
(a) 

5.9 

5.1 

5.5 

(a) 


15.4 


6.4 


.0 

6.6 


(a) 

50.5 

(a) 

27.3 

(a) 

64.7 

40.7 

65.8 

55.9 
39.2 

(a) 

64.7 

35.9 

41.7 
(a) 


46.2 


47.2 


15.4 

47.9 


(a) 

89.7 
(a) 

59.1 

(a) 

87.5 

84.7 

89.5 

88.1 

84.0 
(a) 

97.1 

79.5 

81.2 
(a) 


92.3 


100.0 


(a) 

100.0 

(a) 

86.4 

(a) 

98.5 
94.9 

100.0 

98.6 
97.2 

(a) 

100.0 

100.0 

98.6 

(a) 


83.4 


46.2 

84.3 


(a) 

100.0 

(a) 

95.5 

(a) 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

99.4 

(a) 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

(a) 


98. 2 99. 8 


92.3 

98.3 


100.0 

99.8 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


A oomBarison  of  the  foreign-born  with  the  native  whites  reported 
in  the  above  table  is  of  interest  in  that  it  shows  a marked  contrast  in 
the  yearly  earnings  of  the  two  groups.  Of  the  *ore'g»-born,  ^ 
ner  4nt  receive  less  than  $400  per  year,  as  against  15.4  per  cent  ol 
t^he  native  wMtes:  also,  only  157  per  cent  of  the  iomgn-born  earn 
over  $600,  as  compared  with  53.8  per  cent  of  the  whites  native-  orn 

^ The^Foreio-n-born  may  be  properly  classified  in  three  groups:  (1)  The 

pioneer  and  GermL  employees;  (2)  the  older  of  the^n^^^^^^ 

English-speaking  races,  such  as  the  North  ’ p • 

nkL,  and  Lithuanians;  (3)  the  more  recent  arrivals  of  foreign 
j^irth— the  Russians,  Ruthenians,  Croatians,  Poles,  Magyars,  Sout 
Italians  and  other  races  of  smaller  numerical  importance. 

As  will  be  noted  from  the  above  table,  the  English  and  Germans 
average  more  per  year  than  do  the  other  immigrant  races.  At  the 
slme  K their  average  annual  earnings  are  not  so  high  as  those  of 

^^Ortlds^fim^t  dass  it  may  be  noted  that  only  27.3  per  cent  of  the 

Germans  earn  less  than  $400,  tps  being  a smaller  proportion  than 
that  shown  for  any  other  race  of  the  foreign-born,  while  4.5  per  cent, 
the  highest  in  this  group,  earn  over  $1,000  annually. 

Of  the  second  group,  composed  of  the  earlier  non-Enghsh-speakmg 
immigran?r4^  7^pcr  cent  of  the  Slovaks  earn  under  $400  as  against 
6U7  per  ceAt  of  tL  North  Italians  and  65.8  per  cent  of  the  L^hn^ 
nians.  A comparison  of  members  of  these  same  races  who  earn 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  In  Pennsylvania. 


299 


than  $600  shows  that  the  Slovaks  report  81.2  per  cent,  the  North 
Italians  87.5  per  cent,  and  the  Lithuanians  89.5  per  cent.  In  the 
third  and  last  group,  consisting  of  races  of  most  recent  immigration, 
the  Lithuanians  report  the  smallest  proportion  earning  under  $400 
annually,  or  35.9  per  cent,  while  the  Russians  report  the  largest,  or 
64.7  per  cent.  None  of  the  Croatians,  Russians,  and  Ruthenians 
earn  over  $800  annually,  while  5.1  percent  of  the  South  Italians,  2.8 
per  cent  of  the  Poles,  and  1.4  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  earn  this 
amount  or  more. 


ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

A greater  number  of  individuals  are  covered  by  the  table  which  is 
next  presented.  This  tabulation,  in  addition  to  the  heads  of  families, 
includes  all  other  male  members  in  the  households  studied  who  are 
working  in  the  mines,  and  shows  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
individuals  18  years  of  age  or  over,  the  average  annual  earnings,  as 
well  as  the  number  and  per  cent  earning  specified  amounts. 

Table  IS2.— Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual . 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of 
father: 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian   

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian   

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


Grand  total . 


Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  earning 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$1,000. 

48 

$560 

3 

9 

25 

47 

2 

(a) 

2 

2 

2 

11 

349 

2 

6 

10 

11 

13 

475 

1 

6 

10 

13 

6 

(a) 

3 

5 

Q 

4 

(o) 

3 

4 

4 

2 

(a) 

2 

2 

5 

(a) 

3 

5 

5 

3 : 

(a) 

2 

3 

3 

14  ! 

358 

1 

9 

13 

14 

21 

463 

1 

9 

19 

21 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

171 

372 

22 

106 

155 

171 

17 

493 

7 

12 

17 

29 

545 

1 

9 

18 

28 

12 

458 

1 

3 

10 

12 

167 

389 

15 

103 

146 

166 

99 

450 

5 

40 

85 

99 

113 

365 

27 

71 

98 

113 

171 

391 

17 

93 

152 

171 

305 

422 

20 

146 

271 

304 

34 

538 

24 

34 

40 

368 

2 

23 

39 

40 

94 

448 

7 

29 

80 

94 

499 

446 

29 

209 

422 

499 

16 

363 

2 

11 

15 

16 

1,897 

423 

156 

905 

1,626 

1,893 

60 

399 

4 

34 

54 

60 

108 

471 

7 

43 

79 

107 

1,789 

420 

149 

802 

1,547 

1,786 

Per  cent  earning- 


Under 

S200 


6.3 


(o) 

{a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


4.8 

(a) 

12.9 

(o) 

3.4 

(a) 

9.0 

5.1 

23.9 
9.9 
6.6 

.0 

5.0 

7.4 
5.8 

(a) 


8.2 


6.7 

6.5 

8.3 


Under 

$400. 


18.8 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


42.9 

(a) 

62.0 

(a) 

31.0 

(o) 

61.7 

40.4 

62.8 

54.4 

48.5 

.0 

57.5 

30.9 

41.9 

(o) 


Under 

$600. 


47.7 


56.7 

39.8 
48.2 


52.1 


(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


90.5 

(a) 

90.6 

(a) 

62.1 

(a) 

87.4 

85.9 

86.7 

88.9 
88.9 
70.6 

97.5 
85.1 

84.6 
(®) 


85.7 


90.0 
73.  1 
86.5 


Under 

$1,000. 


97.9 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


100.0 

(a) 

100.0 

(a) 

96.6 

(a) 

99.4 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

99.7 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
(a) 


99.8 


100.0 

99.1 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


300 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Among  the  individuals  covered  by  the  preceding  table  the  highest 
averao’e  earnings  are  those  of  persons  native-born  of  native  father, 
with  $560  a year.  The  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  average 
but  $399  a vear,  while  the  foreign-born  persons  average  $420  a year. 
The  showino’  made  by  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  is  poor 
because  of  tlie  fact  that  the  more  ambitious  and  enterprising  of  these 
vouths  generally  go  into  other  work  as  soon  as  they  are  old  enough, 
and  consequently  leave  only  the  younger  and  less  efficient  m the 

industry.  . ^ 

The  Germans  have  the  highest  average  earnings  ot  the  immigrant 
races  reporting,  with  a showing  of  $545  a year,  followed  by  the 
manians  with  $538,  the  English  with  $493,  the  Bohemians  and  Mo- 
ravians with  $463,  the  Irish,  South  Italians,  Ruthenians,  and  Slovaks 
all  earning  about  $450  a year,  and  the  other  races  grouped  between 
$360  and  $425  a year.  The  difference  in  the  average  annual  earnings 
of  the  English  and  Irish  as  compared  with  the  whites  native-born  of 
native  father  is  due  chiefly  to  the  fact  that,  from  the  district  where 
these  individuals  are  employed,  most  of  the  younger  and  more  enter- 
prising Irish  and  English  workers  have  gone  to  take  up  similar  work 
in  fields  where  wages  and  conditions  are  better,  and  many  of  the  older 
and  the  less  enterprising,  and  therefore  the  less  capable,  males  are 
represented  in  the  above  earnings.  The  percentages  of  persons  earn- 
ing specified  amounts  show  that  of  all  races  of  foreign  birth  only  the 
Germans  approach  the  native-born  in  relative  numbers  of  persons  in 
better-paid  positions.  The  Croatians  and  Lithuanians,  with  12.9  and 

23.9  per  cent,  respectively,  earning  less  than  $200,  indicate  the  lowest 

earning  ability.  , 

In  the  group  composed  of  those  earning  under  $400  a year,  the 
persons  native-born  of  native  parents  are  far  in  the  lead.  Only 
per  cent  are  earning  less  than  $400  a year,  as  contrasted  with  56./ 
per  cent  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  and  48.2  percent  of  fh© 
total  foreign-born.  When  the  fact  is  considered  that  nearly  one-hall 
of  the  immigrants  are  earning  under  $400  a year,  their  economic 
condition  is  seen  to  be  of  a low  order.  With  certain  races  this 
is  even  more  clearly  the  case.  The  Germans  and  Ruthenians  have 
relatively  the  lowest  numbers  in  this  group — the  former  showing  31 
per  cent  and  the  latter  30.9  per  cent.  This  is  a distinctly  better  show- 
ing than  those  of  the  South  Italians  and  Slovaks,  with  40.4  and 

41.9  per  cent,  respectively,  earning  less  than  $400  a year,  and  much 
better  than  the  percentages  reported  for  the  Lithuanians  and 
Croatians,  with  62.8  per  cent  and  62  per  cent,  respectively.  In 
considering  the  next  group,  made  up  of  those  earning  under  $600, 
it  seems  advisable,  since  this  group  includes  both  the  preceding, 
to  state  the  percentages  earning  $600  or  over,  which  are  derwed 
by  subtracting  the  percentages  given  in  the  table  for  the  fhird 
group  from  100.  This  shows  the  relative  numbers  who  are  able 
to  earn  the  larger  amounts  per  year.  On  the  basis  of  such  a 
showing,  the  group  of  persons  native-born  of  native  father  is  again 
far  in  the  lead.  Nearly  one-half,  or  47.9  per  cent,  earn  $600  a year 
or  over,  as  compared  with  10  per  cent  of  the  persons  native-born 
of  foreign  father  and  13.5  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born.  Among  the 
foreign-born,  the  Germans  lead  with  37 .9  per  cent  of  their  numbers 
earning  $600  or  more.  The  other  foreign  races  range  from  29.4  per 
cent  of  the  Roumanians  to  2.5  per  cent  of  the  Russians  earning  over 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


301 


$600  a year.  Of  those  earning  $1,000  a year  or  over  the  numbers 
are  very  small.  Only  1 person  classed  ' as  native-born  of  native 
parents,  1 German,  1 North  Italian,  and  1 Pole,  are  found  earning 
as  much  as  $1,000  a year.  A general  consideration  of  this  table 
shows  that  the  immigrant  workers  in  this  industry  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania bituminous  regions  must  be  content  with  relatively  low  earn- 
ings. This  fact  becomes  more  evident  when  it  is  considered  that  their 
average  earnings  are  only  $35  a month,  and  that  48.2  per  cent  are 
earning  less  than  $33i  per  month  and  86.5  per  cent  less  than  $50  per 
month,  while  only  3 in  1,789  receive  as  much  as  $1,000  per  year. 

ACTUAL  ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  SELECTED  RACES. 

By  way  of  supplementing  and  corroborating  the  preceding  exhibits 
regarding  annual  average  earnings  of  heads  of  families  and  specified 
annual  earnings  of  individuals  of  the  different  races  according  to 
designated  classifications,  the  following  table,  showing  the  total 
annual  earnings  of  representative  races  for  the  year  1908,  secured 
from  the  pay  records  of  a coal  and  coke  company,  by  specified  occu- 
pation, will  be  of  value: 


Table  Actual  annual  earnings  for  1908  of  employees  of  selected  representative  races, 

by  occupation. 


Race  and  occupation. 

Total 

annual 

earnings. 

Race  and  occupation. 

Total 

annual 

earnings. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian: 

Pick  miner 

$604. 98 

Polish: 

Pick  miner 

$670. 24 
409.  60 
487. 18 
721.  36 

Do 

581. 24 

Driver 

Irish: 

Stable  boss 

Coke  drawer 

816. 00 

Carpenter 

Driver  and  nick  miner. . . 

439. 05 

Slovak: 

Roadman.. . 

Italian,  South: 

Pick  miner 

582. 12 
671. 55 
605.  27 
564.20 
682. 08 

577. 80 

Do 

Do 

549. 39 

Pick  miner 

Tipple  boss 

582.  66 

Do 

Engineer 

910.00 

Coke  leveler 

For  the  reason  that  the  above  table  includes  only  17  coke  and 
mine  workers,  no  inference  can  be  drawn  from  the  table  regarding 
tl^  general  level  of  earnings  by  occupations  or  races,  with  the  pos- 
sible exception  of  pick  mining.  The  figures  afford  some  interesting 
comparisons,  however,  regarding  the  relative  earnings  of  the  different 
races  m the  same  occupations.  In  that  they  have  been  compiled 
from  the  pay  records  of  a large  and  representative  mining  and  coke 
company,  they  are  also  of  value  in  practically  verifying  the  informa- 
tion received  from  individual  employees. 

ANNUAL  FAMILY  INCOME. 

The  earnings  of  the  heads  of  families  having  been  considered,  the 
annual  family  income  of  families  whose  heads  are  engaged  in  bitumi- 
nous coal  mining  inay  be  examined  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  the 
lusband  s earnings  in  the  mines  are  supplemented  from  other  sources, 
and  the  amount  and  importance  of  such  supplementary  sources  of 
amily  income.  In  the  two  tables  which  follow  the  average  annual 
lamily  income,  by  race,  together  with  the  per  cent  of  families  having 
a total  income  of  specified  amounts,  is  shown  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  family.  ^ 


302 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  184. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  specified  amount, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  income— 

Number 
of  selected 
families.a 

Average 

family 

income. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Under 

$1,500. 

Native  born  of  native  father. 
White  

26 

$774 

7.7 

15.4 

61.5 

88.5 

96.2 

Foreign  born: 

Ci'oatian 

98 

550 

19.4 

54.1 

88.8 

93.9 

83.3 

95.9 
91.7 

96.4 
100.0 

97.4 

99.3 

98.9 
100.0 
100.0 

99.4 

Oprmnn  

24 

785 

.0 

20.8 

58. 3 

Italian  N orth 

137 

559 

18.2 

54.0 

82.5 

91.2 

TtalifITi  Smith  

59 

556 

8.5 

49.2 

81.4 

95. 0 

J ■ith'if'nia.n  

76 

515 

25.0 

57.9 

84.2 

96.1 

IHngyn.r  

143 

481 

18.2 

60.8 

90.9 

97.9 

Pnlish  

182 

568 

6.6 

44.5 

85.2 

94. 5 

Russian  

35 

452 

11.4 

68.6 

94.3 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

39 

525 

12.8 

35.9 

97.4 

100.0 

96.0 

Slovak 

347 

542 

10.7 

49.3 

83.6 

Grand  total 

1,223 

551 

12.9 

49.8 

84.1 

94.8 

98.4 

Totfll  nntivp-bnrn  

26 

774 

7.7 

15.4 

61.5 

88.5 

96.2 

98.4 

Total  foreign-born 

1, 197 

546 

13.0 

50.6 

84.6 

' 94.9 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


On  comparing  the  average  family  income  of  the  white  persons 
native-born  of  native  parents  with  that  of  the  total  for  persons 
foreign-born  of  all  races,  it  is  seen  that  the  income  of  the  American 
famhy  is  41.8  per  cent  greater  than  the  average  income  of  the  immi- 
grant family.  It  is  also  a significant  fact  that  only  7.7  per  cent  of 
American  families  have  an  income  between  $300  and  $500,  as  con- 
trasted with  37.6  per  cent  of  the  total  immigrant  families  having  an 
income  of  this  amount.  Of  the  families  of  foreign  birth  50.6  per  cent 
have  an  income  less  than  $500  a year,  while  only  15.4  per  cent  oi  the 
native-born  families  have  an  income  less  than  this  amount.  Of  the 
American  or  native  white  families  46.1  per  cent  receive  an  income 
between  $500  and  $750,  as  compared  with  34  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
born  families;  and  27  per  cent  of  the  American  families  have  an 
income  between  $750  and  $1,000  a year,  as  contrasted  with  10.3  per 
cent  of  the  total  foreign-born  having  a similar  income.  More  than 
four-fifths,  or  84.6  per  cent,  of  the  households  designated  as  native- 
born  of  native  father  receive  an  income  above  $500  annually,  as 
against  49.4  per  cent  of  the  immigrant  households  which  have  an 
income  of  like  amount.  . 

As  regards  the  different  races,  the  Germans  are  far  m advance  ol 
the  other  immigrant  families  in  the  amount  of  family  income  avail- 
able. The  average  income  of  tliis  race  is  $785,  which  is  somewhat 
in  excess  of  the  average  income  of  the  American  households,  and  is 
43.8  per  cent  greater  than  the  average  income  for  foreign-born  fami- 
lies. Only  20.8  per  cent  of  the  German  families  have  an  income 
less  than  $500.  Tlie  income  of  the  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Russian, 
Ruthenian,  and  Slovak  families  is  below  the  general  average  for  immi- 
grant families.  Ten  and  seven-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Slovak,  12.8  per 
cent  of  the  Ruthenians,  11.4  percent  of  the  Russians,  25  per  cent  ol 
the  Lithuanians,  and  18.2  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  have  a family 
income  less  than  $300  a year.  Though  the  average  family  income  ol 
both  the  Croatian  and  the  North  Italian  is  greater  than  that  ol  the 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


303 


total  foreign-born,  19.4  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  and  18.2  per  cent  of 
the  North  Italians  report  an  income  less  than  $300  a year. 

Of  the  Ruthenian  families  23.1  per  cent  receive  an  income  between 
$300  and  $500,  and  61.5  per  cent  an  income  between  $500  and  $750 
annually.  Only  2.6  per  cent  of  the  families  of  this  race  have  an 
income  in  excess  of  $750  a year.  Of  the  Russian  families  57.2  per 
cent  have  an  income  ranging  between  $300  and  $500,  and  25.7  per 
cent  an  income  between  $500  and  $750,  with  no  families  receiving 
more  than  $1,000  a year.  Of  the  Polish  families  37.9  per  cent 
receive  an  income  between  $300  and  $500,  40.7  per  cent  between  $500 
and  $750,  and  14.8  per  cent  an  income  greater  than  $750  a year.  Of 
the  Magyar  households  42.6  per  cent  have  an  income  between  $300 
and  $500,  and  30.1  per  cent  have  between  $500  and  $750  annually. 
Of  the  Lithuanians  57.9  per  cent  are  below  $500  of  annual  income 
and  84.2  per  cent  below  $750.  Of  the  Croatian  families  34.7  per 
cent  depend  upon  an  income  which  is  between  $300  and  $500  and 
an  equal  per  cent  upon  an  income  between  $500  and  $750  a year. 
Only  11.2  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  households  have  an  income  in 
excess  of  $750  a year.  Of  the  North  Italians  17.5  per  cent  also  have 
an  income  above  $750  annually,  while  28.5  per  .cent  are  between  $500 
and  $750  and  35.8  per  cent  between  $300  and  $500.  Of  the  South 
Italians  18.6  per  cent  have  a family  income  above  $750  a year,  while 
32.2  per  cent  of  the  families  of  the  same  race  receive  an  income 
between  $500  and  $750  a year  and  40.7  per  cent  between  $300  and 
$500  a year. 

WIVES  AT  WORK. 

The  extent  to  which  the  families  of  the  different  races  have  yearly 
incomes  of  specified  amounts  has  now  been  set  forth.  The  following 
table  shows  the  extent  to  which  the  wives  of  mine  employees  are 
engaged  in  regular  paid  employment  and  the  average  income  of  those 
at  work: 

Table  185. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  select- 
ed fam- 
ilies.a 

Number 
of  wives. 

Number 
of  wives 
at  work. 

Per  cent 
of  wives 
at  -^ork. 

Average 
yearly 
earnings 
of  wives 
at  work. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

26 

26 

1 

3.8 

$338 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

13 

(b) 

Croatian 

98 

98 

V J 

. 0 

English 

14 

14 

(b^  ' 

German 

24 

23 

\ j 

. 0 

Irish 

9 

9 

(b)  ' 

Italian,  North 

137 

137 

. 0 

Italian,  South 

59 

59 

. 0 

Lithuanian 

76 

76 

. 0 

Magyar 

143 

143 

1 

'.7 

78 

Polish 

182 

181 

3 

1.6 

97 

Roumanian 

10 

10 

(b) 

Russian 

35 

35 

. 0 

Ruthenian 

39 

39 

. 0 

Slovak 

347 

346 

2 

.0 

117 

Slovenian 

11 

11 

(b) 

Grand  total 

1,223 

1,220 

7 

\ J 

.6 

134 

Total  native-born 

26 

26 

1 

3.8 

338 

Total  foreien-born 

1,197 

1,194 

6 

.5 

100 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  & Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


304 


The  highest  percentage  of  wives  employed,  it  will  be  noticed,  occurs 
among  the  native  white  families,  among  which  3.8  per  cent  are  at 
work.  The  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  the  table  as  a whole  is 
obviously  that  practically  none  of  the  wives  of  the  mine  workers  are 
employed  for  wages.  One  native-born  wife  out  of  26,  and  6 foreign-  ^ 
born  out  of  1,194,  or  less  than  1 per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  wives, 
are  at  work.  This  condition  is  due,  as  has  been  previously  stated, 
to  the  fact  that  there  is  little  or  no  opportunity  in  the  mining  vil- 
lao-es  for  wives  to  work  outside  of  the  home.  The  wife  of  native  birth 
receives  an  annual  income  of  S338,  and  the  6 foreign-born  wives  earn 
an  average  annual  wage  of  $100. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  FEMALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  situation  becomes  more  apparent  when  all  the  females  18  years 
of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  who  are  working  for  wages, 
are  considered.  The  next  table,  which  is  submitted  below,  shows  the 
number  of  such  females  who  are  earning  specified  amounts,  as  well  as 
their  average  annual  earnings: 

Table  186. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Number  earning- 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Average 

earnings. 

Under 

S200. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$500. 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

1 

1 

1 

1 

17ncrlicli 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

norTTiQn  

3 

(a) 

2 

3 

2 

(a) 

2 

2 

ClnTTQlr  

3 

(®) 

2 

3 

3 

Foreign-born: 

06rm9/ii  

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Soiitli- 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

* 

Polish * 

2 

(a) 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Slovak 

2 

(a) 

2 

2 

2 

2 

• 

Grand  total 

20 

. $264 

7 

11 

17 

18 

rm-f iiTCi.Krw-n  frvrAitrn  fnlViPr  . . . . . 

10 

317 

_____ 

3~ 

9 

io 

nPn+ol  rtof ............. 

13 

346 

4 

10 

11 

Totod  foroigii"born. 

7 

(a) 

7 

7 

7 

7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Upon  examining  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  only  20  females 
report  themselves  as  working  for  wages.  Of  this  total,  13  are 
native-born  and  only  7 are  of  foreign  birth.  Of  the  13  native-born, 
however,  10  are  Irish,  German,  English,  Bohemian,  and  Slovak 
women  of  the  second  generation,  most  of  whom  are  doubtless 
employed  as  domestic  servants.  Their  average  annual  earnings  are 
$317,  and  the  average  earnings  of  the  foreign-born  are  $264.  The 
conclusion,  in  short,  is  obvious  that  a very  small  number  of  the 
women  of  the  households  of  coal-mining  employees  are  working  for 
wages,  and  the  earnings  of  the  small  percentage  thus  engaged  scarcely 
constitute  any  appreciable  part  of  the  family  incomes. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


305 


RELATION  BETWEEN  THE  EARNINGS  OF  HUSBANDS  AND  THE  PRACTICE 
OF  WIVES  OF  KEEPING  BOARDERS  OR  LODGERS. 

Although  very  few  wives  are  working  for  wages  in  regular  occupa- 
tions outside  the  homes,  a very  considerable  number  derive  an  in- 
come from  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers.  One  of  the  principal  factors 
responsible  for  the  extent  to  which  boarders  and  lodgers  are  found 
is^  the  comparatively  low  earnings  of  the  heads  of  families  of  foreign 
birth.  The  extent  to  which  this  factor  is  operative  is  indicated  in  detail 
m the  following  tables,  which  show  the  relationship  between  the  in- 
come of  the  husband  and  the  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  wife  to  find 
employment  or  to  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  according  to  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

« 

Number  of  families  in  which  ivife  has  employment  or  keeps  boarders  or 
lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 


Native-born  of  native  father. 

White 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . . 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North ” 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian ' ” 

Ruthenian ! . ! ! 

Slovak 

Slovenian " 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born i . 


Number 
of  se- 
lected 
families.a 


13 
97 

14 
23 

9 

136 

59 

76 

143 

180 

9 

34 

39 

344 

11 


Nirmber  of  husbands 
earning — 


1,213 


26 

1,187 


Under 

$400.6 


22 

14 

143 

7 


574 


4 

570 


$400 

and 

under 

$600. 


31 

26 

18 

46 

81 

3 

11 

17 

136 

3 


440 


$600  or 
over. 


432 


199 


14 

185 


Number  of 
wives  hav- 
ing employ- 
ment or 
keeping 
boarders  or 
lodgers. 


Number  of  wives  having 
employment  or  keep- 
ing boarders  or  lodgers 
where  husband’s  earn- 
ings are— 


3 
20 
25 

144 

4 


613 


2 

611 


Under 

$400. 


$400 

and 

mider 

$600. 


35 


297 


1 

296 


29 


233 


233 


$600  or 
over. 


83 


o For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 

6 This  column  includes  2 families  in  which  husband’s  earnings  are  reported  as  ‘"none.” 


306 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  188  —Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  hoarders  or 
lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  ojjamiiy. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting  The  totals,  however,  are  for  aU 
Fnr Lwtinn  nf  families,  see  Vol.  II.  n.  284.  Of  the  selected  families  only  those  which  have  both 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  se- 

Per cent  of  wives  having  employment 
or  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  where 
husband’s  earnings  per  year  are— 

lected 

families. 

Under 

$400. 

$400  and 
under 
$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Total. 

Vvnm  •nofiATP  ff^tVlPr  Wllllft  . 

26 

(a) 

0.0 

7.1 

7.7 

.N  3(X1  V 6*DOril  U1  lid  11  Vc  IdtllCi  j VT  XAi  

Foreign-born: 

97 

• 71.4 

76.3 

60.0 

72.2 

23 

.0 

14.3 

12. 5 

8. 7 

136 

65.9 

54.8 

35. 3 

59.6 

59 

62.5 

76.9 

66.7 

69. 5 

76 

74.0 

77.8 

50.0 

72.4 

143 

52.5 

43.5 

41.2 

48.3 



180 

53.5 

51.9 

57. 1 

53.3 

34 

63.6 

45.5 

(a) 

58.8 

39 

50.0 

88.2 

37.5 

64. 1 

344 

33.6 

49.3 

44.6 

41.9 

Grand  total 

1,213 

51.7 

53.0 

41.7 

50.5 

26 

(a) 

T 

TA 

Yfi 

■frYT'Pi oTi-Bnm  

1,187 

51.9 

53.9 

44.3 

51.5 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  considering  the  foregoing  tables,  the  point  already  estabHshed, 
to  the  effect  that  practically  no  wives  have  outside  regular  employ- 
ment, should  be  constantly  borne  in  mind,  together  with  the  resultant 
inference  that  almost  all  the  wives  referred  to  as  either  having  em- 
ployment or  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  are,  in  fact,  keeping  board- 
ers and  lodgers.  It  is  apparent  that  foreign-born  families  show  a 
much  greater  tendency  to  supplement  the  family  income  than  do  the 
native-born  families.  In  general,  the  highest  percentage  of  wives 
keeping  boarders  and  lodgers  occurs  in  the  families  the  heads 
of  which  earn  less  than  $600  a year.  In  families  where  the  husband 
earns  more  than  this  amount,  there  are  usually  relatively  fewer 
wives  so  occupied.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  Croatian  and  Idthuanian 
families  exhibit  the  greatest  tendency,  as  compared  with  all  other 
races,  to  keep  boarders  and  lodgers.  In  part,  at  least,  this  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  these  races  are  both  of  more  recent  immigration  than 
either  of  the  Italian  races,  the  Slovaks,  Magyars,  or  Poles,  and  among 
them  there  are  relatively  more  single  men  seeking  board  and  lodging. 
They  naturally  prefer  to  live  in  families  belonging  to  their  own  race. 
This  percentage  is  also  raised  by  the  fact  that  these  races  seem  to  have 
less  objection  to  turning  the  family  into  a boarding  group.  Both  show 
a decreased  percentage 'where  the  income  of  the  husband  exceeds  $600  a 
year.  In  the  North  Italian  families,  relatively  fe\yer  wives  keep  boarders 
and  lodgers  than  in  the  South  Italian,  and  this  difference  becomes  more 
marked  as  the  husband’s  income  increases.  This  is  due  almost  en- 
tirely to  the  generally  higher  standard  of  life  among  the  families  of 
the  former  race,  the  result  of  which  is  a tendency  not  to  keep  bonders 
and  lodgers  unless  such  work  be  necessary  to  augment  the  family  in- 
come. Of  the  Magyar,  Slovak,  and  Polish  families,  the  last  narned  show 
the  strongest  inclination  to  keep  boarders  and  lodgers.  This  is  pos- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


307 


sibly  due  to  the  lower  regard  for  independent  family  life,  and  perhaps 
also  to  a stronger  feeling  on  the  part  of  this  race  that  the  wife  should 
also  contribute  to  the  family  income  than  exists  among  the  two 
other  races  mentioned.  This  is  borne  out  by  the  significant  fact  that 
the  highest  percentage  of  Polish  families  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 
occurs  among  those  in  which  the  husband  earns  $600  or  over  a 
year.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  on  the  basis  of  these  tables  that 
the  tendency  of  the  wives  to  keep  boarders  and  lodgers  increases 
as  the  earnings  of  the  husbands  decrease.  By  comparing  the 
totals  for  the  foreign-born  this  tendency  becomes  evident.  Where 
the  husbands  earn  less  than  $400  each  year  slightly  more  than  one-half 
of  those  of  foreign  birth  have  boarders  and  lodgers;  53.9  per  cent  of 
those  whose  husbands  earn  between  $400  and  $600  annually,  also 
keep  boarders  and  lodgers.  After  $600  of  annual  earnings  has  been 
secured  by  the  husbands,  the  proportion  of  foreign-born  wives  having 
boarders  and  lodgers  drops  to  44.3  per  cent,  indicating  that,  although 
there  IS  a uniform  and  constant  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  foreign- 
born  families  to  have  boarders  and  lodgers  as  a supplementary  source 
ot  income,  many  of  the  wives  who  would  not  otherwise  do  so  are 
forced  into  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers  because  of  the  small 
amounts  earned  at  the  mines  by  their  husbands. 

It  now  remains  to  be  seen  what  are  the  other  sources  of  family  in- 
come in  addition  to  the  earnings  of  the  husband,  the  regular  employ- 
ment of  wives,  and  the  keeping  of  boarders  and  lodgers,  and  also  to 
ascertain  the  relative  importance  of  each  source  of  income.  All 
these  points  are  covered  by  the  following  series  of  tables,  which 
show  the  different  sources  of  income  and  the  weight  to  be  attached 
to  each  source. 


SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  families  having  an  income 
trom  husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family: 

of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife 
children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White 
Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

German " ’ y 

Italian,  North ” 

Italian,  South ^ ^ 

Lithuanian ^ ] 

Magyar 

Polish ’ ’ ‘ ' 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak ‘I  ’ ^ 

Grand  total 

^tal  native-born 

Potal  foreign-bom 


Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  from— 


Number 
of  se- 
lected 
fami- 
lies.« 

Earnings  of— 

Contri  - 
butions 
of  chil- 
dren. 

Pay- 
ments of 
boarders 
or 

lodgers. 

i 

Other 

sources. 

Hus- 

band. 

Wife. 

26 

100.0 

3.8 

38.5 

3.8 

0.0 

98 

99.0 

.0 

6. 1 

^ 72.4 

3. 1 

24 

91.7 

.0 

41.7 

8.3 

12.5 

1.37 

99  3 

i -0 

11.7 

59.1 

9.5 

59 

100.0 

.0 

10.2 

69.5 

5. 1 

76 

100.0 

! .0 

7.9 

72.4 

10.5 

143 

100.0 

1 -7 

4.2 

47.6 

3.5 

182 

99.5 

1.6 

14.3 

52.2 

4.9 

35 

97.1 

1 .0 

5.7 

60.0 

5.  7 

39 

100.0 

.0 

7.7 

64.1 

5. 1 

347 

99.4 

.6 

11.2 

41.5 

10.9 

1,223 

99.3  1 

.6 

12.3 

50.1 

^ 

100.0 

38.5 

3.8 

.0 

1,197 

99.2 

.5 

11.7 

51.1 

7.5 

“For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


308 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Upon  information  secured  from  1,223  families  in  this  locality  it  will  !i 
be  noted  that  almost  the  entire  number,  or  99.3  per  cent,  have  an  ; 
income  from  earnings  of  husband,  50.1  per  cent  from  payments  of  | 
boarders  or  lodgers,  12.3  per  cent  from  contributions  of  children,  0.6  | 
per  cent  from  earnings  of  wife,  and  7.4  per  cent  from  some  other  1 
source. 

All  of  the  native-born  families  receive  an  income  from  the  earnings : i 
of  the  husband,  while  99.2  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  receive  an  j 
income  from  this  source.  The  Germans,  with  91.7  per  cent,  and  the  iS 
Russians,  with  97.1  per  cent,  are  the  only  races  showing  less  than  99  * 
per  cent  of  their  families  receiving  an  income  from  earnings  of  hus- 
band. 

The  proportions  of  families  having  an  income  from  earnings  of  wife  - 
are  too  small  for  comparison,  the  native  whites  reporting  only  3.8  per 
cent,  and  the  Magyars,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  each  reporting  less  than 
2 per  cent,  while  the  other  races  report  no  proportions  having  an 
income  from  this  source. 

The  native-born  families  show  38.5  per  cent  receiving  an  income  i 
from  contributions  of  children,  as  compared  with  11.7  per  cent  of  the  ; 
foreign-born.  Among  the  foreign-born  families  having  an  income  i 
from  this  source  the  Germans  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  41.7  ' 
• per  cent,  while  the  proportions  of  the  other  races  range  from  14.3 
per  cent  of  the  Poles  to  4.2  per  cent  of  the  Magyars. 

The  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  the  Germans  show  • 
very  small  proportions  of  their  families  receiving  an  income  from  ) 
payments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  or  3.8  per  cent  and  8.3  per  cent,  : 
respectively.  Of  the  foreign-born  families,  51.1  per  cent  have  an 
income  from  payments  of  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  Croatians  and  i 
Lithuanians  each  report  72.4  per  cent,  while  the  Slovaks,  with  41.5 
per  cent,  show  the  smallest  proportion  among  the  races  of  recent  i 
immigration. 

With  the  exception  of  the  American  whites,  each  race  reports  a cer-  ' 
tain  proportion  of  families  having  an  income  from  sources  other  than  c 
those  specified  in  the  preceding  table,  the  proportions  ranging  from  / 
3.1  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  families  to  12.5  per  cent  of  the  German  t 
families. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


309 


RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  SOURCES  OF  FAMILY 

INCOME. 

The  following  table  shows  the  source  of  family  income  in  detail  bv 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family:  ’ 


Table  190.  Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from — 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  fam- 
ily. 


Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number 
of  select- 
ed fami- 
lies.® 

Husband.  * 

Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  chil- 
dren. 

Husband,  wife,  and 
children. 

Husband  and  board- 
ers or  lodgers. 

Wife. 

Wife  and  children.  1 

1 

Wife  and  boarders 

or  lodgers. 

Children. 

Children  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodg- 

ers. 

Source  or  combina- 

tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

26 

57.7 

0.0 

34.6 

3.8 

3.8 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

98 

25.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

65.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

1.0 

.0 

8. 2 

24 

41.7 

.0 

33.3 

.0 

8.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

4.  2 

.0 

. 0 

12. 5 

137 

27.7 

.0 

6.6 

.0 

52.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 7 

.0 

12.  4 

59 

22.0 

.0 

5.1 

.0 

66.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

6. 8 

76 

18.4 

.0 

5.3 

.0 

63.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

13. 2 

143 

47.6 

.7 

2.1 

.0 

44.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

4. 9 

182 

34.6 

1.1 

8.2 

.0 

46.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.5 

.0 

!o 

8.8 

35 

34.3 

.0 

2.9 

.0 

54.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.9 

. 0 

5. 7 

39 

25.6 

.0 

7.7 

.0 

61.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

5.  i 

347 

43.2 

.3 

6.3 

.0 

36.6 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

13.’ 0 

1,223 

36.3 

.3 

7.8 

.1 

45.2 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.2 

.3 

.1 

9.6 

26 

57.7 

.0 

34.6 

3.8 

3.8 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

. 0 

. 0 

1,197 

35.8 

.3 

7.2 

.0 

46.1 

.0 

.0 

.2 

.3 

!i 

9!9 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


Upon  information  obtained  from  1,223  families  in  this  locality,  45.2 
per  cent  derive  the  entire  family  income  from  husband  and  boarders 
or  lodgers,  36.3  per  cent  from  husband  alone,  and  7.8  per  cent  from 
husband  and  children.  None  of  the  families  reporting  have  their 
entire  income  from  wife  or  from  wife  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  and 
only  0.1  per  cent  derive  the  entire  family  income  from  husband,  wife 
11  from  wife  and  children,  or  from  boarders  or  lodo*ers. 

Of  all  Magyar  families  reporting,  47.6  per  cent  have  their  entire 
income  from  husband's  earnings,  as  compared  with  43.2  per  cent  of 
the  blovaks,  41.7  per  cent  of  the  Germans,  and  34.6  per  cent  of  the 
Toles.  ^ The  race  reporting  the  smallest  proportion  of  families  whose 
entire  income  comes  from  husband  is  the  Lithuanian,  the  per  cent 
being  18.4.  In  contrast  with  these  foreign-born  races,  the  native- 
born  whites  report  that  57.7  per  cent  of  all  families  derive  entire 
income  from  husband's  earnings.  The  Poles,  Magyars,  and  Slovaks 
3ach  report  a small  proportion  of  families  having  entire  income  from 
lusband  and  wdfe. 

Of  those  having  entire  income  from  husband  and  children,  the  larg- 
est proportion  or  34.6  per  cent,  is  reported  by  the  native  whites,  fol- 
owed  closely  by  the  Germans ; of  the  other  races  studied,  the  pro- 
portions of  families  having  entire  income  from  this  source  range 
Tom  8.2  per  cent  of  the  Poles  to  2.1  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  the 
.^roatians  alone  reporting  no  proportion. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 21 


310 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  native-born  white  families  report  a small  proportion,  or  3.8 
per  cent,  as  having  entire  income  from  husbpd,  wife  and 
^ The  principal  source  of  income  for  the  families  reporting  is  from  the 
combined  contributions  of  husband  and  boarders  or  lodgers.  Or  the 
Croatian  families  reporting,  65.3  per  cent  derive  income  from  this 
source,  and  of  the  South  Italians  66.1  per  cent.  These  are  the  faces 
showing  the  highest  proportion,  although  they  are  followed  closely  by 
the  Lithuanians,  with  63.2  per  cent  and  the  Ruthenians,  with  61^ 
per  cent.  The  Russians,  North  Italians,  Poles,  and  Magyars  follow  1 
in  the  order  named.  Contrasted  with  the  foreign-bom  races  who,  as  i 
shown  above,  report  a large  proportion  of  families  having  income  fiom  i 
husband  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  only  3.8  per  cent  of  the  American  ; 
white  families  derive  income  from  this  source. 

None  of  the  families  reporting  have  income  from  \nfe,  or  from 
wife  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  entirely,  while  of  those  having  entire 
Scome  from  wife  and  children  the  Slovaks  report  a proportion  of  • 

^®®Only^two  races'^  report  any  families  who  have 

children.  The  Germans  report  4.2  per  cent  of  all  families,  and  the 
Poles  0.5  per  cent.  The  Croatians,  North  Italians  Russians,  and 
Slovaks  each  report  a small  proportion  of  families  who  derive  entire 
income  from  children  and  boarders  or  lodgers.  _ None  of  the  families 
* reporting  from  any  specific  race  have  entire  income  from  boarders 

“’^o/fh^families  who  derive  income  from  “source  or  combination 
of  sources  not  before  specified”  the  Lithuanians  report  the  largest 
Soportirn,  or  13  2 percent,  followed  by  .the  Slovaks  with  13  per 
Lnt,  while  the  Germans  and  North  Italians  each  report  slightly 

^'^The  "following  table  shows  the  relative  weight 

from  specified  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  fam  y. 

Table  191  —Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  ‘teife^jtmren, 
hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  iamilles  reporting.  The  totals,  ho'vever,  are  lor  all  races! 


Per  cent  of  total  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family . 

Number 
of  selected 
families. a 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 

Pay- 
ments of 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

Husband. 

Wife. 

children. 

sources. 

26 

75.7 

1.7 

21.4 

1.2 

0.0 

NativG-Dorn  oi  naiiv  b idiuei,  >v  

Foreign-born; 

98 

72.5 

.0 

6.8 
07  Q 

20.5 
2. 7 

.2 

2.5 

24 

67.0 

.0 

7 A 

24. 7 

1.5 

137 

66. 4 

.0 

.0 

1 . 4 

A 1 

11. 7 

1.1 

XNUl  111. 

59 

83.1 

4.  i 

7 A 

91  -I 

1.1 

.3 

76 

70.2 

.0 

.1 

7.  4 

0 Q 

zi.  0 
15. 3 

143 

81.6 

Z.  0 

Q A 

10. 2 

.9 

jyi<i^y  

182 

80.1 

. 3 
.0 

0.  0 
c A 

15. 9 

.5 

35 

78.0 

0.  0 

9 ^ 

12  7 

.9 

39 

83.9 

. 0 

Z,  D 

7 9 

8^2 

1.3 

347 

83.1 

. 1 

1,223 

77.6 

.1 

8.5 

12.7 

1.0 

75T 

rr 

21.4 

0 1 

h2 
13. 0 

.0 

1.1 

Total  foreign-born 

1,197 

77.7 

0.  1 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  P 284. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


311 


In  the  preceding  table  it  will  be  observed  that,  as  already  pointed 
out,  the  wife  adds  practically  nothing  to  the  family  income  from 
the  proceeds  of  outside  work.  The  earnings  of  children  constitute  a 
larger  element  in  the  incomes  of  the  white  native-born  of  native 
father  and  the  foreign-born  German  families  than  in  those  of  other 
races  appearing  in  this  table.  This  is  due  to  three  factors: 

(1)  These  races  live  in  or  near  larger  cities  in  which  their  children 
find  more  opportunities  for  employment  than  do  the  children  in  the 
families  of  the  other  races,  the  greater  number  of  which  reside  in 
isolated  mining  villages. 

(2)  The  children  of  native-born  and  German  families  marry  later  in 
life  than  those  of  the  other  races,  and  are  therefore  able  to  contribute 
for  a longer  period  of  time  to  the  family  income. 

(3)  Many  of  the^  families  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration  are 
young  and  their  children  have  not  yet  reached  an  age  at  which  they 
can  seek  employment.  This  is  the  most  important  factor  in  the  case. 
The  Slovak,  Polish,  Lithuanian,  and  Italian  races  have  been  residents 
longer  than  the  other  races  of  recent  immigration,  have  more  children 
of  an  age  to  work,  and  are  thus  able  to  secure  a larger  portion  of  the 
family  income  from  the  earnings  of  children  than  other  races. 

Among  the  foreign-born  families  the  amounts  derived  from  board- 
ers and  lodgers  represent  the  part  the  wife  plays  in  adding  to  the  fam- 
ily income,  and  show  that  a considerable  proportion  is  received  from  ’ 
this  source.  Among  the  races  of  recent  immigration  the  proportion 
of  family  income  derived  from  boarders  and  lodgers  corresponds 
roughly  to  the  proportion  received  from  the  contributions  of  chil- 
dren among  the  native-born  and  German  families;  or,  to  make  the 
statement  more  definite,  the  native-born  families  receive  21.4  per 
cent  and  the  German  families  27.8  per  cent  of  the  family  income  from 
the  contributions  of  children,  while  the  Croatian  families  receive  20.5 
per  cent,  the  North  Italian  24.7  per  cent,  the  Lithuanian  21.3  per 
cent,  and  the  Magyar  15.3  per  cent,  from  the  contributions  of  boarders 
and  lodgers.  In  other  words,  some  addition  to  the  earnings  of  the 
husbands  being  necessary,  the  natives  and  older  immigrant  races 
secure  this  amount  from  the  earnings  of  their  children,  while  the  more 
recent  immigrating  races  generally  secure  the  major  portion  of  the 
addition  from  the  contributions  of  boarders  and  lodgers. 


312 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  addition  to  the  preceding  tabulations,  which  exhibit  the  various 
sources  of  the  income  of  the  bituminous  coal  miners  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  following  condensed  table  has  been  compiled,  and  affords  a valu- 
able study  of  comparisons,  besides  elaborating  m more  detail  some 
points  which  have  already  been  noted: 

Table  192.- Means  of  support  of  family,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(study  of  households.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.) 


1 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 


Num- 
ber of 
selected 
fam- 
ilies. o 


Native  white. . 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian — 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 


26 

98 

24 

137 

59 

76 

143 

182 

35 

39 

347 


Supported 
by  husband 
alone. 


Num- 

ber. 


Per 

cent. 


57.7 

25.5 

41.7 

27.7 
22.0 
18.4 

47.6 

34.6 
34.3 

25.6 
43.2 


Having  wife 
at  work. 


Num- 

ber. 


Per 

cent. 


3.8 


.7 

1.6 


Having  chil- 
dren at  work, 


Num- 

ber. 


10 


Per 

cent. 


38.5 

6.1 

41.7 

11.7 
10.2 

7.9 

4.2 

14.3 

5.7 

7.7 
11.2 


Keeping 

Having  ; 

boarders  or 

other  source  \ 

lodgers. 

of  income.  , 

Num- 

Per 

Num- 

Per 1 

ber. 

cent. 

ber. 

cent. 

1 

3.8 

71 

72.4 

3 

3.1 

2 

8.3 

3 

12. 5 

81 

59.1 

13 

9.5  i 

41 

69.5 

3 

5.1  ) 

55 

72.4 

8 

10.5  I 

68 

47.6 

5 

3.5 

95 

52.2 

9 

4.9  , 

21 

60.0 

2 

5.7  i 

25 

64.1 

2 

5.1 

144 

41.5 

38 

10.9  . 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 

Although  the  numbers  of  families  under  consideration  range  from. 
24  of  the  German  race  to  347  of  the  Slovak,  the  statistics  are  coinpa- 
rable  to  a certain  extent,  as  the  families  were  carefully  selected  llw 
Magyars,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  of  the  foreign-born  derive  income  from 
all  the  sources  under  discussion,  but,  taking  into  account  the  large 
numbm-  of  families  in  these  three  races,  the  fact  that  6 wives  are  in 
employment,  71  families  have  children  at  work,  and  52  have  income, 
from  sources  not  specified,  suggests  no  extraordinary  conditions  1 he 

Slovaks  exceed  the  two  other  races  combined  m each  item  except  the 
number  of  wives  at  work.  In  this  the  Poles,  with  three  out  or  the 
six,  outrank  the  Slovaks.  The  husbands  f .Pe^cejib  80  1 

uer  cent  and  83.1  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  total  income  ot  me 
Magyar,  Polish,  and  Slovak  families,  the  next  ® ^ 

being  the  boarders  and  lodgers, from  whom  are  derived  15^3  Percent 
of  the  Magyars’  income,  10.2  per  cent  of  that  of  the  Poles,  and  8..! 

per  cent  of  that  of  the  Slovaks.  i i n tUo  UncVianO  the 

^ In  the  comparison  of  families  supported  solely  by  the  hush  and,  the 

Magyars,  witfi  47.6  per  cent  of  their  143  families  ftir^  supported 
by  the  husband,  and  the  Slovaks,  with  43-2  per  cent  of  their  347  fa  n- 

ilies  so  maintained,  make  the  most  . ’ll  lowest  ner- 

anians  report  the  lowest  average  earnings  (»62)  and  the  'o^  est  pe^^ 
centao-e  of  families  supported  by  the  husband  alone.  | , 

Italians,  on  the  other  hand,  have  only  22  per  cent  supported  by  the 
husband  alone,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  average  me 

^^The  German  is  the  only  race  exhibiting  any  idle 

24  being  thus  reported.  One  of  these  families  is  suppo  y 

children  and  the  other  has  income  of  a kind  not  specified.  Only  o 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


313 


other  race,  the  Polish,  reports  a family  supported  entirely  by  the 
children,  and  in  this  instance  there  is  no  male  head. 

Only  seven  of  the  wives,  as  already  shown,  in  the  1,223  families 
under  consideration,  contribute  to  the  general  support  otherwise  than 
by  the  keeping  of  boarders  and  lodgers.  This  condition  is  largely  due 
to  the  absence  of  mills  and  other  opportunities  for  employment,  and 
must  not  be  looked  upon  as  indicative  vof  any  special  racial  character- 
istics. The  mining  towns  are  isolated,  as  already  stated,  and  afford 
little  or  no  opportunity  for  the  employment  of  women.  Other 
industries  conducted  in  or  near  large  industrial  centers  may  more 
safely  be  taken  as  criteria  as  regards  racial  tendencies.  Three  of  the 
women  regularly  employed  are  Poles,  and  all  these  have  husbands  at 
work;  two  are  Slovaks,  one  of  them  being  without  a husband;  one 
is  of  the  Magyar  race,  and  her  husband  is  employed;  and  one  is  a 
native  white,  with  husband  and  children  also  at  work. 

In  earnings  of  children,  the  Germans  rank  highest,  with  41.7 
per  cent  at  work,  supplying  27.8  per  cent  of  the  income.  The 
Slovaks,  ranking  next  in  length  of  residence,  have  only  11.2  per  cent, 
of  their  young  people  employed,  and  these  contribute  but  7.3  per 
cent  of  the  total  income.  The  Magyars  have  only  4.2  per  cent 
at  work,  contributing  but  2.8  per  cent  of  the  total  income;  5.7  per 
cent  of  the  Kussian  children  work,  and  they  contribute  5.6  per  cent 
of  the  income,  exactly  twice  the  proportion  supplied  by  the  Magyars. 
In  the  case  of  the  Croatians,  6.1  per  cent  of  the  children  contribute 
6.8  per  cent  of  the  income.  This  is  the  only  instance  where  the 
percentage  of  income  exceeds  that  of  children  employed.  The  highest 
percentage  reported  for  families  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  is  72.4, 
that  of  the  Croatians  and  of  the  Lithuanians.  The  Croatians  derive 
20.5  per  cent  of  their  income  and  the  lithuanians  21.3  per  cent  from  this 
source.  Although  69.5  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  families  have 
boarders  and  lodgers,  only  11.7  per  cent  of  their  total  income  is  thus 
acquired.  The  North  Italians,  with  59.1  per  cent  of  the  families 
having  boarders,  obtain  24.7  per  cent  of  their  income,  or  practically 
one-fourth,  by  this  means.  Of  the  total  income  of  the  Germans 
2.7  per  cent  is  derived  from  boarders  and  lodgers  in  8.3  per  cent  of 
the  famihes.  The  Germans  derive  2.5  per  cent  of  their  income  from 
sources  other  than  those  specified.  No  other  race  derives  as  much 
as  ^ 2 per  cent  of  its  income  from  other  sources,  the  lowest  figure 
being  0.2  per  cent  of  the  income  of  the  Croatians,  said  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  3.1  per  cent  of  their  people. 


t 

k 


Chapter  IV. 


WORKING  CONDITIONS. 

Hours  worked  per  day  and  per  week— Frequency  and  methods  of  wage  payments— De- 
ductions from  earnings- Regularity  of  employment— Description  of  a typical  mining 
and  coke  village— Company  houses— The  company-store  system— Benefits  received 
hy  employees  in  addition  to  wages— Welfare  work— The  immigrant  and  organized 
labor— Reasons  for  employing  immigrants — [Text  Tables  193  to  200  and  General 
Table  69.] 

HOURS  WORKED  PER  DAY  AND  PER  WEEK. 

The  hours  worked  by  miners  and  other  employees  of  coal  and  coke 
companies  vary  widely.  The  most  general  difference  occurs  between 
union  and  nonunion  localities.  In  the  nonunion  districts  the  pick 
miners,  drivers,  cutters,  scrapers,  loaders,  road  men  and  other  inside 
employees  usually  work  in  ten-hour  shifts,  six  days  per  week.  Some 
inside  work,  such  as  that  of  motormen,  pumpers,  and  pumpers’ 
helpers,  requires  seven  days  a week,  and  sometimes  the  hours  are 
ten,  eleven,  or  twelve  per  shift.  There  are  occasional  variations 
from  the  general  ten-hour  day,  six  days  per  week,  but  this  is  the  rule 
in  the  nonunionized  districts.  The  miners  do  not  always  work  their 
full  ten  hours,  since  they  are  paid  on  a piece  basis  and  may  work  less 
time  if  they  wish. 

The  outside  workmen  have  the  same  hours  as  the  inside  men, 
namely,^  ten  hours  per  day,  sixty  per  week,  but  here  again  in  special 
occupations,  such  as  those  of  engineers,  firemen,  and  stablemen,  the 
hours  are  ten,  eleven,  or  twelve  per  shift  and  the  men  work  seven  days 
per  week.  In  the  coke  yard  the  ten-hour  shift,  six  days  per  week,  is 
not  always  strictly  followed.  Coke  drawers,  for  instance,  are  paid 
by  the  oven,  are  assigned  so  many  ovens  to  draw,  and  stop  when  the 
work  is  over.  The  hours  of  the  coke-yard  force  may,  therefore,  be 
more  or  fewer  than  the  usual  ten  per  shift. 

Under  normal  conditions  in  all  the  mines  and  coke  plants  some 
men  are  employed  in  night  shifts. 

In  the  unionized  districts  of  western  Pennsylvania  the  standard  is 
eight  hours  per  day  or  shift,  or  forty-eight  hours  per  week.  Although 
there  may  be  some  variation  occasionally  from  this  standard,  it  is  the 
general  practice. 

FREQUENCY  AND  METHODS  OF  WAGE  PAYMENTS. 

Throughout  western  Pennsylvania  the  mine  and  coke-yard  em- 

tees  are  paid  twice  a month.  Nominally  the  payment  is  in  cash, 
as  a matter  of  fact,  only  a part  of  the  wages  is  paid  in  cash,  for 
the  reason  that  various  deductions  are  first  made  from  the  gross 
earnings.  These  deductions  are  for  various  items,  of  which  the  largest 

■ 315 


316 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


is  usually  the  workman’s  “store  account.  The  total  amount  of 
deductions  for  the  store  account  varies,  of  course,  with  the  individual 
case  It  may  be  but  a small  fraction  of  the  man  s total  earnings, 
or  it  may  almost  equal  them.  Another  deduction  is  the  rent  ol  the 
“ company  house.”  This  is  exacted  of  all  the  men  with  families  who  I 
live  in  the  “company  village,”  and  generally  a,mounts  to  $1.50  to 
$3.75  each  pay  period,  depending  on  the  kind  of  dwelling  occupied  by 
the  miner’s  family.  The  single  men  and  boarders  do  not  sufler  this 
deduction  but  pay  their  rent  to  private  landlords.  Another  de- 
duction is  for  blacksmithing,  i.  e.,  the  sharpening  and  repairing  of 
picks  and  tools  by  the  company  blacksmith.  The  item  is  not  large, 
but  is  appreciable.  A few  companies  furnish  coal  free  to  their  em- 
ployees it  the  latter  haul  or  carry  it,  but  m most  cases  coal  is  delivered  I 
by  the  company  and  charged  to  the  worker.  Payment  for  this  also  : 
is  deducted  Many  companies  maintain  benefit  societies  lor  their 
employees  with  dues  of  35  to  50  cents  per  month  and  paying  acci- 
dent and  death  benefits  of  various  amounts.  All  employees  of  the 
company  are  members  and  the  monthly  dues  are  deducted  from 
earnings.  In  some  company  villages  physicians  have  lists  ot  | 
patients.  They  engage  to  furnish  such  medical  service  as  a family  | 
may  need  during  the  year  for  a regular  monthly  payment  ol  50  cents  ! 

‘ or  $1  with  a somewhat  smaller  charge  per  month  for  single  men,  which  | 
amounts  are  collected  by  the  company  from  the  earnings  ol  the  men.  < 

In  unionized  districts  the  dues  of  the  members  of  the  union  and 
a percentage  of  the  earnings  of  the  employees  sufficient  to  pay  the  ^ 
wages  of  the  check  weighman  are  deducted  by  the  mining  com-  • 
pany  Some  other  miscellaneous  deductions  may  occur,  in  the 
tables  on  pages  317  to  320  the  general  amount  of  each  of  these  yarious  i 
forms  of  deductions  and  the  proportion  of  deduction  to  earnings  may  ; 
be  seen.  Hence,  while  it  is  true  that  wages  are  paid  in  cash,  in  actual 
practice  only  a part  of  the  wages  is  so  paid.  | 

DEDUCTIONS  FROM  EARNINGS. 

] 

The  first  three  tables  in  the  series  which  follows  show  the  total  i 
earnings  and  total  deductions,  by  principal  items,  and  a comparison  i 
of  total  deductions  with  earnings,  as  compiled  from  the  records  oi  a 
number  of  representatiye  companies,  for  a period  ol  three  years— 
1906  1907,  and  1908.  The  fourth  table  shows  in  detail  the  earnings  y 
and  deductions  of  selected  employees,  by  race.  By  an  examination  i 
of  the  entire  series,  the  extent  to  which  cash  is  received  and  the  ten-  ,i 
dencies  of  the  different  races  in  connection  with  the  different  items  oi  i 
deduction  are  made  manifest. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


317 


Table  —Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  7 mining  companies,  by  principal 

items,  January  to  December,  1906. 


Month. 

Total  gross 
amount  of 
pay. 

Amount  deducted  for— 

Per  cent  deducted  for — 

Smithing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Smith- 

ing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

January 

3178,685. 96 

$736. 46 

$1,085.  53 

$42, 675. 02 

$6, 139.  42 

0.4 

0.6 

23.9 

3.4 

February 

164,380. 22 

742.83 

976. 87 

41,179.  70 

6,081.69 

.5 

.6 

25.1 

3.7 

March 

179,423.10 

733.  74 

1,031.72 

40,090. 19 

6,081.76 

.4 

.6 

22.3 

3.4 

April 

169,848. 23 

700.  54 

771. 99 

41,098. 12 

6,071.38 

.4 

.5 

24.2 

3.6 

May 

146,305.  71 

719. 78 

623.  33 

41,416.11 

6,028. 22 

.5 

.4 

28.3 

4. 1 

June 

171,417. 16 

687.  53 

592.  48 

40, 729.  79 

6,019. 72 

.4 

.3 

23.8 

3.5 

July 

168, 842. 78 

670. 13 

577.  60 

39,048.  61 

6,009.  74 

.4 

.3 

23. 1 

3,6 

August 

172, 733. 66 

654. 10 

556.  63 

39,042.  91 

5,945.14 

.4 

.3 

22.6 

3.4 

September 

161,456. 01 

633.  56 

589.  68 

36,330.  71 

5,892.  43 

.4 

.4 

22.  5 

3.6 

October 

179,011.70 

651.85 

707. 20 

38,272.  57 

5,929.  64 

.4 

.4 

21.4 

3.3 

November 

171,624.  98 

656. 04 

1,138.  93 

39,888. 88 

5,902.88 

.4 

.7 

23.2 

3.  4 

December 

163, 120. 41 

642. 23 

914.  78 

39,351.32 

5,926. 86 

.4 

.6 

24.1 

3.6 

Table  194. — Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  12  mining  companies,  by  principal 
items,  January  to  December,  1907. 


Month. 

Total  gross 
amount  of 
pay. 

Amount  deducted  for— 

Per  cent  deducted  for — 

Smithing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Smith- 

ing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

January 

$271,257.52 

$1,116. 07 

$2,358.15 

$61,590. 04 

$9,074.  73 

0.4 

0.9 

22.7 

3.3 

February 

255, 487.  54 

1,112. 45 

2,371.02 

59, 249.  49 

9,031.34 

.4 

.9 

23.2 

3.5 

March 

288, 268. 94 

1,110.  87 

2,254. 36 

61,446.  64 

9, 153. 36 

.4 

.8 

21.3 

3.2 

April 

285,226. 30 

1,063.  74 

2, 164. 25 

59,509. 10 

9,072.80 

.4 

.8 

20.9 

3.2 

May 

228,450.01 

1,082.35 

1,720.90 

61,739.84 

9,238.  76 

.5 

.8 

27.0 

4.0 

Jime 

278,815. 29 

1,073.68 

1,631.09 

61, 406.  53 

9,259. 83 

.4 

.6 

22.0 

3.3 

July 

286,451.90 

1,063.88 

1,609. 44 

60, 118.  61 

9, 142. 80 

.4 

.6 

21.0 

3.2 

August 

296,784. 89 

1,079.33 

1,607.65 

65,396.  42 

9,161.86 

.4 

.5 

2'2.  0 

3. 1 

September 

279, 182.  58 

1,041.81 

1,643.  70 

59,216. 81 

9,031.81 

.4 

.6 

21.2 

3.2 

October 

306,641.65 

1,078.19 

2,243.  78 

62,357.16 

8, 640.  76 

.4 

.7 

20.3 

2.8 

November 

228,769. 34 

1,023. 89 

2,229.31 

57, 617.  50 

9, 109. 15 

.4 

1.0 

25.2 

4.0 

December 

186, 591. 54 

1,044.  75 

2, 156.  55 

45, 123.31 

8, 834. 89 

.6 

1.2 

24.2 

4.7 

Table  195.  Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  12  mining  companies,  by  principal 
items,  January  to  December,  1908. 


Month. 

Total  gross 
amount  of 
pay. 

Amount  deducted  for- 

Per  cent  deducted  for— 

Smithing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Smith- 

ing. 

Coal. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Fanuary 

$163,928. 61 

$1,153. 40 

$2, 165.  50 

$46, 209.  46 

$8,612.19 

0.7 

1.3 

28.2 

5.3 

February 

187,531.21 

1,096.90 

2,231.46 

47, 802. 35 

10,867.  49 

.6 

1.2 

25.  5 

5.8 

Vlarch 

204,515.16 

1,092.64 

2,020.09 

53,230. 98 

8, 703. 81 

.5 

1.0 

26.0 

4.3 



185,908.  50 

1,098.  75 

1,864.95 

56, 416.  92 

8,820.86 

.6 

1.0 

30.3 

4.7 

tfay 

183, 024.  56 

1,094.02 

1,744. 82 

57, 135.  56 

8, 638. 16 

.6 

1.0 

31.2 

4.7 

iune 

193, 142. 15 

1,040.  73 

1,620. 03 

60, 162. 47 

9,674. 33 

.5 

.8 

31. 1 

5.0 

'uly 

199,432.09 

940.  67 

1,643. 65 

60, 038.  59 

9,418.87 

.5 

.8 

30. 1 

4.7 

V-ugust 

206, 123.01 

1,003. 26 

1,582.93 

61,992.42 

9,262.  67 

.5 

.8 

30. 1 

4.  5 

September 

223,962. 72 

1,078. 36 

1,840. 74 

65,327.26 

9,574. 86 

. 5 

.8 

29.2 

4.3 

Jcitober 

219,430.17 

998. 83 

1,776.32 

64,358.  29 

9,358.31 

. 5 

.8 

29.3 

4.3 

•Jovember 

207,071.34 

980. 95 

2,062.87 

58,862.21 

10, 057. 06 

.5 

1.0 

28.4 

4.  9 

December 

221,616. 29 

968.  70 

2,218.50 

66,307. 60 

9,431.82 

.4 

1.0 

29.9 

4.3 

318 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  196. — Deductions  from  earnings  of  selected  employees,  hy  race  and  by  individual, 
April,  May,  and  June,  1909. 


Race  and  employee 
number. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White— 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  


Total 

earnings. 


Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of 
father: 

English— 

1 

2 

French— 

1 

German— 

1 

2 


4 

Irish — 

1 

2 

3 

Scotch- 

1 

2 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian— 

1 

2 

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  


10.... 

11.... 

12.... 

13.. .. 

14.. .. 

15.. .. 

16.. .. 

17.. .. 

18.. .. 
19.... 

English- 

1.... 

2.... 

3.. .. 

4.. .. 

5.. . 


Amount  deducted  for- 


$951. 13 
168. 04 
484.  04 
133. 25 
192. 11 

158. 61 
210.  59 
235.  50 
264. 16 

225. 00 
196. 90 
183. 65 
168. 35 
105. 87 
212.70 
380.  52 

378. 62 
202. 75 
309. 80 
387. 33 
155. 23 

163.01 


3.  10 


114. 


Store. 

Rent. 

Coal. 

Lamps  g 
and  oil. 

mithing.  i 

de 

Sundries. 

$263. 00 

CAA  OO 

$3. 00 

$8  00 

tftiOU.  yy 
21. 00 

296. 00 

42.00  . 

1 ft  RA 

3.00 

$2.50  . 

2 00 

io.  oO 

24.00 

21. 00 

1 00 

$4. 00 

2.00 

yo« 

30. 00 

9ft  A A 

2 00 

61.00 

OD.  UU 

1.00  . 

2.00  . 

1.00 

91  AA 

115. 00 

UU 

09  J^A 

3.65  . 

OU 

21. 00 

18. 00 

70. 88 

18.00 

2.00  , 

1. 20 

128. 00 

235. 00 

112. 00 
216. 00 

21.00 

.80 

3.20 

4. 00 

24. 00 
23.  50 

1.40 

1R  AA 

4.00 

o 1.  yo 

io.  UU 

AA 

i/o.  /o 

i 91. 00 

. 104. 00 

io.  UU 

19.50 

3. 10 

1.20 

1.75 

.25 

1 fi  AA 

1. 00 

) 176.00 

) 62. 00 

^ nn  nn 

io.  UU 

19.  50 

99  f^A 

2.70 

3.45 

1.20 

.65 

) yy.  UU 

1 Q AA 

1. 00 

) 75.00 

3 85. 00 

io.  UU 

3.40 

1. 20 

•^A  AA 

J uo. UU 

n.  1 f\r)  AA 

oU.  UU 
91  AA 

3. 00 

J lUii.  UU 

o 63.00 

AL,  UU 

22.50 

1ft  AA 

2. 00 

. 80 

1.85 

.05 

0 66. 00 

9 146. 00 

8 27.06 
0 8. 00 

9 17. 00 

,A  09  AH 

io.  UU 

3’.  00 

2.00 

.71 

21.00 

18.00 

18.00 

1 ft  AA 

3. 45 
2.90 
3. 25 

1.20 

.75 

1.26 

0 oo.  UU 

A 90  AA 

io.  UU 
91  AA 

2. 00 

»0  oJi.  UU 

,2  75. 50 

A QS:  AA 

Zi.  UU 
21.00 
15. 00 

2^00 

3.45 

1.20 

2.75 

;9  OO.  UU 

)5  61. 45 

'0  84. 00 

!7  61. 57 

)3  *58.00 

IQ  67. 75 

15!  00 

1 c r\A 

1 AA 

3.30 

3.35 

3.50 

3.20 

1.80 

i.  UU 
1 AA 

15.  UU 
14.40 
22.50 
21.00 
91  AA 

i«  UU 

9 AA 

.80 

Z,  UU 

3.00 

3.00 

.50 

)0  43. 00 

ZL»  UU 
1ft  AA 

LI  21.00 

16  37.00 

16  54. 00 

''A  /1 7 AA 

io.  UU 
18.00 
6.00 

1 18. 00 

18. 00 
1 21.00 

k 1 A c;a 

1.80 

1.00 

8.00 

4.00 

3U  4/,^ 

24  23. 44 

42  51.00 

40  109.  OC 

1.10 

1.20 

.43 

2. 70 

1.50 

) io.  OU 

1 1 A p;a 

, 2. 70 

00  95 • OC 

) io.  OU 

OA  QQ 

. 2!  70 

1 2.00 

00  146. 01 

4 A AA  Ar 

Z4.  yy 

\ 1 ft  AA 

40  90.  UC 

AA  1 1 n Ar 

; io.  UU 

^ 91  AA 

1 2. 00 

00  110.  UC 

85  44.  OC 

1 Z i . UU 

\ 1 n fiA 

1 9 9'^ 

3. 35 

) ly. 5u 

\ IQ  c;a 

1 z.  zo 

1 40 

68  61. 2C 

AA 

) iy. OU 

25. 02 

UU  

00  131. 0( 

) 24.  OC 

$334.99 

84.00 
343.  50 

97.86 

117.00 

118.00 

88.00 

128. 00 
62.00 

159.00 
142. 15 

1.35.00 

146.00 
92.08 

166.00 
149.  SO 
238. 20 
116. 00 
241. 40 
184.50 
103. 95 
143.73 


114. 80 
106.00 


195.00 

89.50 

121.  M 

94.00 
89.60 

93.00 
126.00 

89.40 

84.80 
149. 71 


55.46 
28.90 
39.45 
51.00 

55.00 
105.90 
100.00 

82.55 
103. 35 

79.47 
86.50 
92.25 

67.00 

39.00 
56.80 

61.00 
77.40 
42.54 
73.63 

129. 70 
114. 20 

173. 70 

110.00 

139.00 

69.10 

82. 10 
25.02 

155.00 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


319 


Table  196. — Deductions  from  earnings  of  selected  employees,  by  race  and  by  individual, 
April,  May,  and  June,  1909 — Continued. 


Race  and  employee 
number. 

Total 

earnings. 

Ammmt  deducted  for — 

Total 

deducted. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Coal. 

Lamps 
and  oil. 

Smithing. 

Sundries. 

Foreign-born— Con  td . 

German— 

1 

$225.00 

$89.00 

$19.50 

$2.70 

$111. 20 

2 

118.80 

67.00 

1 

67  no 

3 

201.  23 

94. 63 

2.28 

$3.05 

$1.10 

«7  4.7 

me  r;'? 

4 

208. 41 

8.00 

18.00 

•iP  / . 4:  / 

4. 75 

lUo.  Oo 

30.  75 

5 

280. 80 

130. 00 

22.  50 

152. 50 

6 

168. 35 

47.00 

21.00 

2.00 

70.00 

7 

260.  60 

113. 00 

18. 00 

2. 00 

133. 00 

8 

167. 90 

73.00 

18.00 

1.80 

92. 80 

9 

119.34 

52.00 

21.25 

2. 15 

.80 

76’ 20 

Irish— 

1 

222. 30 

105.00 

16.50 

2. 70 

124.  20 

9 

.375.00 

154. 00 

25.02 

1 

179. 02 

3 

181. 40 

112. 90 

19.50 

2. 70 

135.  10 

4 

245.55 

144.00 

17. 66 

1.84 

1631 50 

5 

204. 50 

G 

74. 80 

3.40 

3.  40 

7 

596. 32 

292. 10 

36.00 

1.00 

3.51 

332!  61 

Italian,  North— 

1 

176. 25 

121. 05 

15.00 

2.  70 

1.50 

140. 25 

2 

128. 38 

60. 00 

15.00 

7^  no 

3 

114. 08 

42.51 

21.00 

1. 00 

1.  20 

.25 

i .J.  uu 

or. 

4 

175.45 

59. 00 

21.00 

1.00 

L20 

DO.  yu 
82.  20 

5 

148. 75 

60.00 

18.00 

2. 00 

• 80. 00 

6 

147. 50 

76.00 

18.00 

1.80 

95I8O 

Magyar— 

1 

118. 13 

32.00 

18.00 

50. 00 

2 

108. 35 

43. 13 

18.00 

.40 

3. 15 

1.15 

65. 83 

3 

160. 14 

118.  24 

18.00 

3.00 

1. 00 

140. 24 

4 

208. 20 

38. 30 

21.00 

2. 00 

2.95 

1. 15 

3*95 

69I35 

5 

188.81 

64.00 

19.50 

2. 00 

85.  50 

6 

146. 10 

59.00 

15. 00 

1.00 

3.35 

1.80 

80. 15 

7 

166.  51 

64.00 

19.50 

83.  50 

8 

209. 49 

52.00 

21.00 

1.00 

74. 00 

9 

180. 60 

62. 00 

21.00 

83. 00 

10 

148. 10 

44.50 

21.00 

1. 20 

66. 70 

11 

217.45 

107. 00 

18. 00 

1. 20 

126. 20 

12 

235.  40 

84.00 

18. 00 

2. 00 

1. 20 

105.  20 

13 

183. 05 

91.35 

18. 00 

1.80 

1. 20 

112. 35 

14 

167.93 

39.00 

18. 00 

L20 

58.  20 

15 

143.78 

43.00 

21.00 

64l  00 

Polish — 

1 

140.00 

47.00 

18.00 

1.00 

2. 90 

68. 90 

2 

152. 82 

80. 00 

18.00 

98. 00 

3 

121.44 

37.00 

18. 00 

2. 00 

2. 65 

1.20 

60. 85 

4 

120. 25 

71.00 

18. 00 

89. 00 

5 

139. 38 

57.00 

18. 00 

75. 00 

6 

1.36.95 

79.00 

21.00 

1.20 

101.  20 

7 

176. 55 

94.00 

21.00 

1.00 

1. 20 

117.  20 

8 

228. 16 

109. 48 

17.50 

1.00 

1. 20 

129. 18 

9 

142. 73 

92. 28 

21.00 

1.00 

i!20 

115. 48 

10 

156.80 

46. 00 

21.00 

2.00 

3.55 

72. 55 

11 

272. 73 

119.00 

21.00 

2.00 

142. 00 

12 

137.36 

56.00 

21.00 

2. 00 

3.50 

1.20 

83.  70 

13 

124. 25 

80.00 

7. 00 

87. 00 

14 

153. 12 

73.00 

21.00 

2.00 

1. 20 

97. 20 

15 

201. 92 

80.00 

21.00 

3.00 

1.  20 

105  20 

16 

91.45 

51.00 

14.00 

'.80 

65180 

Scotch— 

1 

178.30 

86.00 

21.00 

3. 50 

110. 50 

2 

249. 98 

66.00 

36.00 

3.00 

105. 00 

3 

181. 59 

114. 00 

114. 00 

4 

167.32 

99.00 

19.50 

118.  50 

5 

203. 87 

121.00 

121. 00 

6 

203. 52 

139. 00 

3.00 

3.85 

I451 85 

320 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Vd^.— Deductions  from  earnings  of  selected  employees,  hy  race  and  by  individual, 
April,  May,  and  June,  r 909— Continued. 


1 

Race  and  employee 
number. 

Total 

earnings. 

Amount  deducted  for— 

Total 

deducted. 

Store. 

Rent. 

Coal. 

Lamps 
and  oil. 

Smithing. 

Sundries. 

Foreign-born— Contd . 

Slovak— 

If) 

$66. 00 

$21.00 

$1.20 

$88. 20 

121  92 

63. 48 

21.00 

$2.00 

1.20 

87.68 

l.'^l 

56. 00 

21.00 

2.00 

79.00 

IR."!  0.') 

38. 95 

21.00 

2.00 

1.20 

63. 15 

14Q  22 

72.00 

21.00 

1.20 

94. 20 

A 

129. 68 

60. 85 

17.50 

1.00 

79.35 

D 

7 

126.  57 

93.  55 

21.00 

1.20 

115.  75 

- 

c 

159. 38 

53. 00 

22.50 

2.00 

77.50 

o.... 

Q 

10.5. 15 

72.00 

21.00 

2.00 

95. 00 

y... 

10 

174.  55 

98. 00 

21.00 

2.00 

121.00 

lU. 

^ 1 

166. 80 

57.00 

21.00 

$i.66 

79.00 

19 

159. 13 

73.00 

21.00 

$1.80 

95.80 

l'^ 

86. 32 

39.00 

15.00 

.80 

.25 

55. 05 

1 A 

154. 79 
161. 00 

68. 00 

18.00 

..30 

86.30 

1 ^ 

76.00 

21.00 

3.00 

100.00 

10 

99. 67 

40.00 

40. 00 

17 

79. 78 

34. 00 

.60 

34.60 

1ft 

149. 26 

72.00 

10.50 

3. 40 

1.20 

87.10 

IQ 

255. 00 

127. 00 

15.00 

2.70 

144. 70 

90 

209  04 

80.00 

15.00 

2.  70 

4.15 

1.00 

102.  85 

91 

143. 66 

73.26 

15. 00 

2.70 

1.00 

91.96 

99 

175.  00 

38.00 

15.00 

2. 70 

3.50 

1.50 

60.  70 

9ft 

122. 27 

72.00 

18.00 

90.00 

9i 

179.  50 

21.00 

18. 00 

39.00 

9P; 

122.  68 

32.00 

18.00 

50.00 

Welsh— 

1 

198. 00 

92.00 

19.  50 

2.70 

114.  20 

2 

170. 00 

112.75 

16.  50 

2.70 

3.40 

1.00 

136. 35 

0 

248.  50 

96. 00 

24.00 

2.00 

122.00 

A 

122. 50 

52!  00 

3.50 

.50 

3.50 

59.50 

81.40 

42.25 

3.40 

45.65 

0 

84.17 

35.00 

21.59 

2.50 

.80 

59.80 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 


A brief  study  of  the  availability  and  regularity  of  employment  in 
some  of  the  chief  bituminous  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  based  on 
the  normal  years  1905,  1906,  and  1907,  shows  the  following  facts. 
The  data  given  relate,  not  to  the  average  number  of  days  worked  by 
the  employees,  but  to  the  average  number  of  days  that  the  mines 
were  operated. 

In  the  Connellsville  coke  region  work  is  practically  continuous,  the 
plants  running  about  three  hundred  days  a year.  In  no  other  part 
of  the  bituminous  field  is  this  condition  found.  The  Cambria- 
Somerset  mines  run  about  two  hundred  and  forty-four  days  a year 
those  of  the  Irwin  field  two  hundred  and  forty-five,  and  those  ol 
the  Pittsburg  district  about  two  hundred  and  twenty-two  days. 
This  difference  in  the  number  of  days  operated  in  the  various  fields 
is  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  following  considerations:  The  demanc 
for  coke  is  normally  steady  and  continuous,  and  the  plants  in  the 
Connellsville  region  are  operated  with  corresponding  regularity.  The 
Irwin  and  Cambria  fields  largely  supply  eastern  markets,  and  have  a 
steadier  demand  than  has  the  Pittsburg  district,  which  depends  in 
part  on  the  seasonal  lake  trade. 

Upon  comparing  the  figures  already  presented,  it  would  seem  that 
the  mine  worker’s  opportunity  for  employment  is  better  in  the  Cam- 
bria and  Irwin  districts  than  in  the  Pittsburg  region,  and  much  better 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


321 


in  the  coke-producing  district  than  in  any  of  the  others.  A migra- 
tion of  labor  might  natural!}^  be  looked  for  from  those  regions  in 
which  the  opportunity  for  employment  is  least  to  those  in  which  it 
is  greatest.  No  such  racial  movements  are  taking  place,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  there  is  a tendency  to  migrate  in  the  opposite  direction. 
This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Pittsburg  region  is  unionized  and 
shorter  hours  and  better  conditions  of  work  prevail,  as  compared 
with  the  Irwin  and  Cambria  fields,  both  of  which,  together  with  the 
coke  regions,  are  without  labor  organizations. 

The  investigation  in  Pennsylvania,  based  upon  reports  from  1,994 
males  of  working  age  in  the  households  studied,  discloses  the  fact 
that  only  20.7  per  cent  were  employed  for  the  full  twelve  months; 
59.5  per  cent  for  nine  months  or  over;  88.4  per  cent  for  six  months 
or  over;  and  98.5  per  cent  for  three  months  or  over.  The  detailed 
showing,  by  general  nativity  aiul  race,  follows: 

Table  197. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  em- 
ployed away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  working — 

12 

months. 

9 months 
or  over. 

6 months 
or  over. 

3 months 
or  over. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

53 

32.1 

73.6 

94.3 

100.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father,  Slovak. 

27 

14.8 

48.1 

88.9 

100.0 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

21 

19.0 

47.6 

95.2 

100.0 

Croatian 

182 

13.2 

59.9 

81.9 

98.9 

German 

30 

30.0 

86.7 

100.0 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

177 

11.9 

40.7 

72.9 

99.4 

Italian,  South 

102 

22.5 

66.7 

96.1 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

113 

19.5 

43.4 

76.1 

89.4 

Magyar 

178 

13.5 

38.8 

86.5 

99.4 

Polish 

308 

20.5 

64.0 

92.5 

98.4 

Roumanian 

34 

79.4 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Russian 

40 

2.5 

15.0 

95.0 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

96 

59.4 

77.1 

87.5 

100.0 

Slovak 

520 

19.4 

68.7 

92.9 

99.2 

Grand  total 

1,994 

20.7 

59.5 

88.4 

98.5 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

91 

17.6 

57.1 

89.0 

97.8 

Total  native-born 

144 

22.9 

63.2 

91.0 

98.6 

Total  foreign-born 

1,850 

20.5 

59.2 

88.2 

98.5 

A comparison  of  persons  native-born  of  native  father  with  those 
native-born  of  foreign  father  and  with  the  foreign-born,  shows  that  a 
larger  per  cent  of  the  first  named  than  of  the  others  were  regularly 
employed.  Thus  the  native-born  report  22.9  per  cent  of  their 
number  working  the  full  twelve  months,  63.2  per  cent  nine  months 
Dr  over,  and  91  per  cent  six  months  or  over,  as  compared  with  20.5, 
59.2,  and  88.2  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born,  and  17.6,  57.1,  and  89 
per  cent  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  respectively.  As 
between  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  the  Slovaks 
native-born  of  foreign  father,  it  will  be  found  that  only  5.7  per  cent 
Df  the  former  had  less  than  six  months^  work  during  the  year,  while 
the  Slovaks  report  11.1  per  cent.  On  the  other  hand,  the  native- 
born  Slovaks  report  51.9  per  cent  working  less  than  nine  months,  as 


322 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


compared  with  26.4  per  cent  of  the  native  whites,  while  32.1  per  ffl 
cent  of  the  native  whites  worked  the  full  twelve  months,  as  com-, 
pared  with  14.8  per  cent  of  the  native-born  Slovaks.  Of  the  foreign- 
born,  the  Roumanians  lead  all  other  races,  reporting  79.4  per  cent:  ioi 
of  their  number  as  working  the  full  twelve  months,  and  100  per,  M 

cent  nine  months  or  over.  i i?  . 

The  Ruthenians  report  the  next  highest  per  cent  employed  tor  thej 
full  twelve  months.  This  race  is  followed  by  the  Germans,  who  also  : u 
show  a large  per  cent  employed  nine  months  or  over  and  report  their  j i 
entire  number  employed  for  six  months  or  over.  Very  little  differ-'  t' 
ence  exists  between  the  South  Italians  and  Poles,  the  former  report-,'  il 
ing  33  3 per  cent  of  their  number  employed  under  nine  months,  as;,  it 
compared  with  36  per  cent  of  the  Poles.  Although  the  Lithuanians;  .i 
report  a slightly  higher  per  cent  for  persons  employed  twelve  months' 
than  do  the  Slovaks,  the  latter,  during  all  other  periods,  report  a 
higher  per  cent— 68.7  per  cent  and  92.9  per  cent  v/orkmg  over  nine^  . 
an'd  six  months,  respectively,  as  compared  with  43.4  and  76.1  per, 
cent  of  the  Lithuanians.  The  Croatians  report  a larger  per  centk 
than  do  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  or  Magyars  employed  nine  i ; 
months  or  over,  and  a smaller  per  cent  than  these  races  employed|  i 
the  full  twelve  months.  Only  5 per  cent  of  the  Russians  were^ 
employed  for  less  than  six  months,  but  the  per  cents  v/orkmg  the  full; 
twelve  months  or  nine  months  and  over  are  much  lower  than  those  of; 
any  other  race— 2.5  per  cent  and  15  per  cent,  respectively,  for  thej 
periods  mentioned.  I 

DESCRIPTION  OF  A TYPICAL  MINING  AND  COKE  VILLAGE.  H 

The  coal  and  coke  villages  in  which  the  immigrants  live  are  muchjj 
alike.  Constructed  in  regular  rows  on  a hillside  are  50  or  100  red  orj 
slate-gray  box  houses,  all  two-story,  double,  frame  dwellings  of  cheapl 
construction.  At  one  end  of  the  ^^patch,”  or  village,  is  a large  build-l 
ing,  the  company  store,’’  and  at  the  other  end  usually  a schoolhouseT 

and  a church  are  found.  • 4.1^  } 

As  a rule,  below  the  village  in  a narrow,  smoke-hlled  valley,  rise  tne 
iron  stacks  of  an  engine  house  and  the  steel  frame  of  a coal  tipple.^' 
Along  the  opposite  hill  base  and  ‘Ln  bank”  along  the  valley  floor  are 
the  long  lines  of  coke  ovens,  every  alternate  oven  sending  forth  flame.st 
together  with  a column  of  heavy,  brown  smoke.  Through  the  semi-,; 
obscurity  electric  larries  run  out  along  the  oven  tops  and  stop  to  let  ■ 
their  loads  of  coal  slide  down  into  the  empty  ovens.  From  the  smoke 
come  the  incessant  rattle  and  screech 'of  coke-drawing  machines  as 
they  empty  the  oven  and  load  the  coke  into  the  big  ‘bird  cage  or 
car  on  the  sidetrack.  The  wind  rolls  the  heavy  smoke  steadily  upl 
the  slope  through  the  town.  It  drifts  through  streets  and  alleys,^ 
yards,  and  houses,  and  on  across  the  hills,  smudging  everything  m : 
its  path.  Some  towns  are  built  far  enough  from  the  coke  ovens  to] 
be  affected  but  little  by  the  smoke,  but  many  are  only  a few  hundred  ( 
yards  away  and  are  very  smoky  when  the  wind  blows  from  the  ovens,  f 
In  many  towns  the  smoke  is  so  thick  and  heavy  that  not  a spear  oLl 
grass  can  grow.  In  the  mines  where  no  coke  is  made  the  smoke  l 

nuisance  does  not  exist.  ^ , 

The  village  streets  are  but  slightly  improved.  Some  are  covered 
with  coke  ashes  or  slate  from  the  mine;  others  are  the  original  clayey 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


323 


and  in  winter  and  spring  are  mere  mud  and  water.  The  gutters  are 
open,  shallow  ditches,  unless  the  hill  slopes  sharply,  in  which  case  they 
soon  become  deep  gullies.  These  gutters  are  always  a place  of  deposit 
for  rubbish,  household  garbage,  and  discarded  articles.  Such  articles, 
however,  are  not  confined  to  the  gutters,  but  litter  streets  and  alleys, 
sidewalks  and  yards,  as  well. 

In  some  towns  the  sidev/alks  are  of  coke  ashes.  In  many  cases 
there  is  a path  at  either  side  as  unimproved  as  the  street,  sometimes 
not  even  separated  from  it  by  a gutter.  In  wet  weather  boards  of 
various  lengths  and  widths  may  be  laid  end  to  end  along  parts  of 
the  way  by  the  neater  of  the  inhabitants,  but  in  general  tenants  step 
directly  from  their  houses  into  the  street.  At  intervals  of  perhaps 
200  yards  on  either  side  of  the  street  are  hydrants,  one  for  every 
eight  or  ten  families.  ^ In  some  towns  the  ground  about  the  houses  is 
fenced  off  and  there  is  sufficient  space  for  small  gardens,  with  lawns 
in  front  decorated  with  flower  beds.  There  may  even  be  shade  trees 
along  the  sidewalks.  In  others  there  is  only  a small,  untidy  back 
yard,  with  a dutch  oven.  In  still  others  the  walks,  yards,  and 
grounds  are  covered  with  coke  ashes.  The  typical  company  village 
is  exceedingly  insanitary.  Surface  drainage  is  the  rule.  The  toilets 
are  dry,  with  ground  vaults,  and  in  many  instances  are  near  the 
dwellings.  In  frequent  cases  the  water  supply  comes  unfiltered  from 
wells  sunk  about  the  village,  sometimes  deep  enough  to  insure  good 
water,  sometimes  so  shallow  as  to  make  the  water  of  doubtful  purity. 
A few  mines  located  near  cities  are  furnished  the  regular  city  water. 
At  many  plants,  however,  the  water  comes  from  company  reservoirs, 
which  sometimes  derive  their  supply  from  very  objectionable  sources, 
though  more  or  less  filtration  is  provided.  There  are  localities  in 
which  the  water  is  taken  directly  from  contaminated  streams  running 
through  the  village,  but  is  '^softened’’  by  the  use  of  soda  ash  and  lime 
and  is  then  filtered  through  coke  ash  and  charcoal  beds.  On  the 
whole,  the  water  supply  of  the  coal  and  coke  town  is  very  impure  and 
a source  of  disease.  The  companies  usually  clean  up”  the  towns 
once  a year;  sometimes  twice,  but  often  not  at  all.  There  is  little 
to  stimulate  cleanliness  on  the  part  of  the  tenants  under  such  cir- 
cumstances. The  mine  operators  say  that  the  existing  conditions 
result  from  the  fact  that  the  foreigner  is  too  dirty  for  the  town  to  be 
other  than  what  it  is,  but  whether  this  is  true  or  not,  it  seems  that 
very  little  effort  is  made  to  improve  the  living  conditions. 

COMPANY  HOUSES. 

Relatively  few  mines  are  located  sufficient!;^  near  the  larger  towns 
and  cities  to  permit  of  their  employees  securing  houses  within  such 
towns  or  cities.  As  a result,  the  mining  companies  find  it  necessary 
to  erect  houses  to  accommodate  the  workmen  and  their  families  in 
the  detached  and  often  isolated  mining  communities.  A town  is 
laid  out,  with  streets,  alleys,  and  lots  properly  platted,  and  dwellings 
of  the  type  selected  are  constructed.  These  are  usually,  as  has 
already  been  pointed  out,  two-story,  double,  frame  buildings,  of  eight 
or  ten,  and  in  some^  cases  twelve,  rooms.  They  are  designed  to  accom- 
modate two  families,  one  on  either  side  of  the  building.®  Some  of 

^^For  floor  plan  and  front  and  side  elevation  of  a typical  house,  see  p.  495 


324 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  houses  are  plastered  and  fairly  well  finished  inside;  others  are  | 
much  rougher  in  their  finish.  In  a very  few  cases  the  houses  are  || 
lighted  by  electricity  supplied  by  the  company,  but  as  a rule  oil  1 
lamps  or  other  means  of  lighting  must  be  furnished  by  the  tenant.^ 

Water  for  all  domestic  purposes  must  be  carried  by  the  housewife,  ^ 
from  a few  feet  to  several  hundred  yards.  The  distance  of  dry  toilets  \ 
from  the  houses  varies  with  the  depth  of  the  lot,  from  a few  feet  to  I 
30  or  40  yards.  Waste  water  from  the  houses  is  sometimes  carried 
off  to  the  gutters  along  the  village  street  by  drain  pipes  from  the  , 
kitchen.  Sometimes  these  are  omitted,  and  water  which  has  been  I 
used  for  washing  is  emptied  anywhere  about  the  yard  or  grounds. 

The  usual  rent  for  these  houses  is  about  $1.50  a room  a month— 
e.  g.,  a four-room  house  rents  for  $6  and  a five-room  house  for  $7.50.  | 
There  are,  of  course,  many  variations,  depending  upon  locality,  size 
and  type  of  house,  and  company,  but  this  is  a fair,  general  average. 

It  should  be  noted  in  passing  that  this  rent  is  usually  a very  satis-  I 
factory  return  on  the  investment.  For  instance,  the  houses  of  one  i 
company,  costing  $1,100  to  construct,  rent  for  $156  a year,  at 
another  mine,  houses  of  similar  construction  and  approximate  cost  i 
rent  for  $144  a year;  at  another,  similar  houses,  of  approximately  i 
the  same  cost,  rent  for  $168  a year.  It  is  true  that  such  houses  could  j 
not  now  be  constructed  for  this  amount,  since  the  cost  of  labor  and  I 
material  has  increased;  but,  taking  this  fact  into  consideration,  it  is  i 
still  evident  that  the  houses  yield  a very  good  profit. 

It  is  the  policy  of  the  companies  when  employing  men  to  give 
preference  to  those  who  will  live  in  company  houses,  and  in  cases  i 
where  it  is  necessary  to  'Tay  off”  a part  of  their  workmen,  other 
things  being  equal,  those  are  usually  first  discharged  who  do  not 
rent  company  houses.  Less  pressure  is  brought  to  bear  in  this 
direction  when  there  is  a shortage  of  labor.  At  such  times  men 
may  be  very  gladly  taken  on  whether  their  families  occupy  company 
houses  or  not,  while  at  other  periods,  when  labor  is  plentiful,  those 
men  are  first  chosen  who  will  occupy  company  buildings.  From  this 
standpoint,  the  recent  immigrants  are  more  desirable  than  natives  as 
workmen.  The  former  will  usually  rent  company  houses  without 
objection,  while  the  latter  generally  prefer  other  dwellings. 

It  should  be  said  that  this  policy  of  the  companies  is  not  altogether 
intended  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  up  the  profit  from  the  rental 
of  the  houses,  but  also  proceeds  from  a legitimate  desire  to  keep  an 
organized  body  of  workmen  at  the  plant.  These  houses  are  not 
always  owned  by  the  company  itself,  but  are  sometimes  the  property 
of  individual  members  of  the  company. 

THE  COMPANY-STORE  SYSTEM. 

Company  stores  are  generally  found  in  all  the  detached  mining 
villages.  As  conducted  in  the  mining  regions  of  western  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  company  store  system  is  usually  an  evasion  of  the  law, 
and  is  often  a means  of  exploiting  immigrants  and  other  employees. 
These  company  stores,  strictly  speaking,  are  not  owned  and  managed 
by  the  same  corporate  body  which  owns  and  operates  the  coal 
mines,  since  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania  forbid  a coal-mining  company 
to  own  and  operate  such  stores.  In  actual  practice,  however,  they 
are  very  closely  related  to  the  coal-mining  company.  In  most  cases 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


325 


a separate  corporation  is  organized,  composed  of  some  or  all  of  the 
principal  stockholders  of  the  mining  company,  and  this  second 
organization  engages  in  the  supply  business  at  the  mining  plants  of 
• company.  In  a few  instances  the  stores  are  owned  by 

individuals  who  are  members  of  the  mining  company.  In  still  other 
cases  a third  company  owns  the  stock  of  both  the  mining  company 
and  the  supply  company.  While  the  stores  are  therefore  not  legally 
the  property  of  the  coal-mining  company,  they  are  usually  the  prop- 
of  some  or  all  of  the  same  interests  as  is  the  coal  company. 

ITU  existence  of  the  company  store  are  quite  plain. 

companies  say  the  supply  store  is  a necessity; 
that  their  workmen  must  be  furnished  general  supplies  on  a reliable 
business  basis.  They  say  it  is  not  feasible  for  anyone  entirely  out- 
side, or  not  connected  with  the  coal  company,  to  conduct  such  a 
business,  since  the  mining  companies  are  constantly  involved  in  con- 
troversies between  the  managers  of  such  stores  and  the  workmen  of 
the  company  over  the  settlement  of  accounts;  that,  owing  to  the 
slutting  character  and  general  unreliability  of  the  people  living  in 
the  coal-mming  towns,  it  is  necessary  that  a store  be  able  to  collect 
Its  bills  through  the  coal-mming  company,  and  this  necessitates  a 
rnctionless  relationship  between  the  mining  and  the  supply  com- 
panies. This  contention  may  be  true,  but  it  is  equally  true  that 
outside  persons  would  voluntarily  establish  stores  in  these  towns  and 
run  the  risk  of  losses  from  bad  debts  were  they  permitted  to  do  so  by 
the  mining  company  which  owns  the  land  and  buildings  of  the  company 
town.  Here  and  there  may  be  found  an  occasional  small  store,  often 
managed  by  an  immigrant,  but  in  the  more  remote  coal  and  coke 
towns  this  IS  the  extent  of  competition  to  which  the  company  store 
IS  subjected,  and  in  some  cases  no  stores  even  of  this  Idnd  are  per- 
mitted. I he  fact  seems  to  be  that  a well-managed  store  will  yield 
a very  good  profit  and  it  is  the  intention  of  the  members  of  the  coal- 
mining companies  to  retain  this  profit  for  themselves.  The  relation 
between  the  company  store  and  the  mining  company  is  simple. 
When  a workman  or  a member  of  his  family  desires  to  purchase 
?oods  at  the  store  and  has  no  cash,  or  does  not  wish  to  use  such  cash 
is  he  has  on  hand,  he  asks  the  pay  clerk  of  the  mining  company  for 
1 check  of  such  amount  as  he  may  wish.  This  check  is  a printed 
> p which,  in  form,  is  an  assignment  to  the  store  company  of  money 
iwed  by  the  mining  company  to  the  workman,  with  spaces  left  blank 
or  the  amount  and  the  assignor’s  signature.  If  the  mine  employee’s 
warnings  to  date,  less  previous  checks,  equal  or  exceed  the  amount 
lesired,  the  check  is  made  out,  signed  by  the  man,  and  received  at 
store  m pyment  for  the  goods  bought.  On  pay  day  the  total 
imount  of  these  checks  is  deducted  from  the  man’s  earnings  and 
'Urned  over  to  the  store  in  payment  of  his  bills. 

t IS  presumed  that  the  employees  of  the  mining  companies  are 
ree  to  patronize  any  outside  store  if  they  see  fit.  When  company 
)lhcials  are  asked  if  men  are  required  to  patronize  their  stores,  the 
isual  answer  is  that  a man  is  free  to  trade  anywhere  he  wishes. 
)ince  the  company  stores  are  operated  for  profit,  however,  and  since 

purchase  goods  and  the  corresponding  deductions 

ediL  H JoU  a earnings  have  already  been  shown  by  races  in  the  pre- 

eding  detailed  exhibit.  See  pp.  318-320.  ^ 

48296° — VOL  6 — 11 22 


326 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


a greater  volume  of  business  means  a larger  profit,  it  is  only  natural  ! 
that  the  companies  should  seek  to  make  the  trade  at  the  stores  as  i 
large  as  possible.  Various  means  are  employed  to  accomplish  this  ; 
end  ranging  from  overmanning  the  plants  and  practical  coercion  to 
simple  dependence  on  lower  prices  and  better  goods.  On  the  other  i 
hand  trade  at  many  company  stores  is  favored  by  the  inaccessibility  i 
of  competing  stores.  The  plants  are  often  remote  from  towns  and  ,i 
villages.  During  the  winter  months  especially  the  roads  are  usually  ( 
bad  and  because  of  convenience  and  sometimes  of  necessity,  a large 
proportion  of  the  employee’s  purchases  must  be  made  at  the  com-  c 

^^As  already  noted,  competing  stores  of  importance  are  usually  not  ^ 
permitted  in  the  company  towns.  Hucksters  and  peddlers  of  fruits, 
vegetables,  and  meats  are  excluded  as  far  as  possible.  Where  the  ( 
company  village  is  located  on  the  company’s  own  land  this  is  very  : 
easily  accomplished.  Trespass  notices  are  posted  and  such  hucksters  i 
and  peddlers  are  prosecuted.  As  showing  the  relationship  between 
the  mining  and  the  supply  companies  it  is  of  interest  here  to  remem-  i 
ber  that  the  prosecution  is  conducted  by  the  mining  company  owning 
the  store,  though  the  mining  company  as  such  has  nothing  to  lose  by 
the  presence  of  these  vendors.  Under  such  circumstances  fruits,  vege- 
tables, meats,  and  groceries  are  sometimes  carried  from  hucksters 
wao-ons  which  wait  out  on  the  public  highway  a mile  or  so  away . i here 
are  companies  which  do  not  exclude  hucksters,  farmers,  and  other  per- 
sons from  selling  in  the  villages,  and  may  even  permit  the  establish- 
ment of  some  other  small  stores,  but  this  is  not  the  ordinary  condition. 
The  store  check  system  also  operates  to  stimulate  trade  at  the  com- 
pany store.  Such  checks  are  good  only  for  trade  there.  A workman 
is  not  permitted  to  draw  his  wages  in  cash  at  irregular  intervals,  but 
is  given  a store  check  which  necessitates  his  purchasing  his  supplies 
at  the  company  store.  Their  spending  is  not  discouraged  by  the 
company  so  long  as  it  does  not  involve  more  than  is  due  the  workman. 
Another  very  effective  means  of  increasing  trade  at  the  store  is  that 
of  having  the  manager  and  possibly  sopae  of  the  clerks  ‘Take  orders 
at  regular  intervals.  Each  housewife  is  visited  and  solicited  to  order 
from  the  store  for  the  next  week  or  two  weeks  such  articles  as  she 
may  desire.  These  goods  are  then  delivered  and  the  amount  charged 
to  the  husband’s  store  account.  Not  only  does  this  give  the  store  a 
definite  amount  of  trade,  but  the  manager  also  secures  inuch  yaluaWe 
information  as  to  the  trade  peculiarities  of  different  fam^ihes.  He 
learns  to  know  personally  those  families  which  are  giving  him  all,  oi 
nearly  all,  of  their  trade,  and  those  which  are  withholding  a part  of  it 
and  trading  elsewhere.  This  enables  him  to  concentrate  to  the  best 
advantage  his  efforts  at  increasing  the  business  of  the  store.  Nc 
doubt  his  call  to  secure  orders  is  sometimes  considered  by  the  house- 
wife as  more  or  less  of  a command  to  buy.  In  some  instances  tin. 
opinion  is  doubtless  well  founded,  while  in  others  it  is  a mistake,  du( 
to  previous  unhappy  experiences  under  similar  conditions  or  to  i 
misinterpretation  of  the  manager’s  speech. 

At  some  stores  other  far  less  legitimate  measures  are  employed  t< 
keep  up  the  workman’s  store  account.  Cases  are  reported  when 
each  employee  is  expected  to  spend  a certain  proportion  or  his  earn 
ings  each  week  in  the  store.  A list  is  kept  of  those  families  wine  ; 


Bituminous  Coa!  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


327 


fall  short  of  the  expected  amount.  If  purchases  do  not  increase,  the 
head  of  the  family  is  given  an  unpleasant  place  to  work,  a wet  head- 
ing,  a room  with  a bad  roof,  or  a place  where  the  conditions  are  other- 
wise unfavorable.  If  the  employee,  under  these  conditions,  does  not 
move,  or  if  his  store  account  does  not  reach  the  approximate  amount 
expected,  he  is  discharged  at  the  first  opportunity  and  a more  sub- 
servient workman  substituted.  The  attitude  of  the  employees  under 
such  a system  is  naturally  a matter  of  interest.  Briefly  stated,  as  a 
body  they  are  antagonistic  to  the  company  store  and  often  buy 
inferior  goods  at  higher  prices  at  other  stores  simply  because  they 
feel  free  from  compulsion.  The  quality  of  the  goods  and  the  prices 
charged  vary  with  different  companies.  Many  company  stores  han- 
dle first-class  goods  throughout  and  charge  prices  no  higher  than  in 
the  best-managed  town  and  city  stores.  They  buy  in  very  large 
quantities,  thereby  receiving  unusually  favorable  quotations.  They 
have  few  or  no  bad  debts  and  consequently  are  able  to  make  more 
than  the  average  profit  at  moderate  prices.  These  prices  are  main- 
tained fairly,  although  the  store  enjoys  a practical  monopoly  of  trade 
and  might  exact  higher  prices.  At  the  other  extreme  are  stores  in 
which  the  goods  are  of  poor  quality,  and  frequently  the  prices  charged 
are  above  those  for  the  same  brand  or  kind  of  goods  as  charged  else- 
where. No  general  statement  can  do  justice  to  this  situation.  In 
some  cases  the  employee  receives  reasonable  value  for  his  money,*  in 
others  he  is  unquestionably  exploited.  At  a few  company  stores 
trade  is  not  req^uired.  Every  workman  is  distinctly  told  that  he  can 
buy  anywhere  ne  pleases  and  is  asked  to  inform  the  store  manager 
it  he  considers  the  prices  unfair  and  the  qualities  of  goods  inferior. 
It  is  the  effort  of  such  stores  to  deal  with  the  company  employees  on 
a commercial  basis.  The  managers  of  such  stores  report  a better 
trade  and  much  better  spirit  on  the  part  of  the  workmen  than  do  the 
managers  of  neighboring  stores,  where  it  is  tacitly  understood  that 
the  man  will  trade  at  the  company  store. 


BENEFITS  KECEIVED  BY  EMPLOYEES  IN  ADDITION  TO  WAGES. 

As  regards  benefits  received  by  mine  workers  in  addition  to  their 
wages,  medical  and  hospital  services  may  be  mentioned.  In  this 
respect  coal  and  coke  companies  can  be  divided  into  four  general 
classes.  The  majority  of  companies  pay  all  the  cost  of  treating  a 
workman  injured  while  on  duty,  and  furnish  whatever  hospital  service 
may  be  necessary;  others  pay  these  items  only  when  the  man  himself 
IS  unable  to  pay  them;  still  others  simply  call  a physician  or  send  the 
employee  to  [a  hospital  and  pay  for  the  first  treatment;  and  a few 
lurnish  neither  medical  nor  hospital  service,  leaving  the  employee  to 
run  the  risk  of  fatal  or  permanent  injury,  and  to  pay  the  cost  of  anv 
treatment  he  may  require. 

Some  mimng  companies  also  maintain  benefit  societies  for  their 
workmen.  Dues  of  these  societies  range  from  35  to  50  cents  per 
month.  Benefits,  generally  of  $5  or  $6  per  week,  are  paid  for  injuries 
suttered  while  at  work,  and  in  case  the  accident  is  fatal  a death 
Deneht  (usually  of  $100)  is  paid.  In  some  instances  these  companies 
provide  that  if  the  wife  of  an  employee  dies  the  husband  is  paid  a 
Deneiit  ot  $50.  Membership  in  these  societies  is  usually  compulsory 
at  tne  mmes  where  they  are  organized. 


328 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


WELFARE  WORK. 

For  the  most  part  there  is  no  organized  or  concerted  welfare  work 
bv^  the  mining  companies,  though  there  are  occasional  exceptions 
I^re  and  there  a company  furnishes  free  coal  to  its  workere  and  pays 
the  funeral  expenses  of  its  fatally  injured  employees.  Taken  as  a 
whole  however,  there  is  almost  a total  lack  of  any  orgamzed  effort 
alons’ these  lines.  One  company  which  is  dimg  welfare  work  is  a 
remarkable  example  of  what  might  be  done.  The  general  aim  of  the 
company  is  to  improve,  so  to  speak,  its  human  machmery.  wm 
the  most  orderly,^  efficient,  and  faithful  worsen  it  can  get,  and  is 
tSiiS  to  secure  a permanent  body  of  employees  as  distmguis  ied 
f?om  the  usual  shifting  labor  force  of  the  mmmg  regions.  It  is 
itt^mW  S ends  by  the  following  measures:  Its  wage  scale 
exceeds  ^that  of  its  competitors,  in  some  ^stances  '•ate  being  5 
ner  cent  higher.  It  maintains  a company  store,  but  patronage  is 
not  reauired  and  the  people  are  distinctly  told  that  they  are  free  to 
trade  rywherrthey  wish,  and  are  asked,  in  case  the^  wants  are 
not  met  at  the  store,  to  explain  what  seems  wrong  to  them,  md  if 
tlie  S-Lvance  is  real  it  is  promptly  remedied  Farmeip  and  huck- 
sters^ and  others  with  legitimate  busmess  are  free  to  enter  the  com- 
pany village  and  seU  their  wares.  Pack  peddlers  and  beer  and  'Wfbis  y 
Ss  alone  are  excluded.  Good  houses  are  also  provided  Unde- 
snable  buildings  are  being  replaced  by 

tages,  with  comfortable  porches,  large  grounds,  water  in  the  bouses, 
and  electric  lights.  The  standard  two-story,  double,  frame,  eight- 
room  houses  are  being  repaired  and  fitted  with  electric  lights  an 
water  cXecft^ns.  It  is  the  policy  to  encourage  the  better  work- 
men by  putting  them  in  the  better  houses,  puit  trees  are  planted 
in  the  ywds,  Ihich  will  eventually  furnish  fruit 
flud  will  be  cared  for  by  the  miner.  Water  is  supplied  by  a SOO-toot 
well  and  is  filtered  before  being  used.  The  toilets,  at  some  distaime 
from  the  houses,  are  fitted  with  removable  boMS  m 
narv  ground  vaults,  and  are  cleaned  each  week.  In  addition  to 
the^etter  physical  conditions,  the  company  is  trying  to  maintain 
fdeSffi  L^d  o'rderly  village.  To  this  end  ---1 - J- 
nlans  have  been  adopted.  No  workman  is  called  a clago  or  a 
^hunkie  ” but  on  the  contrary  all  are  treated  with  consideration  and 
reS  A ^puty  sheriff  is -employed  at  a.  regular  salary  to  main- 
tain order  and  supervise  the  sanitary  nffi 

of  the  village.  He  arrests  offenders  agamst  the  aw  but  does  not 
receive  the  fees.  These  go  mto  a charitable  funcL  This 
nrpvents  anv  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  officer  to  arrest  tor  reve 
Le,”  and  eLourages  him  to  have  as  little  disorder  ^ 
he  is  paid  no  more  in  troublesome  than  m peaceful  times,  and  the 
reten^n  orhis  position  depends  on  his  ability  t® 

He  sees  in  detail  to  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  tovn,  repo 
drain  that  needs  repair  or  a house  and  yard  that  need  cleaning,  a 
the  company  furnishes  him  a team  and  the  laborers  and  ®®PPb 
^eded  for  this  purpose.  He  sees  that  the  bouses  and  pounds  are 
kent  clean  and  orderly  and  reports  those  that  are  not.  In  order  lo 
secure  beLr  Uer  and  higher  efficiency  and  to  .reduce  the  number 
of  accidents,  the  company  controls  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
in  the  village.  A committee  composed  of  the  supermtendent,  the 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


329 


deputy  sheriff,  and  some  of  the  more  intelligent  foreign  workmen, 
handles  the  entire  beer  and  whisky  business  of  the  town.  This  com- 
mittee employs  a beer  agent’’  and  pays  him  a fixed  salary  per  month. 
He  receives  no  commissions.  He  is  permitted  to  sell  several  recog- 
nized brands  of  beer  and  whisky  and  is  not  permitted  to  favor  one 
brewing  or  distiHing  company  over  another.  No  other  beer  or  whisky 
agent  is  allowed  on  the  premises  of  the  company.  It  is  the  policy 
of  this  committee  systematically  to  cut  down  the  amount  of  beer  and 
whisky  consumed.  To  this  end  the  agent  takes  orders  on  Tuesday 
morning  after  the  men  have  gone  into  the  mine,  so  that  he  receives 
the  order  from  the  housewife,  not  from  the  husband  or  from  some 
irresponsible  boarder.  Then  the  superintendent  and  the  police 
officer  go  over  these  orders  and  reduce  those  that  seem  too  large. 
The  efficiency  of  the  agent  is  based  on  his  ability  to  keep  the  amount 
ordered  at  a low  figure.  Each  week  a statement  is  prepared  showing 
the  amount  of  liquor  each  family  and  boarding  group  has  purchased, 
the  prices  paid,  the  total  receipts,  total  expenses,  and  total  profits. 
These  profits  are  turned  over  to  the  charity  fund  of  the  committee 
and  are  used  for  the  aid  of  needy  families  in  the  village.  The  books 
of  the  committee  are  open  to  anyone  at  any  time  and  show  how  the 
money  has  been  spent.  The  company  has  adopted  the  policy  of 
systematically  eliminating  the  largest  consumers  of  beer  and  whisky, 
and  the  whole  campaign  has  resulted  in  reducing  the  consumption 
of  the  working  force  about  40  per  cent.  This  has  greatly  improved 
the  good  order  of  the  village  and  the  general  efficiency  of  the 
employees.® 

No  cows  or  chickens  are  permitted  in  the  yards.  This  is  in  the 
interest  of  the  general  cleanliness  of  the  town.  The  company  fur- 
nishes pure  milk  from  inspected  cows  at  5 cents  per  quart.  The 
company  is  also  limiting  the  number  of  boarders  that  may  be  kept 
by  any  one  family  to  four.  This  is  done  because  there  is  a tendency 
to  greater  uncleanliness,  disorder,  and  immorality  where  a larger 
number  of  boarders  are  kept.  Children  reared  in  a house  of  four 
rooms,  with  perhaps  from  8 to  12  boarders,  are  considered  to  have 
little  chance  of  becoming  good  citizens.  All  children  in  this  village 
attend  school  if  they  are  of  school  age.  If  the  family  is  too  poor 
to  purchase  books  and  other  needed  articles,  the  company  furnishes 
them  free,  and  the  children  may  go  to  either  the  public  or  the  paro- 
chial school  as  their  parents  choose.  The  village  officer  enforces 
attendance. 

A benefit  system  is  conducted  for  the  company  employees.  In 
this  the  dues  are  50  cents  per  month,  with  death  and  accident  benefits 
of  no  absolutely  fixed  amount.  If  the  family  is  large,  the  amount 
paid  is  often  higher  than  the  usual  $5  or  $6  per  week.  In  case  of 
death,  a benefit  of  $100  is  paid,  together  with  free  transportation 
for  the  widow  and  children  wherever  they  may  wish  to  go,  even  to 
their  original  home  in  Europe.  An  employee  permanently  injured 
in  the  company’s  service  is  given  work  about  the  plant  so  that  he 
may  support  himself  and  family,  or  is  furnished  free  transportation 
to  any  point  he  may  specify,  together  with  $100  in  cash.  The  results 
of  this  system  have  been  very  gratifying  to  the  operators.  When  other 

° Just  how  \vddely  this  handling  of  the  beer  and  whisky  business  differs  from 
the  usual  situation  can  be  seen  by  referring  to  the  chapter  on  industrial  progress  and 
efficiency,  pp.  419  to  422. 


330 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


companies  have  been  handicapped  by  a shortage  of  labor  supply, 
this  company  has  turned  men  away.  It  sells  its  product  for  more 
money,  and  is  able  to  pay  higher  wages.  As  a result,  more  and 
better  work  is  done,  greater  care  is  taken  of  the  company  property,  , 
and  much  better  order  and  general  living  conditions  prevail  in  its 
village  than  in  those  of  its  competitors.  j 

THE  IMMIGRANT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR. 

The  following  table  is  suggestive  as  regards  the  extent  of  member-  < 
ship  in  labor  organizations  of  representatives  of  immigrant  races,  , 
though  it  does  not  give  a complete  showing  because  most  of  the  - 
men  included  in  the  tabulation  were  working  in  nonunion  districts:  : 

Table  l^^.—Amiiationwith  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  working 
for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

Affiliated  with  trade 
unions. 

complete 

data. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

45 

1 

5 

6 

4 

1 

2 

7 

21 

1 

167 

17 

29 

12 

173 

103 

106 

183 

307 

31 

40 

77 

526 

16 

1 

2.2 

(«) 

(a) 

(«) 

(“) 

(a) 

(a) 

(“) 

9.5 

(a) 

12.0 

.0 

.0 

59.4 

38.3 
1.3 

.0 

80.0 

14.3 

4.6 
(a) 

Native-born  of  native  fatner,  

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish ........... 

2 

Foreign-born: 

2 

1 

20 

89 

63 

70 

4 

32 

11 

24 

1,880 

319 

17.0 

71 

1,809 

2 

3 

316 

TJ 

4.2 

17.5 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

The  greater  part  of  the  persons  represented  in  the  foregoing  table 
were  employed  in  regions  where  they  had  no  opportunity  to  become 
affiliatecl  with  labor  unions.  This  is  true  of  all  the  races  enumerated 
except  the  North  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Kussian,  and  Ku- 
thenian.  Most  of  the  individuals  of  these  races  were  in  a unionized 
locality,  and  this  accounts,  in  part  at  least,  for  the  seemingly  greater 

tendency  to  join  the  unions.  p j.  • u 

The  table  immediately  following  shows  the  number  of  foreign- born 
males  in  the  households  studied  who  are  members  of  labor  organiza- 
tions, accorchng  to  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States; 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


331 


Table  199. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  foreign-horn  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
who  are  working  for  wages,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  50  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom.] 


Number  21  years  of  age  or 
over  v/orking  for  wages, 
by  years  in  United  States. 

Affiliation  with  trade  unions,  by  years  in  United  States. 

Uace  of  individual. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Polish 

109 

82 

116 

1 

1 

2 

0.9 

1.2 

1.7 

Slovak 

153 

119 

254 

2 

12 

10 

1.3 

10.1 

- 3.9 

Total 

551 

498 

700 

54 

no 

152 

9.8 

22.1 

20.0 

The  first  efTectual  organization  among  the  bituminous  coal  opera- 
tives of  Pennsylvania  was  that  of  the  Knights  of  Labor.  In  the  early 
seventies  this  body  grew  rapidly  and  by  the  latter  part  of  the  decade 
had  attained  a strong  position  in  the  bituminous  region.  Its  decline 
was  almost  equally  rapid,  and  by  1885  it  was  no  longer  powerful 
enough  to  bargain  successfully  with  the  operators,  though  it  con- 
tinued in  existence  until  1890.  In  the  year  1885  the  Miners’  National 
Progressive  Union  was  formed  and  quickly  spread  through  the 
mining  regions  of  the  western  part  of  the  State  until  it  was  finally 
equal  in  strength  among  the  miners  to  the  Knights  of  Labor.  Con- 
stant friction  between  the  two  organizations,  however,  so  hampered 
the  activities  of  each  as  to  make  it  evident  that  neither  would  long 
survive  if  the  struggle  continued.  -This  resulted  in  1890  in  the 
union  of  Lodge  No.  135  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  with  the  National 
Progressive  Union  to  form  ^the  present  United  Mine  Workers  of 
America,  which  took  over  the  local  unions  of  both  the  older  organi- 
zations throughout  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania.  Since  that 
time  it  has  been  the  predominant  organization  among  the  mine 
operatives  in  that  section. 

As  Slovaks,  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Magyars,  Croatians,  Italians,  and 
other  immigrants  of  different  race  and  speech  began  to  enter  the 
industry  in  great  numbers,  the  union  quickly  found  that  if  it  was  to 
live  it  must  organize  these  newcomers.  This  was  a difficult  task. 
The  new  workers  v/ere  coming  from  lands  where  labor  organizations 
were  considered  revolutionary.  They  were,  therefore,  naturally 
suspicious  and  slow  to  join  them  here.  Very  few  could  understand 
the  English  language,  and  agitation  among  them  had  to  be  con- 
ducted through  interpreters.  Most  of  them  were  new  to  the  industry, 
and  it  is  said  did  not  know  what  hours,  wages,  and  conditions  of 
employment  they  should  expect,  but  arrived  with  practically  no 
funds  and  were  obliged  to  accept  work  immediately.  Moreover,  the 
operators  were  opposing  organization  among  these  new  workmen, 
and,  it  is  claimed,  were  using  one  race  or  faction  against  another, 
and  other  means  to  prevent  their  organization.  In  spite  of  these 
hindrances,  however,  the  unions  were  successful  in  enrolling  many 
of  the  immigrants,  and  at  present  in  those  districts  where  the  unions 
still  exist  many  members  are  from  races  of  recent  immigration. 


332 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  some  respects  the  members  from  races  of  recent  immigration 
are  considered  less  satisfactory  than  the  native-born  or  the  members 
from  races  of  older  immigration.  The  presence  of  different  races 
and  nationalities,  some  of  which  may  be  more  or  less  hostile  to 
each  other,  such  as  the  North  and  South  Italians,  and  most  of 
which  differ  in  language  and  customs,  not  only  from  one  another 
but  from  the  older  employees,  prevents  the  formation  of  a com- 
pact homogeneous  union  and  gives  rise  to  some  troublesome  prob-  j 
ferns  of  organization  and  administration.  In  strikes  the  recent  j 
immigrant  members  are  generally  faithful  and  loyal,  but  are  often  s 
inclined  to  resort  to  violence  and  other  methods  that  bring  the  i 
union  and  its  cause  into  disrepute,  while  in  peaceful  times  it  is  i 
often  difficult  to  make  the  immigrant  worker  see  the  need  of  con-  • 
tributing  steadily  to  the  union.  He  is  prone  to  save  the  amount  I 
of  his  dues  by  letting  his  membership  lapse.  This  undermines  the  : 
organization  not  only  numerically  and  financially,  but  morally  as  - 
well,  and  requires  constant  work  to  offset  its  weakening  effects. 

It  is  claimed  by  some  of  the  older  operatives  and  labor  leaders,  and 
apparently  with  "good  reason,  that  the  unions  are  the  best  means  of  i 
effecting  general  improvement  in  working  and  living  conditions 
among  the  coal-mine  employees.  They  are  able,  it  is  argued,  to 
effect  this  improvement  through  securing  shorter  hours,  better  wages, 
safer  mines,  and  safer  methods  of  mining.  They  are  further  able  in 
some  degree,  it  is  also  asserted,  to  prevent  exploitation  of  workmen 
through  store,  rent,  and  other  deductions,  and,  b}^  insisting  on  proper 
living  conditions,  to  improve  the  surroundings  and  housing  of  the 
company  villages.  In  addition  to  these  specific  forms  of  betterment 
they  purport  to  serve  another  excellent  purpose  in  accustoming  the 
immigrant  at  the  outset  to  American  standards  on  these  subjects,  so 
that  he  learns  quickly  to  measure  his  own  condition,  not  by  what  he 
has  been  accustomed  to  abroad,  but  by  what  is  taught  him  he  should 
expect  here.  It  is  urged  that  this  makes  his  competition  with  the 
American  and  other  older  operatives  less  disastrous  to  them,  and  there- 
fore improves  conditions  not  only  for  the  immigrant,  but  for  the  older 
operatives  as  well.  The  older  employees  further  claim  that  in  general 
the  immigration  of  southern  and  eastern  Europeans  has  been  very 
disastrous  to  the  labor  unions  in  the  coal-mining  industry.  In  some 
districts  the  unions  have  been  entirely  disrupted,  and  old  operatives 
assert  that  this  was  directly  due  to  the  coming  of  the  later  immigrants. 
They  contend  that  some  of  the  operators  consciously  and  deliber- 
ately displaced  their  American,  British,  and  German  workers  with 
the  later  immigrants  in  order  to  break  down  the  unions,  and  that, 
after  succeeding  in  this  endeavor,  they  have  kept  their  workers  of 
several  different  races  so  as  to  make  organization  difficult  among 
them. 

A fair  illustration  of  the  disruption  of  the  unions  following  the 
arrival  of  the  recent  immigrants  is  seen  in  the  case  of  the  Con- 
nellsville  coke  region.  In  that  section  the  earlier  employees,  as 
already  pointed  out,®  were  Americans,  Irish,  German,  English,  and 
Scotch,  who  proved  themselves  apt  at  organization  and  prompt  to 
strike  for  better  wages  and  conditions.  Expansion  of  the  industry 
created  a demand  for  many  more  workmen,  and  Slovaks,  Magyars, 


« See  p.  256. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


333 


Poles,  and  Italians  were  employed  in  large  numbers.  This  movement 
began  about  1882.  At  that  time  the  labor  organizations  among  the 
men  were  under  the  leadership  of  the  Americans,  English,  and  IrisL 

The  history  of  these  labor  organizations  is  the  history  of  a series  of 
strikes,  each  of  which  left  the  organizations  weaker  than  before. 
The  American  and  Irish  leaders  induced  many  of  the  immigrants 
to  join  in  the  strikes,  but  they  found  difficulty  in  restraining 
them  from  violence  during  the  strikes  and  in  retaining  their  member- 
ship after  the  strikes  were  settled,  so  that  the  unions  were  not  able 
to  form  any  powerful  organization  for  use  in  the  next  strike.  The 
first  of  these  general  strikes  occurred  in  1884.  At  that  time  the  per- 
centage of  recent  immigrants  was  relatively  small  and  the  men  held 
their  own.  More  recent  immigrants  were  employed,  however,  some 
English-speaking  workmen  were  discharged,  and  many  others  left  the 
region  to  seek  work  in  other  fields.  There  was  another  strike  in  1886 
which  was  really  a defeat  for  the  labor  organization. 

In  1890  the  local  organizations  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  were  taken 
over  by  the  newly  organized  United  Mine  Workers  of  America.  The 
next  year,  another  general  strike  occurred  in  the  coke  region,  into 
which  the  local  unions  entered  without  the  sanction  of  tlie  general 
council  of  the  organization,  and  the  men  were  defeated.  In  this  case 
also  the  immigrants  joined  the  strike,  but  did  much  rioting,  and  after 
the  defeat  of  the  strike  left  the  union.  After  the  strikes  of  1884  and 
1886  many  of  the  older  English-speaking  workers  began  leaving  the 
district.  More  left  after  the  strike  of  1891,  and  with  the  loss  of  immi- 
grant members  at  the  same  time  the  United  Mine  Workers’  organi- 
zation was  completely  demoralized  in  the  Connellsville  region. 

In  1894,  when  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  were  conduct- 
ing their  general  strike,  the  organization  in  the  coke  region  was 
revived  and  the  men  struck  again.  This  was  the  final  struggle. 
The  rate  at  the  time  was  19^  cents  per  ton  for  mining  coal.  The 
strikers  asked  25  cents.  The  operators  refused  the  demand  and  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  region  the  strike  began  April  2,  1894.  The 
Americans,  English,  and  Irish  were  leaders  of  the  strike,  and  the 
immigrants  very  generally  joined  the  organization  which  had  been 
effected  only  two  weeks  previously.  On  April  27  the  central  and 
northern  portion  of  the  region  also  joined  tlie  strike.  By  May  1 only 
8 plants  out  of  85  in  the  region  were  operating.  The  following  table 
slmws,  by  weeks,  the  nurnber  of  ovens  which  were  operated  and  those 
which  were  idle,  and  indicates  the  success  of  the  miners  in  stopping: 
the  industry  ^ 


Table  2QQ.— Active  and  idle  ovens  in  Connellsville  coke  district,  May  1 to  September  1 

1894.  ’ 


Date. 

Ovens 

running. 

Ovens 

idle. 

Date. 

Ovens 

running. 

Ovens 

idle. 

May  1 

2,454 
2,031 
1,486 
2,026 
2, 937 
3,527 
3,855 
4,686 
5,940 

15,059 
15, 481 
16,047 
15, 427 
14, 576 
13, 969 
13,639 
12,810 
11, 554 

Julv  6 

6,928 

May  11 

Julv  13 

10, 586 

May  18 

July  20 

7, 708 

9,906 

May  25 

Julv  27 

o,  000 

8, 858 

Fune  1 

August  3 

9, 779 

7 , 735 

Fune  8 

Fune  15 

August  10 

Aug^iist  IS 

10, 332 
10,756 
10,039 
11,593 

7, 182 
6,758 
6, 455 
5,921 

Fune  22. . . 

Fune  29 

August  25 

S6ptGTnlDpr  1 

12, 703 

4,811 

a Compiled  iro:n  the  reports  of  the  Uniontown,  Pa.,  press  during  this  period. 


334 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  strikers  were  most  successful  during  the 
month  of  May.  By  the  middle  of  this  month,  hov/ever  begging 
committees  were  soliciting  aid  for  the  strikers,  many  of  whom  weie 
enduring  severe  hardships.  About  this  time,  the  general  strike  ot 
the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  was  ended,  but  the  strike  m the 
coke  region  still  continued.  It  came  to  a close  September  7,  with  the 
complete  defeat  of  the  men  and  the  disruption  of  their  organization. 
This  ended  the  existence  of  labor  organizations  in  the  coxe  district. 

In  considering  the  connection  between  the  destruction  of  the  unions 
and  the  presence  of  the  recent  immigrant,  certain  factors  in  the  case 
must  be  observed.  The  differences  in  race,  language,  and  religion  ) 
gave  the  operators  opportunity  to  play  off  one  faction  or  race  agams.  j 
another,  and  it  is  charged  by  the  labor  unionists  that  this  was  rre-  i 
quently  done.  The  immigrants  would  not  keep  up  their  membership  < 
in  the  unions  during  the  periods  between  strikes  and  consequently 
the  labor  organizations  had  no  adequate  funds  to  carry  on  long  ! 
strikes.  Moreover,  the  workmen  themselves,  especially  the  more 
newly  arrived  immigrants,  had  little  or  no  savings  on  which  to  de-  : 
pend  and  members  were  soon  forced  to  choose  between  starving  with 
their  families  and  accepting  work  at  the  terms  offered.  Under  these 
conditions  many  soon  resumed  work.  Another  element  ot  impOTtance  : 
was  the  fact  that  after  each  strike  numbers  of  the  natives,  and  British 
and  German  immigrant  workmen,  refusing  longer  to  tolerate  the 
conditions  imposed,  left  the  region  and  found  work  m the  fields  ot  the 
Pittsburg  district,  of  Ohio,  the  Middle  West,  and  the  Southwest, 
where  wages  and  working  conditions  were  better,  and  where  the 
employees  were  not  subject  to  such  competition  from  recent  iinmi- 
gration  as  in  the  coke  region.  Not  only  did  this  lower  the  numbers 
of  the  older  operatives  who  remained  in  the  coke  region,  but  since  txie 
hardiest,  most  resourceful,  and  most  aggressive  were  the  ones  to 
leave,  and  since  these  were  the  chief  strength  of  the  unions,  the  re^sul 
tant  moral  weakening  of  the  organization  was  out  of  all  proportion 
to  the  numbers  of  those  thus  lost.  In  short,  the  unions  here  were 
inundated  by  the  flood  of  immigrants  and  the  various  strikes  were 
merely  the  convulsions  that  marked  their  advancing  dissolution. 

What  occurred  in  the  Connellsville  coke  region  occurred  elsewhere 
throughout  the  State.  In  other  fields  where  the  unions  were  not  so 
well  organized  the  coming  of  the  recent  immigrants  served  rather  to 
prevent  than  to  destroy  organization,  but  the  result  in  either  case 
has  been  to  create  large  areas  in  which  to-day  there  is  no  semblance 
of  labor  organization  among  thousands  of  einployees.  At  present 
the  union  is  recognized  on  an  open-shop  basis  by  the  operators  ot 
the  Clearfield  and  Pittsburg  districts  and  in  a few  isolated  districts, 
such  as  the  town  of  South  Fork,  and  the  scale^  and  working  agree- 
ment of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  is  observed  m these 
fields.  Elsewhere  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania  are 
unorganized. 

REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYING  IMMIGRANTS. 

The  primary  reason  for  the  employment  of  recent  immigrants  was 
the  development  of  the  coal  industry  in  western  Pennsylvania.  his 
development  was  rapid  and  on  a large  scale.  At  the  same  time  the 
expansion  of  the  industry  in  other  fields  gave  opportunity  for  experi- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  335 


enced  and  ambitious  American,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 
employees  to  find  positions  elsewhere.  Furthermore,  the  period  of 
development  in  coal  ruining  and  coke  manufacturing  was  also  a 
period  of  great  expansion  in  manufacturing  industries  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, so  that  for  the  intelligent  and  ambitious  American,  German, 
English,  Irish,  or  Scotch  employee  there  were  abundant  opportuni- 
ties to  secure  either  lucrative  positions  in  other  mining  fields,  or 
more  pleasant  or  better  paid  work  in  shops  and  factories  near 
home.  This  resulted  in  a double  demand  for  labor  in  tlie  mining 
industry.  There  was  first  that  demand  which  came  from  expansion — 
the  opening  of  new  mine§,  and  the  extension  of  the  older  workings; 
second,  the  demand  which  resulted  from  the  exodus  of  former  opera- 
tives from  the  industry.  These  former  operatives  were  influenced 
to  leave  by  the  fact  that  there  were  opportunities  to  secure  work 
! which  paid  as  well  or  better  than  mining,  that  this  work  was  often 
I more  agreeable  and  less  dangerous,  and  that  it  freed  them  from 
I association  with  aliens  of  different  speech,  customs,  and  manners. 

I The  employment  of  recent  immigrants,  therefore,  increased  tlie 
; opportunities  for  the  employment  of  more  workers  of  the  same  races 
I for  the  reason  it  accelerated  the  departure  of  the  former  operatives. 
There  were  also  other  reasons  wliy  the  mining  companies,  after  they 
had  had  some  experience  with  recent  immigrants,  were  quite  willing 
to  employ  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  Magyars,  Croatians,  Italians,  and  other 
races.  The  pioneer  operatives  were,  in  many  cases,  members  of  the 
trades  unions,  and  were  constantly  demanding  better  wages  and 
working  conditions.  When  the  first  of  the  recent  immigrants  had 
been  employed,  it  was  observed  that  they  were  more  easily  satisfied 
with  wages  and  living  conditions,  that  they  did  not  know  anything 
about  labor  organizations,  and  that  since  they  could  not  speak  the 
English  language,  they  were  difficult  to  organize  and  at  the  same 
time  could  not  easily  communicate  their  discontent,  or  act  as  a body 
upon  any  grievances.  Consequently,  when  the  rapid  development 
of  the  early  eighties  led  to  a great  demand  for  labor,  the  companies 
were  willing  to  receive  the  races  of  recent  immigration,  because  they 
had  found  them  tractable  and  less  inclined  to  give  trouble  than  the 
older  immigrant  races.  Moreover,  these  races'  while  they  were  less 
efficient  than  the  older  and  experienced  miners,  had  been  found  to 
be  very  industrious  and  regular  in  their  work. 


/ ^ 


Chapter  V. 


HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

Systems  of  domestic  economy — General  housing  and  living  conditions — Rent  in  its 
relation  to  standard  of  living — Boarders  and  lodgers — Size  of  apartments  occupied — 
Size  of  households  studied — Congestion— [Text  Tables  201  to  213  and  General  Tables 
70  to  81.] 

SYSTEMS  OF  DOMESTIC  ECONOMY. 

The  methods  of  domestic  economy  which  prevail  in  the  immigrant 
households  of  the  mine  workers  may  be  classified  under  two  general 
headings:  (1)  The  family,  and  (2)  the  boarding  group.  The  family 
life  needs  no  detailed  discussion.  In  practically  all  the  boarding 
groups  there  are  one  or  more  families,  but  the  conditions  are  such 
that  independent  family  life  can  scarcely  be  said  to  exist,  and  the 
distinguishing  features  are  those  of  the  group.  The  boarding  groups 
may  be  subdivided  into  two  general  classes.  The  first  of  these  is 
conducted  on  the  ordinary  American  plan,  by  which  the  boarder  pays 
a feed  sum  for  board,  lodging,  and  washing.  Few  such  groups 
exist  among  the  recent  immigrants,  but  when  they  are  found  the 
rates  are  from  $15  to  $18  per  month.  The  second  of  the  boarding 
systems  is  that  commonly  known  as  the  boarding  boss  system,  under 
which  each  lodger  pays  a fixed  sum,  usually  from  $2  to  $3  per  month, 
for  lodging,  washing,  and  cooking,  the  individual  members  of  the 
group  sharing  the  cost  of  food.  There  are  numerous  variations  of 
this  general  plan.  Where  the  boarding  boss  has  few  or  no  children 
and  there  are  several  boarders,  no  additional  charge  is  borne  by  him 
for  the  wife’s  food.  If  there  are  several  children  in  the  family  or  few 
boarders  in  the  group,  the  boss  usually  pays  two  shares  for  the  wife 
and  children.  This  is  a matter  that  is  settled  by  bargain  among  the 
members.  Sometimes  each  boarder  buys  his  own  food  separately 
and  the  boss’s  wife  cooks  it  for  him,  but  this  is  not  the  usual  custom. 
Frequently,  however,  the  men  buy  separately  the  lunch  they  take 
with  them  into  the  mine,  and  share  only  the  cost  of  breakfast  and 
supper. 

In  some  instances  a sort  of  combination  of  the  American  and  the 
boarding  boss  system  is  found — that  is,  lodging,  cooking,  washing,  and 
bread  and  coffee  are  furnished  at  $6  per  month,  and  the  boarders 
share  the  meat  and  other  food  bills  on  the  usual  plan.  In  one  case 
the  straight  American  plan  was  followed  at  $9  per  month,  except 
that  each  boarder  bought  his  own  lunch.  This  practice,  however, 
is  also  unusual.  Neither  the  American  plan  nor  any  modification 
of  this  plan  is  common.  Some  form  of  the  boarding  boss  system 
IS  the  prevailing  arrangement. 

GENERAL  HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

In  order  that  the  housing  conditions  in  the  mining  localities  may 
be  better  understood,  three  typical  mining  villages  have  been  selected 
and  are  described  from  this  standpoint  in  some  detail  below.  These 
small  representative  mining  villages  may  be  designated,  for  purposes 
of  presentation  and  comparison,  as  Villages  I,  II,  and  III. 


337 


338 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Village  I. 


This  village  is  located  near  a city  of  several  thousand  inhabitants,  j 
Probably  90  per  cent  of  the  employees  of  the  mining  company  occupy  i 
company  houses.  The  houses  are  two-story,  double,  frame  buildings.  | 
Each  house  has  two  apartments  of  four  rooms  each,  two  rooms  on  i 
the  first  floor  and  two  on  the  second.  The  rpt  is  $7  per  month  for  n 
each  apartment.  A very  few  immigrants  live  in  homes  of  their  own  in  ^ 
the  adjoining  city,  and  several  more  rent  dwellings  there. 

The  formation  "of  separate  racial  colonies  does  not  occur  in  the  com-  : 
pany  village,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  houses  are  rented  as  they  become 
vacant  and,  in  renting,  no  attention  is  paid  to  the  race  of  the  tenant.  : 
This  sometimes  results  in  an  Italian  household  occupying  one  side 
of  a double  house,  while  the  adjoining  apartment  is  occupied  by  a 
Slovak  or  a Magyar  household.  Length  of  residence  in  the  United 
States  seems  to  have  had  little  effect  in  bettering  the  housing  condi- 
tions of  immigrants.  This  is  chiefly  due  to  the  fact  that  all  the 
company  houses  are  of  the  same  type  and  rent  for  the  same  amount, 
and  consequently  leave  but  little  choice  to  the  tenant. 

Household  furnishing  shows  little  betterment  with  length  of 
time  in  the  United  States.  Those  families  which  have  been  most 
recently  formed  usually  have  the  best  furniture,  especially  if  the  hus- 
band aiul  wife  have  lived  in  this  country  for  some  time  prior  to  mar- 
riage. The  boarding  hous(‘.s  are  generally  shabbily  furnished,  and 
their  belongings  are  more  or  less  worn  and  dilapidated.  The  rooms 
are  much  more  tidy  wliere  there  are  no  boarders. 

Twenty-five  households,  consisting  of  11  Slovak,  6 Polish,  5 Magyar, 

1 North  Italian,  and  2 South  Italian,  were  studied  in  detail.  Of  the 
25,  7 were  keeping  either  boarders  or  lodgers.  In  the  community  the 
boarding  system  which  most  prevails  is  the  “boarding  boss”  plan, 
the  usual  price  being  $2  per  month  for  lodging,  washing,  and  cooking, 
although  in  1 Polish  home  it  was  $3,  and  in  1 Slovak  house  $2.50. 
The  food  was  bought  either  by  each  boarder  or  by  the  housewife, 
and  charged  at  the  store  on  the  book  of  each  individual  boarder. 
The  American  boarding  plan  was  found  to  prevail  among  the  Magyars, 
the  rate  per  month  ranging  from  $7  to  $7.50.  No  American  boarding 
houses  are  located  in  this  village,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  any 
cost  comparisons.  In  this  village  water  is  piped  into  nearly  all  the 
houses,  the  remainder  being  supplied  from  outside  hydrants.  Stoves 
are  used  for  heat  and  oil  lamps  for  light.  The  village  has  surface 
drainage.  Dry  toilets  with  ground  vaults  are  used.  Yards  and 
grounds  are  neglected,  and  the  whole  place  is  untidy  and  unclean. 

Village  II. 

This  village  is  a mining  town  of  approximately  800  inhabitants, 
and  is  about  1 mile  from  the  county  seat  of  the  county  in  which  it  is 
located. 

The  employees  of  the  coal-mining  company  are  divided  among 
the  different  races,  approximately  as  follows: 


Per  cent. 


Slovak 26 

Polish 14 

American,  White 13 

English 10 

Irish 10 


Per  cent. 


American,  Negro 9 

Italian 8 

Magyar 6 

German 2 

Russian 2 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  339 


Practically  all  Slovak,  Polish,  Negro,  Italian,  Magyar,  and  Russian 
families  occupy  company  houses.  Very  few  persons  of  the  other  races 
enumerated  live  in  company  houses,  the  majority  residing  in  the 
adjacent  city  or  its  suburbs. 

This  distinction  ip  housing  is  due  largely  to  the  difference  in 
occupation  and  earning  capacity.  The  races  enumerated  as  living 
in  company  houses  are  employed  largely  as  pick  miners  and  coke 
drawers,  with  a small  proportion  employed  in  such  occupations  as 
oven  levelers,  timbermen,  drivers,  ash  carters,  and  lamp  cleaners. 
The  majority  of  the  persons  of  the  other  races  in  the  locality  are 
skilled  employees,  such  as  machinists,  electricians,  firemen,  masons, 
and  teamsters. 

The  employees  living  in  the  city  or  its  environs  occupy  better 
houses  and  live  in  better  surroundings  than  are  provided  in  the 
village.  Those  living  in  the  city  have  the  benefit  of  its  water, 
light,  and  sanitary  systems,  while  those  living  in  the  village  have 
the  company  water  only,  and  dry  closets  with  no  provision  for  sew- 
erage. The  houses  in  the  village  are  rented  without  the  slightest 
regard  to  the  race  of  the  tenants,  which,  of  course,  tends  to  pre- 
vent segregation  of  races.  The  company  houses  are  two-story, 
double,  frame  structures;  each  side  consists  of  an  apartment  of 
4 rooms,  2 on  each  floor.  In  several  houses  visited,  2 families  were 
found  occupying  1 apartment,  1 family  on  each  floor.  The  company 
village  is  not  incorporated,  and  there  are  no  municipal  regulations 
regarding  housing  and  sanitation  to  be  observed.  The  only  effort 
of  the  company  in  this  direction  is  to  urge  the  immigrants  to  use 
lime  freely,  which  they  seem  to  do.  The  houses  are  untidy.  Officials 
of  the  company  assert  that  the  immigrants  with  longer  residence  in 
the  United  States  improve  their  housing  conditions  so  far  as  cleanli- 
ness and  neatness  are  concerned.  This  assertion  was  not  borne  out 
by  the  investigation  in  the  locality.  The  immigrant  boarding  houses 
are  usually  in  untidy  condition,  the  dirt  and  disorder  increasing  with 
the  number  of  boarders.  One  room  is  frequently  used  as  a combina- 
tion kitchen,  dining  room,  and  bathroom.  When  the  men  come  in 
from  their  work  in  the  evening  a tub  containing  a few  inches  of  water 
is  placed  on  the  floor,  and,  stripped  to  the  waist,  each  man  kneels 
over  the  tub  and  washes  himself.  As  many  as  8 or  10  men  will 
wash  in  the  same  water.  The  housewife  washes  the  back  of  each 
man,  and  in  the  intervals  attends  to  the  cooking.  Those  first  com- 
pleting their  toilets  take  their  places  at  the  table  and  begin  their 
meal,  while  others  are  washing.  The  boarding  systems  do  not  differ 
materially  from  those  found  in  Village  I.  Under  the  boarding 
boss  plan  the  rate  for  lodging,  laundry  and  cooking  is  $2  per 
month  when  the  lodger  furnishes  his  own  bed,  and  $2.50  when 
the  bed  is  furnished  by  the  boarding  boss.  In  a majority  of 
the  boarding  houses  visited,  especially  among  the  Poles,  the  cost  of 
food  for  the  entire  household  was  divided  proportionately,  each 
boarder  paying  one  share  and  the  boarding  boss  paying  one,  one  and 
a half,  or  two  shares,  according  to  the  size  of  his  immediate  family. 
This  payment  for  food  is  in  addition  to  the  charge  for  lodging,  washing, 
and  cooking.  In  the  immigrant  boarding  house  where  the  American 
plan  is  followed,  the  usual  rate  for  board,  lodging,  and  washing  is 
from  $15  to  $18  a month.  The  usual  price  in  American  houses  is 
$20  a month.  The  immigrant  boarding  boss  system  is  never  found 


340 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


among  the  Americans.  In  the  boarding  houses  managed  by  people  of 
native  birth  it  is  not  customary  to  find  more  than  2 m^  occupying 
a room,  but  among  the  immigrants  it  is  not  unusual  to  hnd  10  or  12 
men  sleeping  in  the  same  room. 


Village  III. 


This  mining  village  is  situated  about  half  a mile  from  a town  of  . 
800  to  1,000  population.  About  250  men  are  employed  in  the  mines  i 
and  live  in  the  community.  These  are  chiefly  Croatians,  Magyars, 

and  Slovaks.  . . . r ^ 

There  is  a strong  tendency  to  congregate,  m housing,  according  to 
race.  Housing  conditions  in  the  village  are  unusuaUy  bad.  ihe 
company  houses  occupied  by  the  Croatians  and  Slovaks  are  very 
small  dilapidated  shacks,  the  ten  houses  occupied  by  the  Croatians 
being  the  worst  of  all.  They  have  but  one  story  and  are  not  over  7^ 
feet  in  height.  Originally  each  house  had  three  rooms,  but  an  ad(h- 
tional  room  has  been  added.  The  rooms  are  about  8 by  10  feet  mth 
two  windows  each,  with  w^alls  unplastered  and  unpapered.  Ine 
houses  are  built  directly  under  a lull,  and  when  it  rams  the  rear 
rooms  are  flooded  and  for  the  time  being  rendered  practically  useless. 
The  toilets  in  several  cases  are  in  the  rear  not  inore  than  3 teet  rroin 
the  kitchen  door;  in  other  cases  the  toilets  are  just  across  the  road 
which  is  immediately  in  front  of  the  houses.  All  toilets  are  of  the 

^^In^tw^^of  the^Toatian  boarding  houses  conditions  were  bad.  In 
each  house  were  18  boarders.  In  one  house  the  boarding  boss  and 
his  wife  and  daughter  slept  in  the  Idtchen;  three  lodgers  m the  dmmg 
room,  two  in  a bed  and  one  on  a cot;  seven  in  another  room  m two 
beds;  and  eight  in  the  fourth  room  in  three  beds.  The  mndows  were 
all  closed  on  account  of  the  cold  weather,  the  only  ventilation  being 
furnished  by  a large  open  fireplace  in  the  dining  room.  The  houses 
occupied  by  the  Slovaks  are  as  bad  as  those  of  the  Croatians  m ewy 
particular,  except  that  they  are  not  located  so  close  to  the  hill.  Ihe 
houses  occupied  by  the  Magyars  and  other  races  are  a little  better 
than  those  of  the  Croatians  and  vSlovaks  by  reason  of  their  being  Imilt 
on  higher  ground.  They  are  a little  more  modern  m type,  but  at  best 
very  undesirable.  There  is  but  one  water  pipe  for  an  average  ol 
50  families,  and  the  supply  is  inadequate  Ihe  water  is  unht  tor 
drinking  unless  boiled,  a precaution  which  the  miimgrants  usually 
neglect.  The  lack  of  municipal  or  company  sanitary  regulations  m 
the  settlement  probably  causes  the  tenants  to  be  even  more  careless 
of  housing  and  living  conditions  than  they  otherwise  would  be 

The  immigrant  boarding  houses  are  most  undesirable.  Ihe  usual 
rate  is  $2.50  a month  for  lodging,  washing,  and  cooking  when  the 
lodger  furnishes  his  own  bed,  and  $3  a month  when  the  boarding 
boss  furnishes  the  bed.  The  boarding-boss  plan  is  generaUy  followed, 
and  the  lodgers  buy  their  own  food  at  the  company  store  and  bring 
it  home  to  be  cooked  by  the  wife  of  the  boarding  boss. 


RENT  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 


Rent  payments  made  are  of  large  interest  in  connection  mth  the 
cost  of  living  of  immigrant  employees  and  their  households,  but  they 
are  chiefly  significant  in  their  bearing  upon  the  existing  standards 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


341 


of  living.  Many  employees  of  foreign  birth  seek  to  decrease  their 
per  capita  rent  payment  by  increasing  the  number  of  persons  per 
household.  The  following  series  of  tables  exhibits  this  tendency 
and  has  an  important  bearing  upon  the  study  of  general  living  con- 
ditions. If  no  boarders  or  lodgers  were  kept,  the  rent  paid  for  each 
apartment  would  be  indicative  in  a general  way  of  standard  of  living, 
but  inasmuch  as  many  races  follow  the  custom  of  renting  larger 
houses  than  are  needed  for  their  immediate  families,  and  then  adding 
to  the  family  income  by  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  rent  per 
capita  is  the  only  fair  basis  of  comparison  in  studying  the  standard 
of  living.  The  fairest  comparison  possible  would  be  the  rent  paid 
per  ^‘adulP’  and  such  a presentation  would  be  highly  desirable; 
but  such  a plan  involves  an  arbitrary  fixing  of  age  limits  and  a large 
amount  of  work  in  tabulation,  and  it  has,  therefore,  not  been  followed 
in  this  report. 

The  table  first  presented  shows  average  monthly  rent  per  apart- 
ment, per  room,  and  per  capita: 

Table  201. — Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number  of 
households 

Average  rent  per — 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Person. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

18 

$9.81 

$2.21 

$1. 92 

Croatian 

107 

7.33 

1.78 

.93 

English 

10 

9. 45 

2. 15 

1.82 

German 

14 

9. 07 

2.02 

1.44 

Italian,  North 

128 

6. 88 

1. 77 

1. 00 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

56 

6.68 

1.64 

.78 

74 

7. 10 

1.92 

1.09 

Magyar 

146 

6.70 

1.81 

1.07 

Polish 

177 

6.49 

1.66 

.93 

Roumanian 

10 

6. 70 

1.31 

1.31 

Russian 

34 

5.  29 

1.66 

.84 

Ruthenian 

38 

7.01 

1.80 

1.05 

Slovak 

361 

6.08 

1. 64 

.97 

Slovenian 

10 

6.20 

1.68 

1.29 

Grand  total 

1,195 

6.65 

1.73 

1.00 

Total  native-born 

18 

9.81 

2. 21 

1.92 

Total  foreign-born 

1,177 

6.60 

1.72 

.99 

The  highest  average  rent  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  capita 
is  paid  by  the  native  families.  The  second  highest  average  under 
each  statement  is  paid  by  the  English.  The  Germans  are  the  third 
highest.  The  lowest  average  rent  per  apartment  is  paid  by  the 
Russians,  the  lowest  per  room  by  the  Koumanians,  and  the  lowest 
per  capita  by  the  South  Italians.  Of  the  races  of  recent  immigra- 
tion, the  highest  average  rent  per  person,  $1.31,  is  paid  by  the  Kou- 
manians;  the  second  highest,  $1.29,  by  the  Slovenians;  and  the  third 
highest,  $1.09,  by  the  Lithuanians.  The  lowest  amount  is  $0.78  paid 
by  the  South  Italians. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 


-23 


342 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each 
specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household: 


TabisE  202— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  oj  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  tor  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  of 
households  1 
paying  , 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  paying—  I 

Under  ! 
S5.  1 

Under 

$7.50. 

Under 

$10. 

Under  1 
$12.50.  j 

_ - 1 

Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

107 

128 

56 

74 

146 

177 

34 

38 

361 

$7.33 
6.88 
6.68 
7.10 
6.  70 
6.  49 
5.29 
7.01 
6.08 

0.9 

7.0 

12.5 

14.9 

12.3 

12.4 

38.2 
2.6 

13.3 

75.7 

68.8 
67.9 

55.4 
72.6 

78.0 

94.1 

60.5 

88.1 

81.3 

92.2 

94.6 

85.1 

91.1 
100.0 

97.1 
89.5 

99.7 

1 

98.1  .( 
1 97.7  I 

100.0 

I 100.0  \ 

99. 3 ( 
100. 0 ( 
' 100.0 

100.0 
100. 0 

Grand  total 

1,195 

6.65 

11.1 

75.5 

92.9 

99.0 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 

is" 

1,177 

9.81 

6.60 

(a) 

11.3 

(a) 

76.2 

(a)  I {a) 

93.5  99.3 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  figures  given  in  the  table  concern  the  rent  paid  by  1,195  house- 
holds connected  with  the  coal  and  coke  industry  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  heads  of  1,177  of  these  households  were  foreign-born,  it  ap- 
pears from  the  totals  that  practically  the  entire  number,  that  is, 
99  per  cent,  pay  under  $12.50  rent  per  month  per  apartment.  A 
large  proportion  pay  under  $10  a nionth,  75.5  per  cent  p^  under 
$7.50  a month,  and  a small  proportion  pay  less  then  $5.  1 he  per- 

centages for  the  foreign-born  correspond  very  closely  to  those  ot  tlie 
totals.  Of  the  nine  races  included  in  the  percentage  table,  the  iius- 
sians  have  the  highest  proportion  of  those  paying  under  $5  and  under 
$7.50  rent  per  month.  All  of  the  Poles  pay  under  $10  a month. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


343 


The  table  next  presented  exhibits  the  percentage  of  households 
paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room: 

Table  203. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  of 
households 

Average 

Per  cent  paying— 

paying  rent 
and  report- 
ing amount. 

rent  per 
room. 

Under  $1. 

Under  $2. 

Under  $3. 

Under  $4. 

Foreign-born; 

Croatian 

107 

$1.78 

0.0 

72.0 

94.4 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

128 

1.77 

.0 

61.7 

96.9 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

56 

1.64 

.0 

71.4 

100.0 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

74 

1.92 

.0 

45.9 

94.6 

97.3 

Magyar 

146 

1.81 

.0 

61.0 

97.5 

100.0 

Polish 

177 

1.66 

.0 

83.1 

98.9 

100.0 

Russian 

34 

1.66 

.0 

82.4 

100.0 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

38 

1.80 

.0 

63.2 

100.0 

100.0 

Slovak 

361 

1.64 

.3 

82.3 

97.8 

99.2 

Grand  total 

1,195 

1.73 

.1 

71.8 

97.2 

99.5 

Total  native-born 

18 

2.21 

.1 

(O) 

72.2 

97.3 

(^) 

99.6 

Total  foreign-born 

1,177 

1.72 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  above  table  shows  that  the  highest  percentage  of  households 
paying  under  $2  a room  is  83.1,  shown  for  the  Poles,  the  second  high- 
est 82.4  for  the  Russians,  and  the  third  highest  82.3  for  the  Slovaks. 
The  lowest  percentage  is  45.9  for  the  Lithuanians.  Similar  com- 
parisons for  various  other  rates  per  room  are  shown  in  the  table. 

In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  range  of  rent  payments  per 
month  per  capita: 


Table  204. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  of 
households 

Average 

Per  cent  paying — 

paying  rent 
and  report- 
ing amount. 

rent  per 
person. 

Under  $1. 

Under  $2. 

Under  $3. 

Under  $4. 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

107 

$0.93 

48.6 

83.2 

95.3 

99.1 

Italian,  North 

128 

1.00 

46.9 

86.7 

95.3 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

56 

.78 

66.1 

92.9 

100.0 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

74 

1.09 

36.5 

87.8 

97.3 

98.6 

Magyar 

146 

1.07 

33.6 

82.9 

95.9 

100.0 

Polish 

177 

.93 

52.5 

92.1 

* 99.4 

100.0 

Russian 

34 

.84 

52.9 

91.2 

94.1 

100.0 

Ruthenian 

38 

1.05 

39.5 

89.5 

100.0 

100.0 

Slovak ' 

361 

.97 

44.6 

90.6 

96.7 

99.7 

Grand  total 

1,195 

1.00 

43.6 

86.7 

96.3 

99.6 

Total  native-born 

18 

1.92 

(«) 

(O) 

(O) 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

1,177 

.99 

44.3 

87.3 

96.  7 

99.7 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


344 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  rent  per  capita  is  under  SI  in  48.6  per  cent  of  the  Croatian 
houseliolds,  46.9  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian,  66.1  per  cent  of  the 
South  Italian,  36.5  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanian,  etc.  The  highest 
percentage  paying  this  low  rent  per  capita  is  66. 1,  shown  for  the  South 
Italian:  the  second  highest  is  52.9  for  the  Russian.  The  lowest  per 
cent  is  33.6  for  the  Magyar.  Considering  the  rate  ‘Under  S2,  the 
South  Italians  again  have  the  highest  percentage,  ^.9;  the  Poles 
the  second  highest,  92.1.  The  Magyars  are  again  the  lowest  with 
82.9  per  cent. 

BOARDERS  AND  LODGERS. 


The  large  proportion  of  boarders  or  lodgers  found  in  the  households 
of  the  foreign-born  and  the  small  extent  to  which  an  independent 
family  life  prevails  among  the  recent  immigrants  are  exemplified  in 
the  series  of  tables  next  presented.  Boarders  or  lodgers  are  kept  by 
considerably  more  than  one-half  of  the  households  among  recent 
immigrants,  as  is  indicated  by  the  table  first  submitted,  which  shows 
the  number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers. 


Table  205. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  ] 
the  entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.]  I 


persons 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 

Households keep- 
ing boarders  or 
lodgers. 

holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

33 

2 

6.1 

Foreign-born: 

16 

2 

(a) 

111 

80 

72.1 

16 

(a) 

30 

2 

6.7 

10 

1 

(a) 

144 

84 

58.3 

64 

46 

71.9 

81 

59 

72.8 

152 

78 

51. 3 

198 

109 

55. 1 
(o) 

10 

4 

36 

20 

55. 6 

43 

27 

62.8 

384 

158 

41.1 

12 

5 

(«) 

1,340 

677 

50.5 

2 

51.6 

1,307 

675 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  this  table  a striking  contrast  is  exhibited  between 
households  and  households  of  the  older  immigrants  on  the  ^e  hand 
and  households  of  more  recent  immigrants  on  the  other.  Boarders 
or  lodgers  are  found  in  only  6.1  per  cent  of  the  native  households  and 
6.7  per  cent  of  the  German.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  round 
in  72.1  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  households,  58.3  per  cent  ol  the 
North  Italian,  71.9  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian,  72.8  per  cent  of  the 
Lithuanian,  etc.  Of  the  1,307  foreign  households  studied,  51.6  per 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


345 


cent  have  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  of  the  total  number  studied  in 
this  industry  in  Pennsylvania  50.5  per  cent  have  boarders  or  lodgers. 
In  other  words,  slightly  less  than  one-half  of  the  households  are  with- 
out members  outside  of  the  family. 

The  preceding  table  should  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  one 
which  follows,  showing  the  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers 
per  household.  In  one  column  the  average  based  on  the  total 
number  of  households  is  presented,  and  in  another  is  shown  the  aver- 
age based  on  the  number  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers. 

Table  206. — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
niunber 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Number 
of  board- 
ers or 
lodgers. 

Average  i 
boarder 
per  hou 

Based  on 
total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

number  of 
s or  lodgers 
sehold— 

Based  on 
number 
of  house- 
holds 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

33 

2 

2 

0. 06 

(o) 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

2 

4 

.25 

(a) 

Croatian 

111 

80 

448 

4.04 

^ loo 

English 

16 

German 

30 

2 

3 

.10 

(a) 

Irish 

10 

1 

.10 

(a) 

Italian,  North 

144 

84 

293 

2.03 

3.49 

Italian,  South 

64 

46 

191 

2. 98 

4. 15 

Lithuanian 

81 

59 

197 

2.43 

3. 34 

Magyar 

152 

78 

313 

2. 06 

4.01 

Polish 

198 

109 

401 

2.03 

3.68 

Roumanian 

10 

4 

20 

2.00 

(o) 

Russian 

36 

20 

96 

2. 67 

^ 4 80 

Ruthenian 

43 

27 

89 

2.07 

3. 30 

Slovak 

384 

158 

574 

1.49 

3. 63 

Slovenian 

12 

5 

19 

1.58 

(a) 

Grand  total 

1,340 

677 

2,651 

1.98 

3. 92 

Total  native-born 

33 

2 

2 

.06 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

1,307 

675 

2,649 

2.03 

^ I92 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


; This  discussion  and  explanation  is  confined  to  the  last  column  of 
I this  table,  which  shows  the  average  based  on  the  number  of  house- 
I holds  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  although  the  next  to  the  last 
column  will  be  found  equally  interesting.  Among  the  more  recent 
immigrants  the  average  is  5.60  in  Croatian  households,  3.49  in  North 
Italian,  4.15  in  South  Italian,  etc.  The  average  for  the  675  foreign 
families  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  is  3.92.  Combining  the  infor- 
mation shown  in  Tables  205  and  206  it  is  seen  that  while  the 
Lithuanians  have  the  highest  per  cent  (72.8)  of  households  keeping 
boarders  or  lodgers,  the  average  number  is  3.34  per  household,  seven 
other  races  having  a higher  average.  The  Croatians  have  the  second 
|highest  per  cent  (72.1)  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  the  highest 
■average  number  (5.60)  per  household. 

r 


346 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


SIZE  OF  APARTMENTS  OCCUPIED. 

The  table  which  follows  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  occupying  i 
apartment's  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms:  , 

Table  207.— Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  \ 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  | 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals, however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per 
apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or  more. 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Itahan,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

33 

111 

30 

144 

64 

81 

152 

198 

36 

43 

384 

5.27 

4.14 
4. 77 
3.97 
4. 13 
3.69 

3.73 
3.95 
3.22 
3.91 

3.74 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

3.7 
.7 
.5 

2.8 
.0 
.0 

3.0 

2.7 

.0 

5. 6 

1.6 
9.9 
9.9 

7.6 

30.6 

4.7 

14.6 

6.0 

6.3 

3.3 

23.6 
17.2 

24.7 

23.7 
13.6 
11.1 

27.9 

15.9 

24.2 

68.5 

53.3 

52.1 

53.1 

48.1 

50.7 

60.1 

52.8 

46.5 

57.3 

24.2 

19.8 

13.3 

9.7 

23.4 
2.5 

11.8 
11.6 

2.8 
14.0 

7.8 

24.2 

2.7 

23.3 

6.9 

4.7 
11.1 

3.3 

6.1 

.0 

7.0 

3.9 

18.2 

.0 

6.6 

2.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.0 

.5 

Grand  total 

1, 340 

33 

1,307 

3.92 

.4 

9.1 

17.0 

1 54.3 

11.4 

6.6 

1.1 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

5.27 

3.89 

.0 

.5 

3.0 

9.3 

6.0 

17.3 

1 24.2 

55.1 

24.2 

11.1 

24.2 

6.1 

1^ 

.7 

The  table  shows  that  the  typical  apartment  has  four  rooms.  Of 
the  1,340  households  54.3  per  cent  occupy  apartments  ot  that  size. 
The  proportions  occupying  four-room  apartments  vary  from  24.2 
per  cent  of  the  native  households  to  68.5  per  cent  of  the  Croatian 
households.  Referring  to  the  race  represented  by  the  largest  number 
of  households,  the  Slovak,  it  is  seen  that  of  the  384  households  14.6 
per  cent  occupy  two-room  apartments,  15.9  per  cent  three  room 
apartments,  57.3  per  cent  four-room  apartments,  7.8  per  cent  live- 
room  apartments,  3.9  per  cent  six-room  apartments,  and  0.5  per  cent 
apartments  of  seven  or  more  rooms. 


SIZE  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 


Data  relative  to  the  size  of  the  households  are  presented  in  the  next 
table,  showing  percentages  for  households  of  each  specihed  number 
of  persons. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


347 


Table  208. — Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
house- 
hold. 

Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  or 
more. 

Native-born  of  na- 

tive father.  White. 

33 

5.58 

0.0 

6.1 

21.2 

9.1 

6.1 

21.2 

12.1 

15.2 

9.1 

0.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

111 

7. 73 

.0 

2.7 

10.8 

9.9 

9.0 

14.4 

10.8 

7.2 

8.1 

27.0 

German 

30 

6.37 

.0 

3.3 

.0 

16.7 

20.0 

3.3 

30.0 

16.7 

3.3 

6.7 

Italian,  North.. 

144 

6. 90 

.0 

4.9 

4.9 

12.5 

11.1 

17.4 

8.3 

13.2 

9.0 

18.8 

Italian,  South. . 

64 

8. 22 

• .0 

1.6 

6.3 

6.3 

7.8 

10.9 

7.8 

20.3 

9.4 

29.7 

Lithuanian 

81 

6.44 

.0 

6.2 

3.7 

11.1 

13.6 

21.0 

12.3 

12.3 

11.1 

8.6 

Magyar 

152 

6. 20 

.0 

7.9 

11.8 

15.8 

14.5 

5.9 

10.5 

15.8 

3.9 

13.8 

Polish 

198 

6. 86 

.0 

1.0 

9.6 

10.1 

11.6 

13.6 

15.2 

14.1 

10.1 

14.6 

Russian 

36 

6.  39 

.0 

16.7 

16.7 

5.  6 

8.3 

8.3 

11.1 

11.1 

5.6 

16.7 

Ruthenian 

43 

6.81 

.0 

2.3 

2.3 

7.0 

23.3 

14.0 

18.6 

11.6 

7.0 

14.0 

Slovak 

384 

6. 26 

.0 

5.7 

7.8 

15.4 

13.3 

15.4 

13.8 

11.7 

5.7 

11.2 

Grand  total . . 

1,340 

6.62 

.0 

4.9 

8.8 

12.4 

12.5 

14.0 

12.8 

12.8 

7.2 

14.7 

Total  native-born. . 

33 

5.58 

.0 

6. 1 

21.2 

9.1 

6. 1 

21.2 

12. 1 

15.2 

9.1 

.0 

Total  foreign-born  . 

1,307 

6.  65 

.0 

4.8 

8.5 

12.5 

12.7 

13.8 

12.8 

12.7 

7.1 

15.1 

The  average  size  of  the  1,340  households  is  6.62  persons.  The 
average  varies  from  5.58  in  the  native  households  to  8.22  in  the 
South  Italian  households.  The  second  highest  average  is  7.73  in  the 
Croatian  households. 

CONGESTION. 

The  tables  under  this  title  present  data  relative  to  the  num- 
ber of  persons  in  the  household,  and  to  the  number  of  rooms  in  the 
apartment.  The  first  of  the  tables,  which  immediately  follows,  shows 
for  each  race  the  average  number  of  persons  occupying  apartments 
of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

Table  209. — Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all 

races.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Total. 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

(a) 

(a) 

3.93 
4. 67 
4. 73 

(a) 
5.79 
5.42 
6. 22 
6. 18 

7.58 

7.32 

6.56 

7.16 

6.60 

8. 82 
7. 29 
7.44 
6. 96 
6.47 

(a) 

8.  20 
(a) 
8.08 
6.60 

7. 73 
6. 90 
6.20 
6.86 
6. 26 

Italian,  North 

(a) 

Magyar 

(a) 

(a) 

Polish 

(a) 

(a) 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

(a) 

4. 46 

6. 00 

6. 97 

7.33 

7.  21 

7.53 

6. 62 

Total  native-born 

(«) 

4.48 

(a) 

6. 00 

(a) 

6. 99 

(a) 

7.43 

(a) 

7.36 

(a) 

(a) 

5.58 

6.65 

Total  foreign-born 

(a) 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


348 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  worst  crowding  is  generally  found  in  the  smaller  apartments. 
The  worst  congestion  in  the  Croatian  households  is  found  in  the 
four-room  apartments,  where  the  households  average  7.58  persons,  or 
1.90  per  room.  The  North  Italian  households  average!  In  the  three- 
room  apartments,  5.79  persons,  or  1.93  per  room;  in  the  four-room 
apartments,  7.32  persons,  or  1.83  per  room;  in  the  five-room  apart- 
ments, 7.29  persons,  or  1.46  per  room;  and  in  the  six-room  apart- 
ments, 8.20  persons,  or  1.37  per  room.  . . ^ ^ . 

In  practically  every  case  there  is  a gradual  lessening  of  the  crowd- 
ing as  the  number"  of  rooms  increases,  and  taking  the  foreign 
households  as  a whole,  congestion  is  greater  in  the  two-room  apart- 
ments than  in  any  other.  . • j 

For  convenient  comparison,  the  table  which  follows  is  presented. 
It  shows  the  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room, 
and  per  sleeping  room. 

Table  210— Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


1 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Average  number  of  persons 
per— 

of  house- 
holds. 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Sleeping 

room. 

N3ftiv6”bom  of  nSitivG  f3.ttiGrj  AVliitG. - 

33 

5.58 

1.06 

2.27 

Foreign-bom: 

Tl yyVi om  1 o Ti  cinH  IVIoTflVlflTl 

16 

5.94 

1.64 

3.17 

111 

7.73 

1.87 

3.29 

16 

5.75 

1.23 

2.63 

GGnriBii. 

30 

6. 37 

1.34 

2.65 

10 

6.00 

1.22 

2.50 

144 

6. 90 

1.74 

3. 03 

64 

8.22 

1.99 

3.63 

LitliU3,iii3»n. 

81 

6.  44 

1.75 

2.78 

ATfifxvfir  

152 

6.20 

1.66 

3.00 



198 

6. 86 

1.74 

3.46 

Rournanio-H 

10 

5.10 

1.67 

2.83 

36 

6. 39 

1.98 

3.06 

RuthGni^ii 

43 

6.81 

1.74 

3.22 

glovak 

384 

6. 26 

1.67 

3.36 

Slovenian 

12 

5.83 

1.56 

3.50 

Grand  total 

1,340 

6.62 

1.69 

3.18 

TotSil  ri3-tivG*boni - 

33 

5.58 

1.06 

2.27 

Tot3-l  forGi^i"born. 

1,307 

6.65 

1.71 

3.21 

The  South  Italian  households  have  the  highest  average  number  of 
persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room.  The 
Croatian  households  have  the  second  highest  average  number  of 
persons  per  apartment,  the  third  liighest  average  number  of  persons 
p^er  room,  and  the  fifth  highest  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room. 
The  Roumanian  households  have  the  lowest  average  number  of 
persons  per  apartment,  the  eighth  lowest  average  number  of  persons 
per  room,  and  the  sixth  lowest  average  number  of  persons  per  sleep- 
ing room.  The  native  households  have  the  second  lowest  average 
number  of  persons  per  apartment,  and  the  lowest  average  number 
of  persons  per  room  and  per  sleeping  room. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


349 


The  table  which  follows  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  house- 
holds having  each  specified  number  of  persons  per  room.  Both  num- 
bers and  percentages  are  cumulative,  as  indicated  by  the  column 
headings. 

Table  211. — Persons  'per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
room. 

Number  of  households 
having  each  specified 
number  of  persons  per 
room. 

Per  cent  of  households 
having  each  specified 
number  of  persons  per 
room. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

1 3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

33 

1.06 

18 

4 

54.5 

12.1 

0.0 

0.0 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

1.64 

14 

6 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Croatian 

111 

1.87 

98 

44 

18 

3 

88.3 

39.6 

16.2 

2.7 

English 

16 

1.23 

12 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

German 

30 

1.34 

27 

4 

90.0 

13.3 

.0 

.0 

Irish 

10 

1. 22 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

Italian,  North 

144 

1.74 

130 

64 

10 

90.3 

44.  4 

6.9 

.0 

Italian,  South 

64 

1.99 

60 

37 

9 

1 

93.8 

57.8 

14. 1 

1.6 

Lithuanian 

. 81 

1.75 

75 

41 

9 

1 

92.6 

50.6 

11.1 

1.2 

Magyar 

152 

1.66 

134 

56 

10 

2 

88.2 

36.8 

6.6 

1.3 

Polish 

198 

1.74 

184 

77 

17 

2 

92.9 

38.9 

8.6 

1.0 

Roumanian 

10 

1.67 

4 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Russian 

36 

1.98 

33 

18 

7 

2 

91.7 

50.0 

19.4 

5.6 

Ruthenian 

43 

1.74 

38 

17 

5 

1 

88.4 

39.5 

11.6 

2.3 

Slovak 

384 

1.67 

345 

151 

44 

9 

89.8 

39.3 

11.5 

2.3 

Slovenian 

12 

1.56 

6 

5 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Grand  total 

1,340 

1.69 

1,187 

527 

131 

21 

88.6 

39.3 

9.8 

1.6 

Total  native-born 

33 

1.06 

18 

4 

54.5 

12. 1 

. 0 

.0 

Total  foreign-born 

1,307 

1.71 

1,169 

523 

131 

21 

89.4 

40.0 

10.0 

1.6 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  South  Italian  households  have  the  highest  average  number  of 
persons  per  room,  1.99;  the  Russian  households  are  only  slightly 
lower,  with  1.98;  the  Croatian  households  have  the  third  highest, 
1.87.  The  native-born  white  have  the  lowest  average,  1.06;  the 
Irish  rank  second,  1.22;  and  the  English  third,  1.23.  The  table 
shows  for  the  native  households  that  the  average  number  of  persons 
per  room  was  two  or  more  in  12.1  per  cent  of  the  households  and 
one  or  more  in  54.5  per  cent  of  the  households.  For  the  Croatian 
households,  the  average  number  per  room  was  four  or  more  in  2.7 
per  cent  of  the  households,  three  or  more  in  16.2  per  cent,  two  or 
more  in  39.6  per  cent,  and  one  or  more  in  88.3  per  cent  of  the  house- 
holds. Marked  differences  among  the  races  are  noted  in  respect  to 
the  number  of  persons  per  room.  If  only  the  races  represented  by 
20  or  more  households  are  considered,  the  per  cent  of  households 
averaging  three  or  more  persons  per  room  varies  from  none  of  the 
native  and  German  households  to  19.4  per  cent  of  the  Russian  house- 
holds. The  per  cent  averaging  two  or  more  persons  per  room 
varies  from  12.1  per  cent  of  the  native  households  to  57.8  per  cent  of 
the  South  Italian  households.  The  per  cent  averaging  one  or  more 
persons  per  room  varies  from  54.5  per  cent  of  the  native  households 
to  93.8  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households.  It  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  in  computing  the  average  number  of  persons  per  room. 


350 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


every  room  in  the  house  or  apartment  has  been  included,  even  the  j 
rooms  used  for  cooking  and  eating.  . j n 

Data  relative  to  crowding  within  the  sleeping  rooms  are  presented  II 
in  the  table  which  follows.  The  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  , 
of  households  having  each  specified  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  | 
room.  Both  numbers  and  percentages  are  cumulative  as  mdicated  P 
by  the  column  headings.  For  comparative  purposes  it  would  be  u 
hio-hly  desirable  to  show  the  number  of  adult  persons  per  sleeping  room,  | 
but  as  explained  in  connection  with  a previous  table  relatmg  to  rent  f 
per'capita,  such  a presentation  would  mvolve  the  arbitrary  hxmg  of  | 
age  limits  and  a large  amount  of  additional  work  in  tabulation,  so  |i 
that  the  plan  has  not  been  followed  in  this  report.  ^ 

Table  212. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  |i 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per 

sleeping 

room. 

Number  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

2 or 
more. 

1 

3 or 
more. 

4 or  1 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

63. 6 

(a) 

91.0 
(a) 

90.0 

(a) 

90.3 

95.3 

87.7 

91.4 

95.5 
(a) 

86.1 

93.0 

95.1 
(«) 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  na- 
tive father , W hi  te . 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North. . 
Italian,  South. . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian - 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

33 

IG 

111 

16 

30 

10 

144 

G4 

81 

152 

198 

10 

36 

43 

384 

12 

2. 27 

3.17 

3.29 

2.63 
2.65 

2.50 
3.03 

3.63 
2.78 
3.00 
3.46 
2.83 
3.06 
3.22 
3.36 

3.50 

21 

14 

101 

13 

27 

8 

130 

61 

71 

139 

189 

8 

31 

40 

365 

10 

11 

9 

70 

7 
11 

4 

86 

47 

42 

76 

150 

6 

19 

25 

262 

8 

4 

8 

36 

1 

2 

39 

29 

18 

46 

80 

2 

11 

14 

156 

4 

1 

5 

19 

1 

17 

11 

7 

14 

34 

4 

9 

75 

4 

1 

9 

1 

6 

6 

2 

2 

15 

4 

3 

42 

2 

33.3 

(a) 

63.1 

(a) 

36.7 
(a) 

59.7 

73.4 
51.9 

50.0 

75.8 
(a) 

52.8 

58.1 

68.2 
(a) 

12.1 

(a) 

32.4 

(a) 

6.7 

(a) 

27.1 

45.3 

22.2 

30.3 

40.4 
(«) 

30.6 

32.6 

40.6 

(a) 

3.0 

(a) 

17.1 
(a) 

.0 

(a) 

11.8 

17.2 
8.6 
9.2 

17.2 

(a) 

11.1 

20.9 

19.5 

(a) 

3.0 

(o) 

8.1 

'“'.0 

9.4 

2.5 

I. 3 

7.6 
(a) 

II. 1 
7.0 

10.9 

(a) 

Grand  total . . 

Total  native-born.. 
Total  foreign-born. . 

1,340 

3.18 

1,228 

833 

450 

201 

93 

91.6 

62. 2‘ 

33.6 

15.0 

6.9 

33 

1,307 

2.27 

3.21 

21 

1,207 

11 

822 

4 

446 

1 

200 

1 

92 

63.6 

92.3 

33.3 

62.9 

12.1 

34.1 

3.0 

15.3 

3.0 

7.0 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  South  Italian  households  have  the  highest  average  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room,  3.63;  the  Slovenian  households  the  second 
highest,  3.50;  ahd  the  Polish  households  the  third  highest,  3.46.  Ihe 
native-born  white  persons  have  the  lowest  average,  2.27;  the  Irish 
rank  second,  2.50;  and  the  English  third,  2.63.  The  table  shows  for 
the  native-born  white  that  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping 
room  was  six  or  more  in  3 per  cent  of  the  households,  five  or  more  in 
3 per  cent,  four  or  more  in  12.1  per  cent,  three  or  more  in  33.3  per 
cent,  and  two  or  more  in  63.6  per  cent  of  the  households. 

For  the  Croatian  households,  the  average  number  per  sleeping  room 
was  six  or  more  in  8.1  per  cent  of  the  households,  five  or  more  in  17.1 
per  cent,  four  or  more  in  32.4  per  cent,  three  or  more  in  63.1  per  cent, 
and  two  or  more  in  91  per  cent  of  the  households. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


351 


Considering  only  such  races  as  are  represented  by  20  or  more  • 
households,  the  percentages  for  the  several  races  vary  materially. 
An  average  of  six  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room  is  found  in  11.1 
per  cent  of  the  Russian  households,  10.9  per  cent  of  the  Slovak 
households,  9.4  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households,  3 per  cent 
iof  the  native  households,  and  none  of  the  German  households.  The 
per  cent  of  households  having  an  average  of  five  or  more  persons  per 
sleeping  room  varies  from  none  of  the  German  households  to  20.9  per 
cent  of  the  Ruthenian  households. 

In  compiling  this  table  all  rooms  used  for  sleeping  purposes  have 
been  included,  even  though  such  rooms  may  be  used  for  other  pur- 
poses, as  is  the  case  in  a number  of  instances. 

The  general  effects  of  the  congestion  set  forth  in  the  preceding 
tables,  become  quickly  apparent  in  a consideration  of  the  living  con- 
ditions or  domestic  arrangements  of  the  households  of  coal-mining 
employees.  It  is  obvious  that  the  crowded  conditions  in  all  rooms, 
and  especially  in  sleeping  rooms,  interfere  very  seriously  with  the 
household  arrangements  for  cooking,  eating,  and  living  in  general. 
This  situation  is  presented  in  the  table  below,  which  exhibits  the 
average  number  of  rooms  per  household,  the  average  number  of 
sleeping  rooms,  and  the  number  and  proportion  of  rooms  not  used 
for  sleeping  purposes. 

Table  213. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 

number 

of 

house- 

holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per 
house- 
hold. 

Average 
number 
of  sleep- 
ing rooms 
per  house- 
hold. 

Number  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

Per  cent  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

1 

room. 

All 

except 

2 

rooms. 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

1 

room. 

All 

except 

2 

rooms. 

, Native-born  of  native 

1 

father,  White 

33 

5.27 

2.45 

3 ' 

8 

0.0 

9.1 

24.2 

Foreign-bom: 

1 

, Bohemian  and  Mo- 

ravian  

16 

3.63 

1.88 

8 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Croatian 

111 

4.14 

2.35 

O 

42 

43 

2.7 

37.8 

38.7 

1 English 

10 

4.69 

2. 19 

1 

7 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

! German 

30 

4.  77 

2.  40 

2 

17 

. 0 

6.  7 

56.  7 

Irish 

10 

4.90 

2.  40 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

■ Italian,  North 

144 

3.97 

2.28 

70 

57 

.0 

48.  6 

39.6 

Italian , South 

64 

4. 13 

2.27 

21 

34 

.0 

32.  8 

53. 1 

Lithuanian 

81 

3.09 

2.32 

7 

50 

14 

8.6 

61.7 

17.3 

Magyar 

152 

3.73 

2.07 

2 

68 

63 

1.3 

44.7 

41.4 

Polish 

198 

3.95 

1.98 

4 

54 

95 

2.0 

27.3 

48.0 

Roumanian 

10 

5.10 

1.80 

2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Russian 

30 

3.22 

2.08 

2 

27 

7 

5.6 

75.0 

19.4 

Ruthenian 

43 

3.91 

2. 12 

18 

16 

.0 

41.  9 

37.2 

■ Slovak 

384 

3.74 

1.86 

9 

138 

158 

2.3 

35.9 

4L1 

' Slovenian 

12 

3.75 

1.67 

3 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

^ Grand  total 

1,340 

3.92 

2.08 

27 

507 

536 

2.0 

37.8 

40.0 

Total  native-born 

33 

5.27 

2.  45 

3 

8 

.0 

9. 1 

24.2 

Total  foreign-born 

1,307 

3. 89 

2.07 

27 

504 

528 

2.1 

38.6 

40.4 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


352 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  grand  total  of  1,340  households,  27  use  every  room  for  sleep- 
ing. The  races  represented  in  the  27  households  are  Croatian, 
Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Polish,  Russian,  and  Slovak.  The  33  native*] 
households  have  an  average  of  5.27  rooms  per  household.  None  ofi 
these  occupy  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  9.1  per  cent  occupy  all  rooms  but( 
one,  and  24.2  per  cent  occupy  all  rooms  but  two.  The  111  Croatiant 
households  have  an  average  of  4. 14  rooms  per  household,  2.7  per  cent  of 
the  households  occupying  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  37.8  per  cent  all  roomso 
but  one,  and  38.7  per  cent  all  rooms  but  two.  The  table  indicates 
that  the  Russian  households  are  in  the  worst  condition.  For  that  i 
race  the  average  number  of  rooms  per  household  is  3.22,  which  is  the' 
lowest  average  for  knj  race.  Two,  or  5.6  per  cent,  of  the  36  Russian', 
households  occupy  all  rooms  for  sleeping;  27,  or  75  percent,  occupy; 
all  rooms  but  one;  and  7,  or  19.4  per  cent,  occupy  all  rooms  but  two. 


Chapter  VI. 


GENERAL  COST  AND  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 

'Explanation  of  study— Salient  facts  relative  to  the  families  studied— Food  and 
general  living  expenditures.— Detailed  expenditures  of  families  studied.— [Text 
Tables  214  to  216.] 

EXPLANATION  OF  STUDY. 

The  series  of  tabulations  next  presented  is  designed  to  afford  an 
nsight  into  the  cost  of  living  and  to  furnish  an  idea  of  the  general 
tandard  of  living  of  families  of  representative  races,  whose  heads 
ire  employed  in  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  mines.  The  data 
^ere  secured  from  the  records  of  mining  and  store  companies,  and 
he  period  covered  is  from  April  1 to  June  30,  1909.  A total  of 
!4  families  of  9 races  were  selected  for  detailed  presentation.  The 
American  families  were  chosen  for  purposes  of  comparison  with 
hose  whose  heads  were  foreign-born,  and  an  effort  was  made  to 
elect  American  families  whose  heads  were  engaged  in  practically 
he  same  occupations  as  those  whose  heads  were  of  foreign  birth, 
he  results  of  the  tabulations  are  not  considered  sufficiently  exten- 
ive  to  justify  any  sweeping  conclusions,  but  are  presented  with  the 
ibject  of  affording  the  basis  for  a general  conception  of  the  cost  and 
tandards  of  living  which  prevail  in  Pennsylvania  bituminous  localities. 

SALIENT  FACTS  RELATIVE  TO  THE  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

The  first  table  presented  exhibits  in  a summary  form  the  salient 
acts  relative  to  the  families  studied.  It  shows  the  number  of 
ersons  in  the  families,  age  and  sex  of  children,  occupations  and 
amings  of  head,  and  expenditures  for  rent,  fuel,  light,  and  general 
vmg. 


353 


354 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


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3. 

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Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


355 


Of  the  families  studied,  all  except  two  show  some  surplus  over 
and  above  the  expenditures  mentioned,  which,  however,  are  all  that 
were  incurred  for  the  purposes  mentioned.  One  of  these  families 
is  a large  boarding  group  for  which  a surplus  or  deficit  could  not  be 
computed,  and  the  other  family  shows  only  a very  small  deficit, 
which  was  probably  met  from  some  source  other  than  the  earnings 
of  the  head,  or  carried  as  a credit  on  the  books  of  the  company  store. 

FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING  EXPENDITURES. 

The  following  table  shows  in  a general  way  the  expenditures  of  the 
different  households  studied  for  various  classes  of  food  products: 


Table  215. — Expenditures  for  food  and  general  living  in  selected  families,  by  race  of  head 
of  family,  April  1 to  June  30,  1909. 


Race  of  head  of  family. 

Meat. 

Vegeta- 

bles. 

Flour 
and  food- 
stuffs. 

Dairy 

prod- 

ucts. 

Fruits. 

Gro- 

ceries. 

Miscel- 

laneous. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White: 

Family  No.  1 

$51. 10 

$12. 03 

$12.21 

$9.86 

$8.56 

$9.  43 

$33. 28 

$136. 47 

Family  No.  2 

22. 23 

19.26 

18.97 

13.23 

2.48 

17.12 

26. 85 

120. 14 

Family  No.  3 

11. 12 

7. 62 

7.22 

9.99 

1.  18 

7.43 

25.  52 

70.08 

Total 

84.  45 

38.91 

38.  40 

33. 08 

12. 22 

33. 98 

85.  65 

326.  69 

Croatian: 

Family  No.  1 

243.  67 

11.46 

36.48 

3.77 

24.  64 

11.90 

331.92 

Family  No.  2 

24.53 

9. 23 

25.50 

.55 

6.08 

14.64 

80.53 

Total 

268.  20 

20.69 

61. 98 

3.77 

.55 

30.  72 

26.  54 

412.  45 

English: 

Family  No.  1 

35. 63 

15.49 

16. 00 

3. 22 

2.07 

9.87 

22. 96 

105. 24 

Family  No.  2 

12. 97 

5.  24 

9.95 

7. 56 

1.45 

5.  57 

22. 98 

65.  72 

Family  No.  3 

6.21 

6.44 

10. 42 

1. 10 

1.08 

5.91 

9. 16 

40.32 

Total 

54.81 

27. 17 

36. 37 

11.88 

4.60 

21.35 

55. 10 

211.28 

German: 

Family  No.  1 

12. 46 

10. 85 

15. 81 

1. 15 

3.48 

5. 76 

22.  72 

72.  23 

Family  No.  2 

39.74 

5.  55 

7.20 

.66 

.66 

1.57 

11.81 

67.19 

Family  No.  3 

15. 66 

7. 37 

5.  60 

2.48 

1.03 

7.05 

17.38 

56.  57 

Total 

67.86 

23.77 

28.61 

4.29 

5.17 

14. 38 

51.91 

195. 99 

Irish: 

Family  No.  1 

30. 93 

3.55 

72. 04 

12. 30 

2.  24 

1.52 

37. 19 

159.  77 

Family  No.  2 

2. 06 

7.02 

14.93 

2.83 

1.26 

14. 30 

30. 87 

73.27 

Total 

32. 99 

10. 57 

86. 97 

15. 13 

3.50 

15.  82 

68. 06 

233. 04 

Magyar: 

Family  No.  1 

33. 26 

5.  24 

15.  55 

.69 

1.40 

14.02 

14. 03 

84. 19 

Family  No.  2 

31.09 

6. 05 

15. 85 

.20 

1.14 

7.54 

12.99 

74.86 

Family  No.  3 

15.96 

2.  77 

5. 02 

5. 84 

.49 

3.79 

4. 25 

38. 12 

Total 

80.31 

14. 06 

36. 42 

6. 73 

3.03 

25. 35 

31.27 

197. 17 

Polish: 

Family  No.  1 

46. 86 

14.58 

14.  56 

4.57 

2. 39 

14. 73 

24.71 

122.  40 

Family  No.  2 

66.  25 

3.  65 

10.35 

1.89 

1.11 

11. 10 

15. 64 

109. 99 

Family  No.  3 

26.48 

1.58 

12.91 

1.14 

.30 

3.  75 

11.14 

57.30 

Total 

139. 59 

19.81 

37.82 

7.60 

3.80 

29.58 

51.49 

289.  69 

Scotch: 

Family  No.  1 

32. 27 

12.  40 

16.  29 

5.51 

3.41 

14.98 

29.96 

114.  82 

Family  No.  2 

9.57 

10. 54 

12. 15 

3.95 

2. 85 

12. 10 

12. 93 

64.09 

Total 

41.84 

22. 94 

28.  44 

9.46 

6.26 

27.08 

42.  89 

178.  91 

356 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  215  —Expenditures  for  food  and  general  living  in  selected  families,  hy  race  of  head 
of  family,  April  1 to  June  1909— Continued. 


Race  of  head  of  family. 

Meat. 

Vegeta- 

bles. 

Flour 
and  food- 
stuffs. 

Dairy 

prod- 

ucts. 

Fruits.  1 

Gro- 

ceries. 

Miscel- 

laneous. 

Total. 

Slovak: 

Family  No.  1 

Family  No.  2 

Family  No.  3 

$71.13 
26. 19 
20.54 

$3.86 

5.27 

1.23 

$22.54 
3.  85 
10.6^ 

$1.31 

2.28 

3.47 

$1.81 

1.40 

.60 

$13.99 

9.35 

6.07 

$7.06 

5.54 

10.98 

$121.70 
53.88 
53. 51 

Total 

117.86 

10. 36 

37.01 

7.06 

3.81 

29.41 

23.58 

229.09 

Welsh: 

Family  No.  1 

Family  No.  2 

Family  No.  3 

31.54 
20. 14 
12.  46 

10. 86 
7.01 
9.82 

18. 63 
8. 85 
12.80 

23.50 

8.80 

17.86 

4.61 

4.82 

2.70 

14.20 

11.50 

12.59 

42.70 

42.52 

22.52 

146.04 
103. 64 
90.75 

Total 

64. 14 

’ 27. 69 

40.28 

50. 16 

12. 13 

38.29 

107.74 

340.43 

In  the  above  table  all  kinds  of  meats  or  meat  products  are  classified 
under  ‘‘meat/’  while  vegetables  include  either  fresh  or  canned  vege- 
tables: Hour  and  foodstuffs  include  flour  or  any  article  of  food  the 
chief  ingredient  of  which  is  flour,  for  example,  crackers,  bread,  cakes 
etc  • dairv  products  include  butter,  cheese,  milk,  and  eggs;  rruit 
includes  all  forms  of  fruits  or  fruit  products,  either  fresh  or  preserved; 
groceries  embrace  such  products  as  coffee,  sugar,  rice,  etc.;  while 
under  miscellaneous  are  included  any  articles  not  coming  under  pre- 
vious classifications  but  used  in  the  household,  as  house  furnishings, 
clothing,  drv  goods,  tobacco,  etc.  . ^ ^ 

It  is  seen  from  this  table  that  the  proportionate  amount  ot  meat 
consumed  per  individual  is  much  higher  in  the  case  of  the  Croatians 
than  any  other  race.  The  Croatians  and  Slovaks  are  the  only  races 
where  one-half  or  more  of  the  total  expenditure  for  general  living  is 
for  meat.  It  is  also  noted  that,  generally  speakmg,  the  expendi- 
tures for  meat  are  considerably  higher  in  the  case  of  the  more  recent 
immigrants  than  in  the  case  of  the  older  immigrant  races  and  the 
whites  native-born  of  native  father.  By  referring  to  the  itemized 
accounts  submitted,  it  is  seen  that  the  quality  of  ^e  meat  consurned 
in  the  homes  of  these  more  recent  immigrants,  the  Croatians,  Slovaks, 
Poles,  and  ^lagyars,  is,  generally  speaking,  coarser  than  that  used  by 
the  other  races.  In  otlier  words,  they  buy  a great  deal  more  jmrk, 
bologna,  and  other  meats  of  this  type,  while  the  whites  native-born 
of  native  father,  and  the  English,  Irish,  Germans,  and  Scotch,  1^7 
principally  beef  and  ham.  The  whites  native-born  of  native  lather 
and  the  vVelsh  consume  a much  greater  amount  of  fruit  than  other 
races.  Generally  speaking,  the  amount  spent  per  individual  tor  both 
fruit  and  dairy  products  is  much  lower  in  the  case  of  the  more  r^ent 
immigrant  races  than  the  older  immigrant  races  and  the  whites 

native-born  of  native  father.  -d  • a 

The  Americans  and  older  immigrant  races  from  Great  Britain  and 
northern  Europe  show  a much  higher  expenditure  per  individual  tor 
miscellaneous  household  supplies  than  the  more  recent  imrnigrant 
races.  Here  the  Welsh  and  American  whites  show  considerably 
greater  outlay  than  any  other  race,  and  the  Croatians  show  by  tar  the 
lowest. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  357 


DETAILED  EXPENDITURES  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

For  a detailed  statement  as  to  quality,  quantity,  and  cost  of  com- 
modities purchased  by  the  selected  families  during  the  three  months’ 
period,  attention  is  called  to  the  following  tables,  which  show  by  items 
and  dates,  as  well  as  by  race  of  head,  the  expenditures  of  the  families 
studied : 

Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

SO,  1909. 

NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  small  children — one  son  3 years  of  age  and  one  daughter 
1 year  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (motorman),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period 
were  $182.55.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

2 lbs.  beef 

$0.  26 

Apr.  9 

1 lb.  2 oz.  ham 

$0. 17 

1 lb.  4 oz.  beef 

.23 

9 

4 doz.  eggs 

.92 

1 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

9 

1 pn.l.  pa.soline 

. 15 

1 

do 

. 15 

9 

Candy 

.02 

1 

2 lbs.  3 oz.  beef 

.39 

9 

3 lbs.  12  oz.  beef 

. 50 

2 

1 lb.  3 oz.  pork 

. 16 

9 

1 lb.  2 oz.  bam 

! 17 

2 

1 lb. 3 oz. lard 

.45 

9 

2 lbs.  6 oz.  beef 

^33 

2 

3 lbs.  beef 

.39 

9 

5 lbs.  lard... 

. 75 

2 

1 glass  jelly 

.35 

10 

3 lbs.  12  oz.  beef 

. 50 

2 

50“lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

10 

2 lbs.  6 oz.  beef 

.33 

2 

i bu.  potatoes 

.55 

12 

2 lbs.  8 oz.  neef 

. 45 

2 

i qt.  oil 

. 15 

12 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

2 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

13 

1 lb.  1 .5  oz.  beef 

. 25 

2 

3 cans  corn 

.30 

13 

do 

. 25 

2 

2 cans  peas 

.20 

14 

2 lbs.  pork- . 

. 34 

2 

3 boxes  berries 

.45 

14 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

2 

2 cans  peaches 

.50 

15 

.do 

. 15 

2 

2 cans  milk 

. 40 

16 

1 qt.  onions  . 

. 10 

2 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

16 

.5  pkgs.  seed . . . . 

. 25 

2 

4 qts.  lima  beans 

.28 

16 

Candy. . 

. 05 

2 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

16 

1 pr.  overalls.  . 

. 50 

2 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

16 

Cakes... 

. 10 

2 

4 doz.  eggs 

1.00 

16 

Ivd.la.wn.. 

. 25 

2 

1 lb.  butter 

.39 

16 

1 pr.  hose. 

. 15 

2 

1 lb.  raisins 

. 10 

16 

-do 

. 15 

2 

1 bx.  apples 

.12 

16 

1 pkg.  zig  zag 

. 05 

2 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

.48 

16 

1 lb.  1 4 oz.  beef 

. 34 

2 

1 glass  mustard 

. 10 

16 

2 lbs.  pork. . 

. 34 

2 

4 lbs.  coffee 

.68 

17 

1 lb.  1 4 oz.  beef 

. 34 

2 

1 bx.  soda 

.05 

17 

3 lbs.  8 oz.  beef 

. 46 

2 

1 broom 

.33 

19 

1 lb. sausage 

. 23 

2 

4 cans  paint 

.60 

19 

1 lb.  ham. 

. 15 

2 

17  yds.  wire 

1.  70 

20 

2 lbs.  4 oz.  beef 

. 29 

2 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

21 

2 lbs.  1.5  oz.  pork.. 

. 50 

2 

5 lbs.  10  oz.  beef 

.86 

21 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

3 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

22 

2 bt.  pop 

. 10 

3 

5 lbs.  10  oz.  beef 

.86 

23 

1 lb.  4 oz.  beef 

. 41 

5 

1 globe 

. 10 

24 

.50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.  80 

5 

i yd.  gingham 

.05 

24 

1 bu.  potatoes. . . . 

L25 

5 

Candy 

.05 

24 

1 va.l.  pa.soHne 

. 15 

5 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

24 

.3  ca.ns  tomatoes 

. 30 

5 

U lbs.  beef 

.23 

24 

.3  qts.  hominy  .. 

. 30 

5 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

24 

.3  qts.  beans  . . 

. 51 

5 

do 

. 15 

24 

.3  cans  peaches 

. 50 

5 

1 lb.  3 oz.  pork 

. 16 

24 

1 vla.s.s  jelly. 

. 45 

5 

3 lbs.  lard 

. 45 

24 

.3  cans  milk 

. 40 

5 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

24 

.3  lbs.  coffee 

. 51 

5 

5 lbs.  10  oz.  beef 

.86 

24 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

6 

1 pkg.  seed 

.05 

24 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

. 48 

6 

Candy 

.01 

24 

1 cocoannt 

. 10 

6 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

24 

4 doz.  egvs. 

. 92 

6 

2 lbs.  1 oz.  pork 

..50 

24 

2 qts.  navy  beans. 

. 24 

6 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

24 

4 qts.  lima,  beans 

. 28 

6 

2 lbs.  1 oz.  pork 

.35 

24 

1 bx.  apples 

. 12 

7 

1 lb.  15  oz.  beef 

.25 

24 

.5  ca  kes  soap 

. 25 

7 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

24 

do 

.25 

7 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

24 

h gal  vinegar 

. 15 

7 

1 lb.  15  oz.  beef 

.25 

24 

1 saw. . . 

1.50 

7 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

24 

2 lbs.  onions 

. 10 

9 

1 mop 

.45 

24 

1 bx  billing 

. 10 

9 1 

Candy 

.05  • 

24 

Candy 

!oi 

48296°— VOL  6—11 -24 


358 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  Vto  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


native-born  of  native  father.  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


Apr.  24 
26 
26 
26 
26 


27 

28 
28 
29 
29 

May  1 

1 

1 


Article. 


4 lbs.  beef 

1 ream  paper 

20  yds.  border 

Candy 

3 lbs.  4 oz.  beef 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb. lard 

2 lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 cake 

4 bolts  paper 

20  yds.  border 

1 doz.  cakes 

1 collar 

3 rhubarb 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

i bu.  potatoes 

10  lbs.  sugar 

1 gal.  oil 

2 lbs.  ham 

2 lbs.  coffee 

Peaches 

Apricots 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 lb.  rice 

1 lb.  raisins 

Apples 

Hominy 

1 can  milk 

Curtain  stretcher. . 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 lb.  butter 

4 doz.  eggs 

1 pr.  shoes 

do 

3 lbs.  lard 

1 can  minced  ham. 

3 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  6 oz.  beef.... 
2 lbs.  2 oz.  beef. . . 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  4 oz.  beef... 

2 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  ham 

3 yds.  gingham... 

Candy 

6 pkgs.  seed 

1 qt.  beans 

Candy 

2 cabbages 

Cakes 


1 pr.  pants. 
3 lbs. ' ' 


beef. 

1 lb.  ham 

3 lbs.  4 oz.  beef. . 

3 lbs.  lard 

1 pineapple 

Candy 

Clocks 

li  yds.  gingham. 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  7 oz.  beef. 

1 pkg.  tobacco... 

3 lbs.  lard 

2 lbs.  7 oz.  beef. 

1 lb.  ham 

3 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  lard 

Berlin  sausage... 

2 lbs.  beef 

11b.  lard 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


80.62 

May  15 

.72 

15 

.40 

15 

.05 

16 

.46 

16 

.15 

16 

.36 

16 

.16 

16 

.30 

16 

.15 

16 

.32 

16 

.25 

16 

.40 

16 

.20 

16 

.10 

16 

.15 

16 

.09 

16 

1.90 

16 

.70 

16 

.50 

16 

.15 

16 

.30 

16 

.34 

16 

.50 

16 

.15 

16 

.05 

16 

.09 

16 

.10 

16 

.12 

16 

.20 

16 

.20 

16 

1. 75 

16 

.48 

16 

.38 

16 

1.00 

16 

2.00 

16 

1.25 

16 

.48 

16 

.15 

16 

.42 

16 

.33 

16 

.30 

16 

.15 

16 

.36 

16 

.44 

16 

.20 

17 

.36 

18 

.15 

18 

.21 

18 

.05 

18 

.30 

18 

.10 

18 

.05 

18 

.10 

18 

.10 

19 

.25 

19 

.42 

19 

.15 

20 

.49 

21 

.48 

21 

.20 

21 

.02 

22 

1.50 

22 

.12 

22 

.15 

22 

.28 

24 

.15 

24 

.36 

25 

.08 

25 

.48 

25 

.33 

26 

.15 

26 

.48 

27 

.34 

27 

.48 

28 

.15 

29 

.30 

29 

.16 

Jime  1 

1 lb.  9 oz  ham 

3 lbs.  2 oz.  beef 

Berlin  sausage 

50  lbs.  flour 

i bu.  potatoes 

1 gal.  gasoline 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  corn 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

4 qts.  lima  beans 

1 bx.  yeast 

2 lbs.  meal 

2 lbs.  hominy 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

3 boxes  berries 

4 doz.  eggs 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1 broom 

1 can  apricots 

1 glass  jelly 

1 bx.  soaplne 

1 bx.  cocoanut 

2 lbs.  coffee 

5 cabbages 

2 lbs.  onions 

1 pr.  shoes 

do 

50  lbs.  flour 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1 gal.  oil 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  com 

2 cans  peaches 

2 cans  milk 

4 qts.  lima  beans 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1 bx.  yeast 

4 doz.  eggs 

2 glasses  jelly 

10  pkgs.  tobacco 

4 cabbages 

2 lbs.  coffee 

1 bx.  borax 

3 boxes  blackberries . 

1 lb.  ham 

2J  yds.  gingham 

1 spool  thread 

Dif.  on  broom 

Candy 

1 straw  hat 

Berlin  sausage 

1 lb.  11  oz.  beef 

1 bx.  apnles 

1 lb.  3 oz.  ham 


1 pt.  pickles 

2 lbs.  7 


oz.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  pork 

Candy 

1 spool  thread 

1 pr.  suspenders . . . 
3 lbs.  lard 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 can  minced  ham . 

3 lbs.  lard 

2 lbs.  10  oz.  beef. . . 

Berlin  sausage 

1 can  minced  ham . 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  ham 

3 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  lard 

2 lbs.  bologna 

1 lb.  ham 


Cost. 


.1( 

.4i 

.li 

.11 

.o; 

.0,’ 

.o; 

.21 

.i; 

.25 

.!( 

.!( 

.51 

.3' 

.5: 

.Oi 

.01 

.11 

.41 

.11 

.21 

.3' 

.11 


.3: 


.11 

.41' 

.5 

.41 

.2( 

.11 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


359 


Table  21%.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING-Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

une  1 

1 lb.  4 oz.  ham 

0. 28 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

. 45 

2 

3 lbs.  beef 

. 51 

4 

2 lbs.  3 oz.  pork 

. 38 

4 

3 lbs.  lard..* 

. 48 

5 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

5 

2 lbs.  9 oz.  beef 

.29 

5 

1 lb.  8 oz.  beef 

.30 

5 

. 30 

7 

2 lbs.  ham 

!44 

7 

3 lbs.  2 oz.  beef 

.47 

9 

2 lbs.  12  oz.  beef 

.43 

9 

1 lb.  pork 

. 17 

9 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

.36 

10 

2 lbs.  4 oz.  beef 

.34 

10 

3 lbs.  lard 

.48 

11 

12  oz.  ham 

. 17 

11 

31  lbs.  beef 

.53 

12 

2 lbs.  7 oz.  beef 

.39 

14 

3 lbs.  pork 

.45 

15 

31  lbs.  beef 

.42 

16 

3 lbs.  lard 

.55 

16 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

16 

li  lbs.  ham 

.27 

16 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.  00 

16 

1 bu.  potatoes 

' 1.35 

16 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

16 

2 cans  corn 

.20 

16 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

16 

2 cans  peaches 

.50 

16 

2 cans  milk 

.36 

16 

3 cans  berries 

.45 

16 

10  pkgs.  tobacco 

.80 

16 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

16 

Onions 

. 10 

16 

2 lbs  coffee 

.34 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  16 

1 bx.  yeast 

$0.  05 

16 

2 glasses  jelly 

.70 

16 

4 doz.  eggs 

1.08 

16 

1 bx.  soapine 

.25 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

16 

1 lb.  apricots 

.15 

16 

1 bx.  cocoanut 

. 10 

16 

6 yds.  dimity 

.72 

16 

4 yds.  dimity 

.60 

16 

10  yds.  gingham 

1.00 

16 

3 yds.  gingham 

.30 

16 

1 yd.  muslin 

.09 

16 

1 yd.  embroidery 

.08 

16 

4 yds.  lace 

.40 

16 

1 pr.  pants 

.45 

16 

1 shirt 

.50 

16 

27-in.  belting 

.25 

17 

If  lbs.  beef 

.28 

18 

3f  lbs.  beef 

.48 

19 

5 lbs.  beef 

.75 

19 

2 lbs.  beef 

.40 

21 

1 lb.  meat 

.15 

22 

2 lbs.  15  oz.  beef 

.45 

22 

3f  yds.  lawn 

.37 

23 

3 lbs.  beef 

.45 

24 

2J  lbs.  beef 

.38 

25 

2 lbs.  beef 

.40 

26 

1^  lbs.  ham 

.34 

26 

3 lbs.  lard 

.17 

26 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

26 

3i.lbs.  beef 

.50 

28 

§ lb.  pork 

.12 

28 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

.19 

28 

If  lbs.  beef 

.35 

29 

3i  lbs.  beef 

.48 

Total 

136.  47 

ATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 

FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 


husband,  wife,  and  eight  children-three  sons,  17,  15,  and  14  years  of  age,  and 

eamhS?/thP  h husband  (fireman)  and  one  son  were^ employed.  The 

eammgs  of  the  husband  during  the  above  period  were  $168.35.]  ^ ^ 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

I Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

pr.  1 

1 lb.  coffee 

$0.17 

Apr.  3 

1 lofif 

AQ 

1 

1 lb.  apricots 

.16 

3 

1 plv?  t.Ollfl.POO 

JbO.  Uo 

AQ 

1 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

3 

1 bx  snuff 

. Uo 
Ap; 

1 

1 bx.  snuff 

.10 

3 

1 iV).  riBiVy  VipfiTis 

. uo 

1 0 

1 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

3 

1 11d.  liiniRi  liPH.ns 

. 12 

1 0 

1 

1 lb.  onions 

.05 

3 

Candy 

. 12 

Ac; 

1 

^ gal.  vinegar 

.10 

5 

2.^  11^9  TTninn  flnnr 

. UO 

AA 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

.65 

5 

1 lllL/ii  lluLii  - 

1 lb  coffee 

. yu 

1 7 

1 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

5 

2 lbs.  .suga.r 

. 1 i 

1 A 

1 

2 cakes  soap 

. 10 

5 

1 hx  smiff 

ACC 

1 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

5 

1 lirpRrl 

. Uo 

AQ 

1 

2 lbs.  kidney  beans 

.24 

5 

i pk  potatoes 

. Uo 

1 Q 

1 

5 lbs.  nails 

.25 

5 

1 It),  iifivv 

• io 

1 0 

1 

1 doz.  pickles 

.10 

5 

6 cakes 

• 12 
a;; 

1 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

5 

1 cioz  t)iTns 

. UO 

1 A 

1 

3J  lbs.  bacon 

.65 

6 

IJ  lbs  beef 

. lU 

1 

5 lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

6 

1 lb  coffee 

. 2o 

1 7 

2 

1 qt.  oil 

.08 

6 

2 lbs  snyRr 

. 1/ 

1 A 

2 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

6 

2 Dice's.  tobj),ppo 

. 14 

1 ct 

2 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

6 

rlo 

• lb 

1 A 

3 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

6 

1 bx  snuff 

. lb 
.05 

3 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

6 

1 C2iJl  tOTTlflfOPS 

3 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

6 

1 lb.  onions 

. 10 

3 

1 lb.  apricots 

.16 

6 

1 doz  cakes 

.05 

1 A 

3 

3 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 can  corn 

.10 

6 

i pk.  potatoes 

. lU 
.18 

. 10  1 

6 

1 can  milk 

.05 

360 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  2 EXPENDITURES  FOR  I 
WAiiv  and  GENERAL  LIVING— Continued.  1 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Apr.  6 

$0.10 

Apr.  14  2 

.10 

14  h 

.05 

14  1 

.14 

14  1 

.12 

14  1 

.05 

14  ] 

.24 

14  ] 

.21 

14  ] 

.19 

14  i 

8 

8 

8 

.05 

15  ] 

.25 

15  ] 

.10 

16  ( 

.10 

16  i 

8 

8 

8 

8 

.24 

16  1 

.14 

16  ; 

.17 

16  ( 

.05 

16  : 

.14 

16  : 

.08 

16  : 

.05 

16 

8 

.18 

16 

.10 

16 

.05 

16 

.14 

16 

.10 

.16 

16 

.12 

16 

.12 

16 

.10 

16 

0 

1 lb  onioTiQ  

.05 

17 

y 

g 

Nflii  Is - 

.05 

17 

Q 

1 h lbs  bacon  .*.... 

.30 

17 

y 

10 

10 

1 lb.  beef. 

.20 

17 

^ lb,  butter 

.19 

17 

10 

2 lbs  hominy 

.05 

17 

lU 

10 

G cukes  ••••••• 

.05 

17 

10 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

19 

xU 

10 

9 l>Ao  cn  (T^r  

.14 

19 

XU 

10 

1 cun  sirup  

.10 

19 

XU 

in 

1 nQn  HfiVinp'  nowder  

.05 

19 

XU 

1 n 

^ lbs  limu  

.14 

19 

lU 

in 

Q IKo  

.13 

20 

lU 

in 

3 IK  Knttpr  

.22 

20 

XU 

in 

1 Kv  cmiff  

.10 

20 

iU 

10 

1 lb  onions  ■ 

.06 

20 

XU 

10 

1 doz  buns  

.10 

20 

XU 

1 n 

1 Qt  nuvy  benns 

.12 

20 

XU 

10 

h nk  potutoes  

.15 

20 

XU 

10 

1 lb  lard  

.15 

20 

XU 

in 

J lb  butter  

.19 

20 

XU 

10 

1 X IKc  -nnrlr  

.21 

20 

iU 

10 

1 pr  suspenders  

.35 

20 

lU 

10 

1 pkg  tobacco  

.08 

20 

XU 

10 

2 lbs  sugar  

.14 

20 

XU 

10 

2 cukes  soup 

.10 

20 

iU 

10 

1 lb  

.17 

21 

XU 

10 

1 loaf  bread  

.08 

21 

XU 

10 

10 

10 

10 

1 pkg  seed'^  

.05 

21 

1 can  tomatoes  - 

.10 

21 

fi  cake'^  

.05 

21 

\ qf  beans  

.12 

22 

10 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

1 suck  suit  

.05 

22 

1 box  snuff  

.05 

22 

2 lbs  sugar  

.14 

22 

1 can  corn  

.10 

22 

J pk  potatoes  

.18 

22 

1 pkg  tobacco  

.08 

22 

1 q-f  nuvy  b^^^^ 

.12 

22 

'Rprprc  

.10 

22 



Ib^  pnrk  

.28 

22 

1 lb  wiprinips  

.07 

22 

1 lb  coffee  

.17 

22 

1 pkg  yeast 

.05 

22 

1 b'^x  ‘sn'ifF  

.05 

23 

5 qts  OTiinps  

.50 

23 

1 qt  navy  beans 

.12 

23 

23 

Article. 


1 lb.  coffee. 


1 lb.  nails 

2 lbs.  sugar 

2 qts.  vinegar 

1 can  corn 

1 can  tomatoes. . . 

1 bx.  snuff 

6 cakes 

1 pr.  hose 

do 

Candy 

1 lb.  butter 

2 lbs.  ham 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 bananas 

^ doz.  eggs 

1^  lbs.  lard 

4 fish 

1 lb.  ham 

ilb.  butter 

1^  lbs.  pork 

2 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  beans 

1 can  tomatoes. . 

Candy 

i lb.  butter 

4 loaves  bread . . 

1 lb.  coffee 

2 lbs.  sugar 

1 qt.  beans 

1 bt.  catsup 

Ipkg.  yeast 

1 cake  soap 

1 box  snuff 

1 pkg.  tobacco . . 

1 lb.  onions 

14  lbs.  lard 

2 lbs.  fish 

1 lb.  butter 

1^  lbs.  pork 

2 lbs.  sugar 

I pk.  potatoes. . 

1 cake  soap 

1 can  tomatoes.. 

3 lbs.  pork 

Jib.  butter 

I lb.  cheese 

IJ  lbs.  bacon... 
1 lb.  nails 

1 bx.  snuff 

2 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bt.  castor  oil . 
1 qt.  beans 

1 can  tomatoes. 
IJ  lbs.  prunes.. 

2 loaves  bread . 

1 lb.  onions 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 cake  soap  — 

2 lbs.  sugar 

Iqt.  beans,,.. 


Cost. 


SO. 


.05 

.14 

.12 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


361 


['able  21Q.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING — Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

pr.  23 

1 broom 

$0. 25 

May  1 

Beef 

23 

1 orange 

.05 

1 

h lb.  butter 

- oo 

QO 

23 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

Raonn 

. oU 

1 ft 

23 

^ pk.  potatoes 

.18 

1 

1 pr.  hose. 

. . lo 

1 9 

23 

Candy 

.05 

1 

Sausage 

• 

23 

Crackers 

.03 

h lb.  butter 

• OO 

1 ft 

24 

1 lb.  butter 

.19 

1 

1 lb.  pork 

. lo 
oo 

24 

i§  lbs.  bacon 

.24 

3 

1 box  snn  ff 

• Zo 

24 

1 fish 

.05 

3 

2 IIds  fill g'ar 

• uo 

1 A 

24 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.21 

3 

1 lb  coffee 

. 14 

1 7 

24 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

3 

1 loaf  brea.d 

. 1/ 

Oft 

24 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

3 

1 qt  beans 

. Uo 

1 9 

24 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

3 

Bananas 

. iZ 

24 

1 box  snuff 

.05 

3 

1 can  tomatoes 

. \JO 
10 

24 

1 yd.  outing 

.10 

3 

1 can  mustard 

. lU 

1 o 

24 

2 qts.  beans 

.24 

3 

Cakes 

. lU 

oc; 

24 

1 can  sirup 

.12 

3 

1 pkg  tobaeeo 

. uo 

Oft 

24 

J pk.  potatoes 

.18 

3 

1 lb  beef 

. Uo 
9/1 

24 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

3 

1 lb  bacon 

. Z4 

1 

24 

6 cakes 

.05 

3 

i lb  butter 

• 10 

1 ft 

26 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

3 

1 lb  coffee 

• io 

1 7 

26 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

3 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 1/ 
14. 

26 

Candy 

.01 

3 

1 A 

26 

1 box  corn  flakes 

.10 

3 

^ Cggo.  

1 pipe 

. 14 

Of; 

26 

1 can  milk 

.05 

3 

Beans 

. uo 

1 9 

26 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

3 

1 lb  prunes 

• IZ 

1 9 

26 

.08 

4 

50  IBs  TTnion  flour 

• IZ 

1 OO 

27 

Candy 

.04 

5 

Beef 

1.  yu 

QO 

27 

li  lbs.  pork 

.23 

5 

2 loaves  bread 

• OU 

1 ft 

27 

6 pickles 

.05 

5 

Oil 

. lo 
04 

28 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

5 

Candy 

. U4 

1 1 

28 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

5 

Trousers 

• 1 1 

p;o 

28 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

5 

1 Excello 

. OU 

1 o 

28 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

5 

Suga.r 

. lU 

1 4 

28 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

5 

Potatoes 

• 14 

1 ft 

28 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

5 

Beans 

. lo 
19 

28 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

5 

Soap 

. IZ 

op; 

28 

1 lb.  cheese 

.10 

5 

Seed 

. Uo 
op; 

29 

Ifish 

.05 

5 

1 bx.  snuff 

. Uo 
oc; 

29 

1 lb.  wiennies 

.12 

5 

Beef 

. Uo 

1 ft 

29 

IJ  lbs.  bacon 

.30 

6 

2 prs  hose 

. lo 
90 

29 

§ lb.  butter 

.18 

6 

5 vds  TniisliTi 

. ZU 
OO 

29 

1 can  kraut 

.10 

6 

1 Bt.  BorspradisB 

. oU 

29 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

6 

2 lbs  sugar 

. 15 

1 i 

29 

3 loaves  bread 

.24 

6 

1 lb  coffee 

. 14 

1 7 

29 

1 box  snuff 

.05 

6 

Buns 

. 1/ 
.10 

29 

1 orange 

.05 

6 

1 can  toTTiatops 

29 

1 lb.  sugar 

.07 

6 

Onions 

. 10 

1 o 

29 

3 bananas 

.05 

6 

Bea.ns 

. lU 

1 9 

29 

6 cakes 

.05 

6 

Calcps 

. IZ 
Of; 

29 

Candy 

.06 

6 

Butter 

. Uo 

9/4 

29 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

6 

1 IB  porlc 

. Z4 
oo 

29 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

7 

Butter 

. z«5 

IQ 

29 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

7 

Bacon » 

. ly 
.43 

30 

1 lb.  sugar 

.07 

7 

Cabbage 

1 o 

30 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

7 

1 lb  coffee 

. lU 

1 7 

30 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

7 

Taver 

. 1/ 

1 O 

30 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

7 

1 bt.  catsup 

. lU 

1 o 

30 

1 box  snuff 

.05 

7 

1 can  tomatops 

. lU 

1 o 

30 

2 lbs.  beans 

.14 

7 

Beans 

. lU 

O/f 

30 

1 lb.  bologna 

.14 

7 

1 Bx.  Brpalcfast  food 

. Z4 

1 o 

30 

Candy 

.10 

7 

2 IBs  sng^ar 

. lU 

1 A 

30 

i lb.  cheese 

.10 

7 

Onions 

• 14 

1 o 

30 

1 lb.  butter 

.18 

8 

Rotatops 

. lU 

1 ft 

30 

IJ  lbs.  pork. 

.23 

8 

1 pl^^  sppd 

. lo 

op; 

■y  1 

1 paint 

.25 

10 

1 IB  ooffpp 

. Uo 

1 7 

1 

J doz. eggs 

. 14 

10 

2 IBs  sugar 

. Li 

1 A 

1 

1 bt.  catsup 

. 10 

10 

Parpgorio 

. 14 

1 o 

1 

1 box  coffee  essence 

.10 

10 

2 pkgs  tobacco 

. lU 

1 A 

1 

Onions 

.10 

10 

1 can  tomatops 

. 10 

1 o 

1 

Cabbage 

.13 

10 

Beans 

. lU 

1 9 

1 

Sugar 

.25 

10 

Cakes 

. IZ 

ot; 

1 

Soap 

.25 

10 

1 calcB  soap 

. Uo 
op; 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

10 

1 lb.  beef 

. Uo 

1 A 

1 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

10 

1 Spool  tBrpad 

. 14 

Oft 

1 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

10 

Cheese 

.Uo 

1 o 

1 

1 yeast 

.05 

10 

Bacon 

. lU 

0/1 

1 

1 box  snuff 

.10 

10 

Butter 

. o4 

.19 

362 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued.  T 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  Q 
NAllVEBORW  food,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING-Continued.  - 


Date. 


May 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article.  < 

$0  95 

May  19 

Leather 

!o5 

19 

3 lbs.  sugar 

.07 

19 

1 qt.  beans 

16 

19 

1 cake  soap 

.28 

19 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

16 

19 

1 bx.  snuff 

! 10 

19 

1 glass  mustard 

.10 

19 

1 lb.  pnmes 

.01 

19 

Cakes 

. 19 

19 

1 lb.  beef 

.05 

.05 

19 

Candy 

19 

1 cake  soap 

16 

19 

1 pt.  milk 

!i2 

22 

1 lb.  coffee 

.09 

22 

1 gal.  oil 

.05 

22 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.05 

22 

1 can  sirup 

.10 

.30 

22 

do 

22 

1 can  tomatoes 

.18 

22 

1 qt.  beans 

.05 

08 

22 

1 bx.  berries 

22 

1 bx.  snuff 

.14 

14 

22 

i doz.  eggs 

22 

6 cakes 

. 10 

22 

1 lb.  beef 

12 

22 

1 lb.  bologna 

.18 

22 

i lb.  butter 

.10 

05 

22 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

24 

2 loaves  bread 

. 10 

24 

1 bx.  snuff 

O IVlC*  OtlfTOl' 

.14 

24 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 Vw  oTinfr 

.05 

24 

1 qt.  beans 

1 IVv 

.17 

24 

1 can  tomatoes 

. 18 

24 

J pk.  potatoes 

^ pk.  potatoes 

.30 

24 

Bacon 

2 lbs.  pork- 

.20 
. 17 

24 

Pickles 

1 1V\ 

25 

1 lb.  beef 

1 ID.  

.05 

25 

1 lb.  butter 

. 05 

25 

2 lbs.  sugar 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

\7 

.01 

25 

2 loaves  bread 

o lV\c 

.20 
. 19 

25 

1 pr.  overalls 

1 Z IDb.  DUlOglia 

1 IV.  VMitfOT* 

25 

2 lbs.  sugar 

1 5 ID.  DULlci  ------ 

. 17 

25 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 1 ID.  collet;-  - 

. 12 

25 

Veal 

1 1 CciD.  sirup 

. 10 

25 

1 bx.  snuff 

1 1 gltiss  iTiusttird. 

1 n c 

!i2 

25 

1 bx.  bluing 

. 14 

25 

1 cake  soap 

t 2 lbs.  sug3.r 

r^oKVvocTo 

. 12 

25 

Lima  beans 

L Oni/vnc 

.10 

25 

Bananas 

1 /ion  •f/^molAOC 

. 10 

26 

2 yds.  lining 

) X CctLl  tUlilcl  tV./Co 

1 Or\vn  mnol 

.25 

26 

2 yds.  plaid 

1 1 T%f  milV 

.05 

26 

1 yd.  calico 

> 1 ^\j,  llilllV  - 

i 1 "Kv  onnrF 

.05 

26 

1 comb 

.51 

26 

1 pt.  milk 

7 "D 1 1 

. 19 

26 

Candy 

7 O TM*0  TkOTl+O 

1.00 

27 

Bacon 

7 1 1V\ 

.17 

27 

Cheese 

. 17 

27 

J lb.  butter 

7 OP^  IKc  TTriir^n  flrxnr 

.95 

27 

1 pk.  potatoes 

1 ZO  lUo.  vy  lllUil  JJ.V/LJ.1  - 

7 1 T\lr<T  iTiViO  r^r»r\ 

08 

27 

Suet 

7 O lr\oxTOo 

.16 

27 

1 lb.  coffee 

f ^ lUd  V Co  UI.  CdVJ. 

] 1 c'HU 

.10 

28 

4 yds.  calico 

7 1 rtf  IvooriQ 

12 

28 

Tyawn 

( 1 t.  Ucallb  

7 1 r>QlrP 

05 

' 28 

Calico 

t X CdAc;  o^jci^  - 

.12 

28 

1 ham 

2 1 fTol  Pll 

.04 

28 

Liver 

3 X f^CLX*  V/ll  - .................. 

^ 1 yw  cmifF 

.05 

28 

2 lbs.  sugar 

2 1 pcm  IrToiTt" 

. 10 

28 

Lard 

R 9 Uyq  Qii  crc»r 

.14 

28 

1 ib.  bologna 

3 ^ lUo.  OLlftdl 

. 17 

28 

1 lb.  cheese 

S 'Woil<3 

.05 

28 

Cakes 

g T pc^thpr 

.45 

28 

1 lb.  butter 

.18 

June  1 

1 lb.  coffee 

C 1 p^  ppTotppQ 

Q ■]  cpnnl 

.05 

1 

2 lbs.  sugar 

Q pQTiHtT 

.06 

1 

1 cake  soap 

77  y^oiLiKxy  •••  - 

Q 1 IH  bnttpr 

.18 

1 

25  lbs.  flour 

Q 1 IVi  ItirH 

. 16 

1 

1 glass  jelly 

V X 1 U • Idl  VI  - ..................... 

9 2pkgs.  seeds 

.20 

1 

1 pkg.  tobacco ' 

Cost 


$0.37 

.21 

.12 

.05 

.08 

.05 

.10 

.12 

.05 

.20 

.02 

.05 


.08. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


363 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING.— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  1 

1 can  tomatoes 

$0.10 

June  8 

1 can  lye 

SO.  12 

1 

1 can  sirup 

.12 

8 

J doz.  buns 

.05 

1 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

8 

Candy. 

.05 

1 

li  lbs.  beef 

.23 

9 

1 pkg.  seed . . 

.05 

1 

50  lbs.  flour 

1.90 

9 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

1 

1 bt.  malted  milk 

1.00 

9 

1 pkg.  tobacco.. 

.08 

2 

1 lb. lard 

.16 

9 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

2 

1 lb.  cheese 

.22 

9 

6 cakes 

.05 

2 

li  lbs.  pork 

.23 

9 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

2 

1 bucket 

.10 

9 

1 comb 

.05 

2 

.10 

9 

Jib.  butter.  . ... 

. 18 

2 

1 can  corn 

.10 

9 

1 bunch  rhubarb 

.10 

2 

.10 

9 

Candy 

.07 

2 

2 cans  milk 

.10 

9 

1 can  milk 

.05 

2 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

10 

IJ  lbs.  bologna 

.30 

2 

1 qt.  bealis 

.12 

10 

i lb.  butter 

.19 

2 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

11 

1|  lbs.  bacon 

.30 

2 

1 box.  snuff 

.05 

11 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

2 

1 doz.  buns 

. 10 

11 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

3 

1 lamp  globe 

.10 

11 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

3 

1 pencil 

.01 

11 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

3 

If  lbs.  beef 

.20 

11 

6 buns 

.05 

3 

Cards 

.05 

11 

Candy 

1 .05 

3 

1 lb.  butter 

.32 

11 

pk.  potatoes 

.18 

4 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

12 

2 cucumbers 

.05 

4 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

12 

1 lb.  lard 

. 16 

4 

1 lb.  flax  seed 

.05 

12 

IJ  lbs.  bacon 

.30 

4 

6 cakes 

.05 

12 

^ lb.  butter 

. 19 

4 

1 lb.  prunes 

.08 

12 

J lb.  cheese 

. 10 

4 

1 can  milk 

.05 

12 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

4 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.18 

12 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

4 

1 broom 

.30 

12 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

4 

i lb.  cheese 

. 10 

12 

1 box  snuff 

.05 

4 

i lb.  butter 

.18 

12 

1 qt.  beans 

. 12 

4 

5 yds.  outing 

.55 

12 

1 nutmeg 

.05 

4 

1^  lbs.  beef 

.23 

12 

1 bt.  catsup 

. 10 

4 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

12 

1 can  tomatoes 

. 10 

4 

1 loaf  bread 

.08 

12 

1 can  milk 

.05 

5 

U lbs.  beef 

.28 

12 

Cakes 

. 05 

5 

2 sacks  salt 

.10 

12 

1 excello 

. 10 

5 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

12 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

5 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

12 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

5 

1 lb.  beans 

.12 

12 

Candy 

.03 

5 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

15 

1 lb.  butter 

. 19 

5 

1 bx.  snuff 

.05 

15 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

. 10 

5 

1 bx.  noodles 

.05 

15 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

5 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

.12 

15 

1 pkg.  tobacco. 

. 08 

5 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

15 

1 qt.  beans 

. 12 

5 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

15 

§ pk.  potatoes . . 

. 18 

5 

1 doz.  buns 

.10 

15 

Candy 

. 05 

5 

Candy 

.05 

15 

Buns 

. 14 

5 

1 lb.  cheese 

.16 

16 

50  lbs.  flour 

1. 90 

7 

^ lb.  butter 

.18 

16 

1 pr.  shoes 

1.  75 

5 

U lbs.  bacon 

.30 

16 

do 

1.  75 

7 

l|  yds.  cheviot 

.16 

16 

do 

1. 25 

7 

H lbs.  bacon 

.30 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

. 20 

7 

h lb.  butter 

.18 

16 

1 lb.  cheese 

. 20 

7 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

16 

1 cap 

. 25 

7 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

16 

li  lbs.  beef 

. 27 

7 

1 can  corn 

.12 

16 

Candy 

. 05 

7 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

17 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

7 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

17 

3 bananas 

. 05 

7 

1 box  yeast 

.05 

17 

1 ck.  .soap . 

. 05 

7 

3 bananas 

.10 

17 

1 nt.  oil . 

. 04 

7 

2 loaves  bread 

.16 

17 

1 spool  thread 

! 05 

7 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

17 

Candy 

.02 

7 

1 box  snuff . 

.05 

18 

Noodles. 

. 05 

1 7 

1 box  excello 

.10 

18 

2 lbs.  suear 

! 14 

7 

2 loaves  bread 

.16 

18 

1 lb.  coffee 

. 17 

7 

Candy 

.02 

18 

1 pkg.  tobaroo 

. 08 

8 

If  yds.  cheviot 

.16 

18 

3 bananas 

.05 

8 

1 pkg.  pins 

.05 

18 

1 qt.  beans. . . . 

. 12 

8 

J doz.  pickles 

.05 

18 

1 can  milk 

. 05 

8 

2 lbs.  sugar : 

.14 

18 

2 loaves  bread 

. 16 

8 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

18 

1 vd.  drapery 

. 25 

8 

1 box  snuff 

.05 

18 

1 s.  cover 

. 30 

8 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

18 

li  lbs.  beef 

. 21 

8 

1 box  salve 

.10 

19  1 

1 shirt 

.50 

364 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216  — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  ^ 

30,  196>9— Continued. 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE;  PAMILY  NO  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
^ food,  clothing,  and  GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


Article. 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


Cost. 


Tune  19 

1 hose 1 

$0.10  j 

19 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

19 

2 lbs.  bacon 

.30 

19 

2 lbs.  sugar | 

• 14  1 

19 

1 qt.  beans 

. 12 

19 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

. 10 

19 

1 can  tomatoes 

. 10 

19 

1 lb.  prunes 

. 12 

19 

h pk.  potatoes 

. 18 

19 

i bx.  snuff 

. 15 

19 

1 pt.  milk 

. 05 

19 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

21 

Iball 

. 05 

21 

2i  lbs.  beef 

.41 

21 

3 bananas 

. 05 

21 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

21 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

. 10 

21 

i pk.  potatoes 

. 18 

21 

1 lb.  rice 

. 10 

21 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

21 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

21 

1 bucket 

.20 

21 

1 pkg.  soda 

.05 

21 

1 can  peaches 

. 16 

21 

1 ck.  yeast 

. 05 

21 

1 qt.  oil 

.04 

21 

4 cakes  soap 

.20 

22 

Dishes 

.33 

23 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

23 

Leather 

. 55 

23 

Nails 

. 05 

23 

1 doz.  buns 

.10 

23 

1 lb.  coffee 

. 17 

23 

Cakes 

. 05 

23 

Candy 

.05 

23 

J pk.  potatoes 

. 18 

23 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

.30 

24 

6 cakes 

. 05 

24 

3 bananas . 

.05 

24 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

Jvme  24 

6 pickles 

$0.05  : 

24 

3 bananas 

. 05 

24 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

24 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

24 

Cabbage 

.08 

25 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

25 

Candy 

.01 

25 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

25 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

. 05  1 

25 

1 bx.  bluing 

.10 

25 

h pk.  potatoes 

. 18 

25 

Cakes 

. 05 

25 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

25 

1 lb.  prunes 

. 10 

25 

^ lb.  butter 

.19 

26 

1 basket 

.05 

26 

lean  peaches 

.16 

26 

6 cakes 

. 05 

26 

^ pk.  potatoes 

.18 

28 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14  ! 

28 



. 05  ' 

28 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

28 

3 bananas 

. 05 

28 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

28 

1 cap 

. 10  ^ 

28 

2 prs.  hose 

.20  i 

29 

3 yds.  cheviot 

.27  i 

29 

1 lb.  coffee 

. 17 

29 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

29 

1 can  peas 

. 12 

29 

Cabbage 

. 06 

29 

Cakes 

. 10 

29 

1 lb.  raisins 

.09 

29 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

29 

Eggs 

. 14 

29 

Pork 

.28 

29 

^ lb.  butter 

.19 

Total - 

120. 14 

NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE;  FAMILY  NO  3 EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD.  CLOTHING.  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 


FThic  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  children— one  daughter  3 years  of  age  and  one  6 months  i 
^ oik:  Th/hSnMy^w^^^^^^  (pick  miner),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were 

$139.84.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Apr.  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

$0. 37 

Apr.  6 

If  lbs.  butter 

. 18 

6 

6f  lbs.  ham 

3 lbs.  liver 

.34 

6 

1 can  tomatoes 

2 lbs.  coffee 

.25 

6 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

4 lbs.  sugar. 

.22 

6 

Candy 

1 doz.  eggs 

!20 

8 

Stogies 

1 can  milk 

.08 

8 

1 lb.  tea 

1 pkg.  tobacco -■ 

. 13 

8 

2 lbs.  coffee 

1 qt.  red  beans 

!20 

8 

Candy 

1 1 Vv 

.38 

8 

2 doz.  eggs 

4 lbs.  beef 

.65 

9 

1 brush 

3 

3 

3 

1 pr.  shoes 

2. 75 
.50 

9 

9 

1 cake  soap 

1 gal.  oil 

2 prs.  hose 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

9 

1 lb.  cakes 

3 

3 

3 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 cB<ii  com 

.10 

.10 

9 

9 

1 bt.  olives 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Candy 

.01 

9 

Candy  

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 lb.  l6ttu.ee. 

.08 

.20 

10 

10 

1 pkg.  macaroni 

2 cans  tomatoes 

3.00 

10 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 pr.  shoes 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

10 

4 lbs.  sugar 

5 

5 

1 box  writing  paper 

Candy 

.10 

.04 

10 

10 

Candy 

3 oranges 

Cost. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


365 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  10 

$0.07 

May  10 

1 cake  soap 

$0.05 

13 

IJ  lbs.  butter 

.56 

10 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

13 

2 lbs.  bacon 

.36 

13 

lbs.  bacon 

.42 

13 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

13 

Stogies 

.08 

13 

.10 

13 

Candy . . 

.01 

14 

1 hat 

1.75 

13 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.24 

14 

1 box  yeast 

.05 

13 

1 bt.  liniment 

.25 

14 

1 pkg.tobacco 

.08 

15 

3i  lbs.  beef 

.52 

14 

Candy 

.03 

15 

2 lbs.  onions 

.12 

17 

.60 

15 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

20 

1 lb.  lard 

.15 

15 

2 pkgs.  seed 

.10 

20 

.05 

15 

1 pkg.  macaroni 

.10 

20 

Candy 

.02 

17 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

21 

10  yds.  muslin 

1.00 

17 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

21 

.08 

17 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

21 

4 IbsT  sugar 

.25 

17 

§ doz.  eggs 

.14 

21 

.21 

17 

Candy 

.05 

21 

.17 

18 

4^  lbs.  pork 

. 56 

21 

.25 

18 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

.95 

22 

.40 

18 

1 box  yeast 

.05 

26 

i lb.  butter 

.37 

18 

1 loaf  bread 

. 10 

26 

J lb.  cheese 

.10 

18 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

26 

.38 

18 

1 box  rolled  oats 

. 12 

26 

.05 

18 

21  yds.  0 goods 

.14 

26 

.05 

20 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

26 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

20 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

26 

1 can  milk 

.12 

20 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

26 

.20 

20 

5 yds.  muslin 

.50 

26 

.08 

20 

20  yds.  outing 

.55 

26 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

20 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

26 

Candy 

.02 

20 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

27 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

20 

Candy 

.02 

29 

2 loaves  bread 

.20 

20 

3 lbs.  bacon 

.54 

29 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

21 

1 pr.  slippers 

.75 

29 

Candy 

.03 

21 

3 yds.  drapery 

.30 

30 

li  lbs.  butter 

.42 

21 

2 doz.  eggs 

.54 

30 

2f  lbs.  bacon 

.46 

21 

1 can  tomatoes 

.12 

30 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

21 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

30 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

21 

Candy 

.05 

30 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

21 

2 yds.  drapery 

.20 

30 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

24 

1 lb.  leather 

.45 

30 

1 pick  handle 

.10 

24 

2 pies 

.20 

May  1 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

24 

j bu.  corn 

.30 

1 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

24 

1 can  beans 

.15 

1 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

24 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

1 

J lb.  cakes 

.05 

24 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

3 

1 box  yeast 

.05 

24 

IJ  lbs.  onions 

.10 

3 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.10 

26 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

3 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

26 

1 ck. soap 

.05 

3 

1 can  corn 

.12 

26 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

3 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

26 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

. 95 

3 

1 can  sirup 

.12 

26 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

3 

1 qt.  milk 

.10 

26 

1 box  yeast 

.05 

3 

4 lbs.  lima  beans 

.28 

26 

4 Ib.s.  .sugar 

.25 

5 

i pt.  vinegar 

.05 

26 

5 yds.  muslin 

.50 

5 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

26 

3 prs.  hose 

.25 

6 

1 gal  oil 

.15 

June  1 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

. 16 

6 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

1 

2 lbs.  cakes 

. 10 

6 

1 jar  mustard 

.10 

1 

1 lb.  coffee. . 

. 17 

6 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

1 

Ca.ndy. . 

.05 

6 

1 can  tomatoes 

10 

1 

2 lbs.  raisins 

. 18 

6 

Candy 

.05 

1 

1 can  paint  . . 

. 40 

6 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

1 

2 qts.  beans... 

.24 

6 

1 cap 

.50 

2 

1 ck.  .soap. . . 

.05 

7 

1 lb.  crackers 

.05 

2 

1 gal.  oil 

. 15 

7 

2 lbs.  onions 

.12 

2 

2J  yds.  0 goods  . . 

.30 

7 

Candy 

.02 

3 

2 doz.  eggs 

.50 

8 

1 lettuce 

.15 

3 

1 pkg.  seed 

. 10 

8 

1 can  tomatoes 

.12 

3 

1 broom 

.35 

8 

1 can  corn 

.10 

3 

Candy 

.08 

8 

i pt.  vinegar 

.05 

3 

1 can  sirup 

.12 

8 

Candy 

.01 

3 

6 yds.  toweling 

.45 

8 

1 lb.  raisins 

.09 

3 

2 pkgs.  pins. 

.10 

8 

1 lb.  cabbage 

.06 

3 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

8 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

3 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

8 

3f  lbs.  liver 

.22 

3 

1 can  corn 

.10 

10 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

5 

2 lbs.  butter 

60 

10 

Candy 

.05  1 

5 1 

li  lbs.  beef 

.26 

366 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  21^  .—Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


NATIVE-BORN  OF  NATIVE  FATHER,  WHITE:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR 
FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


June  5 
8 
8 
8 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

$0.05 

June  19 

.95 

19 

.05 

19 

.10 

19 

.08 

19 

.20 

19 

.05 

19 

.10 

19 

.30 

19 

.05 

19 

.10 

19 

. 15 

21 

.30 

22 

.05 

22 

.10 

22 

.25 

22 

2 lbs  bacon  

.40 

22 

4 lbs  sugar  

.25 

22 

1 bx  crackers 

.10 

23 

31  P)s  beans  

.25 

23 

]i  lbs  butter 

.37 

23 

3 oranges  

.10 

23 

1 pkp  

.08 

24 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

24 

2 cans  corn  

.24 

24 

3 lbs  crackers 

.15 

24 

1 can  milk  

.15 

24 

.11 

26 

1 lb  coffee  

.17 

26 

1 bu  corn  meal  

.25 

26 

2 lbs.  primes 

.12 

26 

9 

.40 

26 

^ pt  vinegar  

.05 

26 

i pk  potatoes.. 

.35 

26 

1 bx  pills  

.25 

26 

^ lbs  craekprs  

.10 

26 

5 yds  outing  

.55 

26 

1 sVn’rt,  

.50 

26 

1 can  peaches  

.25 

26 

1 doz.  cakes  

.10 

26 

1 lb.  bologna 

.18 

28 

1 lb  b'l^^'fer  

.37 

28 

4 lbs  sugar  

.25 

28 

95  lbs  Ttninn  flnnr 

1.00 

28 

^ pick  

.20 

28 

1 pk^  Inhnpoo  ...  

.08 

28 

Cfiprly  

.05 

29 

3 bots.  pickles 

.25 

29 

12  lbs.  beef  

.29 

ipfmtnTnntfiPS  

.10 

1 lamp  wick  

.01 

1 

Article. 

Cost. 

IJlbs  b'lttpr  

$0.50 

21  lbs  bppf  

.38 

Candy 

.01 

1 doz.  buns 

.10 

2 pts.  milk 

.10 

1 pkg.  macaroni 

.10 

2 qts.  beans  

.24 

1 pkp  

.08 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

1 cake  soap  

.05 

Cnnrly  

.01 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

3 lbs.  bacon 

.60 

2 lbs.  lard 

.34 

IJ  lbs.  cheese 

.25 

\ pkp  

.08 

2 pkgs  evaporated  apples 

.24 

Cfipdy  

.05 

1 bx  yeast 

.05 

Candy  

.02 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

4 lbs  su‘’'ar  

.25 

1 pnmb  

.10 

1 sack  salt  

.05 

3 lbs  beans 

.21 

1 bt  compound 

1.00 

1 pkg  tobacco 

.08 

1 lb  butter 

.37 

2'J  lbs.  beef 

.50 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

4 lbs  sugar  

.25 

2 csns  

.20 

1 t^baeco  . . 

.08 

1 pk  --  

.35 

2 lbs  beans  

.16 

9 c&ns  

.20 

1 can  sirup  

.12 

1 loaf  bread  

.10 

2'  lbs  bologna 

.29 

71  lbs  ham  

1.29 

l^lb  butter  

.37 

2 lOftV^S  

.20 

Candy 

.01 

1 qt  beans  

. i2 

2 cakes  soap  

.10 

1 gal  m.  oil 

.20 

1 pit  c corn  

.35 

2 lbs  coffee  

.34 

Total  

70.08 

CROATIAN-  BOARDING  GROUP  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND 

GENERAL  LIVING. 


[This  group  consisted  of  head,  hired  girl,  and  ten  male  boarders  ^ 

head  paying  U shares  for  self  and  hired  girl.  Boarders  paid  $5  per  month  for  lodging,  cooking,  and 
washing.  Head  was  employed  (driver),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  35147.50.J 


Apr. 


1 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost.  1 

1 

. 

$1.80 

Apr.  1 

12  lbs.  beef 

$1.68  i 

X 

1 

.35 

2 

12  lbs.  pork 

1. 68  1 

X 

1 

. 34 

3 

18  lbs.  beef 

2.43 

i 

1 

Z lL)b.  L/UlltJtJ- 

.25 

3 

19  lbs.  pork 

2.66 

i 

5 C3/k6S  SOB^p 

.05 

5 

5 lbs.  beef 

.69 

1 

1 box  coffee  essence 

! 10 

5 

12  lbs.  pork 

1.68  i 

1 

2 I30X6S  yGBSt 

. 10 

5 

1 lb.  beef 

.20  ’ 

1 

1 

2 lbs.  CBbbB^G- 

A IVtc 

^25 

6 

3 lbs.  beef 

.39 

1 

1 

.20 

6 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

1 

1 

1 f\n'7  ^Of(TQ 

.25 

8 

12  lbs.  beef 

1.68 

X 

1 

X (lUZ.  tJgKb 

2 lbs.  onions .................... 

. 10 

8 

1 lb.  pork 

‘It 

1 

1 

1 lb.  rice 

!o9 

8 

7 lbs.  pork 

.98 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


ae'z 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

CROATIAN:  BOARDING  GROUP  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND 
GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Apr.  10 

34  lbs.  pork 

$5.03 

May  3 

1 bu.  potatoes 

10 

3 lbs.  beef 

.39 

3 

1 doz.  eggs 

10 

6 lbs.  pork 

.84 

3 

4 boxes  veast . . 

12 

4 lbs.  beef 

.52 

3 

3 lbs.  lima  beans 

12 

13  lbs.  pork 

1.82 

3 

2 lbs.  rice 

12 

4 lbs.  beef 

.60 

3 

1 sack  salt . . 

13 

5 lbs.  beef 

.72 

3 

2 lbs.  bar  lev. . 

13 

16  lbs.  pork 

2. 24 

3 

8 lbs.  onions 

14 

6 lbs.  pork 

.84 

3 

i lb.  celery  seerl 

14 

6 lbs.  beef 

.78 

3 

1 box  baking  pnwder 

15 

13  lbs.  pork 

1.82 

3 

20  lbs.  pork. . . 

15 

16  lbs.  pork 

2.24 

3 

3 lbs.  pork. . . 

16 

4 lbs.  bW 

.52 

4 

14  lbs.  pork. . 

16 

J bbl.  Union  flour 

3.60 

4 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

16 

i bu.  potatoes 

1.35 

4 

6 lbs.  beef 

16 

25  lbs.  sugar 

1.50 

5 

4 lbs.  pork. . 

16 

8 lbs.  coffee 

1.36 

5 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

16 

10  cakes  soap 

.50 

5 

7 lbs.  pork.. 

16 

1 krinolene.*. 

.20 

6 

8 lbs.  beef 

16 

2 bts.  salad  oil 

.50 

6 

12  lbs.  pork. 

16 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

.20 

6 

6 lbs.  beef 

16 

2 boxes  yeast 

. 10 

7 

21  lbs.  pork. 

16 

2 sacks  salt 

. 10 

7 

31  lbs.  pork 

16 

4 lbs.  onions 

.20 

7 

5 lbs.  cabbage 

16 

1 doz.  eggs 

.23 

8 

15  lbs.  beef 

16 

2 lbs.  rice 

. 18 

8 

31  lbs.  pork. 

16 

4 lbs.  lima  beans 

.28 

10 

18  lbs.  pork. 

16 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

10 

4 lbs.  beef. 

16 

2 lbs.  barley 

. 10 

11 

do. . 

16 

4 lbs.  beef 

.52 

11 

19  lbs.  pork 

16 

16  lbs.  pork 

2.24 

11 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

17 

21  lbs.  pork 

2.94 

12 

7 lbs.  pork 

17 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

.26 

12 

7 lbs.  beef 

17 

7 lbs.  ham 

.83 

13 

7 lbs.  pork 

17 

13  lbs.  beef 

1.90 

13 

7 lbs.  beef 

17 

6 sheets 

3.80 

13 

3 cans  kraut 

17 

1 dress 

.50 

13 

7 lbs.  pork 

19 

4 lbs.  pork 

.56 

13 

1 doz.  egvs 

19 

4 lbs.  beef 

.54 

13 

1 Ib.  butter 

19 

17  lbs.  pork 

2.38 

14 

12  lbs.  pork 

20 

6 lbs.  beef 

.81  1 

14 

6 lbs.  liver 

20 

14  lbs.  pork 

1.96 

14 

2 boxes  coffee,  essence 

21 

9 lbs.  pork 

1.26  , 

14 

2 lbs.  siiFar 

21 

5 lbs.  frankfurters 

.65 

15 

22  lbs.  pork . . 

22 

13  lbs.  beef 

2.03 

15 

4 lbs.  frankfurters 

22 

14  lbs.  pork 

2. 10 

15 

14  lbs.  beef 

22 

6 lbs.  beef 

.91 

15 

4 lbs.  pork 

24 

14  lbs.  pork 

2. 10 

17 

200  lbs.  Union  flour 

24 

10  lbs.  ham 

1.26 

17 

1 bu.  pota.toes 

24 

24  lbs.  pork 

3.60 

17 

24  lbs.  suea.r 

24 

6 lbs.  beef 

.91 

17 

10  lbs.  coffee 

24 

3 lbs.  bologna 

.30 

17 

4 boxes  vea.st 

26 

17  lbs.  pork 

2.55 

17 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

26 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

.20 

17 

20  cakes  soap 

26 

4 lbs.  beef 

.56 

17 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

27 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

17 

1 bt.  sala.d  oil 

27 

6 lbs.  beef 

.91  i 

17 

2 lbs.  rice 

27 

14  lbs.  pork 

2.10 

17 

4 lbs.  lima,  beans 

28 

4 lbs.  beef 

.56  ' 

17 

2 sacks  salt 

28 

7 lbs.  pork 

1.05 

17 

8 lbs  onions 

28 

2 lbs.  beef 

.35 

17 

6 lbs.  ca.bba.pfe 

29 

14  lbs.  pork 

2. 10 

17 

2 boxes  matches 

29 

6 lbs.  beef 

.96 

17 

1 box  pepper 

29 

5 lbs.  pork 

.75 

17 

2 bts.  catsup 

30 

6 lbs.  beef 

.91 

17 

2 lbs.  beef 

30 

14  lb.  pork 

2. 10  1 

17 

14  lbs  pork 

lay  1 

20  lbs.  beef 

2.94  1 

17 

7 lbs.  beef 

, 1 

7 lbs.  beef 

1. 16 

18 

3 lbs.  beef 

14  lbs.  Cally  ham 

1.68 

18 

22  lbs.  pork 

3 

1 bbl.  Union  flour 

7.60 

19 

4 lbs.  beef 

3 

1 lb.  starch 

.10 

19 

.5  lbs.  pork 

3 

3 bts.  catsup 

.30 

19 

li-  lbs.  frankfurters 

3 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

.20 

19 

8 lbs.  pork 

3 

20  cakes  soap 

1.00 

20 

13  lbs.  pork 

3 

1 box  Gold  Dust 

.25 

20 

8 lbs.  pork 

3 

25  lbs.  sugar 

1.50  1 

21 

6 lbs.  pork 

3 

10  lbs.  coffee 

1.70 

22 

15  lbs.  pork 

3 1 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

.20  1 

22 

21  lbs.  pork 

Cost. 


$1.35 
.27 
.20 
.21 
. 18 
.05 
.10 
.40 
.10 
.05 
3.80 
.45 
2. 10 
.12 
.91 


1.05 

1.28 


3. 15 
4.65 
.28 
2.  26 
4.  65 
2.  70 
.56 
.56 
2.81 


1. 12 
1.05 
1.12 
.30 
1.05 
.27 
.38 
1.80 
.30 
.10 
.14 
3.30 
.48 
2. 10 
.68 
7. 60 
1.35 
1. 50 
1.70 
.20 
.20 


.25 
.18 
.28 
.10 
.40 
.30 
.10 
.10 
.20 
.32 
2. 10 


3. 30 
.56 
.75 
.18 
1. 20 
1.95 
1.20 
.90 
2.25 
3.15 


368 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  21^ —Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


CROATIAN-  BOARDING  GROUP  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND 
GENERAL  LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

May 

$1. 32 

June  15 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

$0.26 

22 

2. 17 

15 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

22 

.20 

16 

^ bbl.  Union  flour 

4.00 

2. 10 

16 

8 lbs.  coffee 

1.36 

.80 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

.24 

16 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

.20 

.20 

16 

3 boxes  yeast 

.15 

. 10 

16 

2 bts.  catsup 

.20 

1.05 

16 

2 sacks  salt 

.10 

.35  1 

16 

4 lbs.  onions 

.20 

1.05 

16 

1 krinolene 

.20 

.20 

16 

6 cakes  soap 

.30 

1.20 

1 16 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

.10 

.90 

1 16 

3 lbs.  beef 

.48 

. 16 

16 

4 lbs.  beef 

.64 

.25 

16 

8 lbs.  pork 

1.20 

.24 

17 

9|  lbs.  Cally  ham 

1.27 

2. 10 

18 

7%s.  pork 

1.05 

.25 

18 

2 lbs.  beef 

.34 

2. 14 

18 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

2. 10 

19 

17  lbs.  pork 

2.55 

1. 22 

19 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

.90 

19 

12i  lbs.  beef 

1.98 

1 08 

21 

2 lbs.  beef 

.32 

2. 10 

21 

15  lbs.  pork 

2.25 

3 80 

22 

11  lbs.  pork 

1.65 

!20 

22 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

.26 

X 

1 

in  ociVoG  Qnfi'n 

.50 

22 

2 lbs.  beef 

.32 

1 

1 

9 qqoItq 

. 10 

22 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

1 

1.35 

22 

1 bt.  salad  oil 

.25 

1 (1  PAfTpp 

1.70 

22 

2 cans  kraut 

.20 

1 

1A  1V\Q 

1.  00 

23 

6 lbs.  Cally  ham 

.85 

1 

1 

lu  lUo*  .................... 

9 VxCkVPG  PofTpP  AGGPTIPP 

. 15 

23 

10  lbs.  pork 

1.50, 

1 

1 

O UUA.t.O  CooCl-iL-C  ........... 

9 V\Attlpc  pfitGiTn 

.20 

23 

2 lbs.  beef 

.34 

X 

1 

^ UUl/liCO  ................ 

^ V^nYPG 

.25 

24 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

X 

J 

O UvJ  A.CO  j*  CclO  L.  ......  ......  ...... 

7 1V\Q  nninnG 

.35 

24 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

7 i^ppf 

1. 12 

24 

Matches 

.05 

1 

19  IV^G  T^nrlr 

1.80 

24 

6 lbs.  beef 

1.07 

X 

iUO*  .................... 

9 IKg  VkPpf 

.32 

26 

8 lbs.  pork 

1.28 

2 

fi  l^ppf 

.90 

26 

2 lbs.  beef 

.42 

2 

1 9 IHg  TinrV 

1.80 

26 

1 pail  lard 

.55 

2 

7 IViG  i^nrlr 

1.05 

26 

9J  lbs.  beef 

1.57 

4 

1 9 pnrV 

1.80 

26 

18  lbs.  pork 

2.88 

5 

1.^  IViG  nppf 

2. 33 

26 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

5 

90  IV^Q  pArV 

3.00 

28 

9 lbs.  pork 

1.44 

5 

3 ll'S  Vi?im 

1.04 

28 

4 lbs.  beef 

.64 

7 

1 Kt  All 

.25 

29 

J bbl.  Union  flour 

4.00 

7 

9 PCinQ  Vippf 

.24 

29 

1 bu.  potatoes 

.80 

i 

7 

7 1i^s 

1.07 

29 

10  lbs.  coffee 

1.70 

7 

1 9 IViG  pnrlr 

1.80 

29 

25  lbs.  sugar 

1.50 

7 

9 IKc  frciTilrfnrtprG 

.26 

29 

20  cakes  soap 

1.00 

1 

7 

i ViHl  TTniATi  flmir 

3.80 

29 

1 krinolene 

.20 

3 

2 U Ul*  \J  U.1U1X  uutu.  .............. 

1 9 IViG  pnrV 

1.82 

29 

2 lbs.  Lima  beans 

.16 

3 

IXvc  pnrlr 

.45 

29 

3 boxes  yeast 

.15 

g 

1V><?  oninris 

.15 

29 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

.20 

9 

R IViG  pnrlr 

1.20 

29 

2 sacks  salt 

.10 

9 

1V><;  livpr 

.25 

29 

7 lbs.  onions 

.28 

10 

9 IViG  Vippf 

.38 

29 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18 

10 

Q IViG  P, filly  Viam 

1.20 

29 

3 bts.  catsup 

.30 

11 

4 lVi<5  ‘jiip’flr 

.25 

29 

1 bt.  horse  radish 

.25 

1 1 Ht  Qfilfirl  nil 

.25 

29 

1 bt.  salad  oil 

.25 

11 

1 V»f  PfltGlip 

.10 

29 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

.20 

11 

9 IVic  nninriG 

.10 

29 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

11 

1 0 lh<?  pnrlr 

1.50 

29 

10  lbs.  pork 

1.60 

11 

1 Hat  PcrcrG 

.27 

29 

4 lbs.  beef 

.74 

12 

X viu^.  cggo.  

91  IIt?  pnrlr 

3.15 

29 

2 lbs.  pork 

.32 

12 

9.  IViG  frfinlrfnrtprG 

.26 

29 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

12 

in  IViG  Hppf 

1.55 

30 

10  lbs.  pork 

1.60 

12 

a flny.  ppp<5 

.81 

30 

6 lbs.  beef 

.96 

14 

5 lbs.  beef 

.75 

14 

Q 1h><j  pnrlr 

1.35 

I Total 

331.92 

15 

11  lbs.  pork 

1.65 

1 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


369 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

CROATIAN:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  three  children— two  sons  9 and  2 years  of  age,  and  one  daughter 
5 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (coke  drawer),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above 
period  were  $135.11.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

$3. 60 

May  4 

Soup  bone 

$0. 05 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1. 10 

5 

2 lbs  beef 

. 20 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

6 

Soup  bone 

, 20 

1 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

.20 

7 

2 lbs.  beef 

. 20 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

7 

Soup  bone 

. 05 

1 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

8 

4 lbs.  beef 

. 40 

1 

5 lbs.  cabbage 

.25 

8 

2 sonp  bones 

. 10 

1 

2 lbs.  prunes 

.25 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

. 20 

1 

2 lbs.  onions 

.10 

10 

1 sonp  bone 

. 05 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.16 

10 

2 lbs  beef 

. 20 

1 

2i  lbs.  pork 

.36 

10 

1 sonp  hone 

• 05 

3 

4 lbs.  beef 

.32 

12 

2 lbs  beef 

. 20 

3 

3 lbs.  pork 

.39 

12 

1 sonp  bone 

. 05 

3 

3 lbs.  beef 

.24 

13 

2 lbs.  beef 

. 20 

5 

2 lbs.  beef 

.16 

13 

1 sonp  bone 

6 

do 

. 16 

14 

9 Bppf 

• UO 

90 

7 

do 

.20 

14 

1 .Qmip  Bnnp 

8 

do 

.20 

15 

4 lbs  beef 

• uO 

. 40 

10 

4 lbs.  beef 

.40 

15 

2 .sonp  bones 

10 

10 

3 lbs.  pork 

.39 

16 

1 hipd  and  Tna.t.t.rp.‘?s 

10  OO 

10 

1 lb.  ihutton 

.18 

16 

1 pr  springs 

iU.  UU 

2.  50 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

16 

10  yrl.s  pingbam 

. 70 

12 

do 

.20 

16 

1 lb.  cakes 

!io 

13 

do 

.20 

16 

^ IBr  PnlisVi  .Ran.Rapp 

90 

14 

do 

.20 

16 

IKOlV^s  Tlnion  flour 

70 

15 

do 

.20 

16 

1 lin  pnt.a.f.ops 

0.  i\J 

16 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3. 60 

16 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1.  oO 

. 50 

16 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

16 

2 boxes  yeast 

. 10 

16 

IJ  bu.  potatoes 

1.88 

16 

1 bx.  coffee  e.ssence 

0^ 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

16 

1 oa.n  tom  a t, OPR 

• uo 
10 

16 

5 boxes  coffee  essence 

.25 

16 

2f  Ib.s.  rice 

.25 

16 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

16 

2 sacks  salt 

. 10 

16 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

.25 

16 

1 glass  mnstarfl 

. 15 

16 

1 lb.  garlic 

.10 

17 

2 Ib.s.  beef 

.20 

16 

2 qts.  lima  beans 

.25 

17 

1 .sonp  bone. 

.05 

17 

4 lbs.  beef ; 

.40 

18 

bp.pf 

• 20 

19 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

19 

do 

90 

20 

.20 

19 

1 .Ronp  bonp 

op; 

20 

do 

.20 

19 

do 

. uo 
op; 

22 

.20 

20 

9 lbs  bppf 

• uo 
90 

24 

4 lbs.  beef 

.40 

20 

1 .sonp  bone. 

. zu 
.05 

26 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

21 

2 lbs  beef 

. 20 

26 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.34 

21 

1 sonp  bone 

.05 

27 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

21 

lbs.  Poli.Rb  .Ra.iiRa.^p 

28 

.20 

22 

4 Ib.R  bp.p.f 

. zo 
40 

28 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

22 

2 .sonp  bones 

. ^U 
. 10 

28 

1 bt.  polish 

1 . 10 

22 

lbs  Polish  sa.n.sa.p'p 

90 

29 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

24 

2 lbs  beef 

. 4U 
99 

30 

1 lb.  soup  meat 

.05 

24 

1 sonp  bone 

flp; 

30 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

25 

2 lbs  beef 

. uo 
99 

30 

1 pudding 

.10 

25 

1 .sonp  bone 

. zz 

op; 

30 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

26 

2 lbs  beef 

• uo 
99 

30 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

.95 

26 

1 soup  bone 

. zz 
.05 

30 

Cakes 

.05 

26 

11b  Polish  san.sa.P’p 

10 

30 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

27 

2 lbs  beef 

• lU 

99 

30 

3 soup  bones 

.18 

27 

1 sonp  bone 

. ZZ 

.05 

May  1 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.80 

28 

...  .do 

.05 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1. 35 

28 

2 lbs  beef 

. 22 

1 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

29 

4 lbs  beef 

. 44 

1 

5 boxes  coffee  essence 

.25 

29 

2 soup  bones 

. 10 

1 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18 

30 

2 lbs  beef 

. 22 

1 

2 boxes  yeast 

.10 

30 

1 .sonp  bone 

.05 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

June  1 

100  Ib.s.  Union  flonr 

3. 80 

1 

2 sacks  salt 

.10 

1 

1 bn.  potatoes 

1 35 

1 

1 pk.  onions 

.40 

1 

4^  qts.  navy  beans 

. 50 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

1 

1 box  Gold  Dnst 

.25 

1 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

1 

.5  boxe.s  coffee  essence 

9p; 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

1 

i lb  garlic 

. zo 
. 10 

1 

do 

.20 

1 

1 box  pepper 

. 10 

1 

Soup  bone 

.05 

1 

1 iar  iellv 

iso 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

1 

.3  pkgs  tobacco 

94 

3 

Soup  bone 

.05 

1 

Saffron 

• z^ 

. 10 

4 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

4 

3i  lbs,  b^on..,, 

.51 

I ' 

1 soup  bone 1 

!o5 

370 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  21Q.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

SO,  1909 — Continued. 


CROATIAN:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— 

Continued. 


Date. 


June 


Article. 

Cost.  ' 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

$0.24 
.05  1 

June  16 

1 glass  mustard 

$0.15 

16 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

.24  1 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

.12 

.05 

17 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

.24 

18 

1 lb.  beef 

.12 

.05 

18 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

A lV\f« 

.48 

19 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

.10 

19 

2 soup  bones 

.10 

O 1 Vir'Af 

.24 

21 

1 lb.  lieef 

.12 

1 orwiTTV 

.05 

21 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

O IKc  Koof 

.24 

22 

1 lb.  beef 

.12 

1 c/MiTi 

.05 

22 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

o 11^0 

.24 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

.12 

1 or\iiT%  Hrvno 

.05 

23 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

.05 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

.24 

24 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

1 c*/MTr\  ViriTxa 

.05 

24 

2 soup  bones 

.10 

A 1 Ho  Hoof 

.48 

25 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

o ooiiTi  Hatioq 

.10 

25 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

^ oOUp  UUlltJo  

o IHo  Hoof 

.24 

26 

4 lbs.  beef 

.48 

1 ooiTA  Hatio 

. 05 

26 

2 soup  bones 

.10 

o 1 He  Hoof 

.24 

28 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

1 OAllA  HaAO 

.05 

28 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

1 oOUU  UUHtJ  

1 IH  Hoof 

.12 

29 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

.05 

29 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

50  lt)s.  Union  flour. 

2.00 

.50 

30 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

S IhiQ  cnprir  

30 

1 soup  bone 

.05 

2 lbs.  onions 

.10 

.10 

Total 

80.53 

5 boxes  coffee  essence 

.25 

ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITUR^ES^FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  five  children— four  sons  7,  6,  3,  and  1 year  of  age,  and  one 
^ daughter  9 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (fire  boss),  and  his  earnings  durmg  the  above 
period  were  $243.] 


Date. 

Article.  1 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

IHo  TTaiaa  flAiir 

$1.80  ! 

Apr.  3 

2 yds.  oilcloth 

$0.50 

Apr.  1 

OU  1 Do.  U UlUil  llUUl  

.90 

3 

\ bu.  potatoes 

.35 

1 

1 

1 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

i bu.  potatoes 

Q 1H«?  differ 

!55 

.50 

3 

3 

1 pr.  hose 

J gal.  oil 

.15 

.08 

I 

■1 

O 1 Do.  otlgdl  

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

3 

1 globe 

.10 

1 

. 10 

3 

Broom 

.30 

i 

2 boxes  coffee  essence 

!32 

Ham 

1.52 

1 

*1 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.30 

.30 

3 

Pork 

1.27 

1 

1 

3 cans  tomatoes 

3 

Beef 

1.42 

1 

3 cans  corn 

.30 

6 

Seeds,  garden 

.75 

1 

1 

Q IHo  T*01<71AC 

!20 

8 

1 lb.  apple  butter 

.18 

X 

1 

Z IDo.  lalolllo. 

1 IH  T^riTn^ic 

.12 

8 

Outing  flannel 

.25 

X 

'1 

1 ID.  pi  Ulico . - 

.25 

8 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

X 

5 C3<k6S  S03(P 

.12 

8 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

1 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

.14 

.25 

8 

3 cans  sardines 

.15 

1 

8 

Tomatoes 

.10 

X 

*1 

1 IH  I’OQ 

.35 

8 

Beef 

.54 

X 

. 10 

! 8 

1 pr.  hose 

.15 

X 

1 glass  mustard  

. 10 

8 

Candy 

.02 

1 

1 

1 box  baking  powder. 

'.  24 

9 

4 doz.  eggs 

.92 

X 

2 C9.ns  sirup* 

Q IHc 

.45 

9 

Sugar 

.25 

1 

1 Hoin 

i!75 

9 

Lard 

.15 

.10 

10 

Butter 

.18 

X 

-1 

1 

. 10 

I 10 

Beef 

1.00 

1 

Envelopes 

.75 

10 

Bologna 

.10 

1 

3 yds.  lawn. — ... 

.05 

14 

Beef 

.25 

X 

1 

Candy. 

.25 

14 

Candy 

.03 

X 

1 

A IHo  c^nO'HT* 

.25 

15 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

I 

1 

^ lUo.  oUgd/l 

.25 

15 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1.35 

X 

i 

.20 

15 

1 pk.  corn 

.25 

1 

Q 

1 lb.  cheese 

!o5 

15 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

o 

o 

Peaches 

. 50 

15 

Ham 

1.66 

6 

S 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

15 

3 lbs.  lard - 

. 45 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


371 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

SO,  1909 — Continued. 

ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING  AND  GENERAL 

LI  VIN  G— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  15 

2 lbs.  coffee 

$0  34 

15 

2 boxes  coffee  essence 

. 10 

15 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

15 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

15 

4 pkgs'  tobacco 

.32 

15 

Rake 

. 25 

16 

Butter 

. 19 

16 

Shoes 

5 00 

16 

1 can  salmon 

.25 

16 

1 can  sirup 

. 12 

16 

Candy  

.05 

16 

1 can  “tomatoes 

. 10 

16 

Radishes 

. 10 

17 

Veiling 

.25 

17 

Oil 

.08 

17 

Candv 

.05 

17 

Lard' 

. 15 

17 

Beef 

.98 

20 

Cabbage 

.10 

20 

Frankfurters 

.25 

20 

Butter 

.15 

22 

Beef 

.29 

22 

Liver 

.07 

22 

Cheese 

.20 

22 

Paper 

.72 

22 

Seed 

. 10 

23 

Sardines  

!i5 

24 

Beef 

.92 

24 

do 

.25 

26 

Potatoes 

!20 

26 

Butter 

.15 

26 

Beef 

. 16 

27 

1 cake  soap 

!o5 

27 

Starch 

.05 

27 

1 ck.  soap 

.05 

27 

Candy 

.03 

27 

1 loaf  bread 

. 10 

27 

Frankfurters 

.24 

28 

1 can  tomatoes 

. 10 

28 

1 box  coffee  essence 

.05 

28 

Candy 

.02 

28 

Beef 

. 20 

28 

Pork 

. 26 

28 

Butter 

. 15 

29 

Liver 

. 17 

lay  1 

Corn 

. 25 

1 

Coffee 

.51 

1 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.32 

1 

Soap 

. 15 

1 

Lard 

. 48 

1 

Pepper 

!io 

1 

2 boxes  coffee  essence . . . 

.10 

1 

Tomatoes 

.30 

1 

Onions 

.25 

1 

1 bt.  Castoria 

.35 

1 

Corn 

. 20 

1 

Ham 

l’  (50 

1 

Beef 

. 53 

1 

Butter 

. 10 

1 

Frankfurters 

.24 

1 

Cabbage 

.10 

1 

Bananas 

.35 

1 

Apples 

.05 

1 

Sardines 

. 10 

1 

Union  flour 

1.90 

1 

Potatoes 

1.35 

1 

Sugar 

. 50 

1 

Cabbage 

. 15 

1 

Seed 

. 05 

1 

Butter 

. 10 

1 

Coffee 

. 34 

1 

Sugar 

. 25 

1 

Beans. 

^24 

1 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

1 

Cakes 

. 10 

4 

Apples 

.05 

Radishes 

. 10 

4 1 

Beef 

.20 

4 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

May  4 

Butter 

$0  15 

1 4 

Frankfurters 

. 12 

1 4 

Beef 

.25 

! 8 

do 

.82 

8 

Ribs 

.29 

8 

Radishes 

10 

8 

Onions 

07 

8 

Candj' 

.02 

8 

1 can  corn 

. 10 

10 

Beef 

. 16 

11 

1 loaf  bread 

.05 

11 

Beef 

! 18 

11 

Butter 

. 10 

12 

Lard 

. 16 

17 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

17 

1 bx.  lye.. 

. 12 

17 

Union  flour 

2. 85 

17 

Potatoes 

1.35 

17 

Corn 

.50 

17 

Sugar 

.50 

17 

Coffee 

..51 

17 

Coffee  essence 

.15 

17 

Tobacco 

.40 

17 

Beef 

29 

17 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

17 

2 cans  corn 

.20 

17 

Cabbage 

.42 

17 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

17 

Soap 

.25 

17 

Lard 

.48 

17 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

17 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

.12 

17 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

17 

Onions 

.07 

17 

Sardines 

.25 

17 

Ham 

1.83 

17 

Beef 

.18 

17 

Starch 

.05 

18 

Beef 

.35 

18 

do 

. 15 

19 

Butter 

.18 

19 

Liver 

.15 

19 

Beef 

.20 

22 

Onions 

.06 

22 

Cakes 

.10 

22 

Rolls 

.05 

22 

Candv 

.02 

24 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

24 

Sausage 

.16 

25 

Beef 

.32 

25 

Prunes 

.10 

.Tune  1 

Union  flour 

2. 85 

1 

Potatoes 

1.35 

1 

Sugar 

.50 

1 

Corn 

.30 

1 

Chicken  feed 

.35 

1 

Coffee 

.51 

1 

3 boxes  coffee  esvsence 

.15 

1 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.32 

1 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

1 

Corn 

.25 

1 

Prunes 

.10 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

1 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

1 

Sardines 

.25 

1 

Beans 

.12 

1 

lima  beans 

.14 

1 

Lard 

.48 

1 

Ham 

1.72 

1 

Raisins 

.25 

1 

Caps 

1.50 

1 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

1 

Braid 

.10 

1 

Gingham 

.36 

1 

Supporters 

.25 

1 

Shoes 

2.  .50 

3 

Apple  butter 

.10 

3 

Potatoes 

.15 

372 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  ‘m.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family , April  1 to  June 

30,  1909— Continued. 


ENGLISH-  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

IJVING— Continued. 


Date. 


June 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

SO  10 

June  16 

Bluing 

25 

16 

Starch 

.72 

.03 

16 

Cabbage 

16 

1 can  sirup 

.05 

16 

1 box  yeast 

05  ' 

16 

Lard 

.42 

16 

Ham 

1 T 

.07 

16 

Lawn 

. 15 

17 

Beef 

Berlin  sausage 

T 

. IG 

17 

. 10 

17 

Berlin  sausage 

T)  n 4 ^ 

.10 

18 

Heart 



.48 

18 

Pork 



H n 

1.27 

19 

Bologna 

r\ 

.17 

19 

Dress  goods 

. 10 

19 

1 spool  thread 

Apple  butter 

3.00 

19 

Cucumbers 

1 Union  flour — 

Igo 

19 

Candy 

1 Potatoes 

1.00 

22 

Beef 

.30 

22 

.35 

22 

Suspenders 

Chicken  feed 

!51 

25 

1 loaf  bread 



. 15 

25 

2 spools  thread 

Coffee  essence 

.25 

26 

1 lb.  bologna 

.30 

26 

26 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

3 cans  tomatoes 

Raisins 

.25 

1 sack  salt 

Crackers - 

.10 

26 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Prunes 

.10 

26 

1 can  tomatoes 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.32 

.05 

Total 

1 Soap 

.25 

Cost.  \ 


SO. 


,10 


105.24 


ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


FThis  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  one  son  3 years  of  age.  The  husband  ( 
(trip  rider),  and  kis  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  S168.40. 


The  husband  only  was  employed 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Apr.  1 

1 

Crackers 

$0. 10 

Apr.  14 

Cake  

.10 

14 

Cheese 

.11 

14 

1 

Beef  

.19 

15 

1 

fio 

.24 

15 

1 

Ham 

.15 

15 

1 

Oysters 

.35 

15 

1 

Butter 

.19 

15 

Crackers  . 

.10 

15 

1 

Fish 

.10 

15 

1 

Candy  

.05 

15 

1 

Cake  

.10 

15 

1 

1 

Pins  

.02 

15 

Covers  

.80 

17 

1 

Cake 

.50 

17 

6 

Ribbon 

! .05 

17 

6 

0 

Globes 

.20 

17 

1 can  sirup . 

.25 

18 

0 

Candy 

.03 

18 

6 

0 

Flour 

.75 

18 

Potatoes 

.55 

18 

6 

10 

10 

10 

-10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

14 

H 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

.48 

18 

8 cakes  soap  

.40 

18 

8 lbs  sugar  

.50 

18 

1 lb  starch 

.05 

18 

1 bx.  grape  nuts 

.15 

19 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

19 

1 lb  butter  

.39 

19 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

23 

pans  ben, ns  

.30 

23 

9 lbs  Ifl.rd  

.30 

23 

1 bt  sauce  

.15 

25 

Eggs 

,75 

25 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 rtf  

$0.12 

X ITL.  ISOt  V jf 

1 lb  raisins  

.10 

1 lb  currants 

.13 

1 bx  cocoanut 

.10 

1 lb  prunes  

.12 

1 bx  powder  

.10 

1 It),  onions. 

.05 

j T>nttf*T*  

.10 

4 rolls  paper  

.60 

5 rolls  border  

.40 

1 ^pool  

.05 

1 C9-P  

.10 

Q ttHc  ainfrbfiTn  

.35 

O y ViO. 

Calico 

.15 

j -pr  corsets  

.50 

9 IKo  

.24 

2 t)OX6S  sods 

.20 

1 w&ist 

.50 

Candy. 

.05 

■Rppf  

.30 

.30 

Ca,k6. 

.10 

T 

.15 

.10 

C&lico - 

.21 

.10 

.o; 

PS/int-  - 

.10 

9 IHq  Kppf  

.2( 

PQj-k  - 

.2f 

: .1.'' 

• i: 

.2.' 

A 

> 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


373 


Table  2U.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  Continued. 

ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Apr.  25 
25 

Eggs 

3 pkgs.  seed 

25 

1 bx.  zigzae 

25 

Cake 

25 

do 

25 

1 lb.  butter 

25 

Cake 

28 

Paper 

28 

Crackers 

28 

Beef 

28 

2 lbs.  beef 

28 

Veal 

28 

1 pr.  hose 

28 

Beans 

28 

Frankfurters 

May  1 

1 bt.  polish 

1 

Cakes 

1 

1 pr.  drawers 

1 

1 lb.  beef 

1 

1 lb.  sausage 

Pork 

Eggs 

Cakes 

1 bx.  soda 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 pk.  potatoes 

Washing  powder 

3 cakes  tar  soap 

2 lbs.  starch 

2 boxes  soap  powder. . 
8 lbs.  sugar 

1 sack  salt 

2 cans  pork  and  beans. 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 bx.  pills 

1 bx.  powder 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

2 lbs.  butter 

2 lbs.  bacon 

Salt  side 

2 doz.  eggs 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

Ginger  snaps 

1 bx.  crackers 

2 boxes  soda 

5 yds.  gingham 

1 pr.  shoes 

i lb.  tea 

^ yds.  soisetto 

1 spool  thread 

1 doz.  buttons 

1 lb.  tea 

3 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  lard 

8 lbs.  sugar 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

3 lbs.  salt  side 

2 lbs.  cheese 

1 pr.  shoes 

2 prs.  hose 

1 cap 

1 pr.  pants ! 

Crackers 

Cakes 

Candy 

1 doz.  eggs 

Crackers 

Cake 

Pie ;;;;;;; 

Stogies 

Hat ^ 

^ lb.  cheese 

Candy 

Cabbage 

Veal 

Oil ■■■■ 

Cap 

Pork ■■■■ 


.74 
.30 
.15 
.50 
.48 
.25 
.10 
.10 
.35 
1.20 
.30 
.88 
.05 
.10 
.50 
.45 
.45 
.50 
1.90 
.39 
.44 
3.25 
.30 
.50 
.75 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.27 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.10 
.11 
.05 
. 14 
.52 
.15 
.10 
.25 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

13 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 


48296° — VOL  6 — 11 25 


1 bt.  catsup 

1 gum 

1 pr.  hose 

Crackers 

Candy 

Flour 

J bu.  potatoes 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

Washing  powder 

3 cakes  soap 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  starch 

1 bx.  grape  nuts 

1 lb.  rice 

1 lb.  butter 

2 cans  tomatoes 

1 can  beans 

2 lbs.  lard 

1 bt.  sauce 

3 doz.  eggs 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

1 bx.  berries 

1 lb.  currants 

1 lb.  cocoanut 

1 pr.  hose 

1 doz.  eggs 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

2 lbs.  cakes 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 pr.  shoes 

Candy 

Peanuts 

1 doz.  pickles 

Pork  and  beans 

1 lb.  prunes 

6 lbs.  cabbage 

2 lbs.  soda 

1 bx.  baking  powder. 

1 lb.  onions 

1 lb.  apple  butter 

4 rolls  paper 


Cost. 

Date. 

. Article. 

$0.25 

May  12 

Butter 

.15 

12 

Beef 

.05 

12 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

15 

do 

.20 

15 

1 lb.  ham 

.37 

17 

1 glass  jelly 

.10 

17 

i lb.  tea... 

.06 

17 

Cakes 

.10 

17 

1 lb.  cheese 

.26 

17 

Gingham 

.33 

17 

Hose 

.51 

17 

Zigzag 

.15 

17 

Peanuts 

.15 

17 

Oil 

.10 

17 

Cakes 

.15 

17 

Eggs 

.10 

17 

Cheese 

.30 

17 

Cakes 

.19 

17 

do 

.10 

22 

Pork  and  veal 

.26 

22 

Beef 

.25 

22 

Snaps 

.10 

22 

Candy 

.10 

22 

Tobacco 

.95 

22 

1 pr.  shoes 

.35 

22 

1 can  tomatoes 

.25 

22 

Cakes 

.15 

22 

Candy 

.10 

22 

Leather 

.10 

22 

1 can  beans 

.50 

22 

Veal 

.05 

22 

Ham 

.30 

25 

1 lb.  beef 

.10 

25 

Pork 

.25 

28 

2 lbs.  snaps 

.25 

28 

1 bx.  sardines 

.07 

June  1 

1 doz.  cakes 

Cost. 


$0. 37 
.19 
.05 
.05 
.17 
.15 
.30 
.05 
.11 
.18 
.20 
.05 
.05 
.15 
.15 
.14 
.12 
.10 
.10 
.30 
.32 
.05 
.10 
.05 
1. 10 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.13 
.15 
.32 
1.35 
.20 
.10 
. 10 
.05 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.10 
.10 
.03 
.75 
.55 
.48 
.25 
.15 
.50 
.05 
.15 
.09 
.39 
.20 
.30 
.30 
.15 
.75 
.12 
.30 
.13 
.10 
.10 
.27 
. 14 
.20 
.39 
1.50 
.05 
.10 
.12 
.15 
.12 
.24 
.20 
.10 
.05 
.10 
.60 


374 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216  —Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  Continued. 


ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPEN^DITURES JO^R^FOOD.  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


Date. 


June  16 
16 


22 


Article. 


8 yds.  border 

1 spool  thread 

1 cap 

3 yds.  gingham 

2 yds.  gingham 

3 yds.  calico 

50  lbs.  Union  flour. 

8 lbs.  sugar 

\ bu.  potatoes 

2 lbs.  coffee 

1 lb.  tea 

3 doz.  eggs 

1 lb.  sausage 


Cost. 

Date. 

$0.40 

June  22 

.05 

22 

.10 

22 

.20 

22 

.18 

22 

.18 

22 

1.90 

22 

.50 

25 

.55 

25 

.34 

26 

.50 

26 

.75 

.10 

Article. 


1 cake 

Candy 

1 lb.  8 oz.  beef. 

Nails 

^ yd.  gingham . 
1 cantaloupe. . . 

Cakes 

do 

\ lb.  butter  — 

Beef 

Cakes 


Cost. 


$0. 


Total. 


65. 72 


ENGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITHMS  ^FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


tTLIs  ,a.UF  eon«- ^ 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Apr.  1 

1 

$1.80 

May  2 : 

.25 

2 

.10 

2 ' 

1 

1 

4 c^ns  tomsttOGS  

.40 

3 

1 

1 

9 f'nrn 

.20 

3 

X 

1 

4 pkPS  

.32 

3 

X 

1 

1 

1 HfiY  ‘snaninp  

.20 

3 

1 lb.  

.60 

3 

X 

1 

1 V^nv  vpa^t. 

.05 

3 

X 

1 

2 boxes  macaroni 

.20 

3 

1 Hnv  Ivp  

.10 

3 

1 

1 

A rrtllc  wall  nanpr 

.40 

3 

*±  1 UllO  w Oil* 

1 cdiix sirup 

.12 

3 

.10 

3 

3 

g 

9 IHq  r^lipp^p  

.38 

3 

1 oal  oil  . 

.15 

3 

8 

1 A 

Candy  

.10 

3 

50  lbs  Union  flour 

1.80 

3 

XD 

1 A 

5 C3.k6S  SOS-p 

.25 

3 

XD 

17 

3X  ii^g  

.48 

3 ! 

X/ 

IQ 

1 lb.  t63. 

.60 

3 

Xa 

IQ 

2 c&ns  

.20 

5 

xy 

IQ 

4 pkgs  tobacco  

.32 

5 

xy 

10 

2 lbs  limfl  V'pan^  ....  

.14 

5 

xy 

IQ 

2 qts  navy  beans 

.24 

6 

xy 

19 

1 brush 

.30  ' 

5 

19 

.10 

8 

IQ 

1 bx  rolled  oats 

.12 

8 

xy 

IQ 

^ pk  onions  

.20 

8 

xy 

21 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

8 

99 

.35 

13 

Lit 

99 

1 pk 

1 lb  - 

.15 

13 

Lit 

22 

24 

3 lbs  pork  

.45 

13 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

16 

94. 

CrBch’pr^  

.15 

16 

in 

24 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

16 

94. 

35  lbs  b'^pf  

.60 

16 

97 

Paper - 

.10 

16 

May  1 

1 

\ 

25  lbs  Ttnion  flnnr 

.95 

16 

1 bu  potatops  

.60 

16 

J lb  tea  

.30 

16 

3 cans  tomatoes - 

.30 

16 

1 

2 CBUS  pPB^ 

.24 

16 

X 

5 CBkPS  ^oap  . . 

.25 

16 

1 

3 cakes  soap  

.15 

16 

1 

1 

1 bx  baking  soda 

.05 

22 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

24 

2 rolls  cott^^  

.30 

June  1 

1 

2 

4 pkgs  

.32 

1 

2wxesyeast 

.10 

5 

Article. 


atches 

Candy 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

J bu.  potatoes 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

5 cakes  soap 

4 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  corn 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 bx.  baking  soda 

1 bx.  macaroni 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 pkgs.  evaporated  apples . 

1 lb.  tea 

6 rolls  wall  paper 

2 lbs.  cakes 

1 bt.  catsup 

2 lbs.  beef 

2 spools  thread 

4 yds.  muslin 

1 gal.  oil 

1 bt.  vanilla 

1 bx.  cocoanut 

1 bx.  Malena  pills 

Candy 

4^  lbs.  beef 

Cheese 

Milk 

Candy 

2 lbs.  sugar 

Tea 

Cocoanut 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  corn 

1 bx.  macaroni 

1 lb.  tea . 


Cost. 


$0. 


4 pkgs.  tobacco. 
1 b3 


IX.  yeast . 

2 boxes  apples. 

1 broom 

Potatoes 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

1 qt.  vinegar. . 

2 lbs.  onions. . 

1 bt.  catsup. . . 


.10 

.36 

.15 

.15 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.82 

.25 

.10 

.05 

.14 

.10 


.95 

.14 

.24 


.20 

.10 


.32 

.05 

.24 

.38 

.35 

.55 

.16 

.05 

.12 

.10 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


375 


Cable  21%.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

CNGLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING-Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

une  5 

1|  lbs.  lard 

$0. 24 

5 

1 lb.  pork 

.17 

5 

3^  lbs.  beef 

.58 

5 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

5 

Onions 

.05 

5 

Candy 

.05 

8 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.05 

8 

Nipple 

.05 

8 

.05 

9 

li  lbs.  side 

.22 

16 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.00 

16 

i bu.  potatoes 

.60 

16 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

16 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

16 

1 lb.  tea 

.60 

16 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.32 

16 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

16 

1 bx.  macaroni 

. 10 

16 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

16 

1 bt.  vanilia 

.10 

16 

2 lbs.  onions 

. 10 

16 

Leather 

.43 

Date. 

Article. 

1 Cost. 

Jime  16 

1 bx.  baking  powder 

$0. 10 
.15 
.54 
.10 
.25 
.15 
.25 
.15 
.05 
.05 
.10 
.12 
.10 
.01 
.10 
.20 
.45 
.37 
.14 

16 

1 gal.  oil 

19 

3i  lbs.  beef 

19 

i yd.  calico 

19 

2 boxes  berries 

19 

1 lb. cakes 

19 

2 boxes  berries 

19 

1 lb.  pork 

22 

1 bx.  baking  soda 

22 

i lb. salt 

22 

3 cucumbers 

25 

1 can  sirup 

25 

1 pr.  hose 

25 

Candy 

26 

Tea 

26 

2 doz.  buns 

26 

26 

2i  lbs.  meat 

1 lb.  butter 

30 

f lb.  meat 

Total 

40.  32 

ERMAN:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 


his  family  existed  of  husband,  wife,  and  three  sons,  8,  5,  and  3 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was 
employed  (pick  miner),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $201.23.] 


Date. 


Article. 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


pr.  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


16 


5 lbs.  nails 

1 doz.  bananas 

33|  yds.  wire 

4 prs.  hose 

5 yds.  seersucker 

3^  yds.  satin 

1 garden  rake 

2 garden  hoes 

1 lb.  butter 

4 lbs.  beef 

50  lbs.  flour 

h bu.  potatoes 

1 bu.  com 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  breakfast  food . . . 

2 cans  molasses 

1 can  sirup 

1 lb.  powdered  sugar.. 
1 bt.  vanilla 

1 bx.  macaroni 

2 cans  tomatoes 

1 can  berries 

1 can  corn 

1 can  peas 

\ doz.  pickles 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 head  cabbage 

1 bx.  breakfast  food... 
1 bx.  raisins 

1 bx.  buckwheat 

2 lbs.  cakes 

4 lemons 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 jar  apple  butter 

1 jar  mustard 

2 cans  pork  and  beans 

1 pineapple 

4 lbs.  beef 

2f  lbs.  beef. 

1 lb.  butter 

2 lbs.  bacon 

li  lbs.  bologna 


$0.  25 
.20 
3.33 
.60 
.63 
1.05 
.30 
.50 
.39 
.72 
1.80 
.55 
1.00 
.25 
.12 
.30 
.12 
.10 
.10 
. 10 
.20 
.15 
.10 
.15 
.05 
.48 
.11 
.15 
. 10 
. 10 
.25 
.10 
.17 
.30 
.10 
.30 
.15 
.63 
.50 


.14 


Apr.  16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 

May  6 
6 
6 
6 


6 


6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 


13 

17 


1 lb.  butter 

3 1 lbs.  beef 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 bu.  corn 

1 bu.  potatoes 

8 lbs.  sugar 

2 lbs.  coffee 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 bx.  breakfast  food... 
1 bx.  rolled  oats 

1 doz.  pickles 

2 cans  pork  and  beans, 

1 can  sirup 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 ib.  lima  beans 

1 lb.  currants 

1 lb.  raisins 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

1 lb.  cakes 

2 cans  oysters 

1 bt.  onions 

1 bt.  catsup 

2 lbs.  onions 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

i bu.  potatoes 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 bx.  breakfast  food 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

I lb.  cakes 

1 lb.  cakes 

5 lbs.  prunes 

Pickles 

2 boxes  biscuit 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

4 lbs.  beef 

1 pr.  shoes 

If  lbs.  beef ’ 

1 suit  clothes 


Cost. 


$0.  38 
.60 
1.80 
1.00 
1.25 


.15 
.12 
.10 
.30 
.12 
.10 
.14 
.10 
.10 
.24 
.18 
.20 
.20 
.12 
.10 
.10 
1.90 
.70 
.50 
.17 
.48 
.05 
. 15 
.12 
.10 
.13 
.60 
.05 
.10 
.17 
.64 
1.65 
.24 
9.00 


376 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


GERMAN:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIV  IN  G— Continued. 


Date. 


May 


June 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

25  lbs.  flour 

$0. 95 

June  1 

1 doz.  pickles 

.50 

1 

1 can  beets 

.70 

1 

1 q^t.  navy  beans 

.34 

1 

IJ  lbs.  bacon 

. 10 

4 

1^  lbs.  beef 

.24 

8 

2J  lbs.  beef 

. 75 

8 

3J  lbs.  beef 

. 10 

8 

25  lbs.  flour 

. 15 

8 

§ lb.  cakes 

.30 

12 

21  lbs.  beef 

.35 

16 

2 lbs.  pork 

.05 

16 

IJ  lbs.  bologna 

i fio7..  pickles 

.05 

16 

1 lb.  butter 

1 lb.  raisins 

.09 

16 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 can  tomatoes 

. 10 

16 

50  lbs.  flour 

1 hv  macaroni 

. 10 

16 

^ bu.  potatoes 

1 hv.  berries 

. 15 

16 

12  lbs.  sugar 

1 ht  onions 

. 12 

16 

1 bu.  corn 

1 doz.  boxes  matches 

.10 

16 

1 bu.  wheat 

1 box  macaroni 

.10 

16 

1 bu.  corn 

1 box  rolled  oats 

. 12 

16 

1 lb.  coffee 

.3  boxes  yeast 

.15 

16 

1 bt.  root  beer 

2 lbs.  starch 

. 10 

16 

2 cans  pork  and  beans 

1 can  peaches 

.20 

16 

1 can  berries 

2 cans  oysters 

.20 

16 

1 screen  door 

.3J  lbs.  beef 

.60 

16 

2 screen  windows 

lbs.  beef 

.76 

16 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

lbs.  beef 

.78 

16 

do 

2^  lbs.  beef 

.45 

16 

1 can  beets 

25  lbs.  flour 

.95 

16 

1 can  peaches 

^ bu.  wheat 

.45 

16 

1 cake  soap 

1 bag  meal.. . 

.30 

16 

1 box  breakfast  food 

12  lbs.  sugar 

.75 

16 

1 box  rolled  oats 

1 broom 

.35 

19 

5J  lbs.  beef 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

.48 

22 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  prunes 

.20 

23 

If  lbs.  beef 

2 cans  pork  and  beans  . . 

.30 

24 

do 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

25 

1 can  sirup 

1 can  peas 

.15 

25 

^ doz.  bananas 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1.35 

26 

1^  lbs.  beef 

1 pkg.  macaroni 

.10 

29 

do 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

.19 

1 can  sirup 

.12 

Total 

1 lb.  raisins 

.09 

Cost. 


$0. 


72.2 


GERMAN:  FAMILY  No.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERA] 

LIVING. 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  sons,  3 and  1 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  eir 
ployed  (leveler),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $167.90.] 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

\ bu.  potatoes 

$0. 55 

Apr.  5 

1 lb.  pork 

$0.1 

25  lbs.  flour 

.90 

6 

1 lb.  beef 

.1 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

. 16 

6 

1 lb.  bologna 

.] 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

.08 

6 

1 lb.  pork 

.1 

1 bx.  soap  powder 

.05 

6 

5 lbs.  ham 

.( 

Candy 

.05 

6 

2 lbs.  onions 

2 lbs.  sugar 

. 14 

6 

1 nan  tomatoes 

H lbs.  beef 

. 18 

6 

4 lbs.  cabbave 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

6 

2 pkgs.  seed 

.‘i 

3 lbs.  pork 

.45 

6 

6 cakes 

A 

1 soup  bone 

.08 

6 

Candy 

A 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

6 

1 pr.  bosp  

1 lb.  wiennies 

. 13 

6 

_do 

1 lb.  pork 

. 14 

7 

1 lb.  pork 

IJ  yds.  oilcloth 

.38 

7 

1 lb.  bologna  

i yd.  gingham 

.08 

8 

1 lb.  fish  

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

8 

Candy  

A 

do 

.28 

8 

1 pkg.  tobaeeo  . 

A 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

8 

2 lbs.  .sugar  . . 

1 lb.  beef 

.12 

8 

1 can  tomatoes 

Date. 


Apr.  1 
1 


tc. 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

10 

10 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

14 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 

17 

17 

17 

17 

17 

17 

19 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

26 

26 

27 

28 

28 

28 

29 

29 

30 

30 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


5U. 

).  77 

.05 

.95 

.35 

.32 

.25 

.20 

.12 

.10 

.05 

.18 

.30 

.45 

.08 

.20 

.13 

.14 

.24 

.28 

.28 

.12 

.14 

.10 

.70 

.10 

.12 

.10 

.01 

.11 

.25 

.12 

.18 

.14 

.64 

.12 

.14 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.90 

.14 

.15 

.10 

.10 

.18 

.94 

.12 

.32 

.18 

.28 

.12 

.95 

.20 

.25 

.32 

.14 

.05 

.14 

.10 

,10 

,12 

18 

28 

12 

21 

42 

10 

84 

10 

10 

14 

10 

10 

12 

12 

28 

12 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


21Q— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 
30,  1909 — Continued. 

N:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GI 
LIVIN  G— Continued. 


Article.  ' 


1  can  sardines 

1 sack  salt 

2 lbs.  onions 

3 bananas 

doz.  cakes 

1  cake  soap 

1  lb.  peaches 

5^  lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  pork 

11b.  lard 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

5f  lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  veal 

11b.  crackers 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Candy 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

3 pork  ends 

1 J lbs.  beef 

1 pr.  overalls 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. 

1 bu.  potatoes 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 lbs.  sugar 

5 cakes  soap 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 can  soap  powder . 

1 can  lye 

2 lbs.  onions 

1 bt.  catsup 

3 bts.  oil,  alpha 

1 lb.  beef 

1 pkg.  seed 

I doz.  cakes 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage. 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

do 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  bologna 

1 lb.  pork 

1 can  tomatoes 

Candy 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  pork 

11b.  bologna 

1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  bologna 

1 lb.  beef 

li  lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  beef 

4 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

1 lb.  pork 

2 lbs.  bologna 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

do 

1 lb.  beef 

Candy 

Mustard 

Bananas 

Cabbage 

Bluing 

Crackers 


Cost. 


$0. 20 
.05 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.16 
.90 
.14 
.15 
.18 
.94 
.12 
.32 
.10 
.08 
.03 
.18 
.28 
.12 
.12 
.18 
.28 
.50 
.90 
.65 
.32 
.14 
.25 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.75 
.12 
.05 
.05 
.21 
.42 
.10 
.12 
.12 
.12 
.28 
.12 
.20 
.14 
.10 
.05 
.12 
.32 
.15 
.10 
.15 
.12 
.32 
.10 
.12 
.20 
.12 
.60 
.12 
.12 
.15 
.20 
.12 
.30 
.30 
.12 
.05 
.15 
.05 
.10 
.10 
.10 


Date. 

Article. 

May  1 

11  yds.  calico 

1 

1 spool  thread 

1 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 

Potatoes 

1 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

1 

2 cans  tomatoes 

1 

1 jar  mustard 

1 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 

1 bx.  soap  powder 

1 

1 lb.  beef 

1 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 

3 lbs  pork 

1 

1 soup  bone 

1 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

2 

1 lb.  wiennies 

2 

1 lb.  pork 

3 

2 lbs.  beef [ 

3 

do J 

3 

2 lbs.  pork i 

5 

1 lb.  beef 

5 

1 lb.  pork 

6 

Cakes 

6 

7 bolts  paper 

6 

Beans 

6 

do ! 

6 

Bluing 

6 

Matches 

6 

Cheese ' 

6 

Vest 

6 

1 lb.  beef 

6 

1 lb.  bologna j 

6 

1 lb.  pork ' 

6 

5 lbs.  Cally  ham 

7 

1 lb.  beef 

7 

1 lb.  pork 

7 

11b.  bologna 

8 

1 lb.  beef 

8 

1 lb.  pork 

8 

5.^  lbs.  ham 

8 

1 lb.  pork 

8 

1 lb. lard 

8 

Cakes 1 

10 

do 

10 

li  lbs.  beef 

10 

5f  lbs.  veal 1 

12 

1 lb.  beef 

12 

2 lbs.  veal 

14 

IJ  lbs.  beef 1 

15 

2 lbs.  pork j 

15 

1 lb.  beef | 

16 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

16 

2 cans  tomatoes i 

16 

Soap 

16 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

16 

Sugar 

16 

Matches 

16 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

16 

1 bt.  catsup 

16 

2 lbs.  onions 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

16 

3 soup  bones 

16 

2 lbs.  pork 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

17 

1.1  lbs.  beef 

17 

3 lbs.  pork 

17 

1 lb.  bologna 

17 

7 bolts  paper 

17 

1 lb.  starch 

17 

1 loaf  bread 

17 

Cabbage 

17 

1 box  bluing 

17 

1 doz.  bananas 

19 

1 lb.  beef 

20 

20 

2 lbs.  pork 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

378 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  2\^.—Ex'pend%tures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


GERMAN-  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVIN  G— Continued. 


Date. 


Article. 


May  21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
23 
23 

23 

24 
24 
24 
24 
26 
26 

27 

28 
28 
28 

29 

30 
30 
30 

June  1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

4 

4 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

7 

8 
8 


2 lbs.  Polish  sausage. 
1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage.. 
1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage.. 

1 lb.  beef 

1 shirt 

1 lb.  beef 

4 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

1 lb.  pork 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage . 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

do ! 

1 lb.  beef 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 cans  tomatoes 

1 bx.  soap  powder . . 

2 cakes  soap 

2 lbs.  onions 

Candy 

1 bx.  crackers 

25  lbs.  flour 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 shirt 

1 spool  thread 

6 yds.  calico 

1 ib.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

do 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  sugar 

Pie 

Cakes 

4 doz.  eggs 

i lb.  beef 

1 lb.  bologna 

1]  lbs.  bacon 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

2 prs.  hose 

Cake 

1 bt.  castor  oil 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

2 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  bacon 

1 lb.  pork 

1 soup  bone 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  bacon 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

do 


Cost.  Date. 


SO. 


20 

.14 

.12 

.32 

.15 

.10 

.15 

.12 

.32 

.10 

.12 

.50 

.12 

.60 

.12 

.12 

.15 

.20 

.12 

.30 

.30 

.12 

.32 

.20 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.15 

.95 

.05 

.50 

.05 

.36 

.12 

.30 

..30 

.12 

.14 

.05 

.10 

.13 

.12 

.10 

.25 

.12 

.30 

.25 

.10 

.10 

.12 

.30 

.36 

.20 

.15 

.05 

.12 

.30 

.14 

.30 

.15 

.20 

.30 

.14 

.30 

.12 

.12 


June  11 
11 


12 

12 

12 

12 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
21 
21 
22 
22 
23 
23 
23 
23 
23 
23 
28 


Article. 


1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  bologna 

3 lbs.  veal 

1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

1 lb.  bologna 

1 lb.  pork 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 pk.  potatoes. . 

^ doz.  eggs 

1 can  tomatoes. . 
1 bx.  crackers. . , 

Candy 

25  lbs.  flour 

1 bu.  potatoes. . 

2 cans  tomatoes . 

4 pkgs.  tobacco. 

4 lbs.  sugar 

3 cakes  soap 

Onions 

2 lbs.  starch 

Cakes 

h doz. eggs 

Candy 

2 yds.  lawn 

1 lb.  ham 

1 lb.  bacon 

2 lbs.  pork 

do 

do 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

21  lbs.  veal 

2"soup  bones . . . 


Cost. 


SO. 


i pr.  nose 

1 bx  yeast 

.Oi 

1 sack  salt  

.OJ 

1 loaf  bread 

.!( 

1 bx  enameline 

.01 

1 can  tomatoes 

.11 

ria.nfly  

.01 

F,  P'P'S  

.1' 

1 3 C3-nta-loup6s  

.21 

2 lbs.  pork 

.31 

1 lb  beef 

.i; 

2 lbs  pork 

.31 

1 lb  beef  

.i: 

2 lbs.  pork 

.31 

2 lbs  veal  

.3: 

I lb  Polish  sausage 

.11 

3 lbs.  pork 

.4. 

21  lbs  beef  

.2' 

1 lb  pork  

.1. 

1 lb  beef  

.1: 

1 lb  pork 

.1. 

1 lb  beef  

.i: 

Onions 

.11 

Candy  

.0. 

1 ball  

.K 

^Cakp  

.11 

1 lb  bacon 

.21 

1 Ih  pnrk  

.1. 

Candy  

.0' 

Total 

67.1! 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


379 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30, 1909 — Continued. 

GERMAN:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  widower,  one  daughter  3 years  of  age,  and  married  sister.  Head  and  daughter 
lived  with  married  sister  and  gave  groceries,  etc.,  in  exchange  for  food.  Head  only  was  employed 
(teamster),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $118.80.) 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

U lbs.  cheese 

$0. 28 

May  15 

2 pkgs.  tobacco  . 

$0. 16 

1 

? lbs.  beef 

• 40 

15 

Candv. . 

. 03 

1 

50  lbs.  flour 

1.80 

19 

2f  lbs.  beef 

’ 47 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1. 10 

19 

If  lbs.  bologna.. 

* 18 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

19 

50  lbs.  flour 

1. 90 

1 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

19 

1 bu.  potatoes 

i!35 

1 

3 lbs.  bacon 

.57 

19 

4 lbs.  lima  hea.ns 

! 28 

1 

1 jar  mustard 

.15 

19 

2 lbs.  coffee 

. 40 

1 

1 ban  beets 

.15 

19 

2 cans  tomatoes 

. 20 

1 

2 lbs.  coflee 

.44 

19 

3 cans  corn 

’ 25 

1 

4 lbs.  lima  beans 

.28 

19 

16  lbs.  sugar 

LOO 

1 

1 can  sirup 

. 12 

19 

3 lbs.  bacon  . 

’ 52 

2 

2 lbs.  saus'age 

.30 

19 

3 lbs.  lard 

" 48 

2 

li  lbs.  bologna 

.15 

19 

2 lbs.  apricots... 

! 30 

9 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

19 

2 pineapples . . 

' 25 

9 

1 flower 

.35 

19 

5 vds.  calico 

! 35 

9 

^ lb.  frankfurters 

.05 

19 

2 shirts 

! 20 

9 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

19 

3 prs.  hose 

40 

9 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

28 

4 flowers. . 

’ 50 

10 

21  lbs.  beef 

.34 

28 

If  lbs.  liver. 

" 13 

10 

2 lbs.  sausage 

.30 

28 

li  lbs.  bologna 

. 15 

10 

2 doz.  eggs 

.46 

31 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

!o8 

16 

If  lbs.  veal 

.26 

June  2 

2f  lbs.  beef 

! 43 

16 

^ lb.  cheese 

. 11 

2 

1 lb.  bolopna 

. 10 

17 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

2 

1 bu.  potatoes 

L 35 

17 

8 stogies 

. 10 

2 

50  lbs.  flour 

1. 90 

17 

2i  lbs.  beef 

.27 

2 

1 vd.  gingham 

’07 

20 

1 jar  mustard 

.10 

2 

5 vds.  calico 

’ 35 

20 

4 yds.  dry  goods 

.50 

2 

5 vds.  muslin. 

* 45 

20 

5 yds.  calico 

.35 

2 

16  lbs.  sugar. . 

1*  00 

20 

2J  yds.  dry  goods 

.45 

2 

4f  lbs.  bacon 

! 95 

20 

2^  yds.  lawn 

.38 

2 

1 bt.  catsup... 

! 10 

20 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

5 

2|  lbs.  beef 

! 34 

20 

4J  yds.  dry  goods 

.57 

5 

1 lb.  bologna 

! 10 

20 

1 pr.  overalls 

1.00 

7 

2 shirts 

! 96 

20 

2 prs.  hose 

.50 

8 

4 vds.  ribbon 

. 80 

20 

1 shirt 

.50 

8 

1 spool  cotton 

.05 

23 

15  oz.  bologna 

.09 

8 

8 vds.  lawn 

1. 06 

23 

2|  lbs.  beef 

.46 

10 

Candy 

*03 

24 

i doz.  oranges 

. 18 

10 

2 spools  thread 

. 10 

24 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

17 

2 suits  underwear 

2!  00 

24 

1 bt.  polish 

. 15 

17 

1 pr.  shoes 

1. 00 

26 

1^  yds.  ribbons 

.30 

17 

2 prs.  hose 

*30 

26 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

17 

8 stogies 

* 10 

26 

Candy 

.02 

17 

2\  lbs.  pork 

! 34 

<fay  1 

4i  yds.  dry  goods 

.55 

17 

1 lb.  bologna. 

! 10 

1 

1 blouse 

.50 

17 

i lb.  cheese 

* 09 

1 

1 pr.  overalls 

.50 

17 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1. 00 

1 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.90 

17 

3 lbs.  lard 

*48 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1.35 

17 

2 lbs.  coffee 

* 40 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

17 

4 lbs.  lima  hea,ns 

* 28 

1 

2 lbs.  coffee 

.44 

17 

1 bu.  pota.toes 

1*  35 

1 

2 lbs.  apricots 

.30 

17 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

* 10 

1 

9 lbs.  ham 

1.48 

17 

Krinolene 

. 20 

1 

ipk.  onions 

.20 

18 

8 stogies  . 

. 10 

1 

2 qts.  beans 

.24 

18 

2 lbs.  onions 

’ 10 

1 

4 lbs.  lima  beans 

.28 

19 

3i  lbs.  beef 

] 50 

1 

1 can  molasses 

.15 

21 

1 lb.  ham 

’ 17 

1 

2 pkgs.  macaroni 

.20 

21 

2^  lbs.  bacon. . 

! 43 

1 

5 lbs.  starch 

.25 

21 

1 lb.  butter 

! 38 

1 

1 box  bluing 

.05 

28 

li  lbs.  pork 

* 28 

1 

4 pkgs.  Gold  Dust 

.25 

28 

1 lb.  butter. 

! 38 

1 

U lbs.  cheese 

.28 

29 

f lb.  liver. 

!o5 

3 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

15 

5^  lbs.  beef 

.81 

Total 

56.57 

[:  : 

'am 

:ht( 

art: 

n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to 

30,  i 909— Continued. 

MILY  NO  1 EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENE 
LIVING. 

consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  seven  children— two  sons,  23  and  7 years  of  age,  am 
21,  19,  16,  14,  and  11  years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (mine  foreman 
's  during  the  above  period  were  $375.] 


Article. 


Ike ?0-20 


Cost. 


lb.  cheese  — 

lb.  butter 

lbs.  beef 

. .do 

packers 

lbs.  cabbage. 

ork 

eef 

doz.  oranges. 


lb.  butter. . 
doz.  eggs. . . 

leef 

ide 

ish 

akes 

heese 

iggs 

'ish 

’ickles 

lakes 

horts 

dour,  order. 

labbage 

lb.  butter., 
pr.  hose — 

^ggs 

Jeef 

^amb 

luslin 


dsh 

;*ickles 

'ake 

Pea 

r doz.  oranges . 

!:;rackers 

Pickles 


Vinegar 

Jlice 

L spool  thread 

Beef 

Pake 

Eggs 

Beef 

Pork 

Beef 

Fish 

Cakes 

Apples 

Potatoes 

Eggs 

Cheese 

Pickles 

Beef 

I doz.  oranges. . . 

1 bx.  Jello 

Cabbage 

Pickles 

Ribbon 

Pins 

Cakes 

Eggs. 

Brush 

do 

Paint 

Pork 

Beef 

Ham 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust. 
Buttons 


Date. 


.12 
.39 
.36 
.41 
.10 
.15 
.17 
1.19 
.15 
.10 
.39 
.25 
.36 
.33 
.25 
.20 
.11 
.22 
.20 
.10 
.20 
.95 
10. 63 
.20 
.37 
.25 
.92 
.50 
1.24 
.40 
.22 
.20 
.10 
.20 
.50 
.15 
.20 
.12 
.39 
.08 
.18 
.05 
.52 
.10 
.23 
.38 
.36 
.27 
.20 
.20 
.30 
.18 
.25 
.11 
.10 
1.31 
.15 
.10 
.22 
.12 
.45 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.40 
.12 
.15 
.17 
.36 
2.00 
.05 
.08 


May 


Apr.  20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
5 
5 
5 
5 

5 

6 
5 
5 

5 

6 


Article. 


Cakes 

Fish 

1 pr.  hose 

1 piece  tape 

1 pr.  shoes 

Butter 

Eggs 

Oranges 

Cakes 

Onions 

Beef 

Crackers 

Blinds 

Cheese 

Pork 

Flour,  order 

Beef 

Crackers 

Corn 

Butter 

Vinegar 

Bran 

Tacks 

Bananas 

i doz.  oranges 

1 lb. cakes 

2 lbs.  crackers 

do 

2 yds.  oilcloth 

3 lbs.  beef 

Pork 

Cakes 

h lb.  cheese 

i doz. eggs 

1 doz.  pickles 

1 lb.  tea 

2 lbs.  beef 

Beef 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage, 

Cabbage 

1 lb.  butter 

Starch 

Flour,  order 

Vinegar 

Beef 

Crackers 

Cakes 

1 doz. eggs 

1 lb.  raisms 

\ lb.  cheese 

1 doz. eggs 

1 doz.  pickles 

1 bx.  rolled  oats. .. 
^ yd.  calico 

1 lb.  8 oz.  beef 

2 boxes  crackers. . . 

1 doz.  eggs 

IJ  doz.  cakes 

1 lb.  butter 

3 lbs.  2 oz.  beef 

Beef 

Ham 

1 bt.  catsup 

Berries 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

1 pr.  hose 

Pins 

1 doz.  pickles 

Oats 

Bucket 

Beef 

Crackers 

Cakes 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  381 


Fable  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

[RISH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LI  V^IN  G— Continued . 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

$0.12 

June  7 

Eggs 

$0. 27 

18 

.05 

13 

Oats 

. 12 

18 

Beef 

.47 

13 

Flour,  order 

13.12 

18 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.05 

13 

Vanilla 

.35 

18 

Flour,  order 

8. 90 

13 

1 lb.  butter 

.35 

27 

.20 

13 

do 

.38 

27 

.10 

14 

2 lbs.  pork 

.34 

27 

.12 

14 

2 lbs.  beef 

.38 

27 

.11 

14 

Cakes 

.20 

27 

.10 

14 

Lemons 

. 15 

27 

.08 

14 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

27 

Beef 

.29 

14 

Beef 

1.38 

28 

2 lbs.  8 oz.  beef 

.33 

16 

Pork. 

.17 

28 

5 gals,  oil 

.75 

16 

Beef 

.38 

28 

.44 

16 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

28 

1 lb.  blitter 

.35 

17 

1 dnz.  evpS- . 

.27 

28 

J doz.  oranges 

.15 

17 

J.  ..................... 

J lb.  cheese 

.13 

28 

Cakes 

.20 

17 

Onions 

.12 

28 

Brush 

.20 

17 

Candy 

.05 

28 

Lace 

.10 

17 

Beef 

.18 

28 

Handkerchiefs 

.30 

17 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

28 

Pins 

.11 

18 

Cakes 

.20 

28 

5 gals,  oil 

.75 

18 

Beef 

.46 

29 

Veal  and  pork 

.82 

'19 

Pork  and  beans 

. 15 

29 

Beef 

1.24 

19 

Vinegar 

.05 

rune  2 

do 

.38 

19 

Beef  

1.26 

2 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

21 

Cakes  ... 

. 15 

2 

J doz. eggs 

.07 

21 

Biscuits 

.20 

2 

Crackers 

.20 

21 

Eggs 

.27 

2 

Cakes 

.20 

21 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

2 

Cheese 

.11 

21 

J doz.  oranges 

. 15 

2 

Candy 

.05 

21 

5 vds.  gingham 

1.20 

2 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.35 

21 

Matches 

.05 

2 

Beef 

.38 

21 

Holder 

.25 

2 

Broom 

.28 

21 

Cakes 

. 15 

2 

Mohair 

2. 25 

21 

4 lbs.  beef 

.64 

2 

Supporters 

.25 

21 

2 doz.  es'P's. . . . 

.54 

2 

2 spools  thread 

.10 

25 

..................... 

Cakes 

.10 

2 

Cakes 

.20 

25 

Fly  paper 

.05 

3 

Crackers 

.20 

25 

Cakes 

.20 

3 

do 

.20 

25 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

3 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

25 

1 bx.  talcum  powder..  . 

.25 

3 

J lb.  cheese 

.11 

25 

Flour,  order. 

12.40 

4 

Cakes 

.20 

25 

3 lbs.  beef 

.46 

4 

1 bt.  catsup 

.25 

25 

1 library  t.a,hle 

23.00 

4 

Cherries 

.25 

4 

6 lbs.  beef 

.68 

Total 

159. 77 

5 

Cocoa 

.30 

RISH:  FAMILY  No.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAI. 

LIVING. 

This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  daughters,  16  and  14  years  of  age.  The  husband  only 
was  employed  (leveler),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $222.30.] 


Article. 

Cost. 

Lettuce 

$0.10 

Celery 

.10 

Tea 

.25 

Sugar 

.25 

Peaches 

.25 

Apricots 

.15 

Calico 

.35 

OU 

.06 

Bran 

.90 

Union  flour 

.90 

Sugar 

.50 

Tea 

.50 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

.32 

Tobacco 

.20 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 glass  mustard 

$0.10 

1 lb.  starch 

.05 

5 boxes  yeast 

.25 

Cabbage 

.20 

Potatoes 

.55 

Oats 

.13 

Currants 

.10 

Eggs 

.25 

Cabbage 

.25 

1 pr.  shoes 

2.00 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

do 

.15 

.25 

Eggs 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

Gingham 

.63 

1 pr.  hose 

.15 

Date. 


tpr. 


Date. 


Apr. 


[: 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


K— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to 
30,  1909 — Continued. 


iMILY  NO  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GEN] 
LIVING— Continued. 


Article. 


)nions 

0 lbs.  bran 

5 lbs.  Union  flour 

lbs.  sugar 

"ea 

pkgs.  tobacco 

Tobacco 

sack  salt 

bx.  yeast 

glass  mustard 

lb.  starch 

cake  soap 

Cabbage 

bu.  potatoes 

)ats 

trackers 

^ggs 

]omb 

iO  lbs.  bran 

Jnion  flour 

! lbs.  sugar 

lb.  tea 

1 pkgs.  tobacco 

! pkgs.  tobacco 

. sack  salt 

. bx.  yeast 

. glass  mustard 

. lb.  starch 

) cakes  soap 

) lbs.  cabbage 

t bu.  potatoes 

L bx.  Mother’s  oats... 

L bx.  crackers 

I doz.  eggs 

L lb.  cheese 

I bunches  celery 

I doz.  bananas 

15  lbs.  Union  flour. . . 

i lbs.  sugar 

L lb.  tea 

1 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

5 cakes  soap 

I cake  tar  soap 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

1 bx.  baking  soda 

bu.  potatoes 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

1 sack  salt 

I lb.  butter 

1 gal.  oil 

1 doz.  cakes 

10  yds.  gingham 

3 prs.  hose 

1 pr.  shoes 

1 stove  castings 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. . . 
8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  tea 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

5 cakes  soap 

1 cake  soap 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

2 boxes  baking  soda. 

h bu.  potatoes 

Cabbage 

Salt 

Butter 

011  

1 doz.  cakes 

50  lbs.  Union  flour.. 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  tea 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

Tobacco 

5 cakes  soap 

1 glass  mustard 


Cost. 


$0.06 

.90 

.90 

.50 

.32 

.32 

.20 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.05 

.05 

.20 

.55 

.13 

.10 

.25 

.25 

.90 

.90 

.50 

.50 

.32 

.20 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.05 

.25 

.20 

.55 

.13 

.10 

.25 

.25 

.10 

.40 

.90 

.50 

.50 

.32 

.20 

.25 

.05 

.12 

.10 

.65 

.21 

.05 

.18 

.15 

.10 

1.00 

.45 

3.25 

3.80 

.90 

.50 

.50 

.32 

.20 

.25 

.05 

.12 

.10 

.65 

.21 

.05 

.18 

.15 

.10 

1.90 

.50 

.50 

.32 

.20 

.25 

.10 


Date. 

Article. 

May  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

29 

31 

June  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

1 bx.  yeast 

lima  beans  

Oats 

Soda 

Eggs.  

1 bx  Gold  Dust 

Shirt 

1 pr.  hose 

Rake  

Broom 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

8 lbs  sugar 

1 lb.  tea 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

Stogies  

5 cakes  soap 

1 glass  mustard 

1 bx  yeast 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

1 bx  baking  soda 

1 doz.  eggs  

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

Shirt 

1 hoe  

1 rake 

1 broom  

2 doz.  pickles 

2 lbs.  cheese 

Cake 

1 qt  vinegar 

Sausage  

Envelopes 

Candy  

50  lbs  Union  flour 

50  lbs  chopped  fp.ed 

8 lbs  sugar 

3 cans  tomatoes 

4 pkgs  tobacco 

2 glasses  mustard 

1 bt  catsup 

1 lb.  tea  

,3  lbs  rinp  

2 qts  navy  beans 

1 cake  chocolate 

bn  pntf'  tnes  

1 lb  enffpp.  

2 lbs  butter  

2 lbs  raisins  

Matches  

5 gals,  oil 

10  yds  muslin  

3 yds  table  linpn  

1 pt  vinegar  

h lb  cheese  

1 spool  thread 

Candy  

i pk  pntf'tnp.'?  

1 cake  snap  

1 lb  cakes  

1 qt  vinegar 

1 can  tomatoes 

Wick  

1 pr  shoes  

1 pk.  potatoes 

1 lb  apricots  

50  lbs  Union  flour 

50  lbs  chopped  feed 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  tea 

2 lbs  coffee 

2 lbs.  rice 

1 lb.  starch 

1 bx  baking  powder 

1 bx.  soda 

1 bx  bluing 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  corn 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


383 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

IRISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  16 

2 cans  peas 

$0. 20 

June  23 

i lb.  butter 

$0. 18 

16 

1 bt.  catsup 

.15 

23 

Crackers 

.05 

16 

1 pr.  shoes 

2. 75 

23 

Gum 

.01 

16 

2 prs.  hose 

.30 

24 

Candy 

.05 

16 

.8  yds.  gingham 

.21 

16 

2 spools  thread 

. 10 

Total 

73.  27 

16 

1 gal.  vinegar 

.20 

MAGYAR:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  children— one  son  8 years  of  age  and  one  daughter  1 year 
of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (pick  miner),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were 
$217.45.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

Rye  flour 

$1.50 

Apr.  20 

2 lbs.  onions 

$0. 10 

1 

^ bu.  potatoes 

.55 

20 

1 jar  preserves 

.35 

1 

16  Ibsr  sugar 

1.00 

20 

3 yds.  lawn 

.45 

1 

4 lbs.  coffee 

.68 

20 

2 lbs.  beef . ... 

.28 

1 

2 pkgs.  coffee  essence 

.20 

21 

do . . . . 

.26 

1 

3 lbs.  beans 

.21 

21 

1 lb.  pork 

. 14 

1 

3 lbs.  rice 

.27 

22 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

1 

3 boxes  yeast 

. 15 

22 

1 lb.  pork 

. 15 

1 

1 lb.  poppy  seed 

.10 

23 

1 pr.  drawers 

.25 

1 

1 jar  prune  butter 

.35 

23 

2 yds.  oilcloth 

.50 

1 

1 lb.  raisins 

.10 

23 

1 gal.  oil 

. 15 

1 

1 lb.  onions 

.05 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

1 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.20 

23 

1 lb.  pork 

. 15 

3 

do 

.20 

23 

1 lb.  butter. 

.37 

3 

3 lbs.  pork 

.42 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

5 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

24 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

. 18 

5 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

.20 

24 

3 lbs.  veal 

.48 

6 

1 lb.  beef 

.13 

24 

1 lb.  beef. . . . 

. 13 

6 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

26 

1 gal.  oil 

.75 

7 

Ih  lbs.  beef 

.20 

26 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

7 

1 lb.  pork 

. 14 

27 

do 

.28 

7 

1 hat 

1. 25 

28 

.do 

.28 

7 

Candy 

.03 

28 

1 lb.  pork 

. 15 

9 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.21 

29 

2 lbs.  beef- 

.26 

9 

1 lb.  pork 

. 14 

30 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

10 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

May  1 

5 lbs.  lard 

.80 

10 

do 

.12 

1 lb.  pork 

! 15 

10 

3|  lbs.  veal 

.55 

1 

3 lbs.  beef 

!39 

12 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

1 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

12 

1 lb.  pork 

. 14 

1 

1 lb.  veal. . . . 

. 16 

12 

do 

. 14 

3 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

13 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

3 

1 side  pork 

. 15 

13 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

3 

h wieimies 

.06 

14 

do 

.14 

3 

1 yd.  calico 

. 11 

14 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

3 

Elastic 

.02 

15 

.26 

3 

R a, usage 

.06 

15 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

3 

Butter 

!32 

15 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

.40 

3 

6 pkgs.  tobacco 

.48 

15 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

3 

1 gal.  oil. . 

. 15 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

.13 

3 

Candy 

.05 

16 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

4 

Union  flour 

.90 

17 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

4 

25  lbs.  rve . . . 

.85 

17 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

4 

Sugar 

1.00 

17 

do 

.14 

4 

2 boxes  coffee  essence 

. 10 

19 

4 yds.  caUco 

.24 

4 

2 cakes  veast 

. 10 

19 

1 yd.  lace 

.06 

4 

do. . . 

. 10 

19 

3 lbs.  pork 

.51 

4 

Rice 

.09 

19 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

4 

Soap 

.25 

20 

100  lbs.  flour 

3.60 

4 

2 pepper 

!20 

20 

24  lbs.  sugar 

1.50 

4 

1 preserves 

. 35 

20 

§ bu.  potatoes 

.65 

4 

i bn.  pota.toes 

.70 

20 

2 lbs.  rice 

. 18 

5 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

20 

2 lbs.  beans 

.14 

5 

1 lb.  pork 

.23 

20 

2 sacks  salt 

. 10 

5 

1 lb.  beef 

. 13 

20 

3 boxes  yeast 

.15 

6 

do. 

.18 

20 

3 boxes  coffee  essence 

.15 

6 

Bologna. . 

.30 

20 

1 bx.  pepper 

.10 

6 

1 lb.  beef 

.13 

384 


The  Immigration  Commission 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

SO,  1909— Continued. 

MAGYAR:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 lb.  beef 

$0.13 

May  28 

Sugar 

$0.50 

8 

. 18 

28 

Bananas 

.10 

8 

.45 

28 

Tobacco 

.16 

10 

. 15 

28 

Candy 

.02 

ID 

15 

29 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

ID 

13 

29 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

u 

13 

29 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

LI 

10  I 

31 

do 

.14 

u 

05  ^ 

June  1 

1 gal.  oil 

.75 

12 

05 

1 

50  lbs.  flour 

1.90 

12 

20 

1 1 

ie  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

13 

90  1 

1 1 

i bu.  potatoes 

.70 

13 

15 

; 1 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

13 

26 

1 1 

5 lbs.  lard 

.80 

14 

1 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

15 

14 

2 

do 

.14 

15 

24 

2 

do 

.18 

15 

48 

3 

2 lbs.  coffee 

.34 

15 

40 

3 

2 lbs.  coffee  essence 

.10 

IB 

L90 

3 

2 lbs.  beans 

.14 

16 

85 

3 

2 lbs.  rice 

.20 

16 

LOO 

3 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

16 

70 

1 3 

2 boxes  yeast 

.15 

16 

51 

3 

.10 

16 

15 

3 

1 lb.  l^ef 

.14 

16 

3 

.do 

.18 

16 

20 

3 

Pepper 

.36 

16 

Salt 

05 

3 

1 lb.  side  pork 

.17 

16 

10 

4 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

16 

1 preserves 

.35 

5 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

17 

1 cal.  oil 

. 15 

5 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

17 

1 lb  

. 75 

5 

..  ..do 

.18 

17 

4 pks  tobacco 

*32 

5 

do 

.14 

17 

1 lb.  pork 

. 18 

7 

do 

.14 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

7 

.15 

18 

do 

. 12 

7 

1 lb.  pork 

.18 

18 

1 11).  pork 

. 15 

8 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

19 

2 lbs.  veal 

.32 

8 

.do 

.14 

19 

1 lb.  beef  . 

13 

8 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

19 

2 boxes  bluing 

.20 

9 

.70 

19 

1 pants 

. 50 

9 

2 pick  handles 

.20 

19 

Matches 

. 10 

9 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

19 

Brush . . 

. 40 

9 

i gal.  vinegar 

.10 

19 

Candv. . . . 

.05 

9 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

20 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

9 

1 J lbs.  pork 

.23 

20 

11  lbs.  pork 

.23 

10 

1 shirt 

.75 

21 

1 lb.  pork 

. 15 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

21 

2 lbs.  lard. 

.32 

10 

.17 

22 

3 lbs.  pork. . 

. 45 

11 

.14 

22 

2 lbs.  veal 

!32 

11 

1 pepper 

.17 

22 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

12 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

22 

...  .do. 

. 12 

12 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

24 

1 bx.  crackers 

. 10 

14 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

24 

Bananas 

!o5 

14 

5 lbs.  lard 

.80 

24 

Yeast 

.05 

14 

Sugar 

.25 

24 

Coffee  essence 

.05 

14 

Candy 

.01 

24 

25  lbs.  Union  flour.. 

.95 

16 

50 lbs.  flour 

2.00 

24 

Candy 

.05 

16 

25  lbs.  rve 

.90 

24 

Yeast 

.05 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

24 

1 hood 

.25 

16 

\ bu.  potatoes 

.70 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

16 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18 

24 

2 lbs.  pork 

.36 

16 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

16 

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

25 

do 

. 14 

16 

Coffee  essence 

.15 

25 

1 lb.  pork 

!i5 

16 

2 yeast  

.10 

25 

1 lb.  beef 

. 15 

16 

1 pepper 

.10 

25 

1 tobacco 

.08 

16 

Onions 

.05 

26 

1 lb.  beef . 

. 15 

16 

1 wagon  check  

1.50 

26 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

16 

1 breakfast  food 

.10 

26 

1 lb.  beef 

. 15 

16 

Bananas 

.05 

26 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

16 

1 bucket 

.35 

26 

1 bologna 

. 10 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

27 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

17 

do  

.18 

27 

2 lbs.  bacon 

.34 

17 

.do 

.14 

27 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

18 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

27 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

19 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

28 

do 

.15 

19 

.3  lbs  pork- 

.45 

28 

Nutmegs 

.10 

1 19 

Candy 

.05 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


385 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

MAGYAR:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVIN  G— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  21 

1 pick  handle 

$0.10 

June  26 

1 lb.  beef 

$0. 14 

21 

1 gal.  oil 

.75 

26 

3 lbs.  veal 

. 48 

21 

Bananas 

.05 

26 

1 lb.  beef 

. 17 

21 

1 pepper 

.17 

28 

1 1b.  pork 

. 16 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

28 

1 -lb.  beef...  . 

.20 

23 

1|  lbs.  pork 

.24 

28 

do 

.15 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

.20 

24 

do 

.14 

Total 

84.19 

24 

1 pepper.. 

.17 

MAGYAR:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  two  children— one  son  3 years  of  age,  and  one  daughter  1 year  of 
age— and  one  boarder,  who  paid  $13  per  month  for  entire  period.  The  husband  only  was  employed 
(yard  laborer),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $188.81.] 


Date. 


Apr.  1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 
3 
3 
5 
5 
5 


7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8 
8 
9 
9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

12 

12 

13 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 


Article. 


100  lbs.  flour 

12  lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coflee 

2 pkgs.  poppy  seed . . 

1 pkg.  soapine 

3 qts.  navy  beans 

2 qts.  lentils 

2 qts.  split  peas 

I bu.  corn 

I bu.  potatoes 

1 bg.  salt 

1 bx.  rasins 

1 jar  preserves 

1 lb.  prunes 

I lb.  pepper 

3 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

H lbs.  fish 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  Polish  bologna. 

3i  lbs.  beef 

1 can  kraut 

3 lbs.  pork 

5 lbs.  roast  beef 

1 lb.  beef 

li  lbs.  pork 

3i  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  cheese 

2 pkgs.  navy  tobacco, 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 lb.  lard 

2^  lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  bologna 

Oil 

Candy 

1 qt.  vinegar 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 bx.  shoe  nails 

lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage. . 

4 lbs.  veal 

3 cans  minced  ham . . 

41  lbs.  beef 

Tomatoes 

IJ-  yds.  table  oilcloth. 

1 yeast 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

2|  lbs.  beef 

3J  lbs.  beef 

Navy  tobacco 

Matches 

1 Ib.^pork 

ii’lbs.beef".'^!””! 


Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

$3.60 

Apr.  16 

lib.  lard 

$0. 15 

.75 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

.17 

16 

IJ  lbs.  pork 

.26 

.20 

16 

1 can  minced  ham 

.15 

.20 

17 

2 lbs.  lard 

.30 

.36 

17 

5 lbs.  beef 

.75 

.20 

19 

1 lb.  loins 

.17 

.12 

19 

3 lbs.  beef 

.40 

.50 

19 

2J  lbs.  beef 

.34 

.55 

19 

1 bg.  salt 

.05 

.05 

19 

1 scourine 

. 05 

.10 

20 

Cakes 

.05 

.35 

20 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

.12 

20 

3f  lbs.  beef 

.53 

.05 

20 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.60 

.15 

20 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

.32 

20 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

.15 

20 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

.16 

20 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

.20 

20 

2 qts.  lentils 

.20 

.46 

20 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

.10 

20 

1 kirkoline 

.20 

.48 

20 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

.74 

20 

4 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

.20 

.15 

20 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

.20 

20 

J bu.  corn 

.50 

.51 

21 

1}  lbs.  beef 

.20 

.20 

21 

1 ham 

.30 

.10 

21 

11  lbs.  beef 

.20 

.10 

23 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

.15 

23 

3|  lbs.  beef 

.60 

.39 

24 

7 lbs.  beef 

1.06 

.10 

26 

4 lbs.  beef 

.63 

.08 

27 

2.1  lbs.  beef 

..38 

.01 

27 

1 lb.  beef 

.17 

.08 

27 

J boil  ham 

.15 

.25 

28 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

.10 

28 

3 lbs.  beef 

.45 

.22 

28 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

.10 

May  1 

6|  lbs.  beef 

1.03 

.68 

1 

1 lb.  beef 

.17 

.45 

1 

1 lb. lard 

.16 

.60 

1 

1 lb.  pork 

.17 

.10 

1 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

.32 

1 

50  lbs.  middling 

.95 

.05 

1 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

.08 

1 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

.35 

1 

Tobacco 

.15 

.55 

1 

2 yeast 

.10 

.05 

1 

1 bx.  baking  powder  (4  lbs.) 

.10 

.01 

1 

1 bx.  soapine 

.20 

.14 

1 

3 cakes  soap 

.15 

.16 

1 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

.45 

1 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

386 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  21Q —Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  Continued.  i 

MAGYAR-  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  * 

LI  VING— Continued . 


Date. 


May  1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 
5 
8 
8 

10 

11 

11 

13 

14 
14 
14 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
24 

24 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

$0.24 

May  29 

^ bu.  potatoes 

$0.  60 

. 16 

^ 29 

12  lbs.  sugar 

.75 

. 12 

29 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

.18 

29 

3 pkgs.  coffee  essence 

.15 

.50 

29 

2 pkgs.  soapine 

.10 

.24 

29 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

20 

29 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

. 15 

29 

3 lbs.  navy  beans 

.36 

10 

29 

2 lbs.  split  peas 

.12 

.23 

29 

2 lbs.  lentils 

.16 

.38 

29 

5 cakes  F.  soap 

.25 

15 

29 

1 bx.  raisins 

.09 

.59 

29 

1 lb.  prunes 

.10 

.73 

29 

4 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

.20 

.49 

June  1 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

1.18 
. 18 

4 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

4 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18 

3^  lbs.  beef 

. .58 

4 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

i‘lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

.60 

10 

10 

1 pkg.  navy  tobacco 

h lb.  cakes 

. 05 

.10  ( 

.23 

12 

i lb.  beef 

.17  1 

.15 

32 

12 

i lb.  Berlin  sausage 

.08  ( 

16 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08  1 

.33 

16 

3 yds.  muslin 

.35  i 

.23 

25 

16 

1 pk.  corn 

.30  ( 

16 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25  i 

.44 

16 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18  ! 

1 IK 

. 15 

16 

2 lbs.  chick,  feed 

.06  . 

Ol  lV\c  Koof 

.41 

16 

1 lb.  prunes 

.10  < 

1 oil 

.15 

16 

^ doz.  boxes  matches 

.05 

.10 

.05 

16 

3 pkgs.  tobacco ' 

.24 

1 pkg.  stovG  polisli 

1 co/^lr  ooH" 

16 

3 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

.15 

.20 
. 41 

16 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17  ' 

oi  IKo  Koof 

16 

Candy 

.02  i 

Z-J  IDo.  UcCl 

IKc  Koof 

.58 

16 

1 pepper 

.05  i 

0 IKc*  V»oof 

.40 

16 

1 pr.  hinges 

.12  ! 

.05 

16 

1 hasp 

.15  ( 

4 pt.  vmegar 

. 15 

16 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20  i 

1 pin63pppl6. 

.08 

18 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10  1 

.02 

18 

Cakes 

.10  < 

. 12 

18 

1 bt.  pop 

.05  1 

1 bx.  lye 

1 Vw  KlniTifT 

. 10 

19 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

1 UA.  UlUiXi^  

.02 

19 

1 pt.  vinegar 

.05 

O IKc 

.32 

19 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

*?  1 lKc» 

.55 

19 

5 pkgs.  soapine 

.25 

3. 80 

19 

Leather 

.70 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 Kn  r»r»Tn 

!50 

19 

2 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

.10 

1 1V\ 

. 17 

19 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

. 15 

21 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

3 pkgs.  coffee  essence 

.20 

22 

J gal.  oil 

.08 

1 bx.  S03ipill6 

. 36 

22 

1 pk.  corn 

.30 

3 Qts.  n&vy  bo^ins- 

.20 

22 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.00 

. 18 

22 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

3 (jts.  split  peas 

. 50 

22 

Cakes 

.05 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

22 

3 yds.  gingham 

.10 

4 lbs.  sugar 

10 

22 

1 yd.  muslin 

.10 

10 

25 

2 cucumbers 

.10  ' 

1 bx.  pepper 

. 10 

25 

2 pkgs.  fly  paper 

.05 

2 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

24 

25 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

‘ .10 

O pKgo.  l/UUdCCU  ................. 

05 

25 

2 navy  tobacco 

.10 

1 plig-  pepper 

1 Kp-n-ncif 

.25 

26 

30  yds.  wire 

3.00 

03  IKo  Koof 

46 

26 

.75 

Q IKc  V\Opf 

48 

26 

1 bx.  strawberries 

.05 

O lUo.  Uccl.  - 

O TKc  lord 

.32 

26 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

03  IKo 

51 

26 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

Z4  lUo.  Uccl.  

1 K-y  V^prriPQ 

.08 

26 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

0 IVvo  pKiplr  ■fppd 

.06 

29 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

.95 

^ lUb.  ClllCK.  ICcLL.  

25 

29 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.15 

5 pkgs.  navy  tobacco 

Jb®  c^moll  food 

.06 

29 

1 yeast 

.05 

1|  lbs.  chick,  feed 

.05 
. 10 

Total 

74. 86 

2 no-vy  tobs-cco 

i lb.  garlic 

.05 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


387 


€ 

^ABLE  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

[AGYAR:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

rhis  family  consisted  of  husband  and  wife.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (pick  miner),  and  his  earn- 
ings during  the  above  period  were  $117.40.) 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

50  lbs.  ham 

$1.80 

Mav  1 

2 spools  thread 

1 ham 

1.71 

^ 1 

1 lb.  rice 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

1 

§ lb.  tea 

.25 

1 

2.5  lbs.  Tlninn  flour 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

13 

1 lb.  beef 

2 cans  peas 

.24 

17 

2 yds.  lace 

cabbage 

.25 

17 

1 pr.  hose 

§ lb.  tea 

.30 

17 

2 lbs.  beef 

i glass  mustard 

.10 

17 

1 ib.  butter 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

17 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 box  berries 

.15 

17 

1 ham 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

17 

3 cans  corn 

3 lbs.  beef 

.42 

17 

2 cans  tom  a, toes  . . . 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

17 

i lb.  tea 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

17 

4 lbs.  sugar  . . . 

2 lbs.  pork 

.32 

17 

.5  cakes  soap  

1 leg  lamb 

.33 

17 

2 cakes  soap  

1 box  baking  powder 

.10 

17 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 cakes  chocolate 

.20 

17 

1 doz.  ePFS  - 

1 pkg.  cornstarch 

.10 

18 

2 lbs.  beef  

2 lbs.  beef 

.40 

20 

1 lb.  butter.  

Clothesline 

.25 

20 

1 lb.  beans  

2 lbs.  butter 

.74 

20 

1 lb.  raisins  

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

20 

A lb. cakes  ' 

1§  yds.  oil  cloth 

.30 

25 

1 lb.  butter.  

2 handkerchiefs 

.20 

25 

2 lbs.  beef. . 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

27 

1 lb.  butter  

1 yd.  lace 

.05 

27 

Peef  

1 box  toothpicks 

.05 

June  1 

.50  lbs.  Union  flour. . 

1 box  pepper 

.10 

1 

1 ham 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

1 

8 lbs.  sugar 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

1 

i lb.  tea 

Candy 

.05 

1 

2 cans  tomatoes 

Pork 

.34 

1 

1 can  peas 

Beef 

.33 

1 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

3 

2 lbs.  butter 

Candy 

.05 

3 

Apple  butter 

Apple  butter 

.25 

3 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

5 

Reef  

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

16 

25  lbs.  Union  flour.. 

5^  yds.  gingham 

.38 

16 

Potatoes 

1 yd.  ribbon : 

.18 

16 

8 lbs.  siigar  

1 vd.  embroidery 

.06 

16 

1 can  corn 

2 lbs.  kraut 

.11 

16 

Tomat.oes . ... 

2 lbs.  pork 

.20 

16 

.5  cakes  soap 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

16 

2 lbs.  cabhave 

1 box  macaroni 

.10 

16 

2 lbs.  onions. . . 

2 lbs.  beef 

,25 

16 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.37 

16 

i lb  tea 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

16 

1 lb.  butter. 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

17 

12  oz.  cheese 

1§  lbs.  beef 

.25 

17 

2 lbs.  beef 

li  lbs.  butter 

.47 

17 

1 lb  butter 

3 lbs.  veal 

.45 

17 

1 J lbs.  veal 

1 ham 

1.68 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

Total 

i lb.  cakes 

.10 

Date. 


pr. 


12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
26 
27 

27 

28 
29 
29 

ay  1 
1 
1 
1 


Cost. 


$0. 10 
.09 
.30 
.95 
.18 
.12 
.15 
.30 
.35 
.95 
1.57 
.25 
.20 
.30 
.25 
.25 
.10 
.24 
.27 
.28 
.34 
.10 
.09 
.12 
.35 
.28 
.28 
.37 
1.90 
1.74 
.50 
.30 
.20 
.25 
.24 
.79 
.05 
.27 
.57 
1.00 
.35 
.50 
.12 
.20 
.25 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.30 
.37 
.13 
.24 
•88 
•l5 


38. 12 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


VQ— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 
30,  1909 — Continued. 


• FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  , 
LIVING.  ' 


y consisted  of  husband,  wife,  four  children— one  son,  14  years  of  age,  and  three  daughters,  16, 

I years  of  age— and  three  step  sons,  9,  6,  and  3 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  ‘ 
wer),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  $176.72.] 


Article. 


pk.  potatoes 

can  sirup 

1 lbs.  sugar 

pkg.  tobacco 

lbs.  meat 

i lbs.  meat 

! lbs.  beef 

! lbs.  rice 

I lbs.  prunes 

lbs.  bacon 

! lbs.  lard 

. lb.  Berlin  sausage. 
. lb.  frankfurters. . . 

. lb.  butter 

! lbs.  beef 

)0  lbs.  Union  flour. . 

i bu.  corn 

1 lbs.  sugar 

L lb.  coffee 

L bx.  coffee  essence. 

I lbs.  onions 

I lbs.  prunes 

L pkg.  tobacco 

L bx.  yeast 

lbs.  meat 

L lb.  butter 


LIJ  lbs.  beef. 
L lb. 


L lb.  frankfurters. 

I lb.  sausage 

lbs.  meat 

I qt.  navy  beans. 

I can  milk 

I lb.  prunes 

1 bx.  matches. . . 

Cakes 

1 lb.  butter 

1 J lbs.  beef 

I pk.  potatoes. . . 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 pkg.  tobacco. . . 

Cakes 

Candy 

1 tub. 

1 kettle. 

1 lb.  coffee. 

1 bx.  coffee  essence. 
4 lbs.  sugar. 

1 bx.  powder. 

4 pkgs.  seed. 

1 qt.  lima  beans. 

1 can  peas . 

1 pkg.  tobacco . 

1 bx.  raisins. 
Candy. 

3tV  lbs.  meat. 

2 lbs.  herring. 

1 lb.  butter. 

2\  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  lard 

2 lbs.  butter. . 

1 lb.  fish 

8 lbs.  sugar. . . 

5 lbs.  prunes . . 

2 lbs.  onions.. 

1 bt.  vanilla. . 

1 bx.  sardines . 

1 can  milk 

12  lbs.  ham... 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 bt.  catsup... 

1 lb.  coffee — 


Cost. 


Date. 


$0. 15 

Apr.  10 

.12 

10 

. 14 

10 

.05 

13 

.25 

13 

.17 

13 

.26 

13 

.25 

13 

.18 

14 

.38 

14 

.30 

14 

.15 

14 

.13 

14 

.30 

16 

.22 

16 

1.80 

16 

.50 

16 

.50 

• 16 

.17 

16 

.05 

16 

.10 

16 

.12 

16 

.05 

16 

.05 

16 

.28 

16 

.38 

16 

1.48 

16 

.10 

16 

.13 

16 

.15 

16 

.25 

17 

.12 

17 

.12 

17 

.06 

17 

.05 

17 

.02 

17 

.30 

17 

.21 

17 

.20 

17 

.25 

17 

.05 

17 

.04 

17 

.04 

17 

.50 

17 

.15 

17 

.17 

17 

.05 

17 

.25 

17 

.05 

17 

.20 

17 

.12 

17 

.10 

17 

.05 

17 

.10 

17 

.03 

17 

.33 

23 

.25 

23 

.30 

23 

.27 

23 

.30 

24 

.60 

24 

.20 

24 

.50 

24 

.30 

24 

.10 

24 

.10 

24 

.25 

24 

.15 

24 

2. 04 

24 

.25 

24 

.10 

24 

.17 

24 

Article. 


1 pkg.  tobacco . 

1 jar  mustard . . 

4 prs.  hose 

lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  pork 

3 lbs.  meat 

1 can  tomatoes. 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 pk.  potatoes. . 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 can  milk. 


1 pkg.  tobacco. 

2 lbs.  cabbage. 


7 pkgs.  seed. 

IJ  lbs.  Berlin  sausage. 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

1]^  lbs.  beef 

50  lbs.  Union  flour — 
i bu.  corn 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  coffee  essence. . . 
8 lbs.  onions 

7 cakes  soap 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 pr.  overalls 

1 bucket 

1 coffee  pot 

1 suit  clothes 

2\  lbs.  beef 

2|  lbs.  meat 

2 lbs.  meat 

2 lbs.  pork 

Frankfurters 

1 lb.  bacon 

2\  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  meat 

1 lb. sausage 

IJ  lbs.  lard 

1 bt.  pop 

5J  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 J lbs.  cabbage 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  coffee  essence . . 

2 lbs.  onions 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

4i  lbs.  meat 

l|  lbs.  side  pork 

2 lbs.  beef 

5 lbs.  prunes 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

31  lbs.  beef 

4|  lbs.  meat 

J lb.  butter 

1 bx,  matches' 

3i  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  meat 

4 lbs.  veal 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

2 lbs.  onions 

1 lb.  coffee 

4 lbs.  sugar . 


1 pkg.  tobacco . 
Candy 


Candy 
1 yd.  ribbon  — 
3 spools  thread . 
1 jar  jam 


Cost. 


$0.05 


.12 

.17 

.25 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.15 

.20 


i 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


389 


Fable  216.  Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


POLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  1. 


EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 
LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date, 

Vpr.  24 
24 

2 lbs.  meat 

$0  23 

O TT  1 

4 lbs. sugar 

25 

jxidy  lu 
1 

24 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

12 

lU 

1 A 

24 

\ lb.  candy 

05 

lU 
1 A 

24 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.90 
.28 
.10 
.23 
.20 
.24 
.25 
.40 
.19 
.10 
.22 
.36 
.30 
.33 
.38 
.25 
.37 
.25 
.50 
.17 
.05 
.30 
.10 
.12 
. 01 

lU 
1 n 

24 

1 broom 

lU 
1 A 

24 

i lb.  candy 

lU 

1 A 

24 

1|  lbs.  beef 

1 A 

24 

2 lbs.  meat 

lU 

in 

24 

1|  lbs.  bacon 

lU 
1 1 

27 

2J  lbs.  Polish  sausage 

XI 
11 
1 1 

27 

4 lbs.  meat T 

27 

§lb.  butter 

11 
1 1 

27 

2 bts.  pop 

11 
1 1 

27 

2 lbs.  beef 

li 

1 1 

fay  1 

2 lbs.  bacon 

11 

1 1 

1 

2 lbs.  veal 

11 

1 1 

1 

3ilbs.  sausage 

11 

1 1 

1 

2Jlbs.  pork.T 

11 

1 1 

1 

f lb.  butter 

11 

1 Q 

1 

3f  lbs.  beef 

lo 

1 Q 

1 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

lo 

1 Q 

1 

8 lbs.  sugar 

lo 

1 Q 

1 

1 lb.  coflee 

lo 

1 Q 

1 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

lo 

1 ^ 

1 

J lb.  tea 

lo 

1 A 

1 

Lemons 

14 

1 A 

1 

2 lbs.  onions 

14 

1 A 

1 

Candy 

14 

1 A 

1 

1 pk.  potatoes 

!35 
.15 
.31 
1.10 
.75 
.05 
.10 
.32 
.32 
.34 
.12 
.25 
. 02 

14 

1 A 

1 

1 gal.  oil 

14 

1 A 

1 

2\  lbs.  beef 

14 

1 A 

3 

11  yds.  ticking 

14 

1 A 

3 

121  calico 

14 

1 A 

3 

1 spool  thread 

14 

1 A 

3 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

14 

1 A 

3 

li  lbs.  beef 

14 

1 c: 

3 

2 lbs.  Berlin  sausage 

lo 

1 Pi 

3 

4f  yds.  calico 

lo 

1 Pi 

4 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

lo 

1 cc 

4 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

lo 

1 c 

4 

Candy 

10 

OA 

4 

4^  lbs.  beef 

'.6G 
.20 
. 01 

Z[) 

oi 

4 

2 cans  kraut 

OI 

4 

Candy 

OI 

5 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

!i3 
. 25 

Z1 

OI 

6 

1 shirt 

J1 

01 

5 

1 can  apples 

^25 

1 7 

zl 

OI 

5 

1 lb.  coffee 

zl 

OI 

5 

4 lbs.  sugar 

• 1 / 
.25 
.05 

OI 

5 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Zl 

OI 

5 

1 lb.  onions 

Z1 

OI 

5 

1 pk.  corn 

• uo 

.25 

.95 

.19 

.35 

.05 

.10 

.23 

.23 

.19 

.23 

.15 

.10 

Z1 

OI 

6 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

Z1 

OI 

7 

3J  lbs.  cabbage 

Z1 

OI 

7 

1 pk.  potatoes 

Z1 

OI 

7 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Z1 

OI 

7 

1 can  tomatoes 

Z1 

OI 

7 

2 lbs.  beef 

Z1 

OI 

7 

2-J  lbs.  meat 

Z1 

OI 

7 

1 j lbs.  frankfurters 

Z1 

91 

7 

1^  lbs.  Berlin  bologna 

Z1 

21 

OI 

7 

1 lb. sausage 

7 

1 can  tomatoes 

Z1 

OI 

7 

Candy 

Z1 

01 

8 

8 lbs.  sugar 

• U1 

• 50 

Z1 

OI 

8 

1|  pts.  pickles 

!20 
.05 
. 15 

Z1 

OI 

8 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

Z1 

OI 

8 

1 pr.  hose 

Z1 

OI 

8 

^ lbs.  beef 

. 46 

Z1 

OA 

8 

3 lbs.  veal 

. 42 

Z4 

OA 

8 

2 lbs.  pork 

!30 
. 22 

Z4 

OA 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

Z4 

OA 

10 

1 can  sirup 

!i2 

.02 

.20 

Z4 

OA 

10 

Candy 

Z4 

OA 

10 

U lbs.  pork 

Z4 

24 

48296° — VOL  6 — 11 26 


Article. 

Cost. 

2i  lbs.  meat 

$0  23 

1 lb.  side  pork 

15 

1 lb.  butter 

30 

1 can  peas 

10 

2 lbs.  barley 

10 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

!io 

.95 
.15 
.05 
.25 
.25 
.17 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.18 
.45 
.24 
.08 
.12 
.01 
.60 
2. 25 
.25 
.01 
.10 
.95 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.20 
.23 
.07 
.10 
.05 
.70 
.40 
.20 
.57 
.22 
.12 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.02 
.30 
.35 
.10 
.10 
.17 
.25 
.15 
.10 
.26 
.20 
.32 
.15 
.10 
.10 
.58 
.30 
.40 
.30 
.32 
.15 
.30 
.25 
.30 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.12 
.76 
.15 
.35 
.95 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

Onions 

1 pk.  corn 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 ck. soap 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

§ pk.  potatoes 

31:  lbs.  beef 

l|  lbs.  lard 

i lb.  sausage 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

Candy 

5 lbs.  beef 

1 pr.  pants 

4 lbs.  sugar 

Candy. . 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 bx.  matches 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 ck.  soap 

^ lb.  beef 

li  lbs.  bacon 

i lb.  sausage 

1 lb.  meat 

1 bt.  pop 

5 lbs.  beef 

2i  lbs.  bacon 

2 lbs.  meat 

4 yds.  gingham 

2 lbs.  beef 

f lb. sausage 

J lb.  meat 

2 lbs.  prunes 

3 lbs.  rice 

Candy 

2 cans  corn 

1 pk.  potatoes 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

2 lbs.  onions 

1 lb.  coffee 

4 lbs.  sugar 

li  lbs.  prunes 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  meat 

2 lbs.  lard 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage 

1 lb.  smearcase 

2 bts.  pop 

4 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  meat 

2i  lbs.  bacon 

1 lb.  butter 

2 lbs.  sausage 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

2 cans  corn 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 pk.  potatoes 

1 ck.  soap 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 ck.  soap 

1 qt.  beans 

5f  lbs.  beef 

2i  lbs.  cabbage 

1 pk.  potatoes 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

390 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  216.-£*penda«m  in  ^ *" 

polish:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES^FORJOOD,  OENERAL 


Date. 


Article. 


8 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 bx.  coffee  essence . . 
Candy 

1 lb.  butter 

3i  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

Candy 

2 lbs.  meat 

2 cans  corn 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 ck.  soap 

1 pt.  navy  beans . . . 

Onions 

6 lbs.  cabbage 

Cakes 

Candy 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

3i  lbs.  beef 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. 

3 cans  corn 

1 pk.  potatoes 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  coffee  essence . 

2 lbs.  ham 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

3 lettuce 

Onions 

Tobacco 

4 lbs.  sugar 

Matches 

Candy 

2 lbs.  onions 

Leather 

I lb.  nails 

Cucumbers 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

i lb.  tea 

1 pk.  potatoes 

1 pk.  com 

2 lbs.  onions 

8 lbs.  sugar 

2 lbs.  raisins 

1 pt.  navy  beans . . 

Candy 

If  lbs.  bacon 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


$0 


1 lb.  butter 

.19 

.48 

.30 

Z IDb.  pui  

IVkC  Kppf 

.82 

O4  lUo.  UcCJ  

.30 

0 lljb. 

.08 

.05 

1.75 

.20 

.10 

.14 

.30 

J.  IVkc  cncTfir 

.25 

1 Kv-  nnid  

.05 

.01 

.64 

.20 

CA  iKo  TTniATi  flnnr 

1.90 

A 1V\c 

.25 

.05 

X UA«  J cool/ 

1 T\lror  

.05 

.05 

.05 

1 K^ionc  ....... 

.12 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

50 

17 

05 

,05 

,05 

,30 

.45 

.14 

.05 

.20 

.30 

.25 

.17 

.05 

.05 

.00 

.35 

.10 

.05 

.12 

.46 

.95 

.30 

.35 

.50 

.17 

.05 

.30 

.15 

.15 

.10 

.05 

.25 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.45 

.10 

.20 

.10 

.05 

.30 

.35 

.30 

.10 

.50 

.18 

.05 

.05 

.35 

.32 


June  9 


11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

14 
14 
14 
14 


2 cucumbers 

1 melon 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

Candy 

l.\  lbs.  beef 

2'’lbs.  frankfurters 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage... 

1 lb.  butter 

2 lbs.  pork 

1^  lbs.  side  pork 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

2 lbs.  sugar 

3 lbs.  beef 

Cucumbers 

3 cans  corn 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

Lemon 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 pk.  potatoes 

2 lbs.  sugar 

2 lbs.  sausage 

^ lb.  butter 

4 lbs.  sugar 

Candy 

2 lbs.  beef 

2\  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  Berlin  sausage . 

2 lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  butter 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 lb. cakes 

Candy 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  coffee  essence., 
4 lbs.  sugar 


Cost. 


$0. 


10 

10 

05 

05 

,19 

,20 

,23 

.30 

.30 

.27 

.10 

.14 

.45 

.10 

.30 

.05 

.05 

.17 

.35 

.14 

.20 

.14 

.25 

.01 

.28 

.35 

.30 

.32 

.30 

.25 

.15 

.01 

.08 

.16 

.17 

.05 

.25 


15 

1 K 

• io 

lo 

15 

.10 

1 DX.  L)a-Klil&  

.20 

15 

15 

.23 

^ ID.  0611111  

.10 

16 

1 A 

Z pKgo. 

.37 

Id 

1 3 I'Kc  VtOPATI 

.35  ! 

16 

1 A 

.30  1 

lb 

.32 

lb 

.24 

16 

1 Q 

Z IDS.  

1.00 

lo 

1 Q 

.10 

lo 

.05 

18 

.28 

19 

19 

i IDS.  CdDUdfeo.  . . - - 

.10 

Z (jts.  navy  

.30 

19 

Cucumbers 

.53 

19 

19 

6n  IDS.  

.43 

Zx  IDS.  061 111-1  OdUOd^C/ 

.18 

19 

IDb.  

.40 

19 

01 

4.00i 

Zi 

•15 

21 

01 

.10' 

Zi 

00 

.50 

zz 

0 IDb.  bUgdi  

.05 

22 

00 

.10 

zz 

.13: 

22 

i^aDDagti 

.25i 

23 

00 

.10! 

Z3 

.10 

16 

23 

23 

.05 

4 ID.  X Ollbll  bdUbdgC 

.05 

1 Q t.  nav y ucduo. 

.10 

23 

00 

1 can  i/Oxiidtuco. 

.10 

Zo 

OQ 

.05 

Zo 

.45 

23 

07 

Berlin  sausage 

ll 

Tl 

27 

I J IDS.  caDDdge- 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


391 


lBle  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families^  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

SO,  1909 — Continued. 

•LISH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


>ate. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

le  27 

3i  lbs.  beef 

$0.54 

June  29 

27 

^ lbs.  beef 

.52 

29 

27 

4 lbs.  veal 

.60 

29 

27 

1^  lbs.  bacon 

.25 

30 

28 

2^  lbs.  beef 

.25 

30 

28 

Pepper 

.15 

28 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 lb.  coffee 

$0.17 

.05 

.55 

.05 

.40 

Candy 

5 lbs.  beef 

1 bx.  Gold  Dust 

1 pk.  potatoes 

Total 

122.  40 

LISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

lis  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  eight  cliildren— two  sons,  6 months  and  6 years  of  age,  and 
)ur  daughters,  2,  4,  8,  and  10  years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (leveler),  and  his  earnings 
uring  the  above  period  were  $199.40.] 


ate. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

r.  1 

9 yds.  gingham 

$0.81 

Apr.  9 

1 lb.  fish 

$0. 10 

1 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

10 

1 pk  corn 

. 25 

1 

50  lbs.  flour 

1.80 

10 

1 can  kra.nt 

. 10 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

10 

(b’gars 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

10 

1 hx.  matches 

. uo 

1 

1 pk.  corn 

.25 

10 

Candy 

. uo 
0^1 

1 

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

10 

1 pt  milk 

1 

2 lbs.  barley 

.10 

10 

Ft  lbs  veal 

• uo 

on 

1 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

10 

31  lbs  beef 

. 42 

1 

1 bx  coffee  essence 

.10 

12 

2.5  lbs  Union  flour 

QO 

1 

1 cake  yeast 

.05 

12 

Candy 

. yu 

1 

3 cans  milk 

.15 

12 

1 1 lbs  pork 

• uo 
91 

1 

1 jar  mustard 

.10 

12 

2 lbs.  pork 

, 28 

1 

2 lbs.  lard 

.30 

12 

2 lbs  Polish  sansa.ge 

9fl 

1 

^ lb.  ham 

.08 

12 

1 lb.  ham 

• AXJ 
. 16 

1 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

12 

2 lbs  holovna 

20 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

12 

2 Ihs.  beef 

22 

1 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

12 

1 cake  soap 

1 

1 lb.  lard 

.15 

13 

2 lbs  beef 

. uo 

2 

Cigars 

.05 

13 

2 Ills  T^nlisli  siinsfl.pp 

• 

on 

2 

Candy 

.05 

15 

11  lbs  beef 

♦ zu 

91 

2 

i yd.  gingham 

.05 

16 

.50  lbs  flour 

. Z1 

1 Rn 

2 

1 lb.  lamb 

.15 

16 

16  Ib.s  snyar 

X.  OU 

1 on 

2 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

16 

2 1 bs  CO  flee 

X.  uu 
OA 

2 

3 lbs.  beef 

.33 

16 

1 pk  corn 

• 

9C 

3 

9^  lbs.  beef 

1.38 

16 

1 bn  pota.toe.s 

. zo 

3 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

16 

1 bx  veast 

• 00 

3 

2^  lbs.  bolo|:na 

.23 

16 

1 qt  navy  beans 

. uo 
. 12 

3 

2 lbs.  pudding 

.20 

16 

.5  ca.kes  soap 

5 

1 bt.  castor  oil 

.10 

16 

1 bx  baking  powder 

• zo 

5 

1 bx.  macaroni 

.10 

16 

1 bx.  apples 

. uo 
in 

5 

Candy 

.02 

16 

.3  cans  milk 

. XU 

1 ^ 

5 

2 lbs.  H.  cheese 

.20 

16 

1 lb  beans 

• xo 
in 

6 

1 can  milk 

.05 

16 

Ills  Poli.sh  sji.nsa.pp. 

. XU 

6 

1§  lbs.  onions 

.05 

16 

1 lb  lard 

. zo 

1 ^ 

6 

2\  lbs.  bologna 

.23 

16 

1 lb.  ham 

• xo 
. 15 

7 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

16 

1 lb  bologna. 

in 

7 

2 yds.  calico 

.14 

16 

2 lbs.  lard 

. XU 

. 30 

7 

1 bx.  raisins 

.10 

16 

2 lbs  beef 

*^9 

7 

1 lb.  apple  butter 

.10 

16 

21  lbs  Polish  sausage 

• oZ 
9p; 

7 

1 lb. sugar 

.07 

16 

1 lb  lard 

• zo 

1 p; 

7 

i lb.  pepper 

.05 

16 

1 lb  ham 

• xo 

1 ^ 

7 

2 lbs.  lard 

.30 

16 

1 lb  bologna 

• iO 

1 n 

7 

1 pr.  shoes 

.55 

16 

2 lbs  lard 

• XU 

on 

7 

do 

1.20 

16 

2 lli.s  lippf 

. oU 

oo 

7 

do 

1.25 

17 

/I  Ills  Pnlisli  spiisficfp 

• oz 
on 

7 

1.25 

■ 17 

9?  lbs  ham 

. oU 

1 no 

7 

lOJ  lbs.  ham 

1.17 

17 

2 lbs.  Polish  sa.nsage 

X.  Uo 
on 

7 

11b.  lard 

.15 

17 

1 lb  lard 

. zu 

7 

2 lbs.  beef 

.26 

17 

54  lbs  beef 

. xo 

70 

< 8 

1 pr.  hose 

.15 

17 

1 pr.  shoes 

. iZ 

9 nn 

8 

1 collar 

.05 

17 

Ills.  Polisli  saiiSRg[p. 

z.  uu 
on 

8 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

17 

.5  lbs.  2 07..  beef 

• ou 
79 

8 

1 bx.  apples 

.10 

17 

9 lbs.  ham 

• « z 

1 nR 

8 

J lb.  butter 

.20 

17 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

X.  Uo 
.20 

392 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216  —Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  Apnl  1 to  June 

30,  196>9— Continued. 


POLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  J OR  J 00 D,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


May 


28 

29 

29 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 
4 
4 

4 

5 


1 lb.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

50  lbs.  flour 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1 pk.  com 

5 cakes  soap 

2 cakes  soap 

2 boxes  apples 

2 lbs.  raisins 

1 qt.  beans 

J bu.  potatoes 

3 cans  milk 

1 lb.  rice 

2 spools  thread 

Jgal.  oil..... 

1 stove  polish 

1 shoe  polish 

4 stogies 

2 yds.  calico 

6 yds.  calico 

5 ibs.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

1 lb.  ham.... 

2 lbs.  lard 

3 lbs.  bologna 

2 lbs.  frankfurters — 

2 lbs.  Berlin  sausage . 
1 lb.  Polish  sausage.. 

1 lb.  lard 

1 lb.  side 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage. . 
1 lb.  Polish  sausage.. 

3 lbs.  liver 

1 tongue 

1 heart 

2 lbs.  beef 

I lb.  bologna 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  17 

lib.  lard 

$0.15 

.16 

.30 

.20 

.14 

.15 

.34 

.32 

.20 

OO 

lime  Lnlnvna  

.15 

0*1 

1 IK  Kfim 

.15 

Jo 

o me  frcinVfnrters 

.25 

23 

OA 

c iVk«:  Kppf  

1.14 

OA 

1 IK  Knlnpnft. 

.10 

OA 

.28 

OA 

0 me  Vinlnpna  

.20 

OA 

fi  IKc  ft  n?  bpftf 

1.14 

OA 

.20 

94 

Z 1 Do.  UUlugiia- 

.15 

OA 

2 lbs  frankfurters 

.25 

J4 

OA 

1 nolro 

.05 

J4 

OA 

.12 

^4 

94 

Mill.'  

.05 

94 

.05 

OA 

.05 

OA 

.10 

J*± 

9ft 

9 1K<5  Ifird  - 

.32 

ZO 

9fi 

1 lb.  h&rn. - 

.15 

ZO 

Oft 

1 1 me  Imlofma  

.13 

ZO 

OA 

lUO* 

.25 

ZO 

Oft 

4 1 Do.  oUft<ai 

1 lb.  onions.. 

.05 

ZO 

Oft 

1 lb.  coffoB 

.17 

ZO 

Oft 



.05 

ZO 

Oft 

1 Irkcif  Krpfirl 

.05 

ZO 

9fi 

Csindy.  

.01 

ZO 

07 

.20 

• Zf 

27 

07 

3 lbs.  liver 

o me  'hnlnvna  . 

.21 

.20 

Z/ 

Z lUo.  UUlugxAa- 

.20 

May  5 


.18 

.16 

.25 

1.90 

1.00 

.25 

.25 

.10 

.24 

.10 

.12 

.70 

.15 

.09 

.10 


.05 

.15 

.05 

.14 

.42 

.60 

.16 

.15 

.32 

.30 

.25 

.32 

.10 

.16 

.15 

.16 

.10 

.21 

.20 

.20 

.26 

.10 


Article. 


6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8 
8 
8 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

14 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 
19 

19 

20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
22 
24 

24 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 

25 

26 
26 
26 
26 
27 


1 lb.  lard 

2 lbs.  lard 

1 lb.  ham 

1^  lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  ham 

2 lbs.  ham 

2 lbs.  bologna 

4 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  ham 

2 lbs.  bologna 

1 lb. side 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage . . 

1 lb.  lard 

2 lbs.  beef 

11  lbs.  Polish  sausage . 

3*lbs.  beef 

IJ  lbs.  ham 

2 lbs.  liver — 

2 tongues 

1 lb.  lard 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

2 lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage.. 
25  lbs.  flour 

1 bx.  coffee  essence.. 

2 lbs.  coffee 

2 cans  milk 

1 sack  salt 

1 lb.  apple  butter.... 

ilb.  pepper..  

1 glass  mustard 

1 bx.  matches 

1 bx.  yeast 

Candy  

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 bmsh 

1 doz.  pickles.  .....-■ 

2 lbs.  liver 

1 lb.  ham. 

2 lbs.  liver. 

2 lbs.  lard 

4 lbs.  beef.. 

1 lb.  ham 

do. 

1 lb.  onions. 

1 doz.  pickles. 

2 lbs.  lard. 

2 lbs.  bologna. 

3 lbs.  beef. 

11b.  side  pork. 

2 lbs.  bologna. 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage. 
Stogies . 

1 doz.  cakes. 

Candy. 

1 lb.  cheese. 

1 lb.  fish. 

2 bottles  pop. 

Candy. 

2 lbs.  beef. 

1 lb.  lard . 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage. 
IJ  lbs.  bologna. 

1 lb.  beef. 

1 lb.  lard . 
n lbs.  bologna. 

1 lb.  beef. 

do. 

1 tongue 

3|  lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  beef 

2 lbs.  frankfurters. 

25  lbs.  flour 

4 stogies 

2 lbs.  beef. 


Cost. 


$0. 


16  H 
32  ’ 
15 
23 
15 


.20 
.51 
.58 
.30  ii 
.20 
.17 
.20 
.16 
.34 
.15 
.43 
.23 
.14 
.40 
.16 
.45 
.16 
.30 
.10 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


393 


'able  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

OLISH;  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVIN  G— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

;ay  27 

2 lbs.  bologna 

$0.  20 

4 Ihs.  Polish  sn.nsa.p’p 

$0. 40 

29 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.35 

12 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

29 

1 pk.  corn 

.30 

14 

1 lb. lard 

. 16 

29 

2 lbs.  beef 

.32 

14 

2 lbs.  ha.m 

. 30 

29 

31  lbs.  veal 

.66 

14 

1 Ih.  sansa.gp 

. 16 

29 

2i  lbs.  ham 

.34 

14 

1 lb. lard 

. 16 

29 

2lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

14 

1 lb.  ham. . 

! 15 

31 

2 lbs.  beef 

.34 

14 

3 lbs.  beef 

. 48 

31 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

16 

.'iO  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.  00 

me  1 

50  lbs.  Union  flour" 

1.90 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1. 00 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

16 

1 pk.  eorn 

. 30 

1 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

16 

.3  lbs.  coffee 

. 51 

1 

1 pk.  corn 

.30 

16 

1 qt.  beans 

! 12 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

.70 

16 

1 lb.  rice. . . . 

.09 

1 

1 lb.  barley 

.05 

16 

3 cans  milk. 

. 15 

1 

3 lbs.  raisins 

.25 

16 

5 cakes  soap . . 

.25 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

16 

2 cakes  soap 

. 10 

1 

1 bx.  apples 

.12 

16 

2 lbs.  starch 

. 10 

1 

1 can.  tomatoes 

.10 

16 

1 lb.  lard 

. 16 

1 

3 cans  milk 

.15 

16 

1 can  sirup 

. 12 

1 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

16 

1 bx.  zig  zag. . 

.05 

1 

1 bx.  yeasL 

.05 

16 

1 loaf  bread. 

.05 

1 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

16 

1 glass  mustard 

. 10 

1 

1 blind 

.25 

16 

4 stogies . . 

.05 

1 

1 lb.  apple  butter 

.10 

16 

2 boxes  crackers 

. 10 

1 

2 lbs.  beef 

.34 

16 

2 lbs.  frankfurters 

. 26 

1 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

16 

3 lbs.  lard 

^48 

1 

1|  lbs.  bologna 

.18 

16 

71  lbs.  ham . 

.90 

1 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

17 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

1 

15  yds.  calico 

1.05 

18 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 

7 yds.  calico 

.49 

18 

2 lbs.  liver 

.16 

1 

1 yd.  canton  flannel 

.10 

19 

3 lbs.  ham  . 

.45 

, 2 

1 lb.  fish 

.10 

19 

.3  lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.30 

' 2 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

19 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

2 

1 bx.  macaroni 

.12 

19 

.3  lbs.  beef 

.48 

' 2 

4 stogies 

.05 

19 

1 lb.  cakes.. 

.05 

3 

2 lbs.  8 oz.  Polish  sausage 

.25 

19 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

3 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

19 

4 stogies . . 

.05 

3 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

21 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage . . 

.20 

1 can  milk 

.05 

21 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

' 3 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

22 

2 yds.  gingham 

. 12 

i 3 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

22 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

3 

4 stogies 

.05 

22 

1 lb.  barley. 

.05 

3 

Candy 

.03 

22 

1 pk.  corn 

.30 

4 

IJ  lbs  beef 

.21 

22 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage ...  . 

.30 

4 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

22 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

5 

1 shirt 

.50 

22 

1 lb.  beef 

.10 

5 

^ gal.  oil 

.08 

22 

2 lbs.  beef 

.20 

5 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

.10 

22 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

5 

1 bx.  baking  powder 

.05 

22 

2 lbs.  lard 

.34 

5 

1 can  milk 

.05 

23 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.30 

5 

3 lbs.  beef 

. 48 

24 

3 lbs.  ham . 

.45 

5 

2 lbs.  ham 

.30 

24 

1 pr.  overalls. 

.50 

5 

4 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.40 

24 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

5 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

24 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

5 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

25 

J lb.  butter 

.17 

7 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.25 

25 

.3  lbs.  ham . . 

.45 

7 

3 lbs.  ham 

.45 

25 

1 lb.  lard 

.17 

8 

2 lbs.  liver 

.16 

26 

1^  lbs.  beef 

.23 

8 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

26 

2 lbs.  Polish  san.sage 

.20 

8 

1 ox  tail 

.10 

26 

4A  lbs.  beef. . 

.63 

8 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.30 

26 

2 lbs.  ham . . 

.34 

8 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

26 

2]  lbs.  bologna 

.23 

9 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

26 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

9 

1 lb.  ham 

.15 

26 

1 lb.  lard 

. 17 

10 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

28 

1 lb.  bacon 

.20 

10 

IHbs.  beef 

.21 

28 

1 lb.  lard 

.17 

10 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

29 

2h  lbs.  Berlin  sausage 

.40 

10 

3 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.30 

29 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage. 

. 16 

12 

lbs.  beef 

.21 

30 

2 lbs.  beef 

.30 

12 

1 lb.  ham 

. 15 

12 

1 lb.  Polish  sausage 

.10 

Total 

109. 99 

12 

3 lbs.  beef 

.48 

1 


394 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  216.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


POLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITUR^^^^^OR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife  and  two  daughters,  4 and  2 years  of  age.  Husband  only  was 
^ employed  (pick  miner),  and  his  earnings  durmg  the  above  period  were  $136.95.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

$0.05 

Apr.  24 

.25 

24 

.30 

24 

1 

.08 

24 

.05 

26 

1 

.10 

26 

.43 

26 

.25 

26 

.20 

27 

.25 

27 

.02 

29 

.15 

29 

.15 

29 

.10 

29 

.50 

29 

3 

.08 

29 

.05 

29 

.15 

29 

.38 

May  1 

.02 

1 

.42 

3 

.08 

4 

.05 

4 

.20 

4 

.11 

4 

7 

50  lbs  Union  flour 

1.80 

4 

8 

8 

Q 

3f  lbs  beef  

.42 

5 

2 lbs  bologna 

.20 

5 

0-1  IHc  "HpAf  

.41 

5 

O 

10 

^ lb . cakes 

.05 

5 

in 

1 r^6  tobfv'^^o  

.08 

6 

lU 

1 ^ 

5 lbs  

.67 

7 

lO 

1 Q 

25  lbs  TT^nion  flf'ur  

.90 

7 

io 

1 ^ 

1 bx  yeast  - 

.05 

7 

lo 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

1 gSil  oil  

.15 

7 

4 lbs  sugar  

.25 

7 

Candy  

.05 

7 

1 lb  bacon  

.14 

8 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

8 

Candy 

.03 

8 

1 ^ 

Oandy 

.05 

8 

lO 

13 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

1 f'lf  soap  

.05 

8 

lbs  bpf'i^  

.38 

8 

1 lb  bologna  

.15 

10 

1 lb  coffee  

.17 

10 

1 lb  cakes  

.10 

10 

Candy 

.02 

10 

15 

15 

16 
16 
19 
19 
19 
19 

19 

20 
20 
20 
20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
23 

23 

24 
24 
24 
24 

2 lbs  beef  

.32 

10 

2 lbs  pnrV  

.24 

10 

1 pkg  tobacco  . 

.08 

11 

Candy  

.02 

11 

1 lb  coffee  

.17 

11 

1 bx  coffee  essence  

.10 

11 

1 lb  cakes  

.20 

12 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

12 

Candy  

.02 

13 

1 lb  speck  sausage  

.14 

15 

I4  lbs  beef  

.20 

15 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

15 

Candy  

.02 

15 

2 lbs  bologna  

.20 

15 

2f  lbs  beef  

.39 

18 

1 lb  rice  

.09 

18 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

18 

Candy  

.05 

19 

2^  lbs.  beef 

.33 

19 

1 doz  bottles  

.90 

20 

Candy  

.05 

21 

2 lb  butter 

.19 

21 

2J  lbs.  beef  

.34 

21 

If  lbs.  bologna  

.20 

21 

4f  lbs.  pork 

3ilbs.  bacon 

.70 

.1  .59 

21 

21 

Article. 


1  lb.  coffee 

1  cake  soap  — 

3  stogies 

1 bx.  matches. . 

4i  lbs.  bologna. 

1 gal.  oil 

1 qt.  mustard . . 

Candy 

lbs.  beef 

Jdoz.eggs 

2|  lbs.  beef 

2*  lbs.  bologna. 

1 lb.  lard. 

3 boxes  crackers . 

1 lb.  onions 

Candy. 

7i  yds.  dry  goods. 


bs.  bologna. 

6i  lbs.  beef. 

1 broom. 

If  lbs.  bacon. 

2doz.  eggs. 

2 lbs.  lima  beans. 
Candy. 

4  lbs.  sugar. 

^ lbs.  bologna 

2  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  bologna 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

2 lbs.  bologna 

§ gal.  oil.... 

1 bx.  matches 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

1 lb.  rice 

Candy 

1 lb.  lard 

3|  lbs.  bologna 

6|  lbs.  beef 

1 pkg.  seed 

Candy 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

li  lbs.  bologna 

2 lbs.  beef 

Candy 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. 
1 gal.  oil 

3 balls  cotton 

2f  lbs.  beef 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 cake  soap 

I lb.  coffee 

If  lbs.  beef 

I I lbs.  bologna 

4|  lbs.  beef 

5  lbs.  beef 

5 lbs.  bologna. 


i gal.  machine  oil. 
25  lbs. 


Union  flour. 

Candy 

2 boxes  crackers . . . 

2 cakes  soap 

1 bx.  bluing 

1 lb.  bologna 

2|  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  bologna 

3 lbs.  bologna 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 pr.  hinges 


Cost. 


$0. 


.95 

.25 

.05 

.17 

.07 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


396 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hyrace  of  head  of  family , April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

POLISH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


May  21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
22 
24 
24 
24 
24 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 

June  1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 

3 

4 
4 
4 

4 

5 
5 
5 
7 
7 


Article. 

Cost. 

$0.05 

.16 

1.02 

.30 

.05 

.05 

.03 

.10 

.52 

.03 

.05 

.40 

6 lbs.  beef 

.98 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

1 ck. soap 

.05 

2 boxes  crackers 

.10 

Candy 

.02 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.90 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

4 Ihs  sugar  

.25 

Ihs  p.nffee  

.34 

1 gal  pna.l  oil . 

.15 

1 Ih  p.a.lrfts  . - . - 

.15 

2 lbs.  beef  

.32 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

4 cakes  soap 

.20 

2 lbs.  beef 

.30 

1|  lbs.  bacon 

.30 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

2 lbs.  cabbage 

.12 

§ gal.  machine  oil 

.40 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

Crackers 

.05 

2 qts.  beans 

.24 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

Candy 

.03 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

e. 

Article. 

Cost. 

8 

21  lbs.  beef 

$0.33 

.16 

8 

9 

1 lb.  lard  

2 doz.  eggs 

.54 

9 

2|  lbs.  beef 

.38 

9 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

9 

Candy  

.01 

9 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

12 

5 lbs.  bologna 

.30 

12 

1^  lbs.  bacon 

.27 

14 

Candy 

.01 

14 

1 bx.  matches 

.05 

16 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

16 

2 lbs.  pork 

.32 

16 

3 lbs.  lard 

.55 

16 

1 pr.  trousers 

1.50 

16 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.00 

16 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

16 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

16 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

17 

2f  lbs.  bologna 

.36 

17 

3 lbs.  beef 

.51 

17 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

19 

Candy 

.02 

23 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

23 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.00 

24 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

24 

If  lbs.  bologna 

.19 

24 

f bu.  corn 

.30 

24 

Candy 

.02 

28 

2^  lbs.  pork 

.42 

28 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

28 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

28 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

28 

If  lbs.  bologna 

.18 

29 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

29 

\ lb.  cakes 

.05 

30 

1 bx.  matches 

.05 

30 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

30 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

Total 

57.30 

SCOTCH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  seven  children — one  son  13  years  of  age,  and  six  daughters,  21, 
19, 16, 10, 4,  and  § years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (pumper),  and  his  earnings  during 
the  above  period  were  $203.87.] 


1 Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

50  lbs.  Union  flour ... 

$1.80 

Apr.  1 

1 pr.  suspenders 

$0. 15 

1 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1.10 

1 

f yd.  goods 

.05 

1 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

.40 

1 

1 bx.  catsup 

.15 

1 

4 lbs.  coffee 

.88 

1 

1 can  sirup 

. 12 

1 

f lb.  tea 

.30 

1 

1 pr.  pants 

1.00 

1 

2 sacks  salt 

.10 

1 

6 lbs.  beef 

.74 

1 

1 broom 

.35 

1 

4 lbs.  pork.. 

.60 

1 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.25 

1 

Bacon . . 

.70 

1 

4 qts.  lima  beans 

.50 

8 

Pork 

.87 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

8 

Ah  lbs.  beef 

.54 

j 

2 cans  corn 

.20 

12 

Beef.. 

.41 

1 

1 ham 

1.37 

12 

Bacon . 

.60 

1 

2 lbs.  macaroni 

.20 

16 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.60 

1 

2f  lbs.  cheese 

.45 

16 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1.25 

1 

1 bx.  bluing 

.05 

16 

4 lbs.  coffee 

.88 

1 

4 blinds 

1.00 

16 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

.40 

,1 

4 spools  thread 

.20 

16 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

|1 

1 pr.  shoes 

1.50 

16 

f lb.  tea 

.30 

1 pr.  hose 

.10 

16 

1 bx.  baking  powder 

.10 

ll 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

16 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.25 

1 jar  preserves 

.30 

16 

4 qts.  lima  beans 

.50 

396 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  2\&.—Ex'penditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  Ai 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

SCOTCH*  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  [0 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


Apr.  16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
17 
17 
24 
24 
27 
27 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


May 


Article. 


Rice 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cans  corn 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

2 bts.  catsup 

1 bx.  currants 

1 bx.  raisins 

1 can  sirup 

1 iar  preserves 

1 bx.  enameline 

1 lb.  crackers 

2 lbs.  macaroni 

2 lbs.  cheese 

1 ham 

8 yds.  gingham 

1 pr.  shoes 

2 prs.  hose 

1 pr.  pants 

1 cap 

1 pkg.  hair  pins 

2 spools  thread 

Buns 

Cakes 

1 lb.  butter 

1 bx.  crackers 

Jamaica  ginger 

Candy 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

5 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  pork 

3^  lbs.  beef 

5 lbs.  pork 

2 lbs.  pork 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 bu.  potatoes 

50  lbs.  Union  flour — 

8 lbs.  sugar 

4 lbs.  coffee 

J lb.  tea 

4 pkgs.  tobacco 

4 cans  tomatoes 

4 cans  corn 

5 qts.  lima  beans 

2 boxes  apples 

2^  lbs.  prunes 

1 bx.  baking  powder 

1 can  sirup 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 bx.  currants 

1 bx.  raisins 

1 bx.  breakfast  food  . 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

1 pr.  overalls 

1 blouse 

1 cap 

1 wrapper 

4 yds.  gingham 

4 yds.  calico 

2 yds.  gunny  cloth... 

1 waist 

2|  lbs.  cheese 

1 bx.  Corn  flakes 

4 cakes  t.oap 

1 pr.  shoes 

8 lbs.  pork 

4i  lbs.  beef 

51  lbs.  beef 

4 lbs.  bam 

5 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  bacon 

2 lbs.  beef 

6 lbs.  beef 

3 pieces  braid 

3 yds.  goods. 

7 yds.  gingham 

1 ib.  butter 

1 doz.  buns 


Cost. 


$0.25 
.20 
.20 
.27 
.30 
.13 
.10 
.12 
.30 
.05 
.10 
.20 
.53 
2.25 
.56 
1.75 
.25 
.50 
.25 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.38 
.10 
.25 
.02 
.08 
.70 
.51 
.38 
.90 
.30 
.48 
1.35 
1.90 
.50 
.88 
.30 
.32 
.40 
.40 
.50 
.24 
.25 
.10 
.12 
.25 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.12 
.50 
.50 
.50 
1.00 
.50 
.24 
.20 
.50 
.40 
.10 
.20 
2.  25 
1. 68 
.54 
.57 
.60 
.90 
.51 
.32 
1.00 
.15 
.30 


Date. 


May  16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 


June 


Article. 


1 basket 

2 doz.  eggs 

1 bu.  potatoes 

50  lbs.  Union  flour. 
16  lbs.  sugar 

4 lbs.  coflee 

^ lb.  tea 

5 cakes  soap 

6 cans  corn 

4 cans  tomatoes 

2^  lbs.  prunes 

2 lbs.  crackers 

1 sack  salt 

3 boxes  raisins 

1 can  sirup 

1 bx.  Corn  flakes  . . 
1 bx.  shoe  polish. . . 

5 yds.  goods 

8 yds.  goods 


.37 

.10 


7 lbs.  pork. 

2 Ibs.^ork. 

i ham. 

4^  lbs.  bacon. 

1 lb.  butter. 

1 ham. 

1 clothes  line. 

1 sack  salt . 

2 lbs.  cheese. 

1 pk.  potatoes . 

1 pineapple. 

2 lbs.  crackers. 

1 cocoanut 

4 lemons 

2 prs.  drawers 

5 yds.  shirting 

3 yds.  gingham 

1 shirt 

1 paper  pins 

2 vests 

3.V  yds.  gingham... 

2 doz.  eggs 

75  lbs.  Union  flour. 

5 lbs.  cabbage 

16  lbs.  sugar 


Cost. 


$0.05 

.54 

1.35 

1.90 

1.00 

.68 

.30 

.25 

.50 

.40 

.25 

.20 

.05 

.25 

.12 

.10 

.10 

.50 


9^^  lbs.  pork 

6 lbs.  beef 

1.42 
.96  1 

3 lbs.  bacon 

.58 

1\  lbs.  pork 

1.07  ■ 

75  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.85  [ 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50  f 

4 lbs.  coffee. 

.80 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

.40 

J lb.  tea 

.30  1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25  1 

1 ck.  soap. . . 

.05  1 

3 lbs.  prunes 

.54  i 

5i  lbs.  lima  beans 

.50  i 

6|  lbs.  navy  beans 

.50  : 

2 cans  peas 

.24 

4 cans  tomatoes 

.40  i 

1 can  molasses 

.15  ' 

.3  lbs.  raisins . 

.25 

1 bt.  catsup 

.25  ; 

2 doz.  buns 

.20 

2^  lbs.  rice 

.25 

3 lbs.  butter 

1.07 

1 door 

2.00 

fi  screens  . 

1.50 

1 pr.  shoes  

1.75  ' 

1 pr.  hinges 

.10  ; 

2 lbs.  beef  

.32 

6 lbs.  bacon.  . 

1.21 

3 lbs.  ham 

,60 

i 7 lbs.  beef 

.96 

1 41  lbs.  bacon 

.98 

1. 15 
.34 
.34 
1.93 
.45 
..32 
1.85 
.25 
.05 
.40 
.60 
.15 
.20 
.10 
.10 
.50 
.50 
.38 
.50 
.08 
.20 
.28 
.54 

3.00 
.25 

1.00 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


397 


ABLE  216.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hyrace  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 
30,  1909 — Continued. 

)OTCH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LI  V I N G— Con  tinned . 


Llate. 

Article. 

Cost. 

ne  16 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

$0. 40 
. 80 

16 

4 lbs.  cofl’ee 

16 

1 lb.  tea 

.60 

.40 

.24 

.12 

.15 

.25 

.50 

.25 

16 

4 cans  tomatoes 

16 

2 cans  corn 

16 

1 can  sirup 

16 

1 can  molasses 

16 

2f  lbs.  rice 

16 

lbs.  lima  beans 

16 

5 cakes  soap 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  16 

1 can  baking  powder 

$0. 10 

16 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

16 

2 pkgs.  macaroni 

.20 

16 

3 lbs.  starch 

. 15 

. 16 

2^  doz.  clothes  pins 

.08 

26 

5 lbs.  Caliy  ham 

.70 

27 

4 lbs.  ham 

.60 

28 

3 lbs.  beef 

.42 

Total 

114.  82 

OTCH:  FAMILY  NO.  2. 


EXPENDITURES  FOR 
LIVING. 


FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 


ds  family  consisted  of  husb^d,  wife,  and  five  children— one  son  11  years  of  age,  and  four  daughters 

Ll’boVfp"  S-.98?'  eSgs“luri?g 


•ate. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

r.  1 

I lb.  beef 

$0. 10 
.22 
.13 
.15 
.24 
.05 
.20 
.25 
.30 
.10 
.10 
.25 
.05 
.05 
.20 
.30 
.90 
.50 
22 

A 1 A 

1 

I doz.  eggs 

, iO 
1 fi 

1 

1 lb.  raisins 

lO 

1 

1 pr.  hose 

lO 
1 A 

2 

2 qts.  onions 

10 
1 7 

2 

1 spool  thread 

i 1 

17 

17 

17 

2 

1 doz.  bananas 

2 

2 lbs.  nuts 

2 

Sweet  potatoes 

1 / 
17 
17 

17 

2 

1 bx.  Corn  Flakes 

2 

Lettuce 

2 

2f  lbs.  rice 

1 1 

1 7 

2 

Radishes 

1 / 

1 7 

2 

Candy 

1 1 

1 7 

2 

1 lb.  cheese 

1 i 

1 7 

2 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 4 

1 7 

5 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 # 
17 
0(\ 

5 

8 lbs.  sugar 

5 

1 doz.  eggs 

on 

5 

6 cakes  soap 

!25 
.15 
.18 
.10 
.34 
. 90 

99 

7 

lib.  lard 

99 

7 

h pk.  potatoes 

9^ 

7 

1 bx.  Corn  Flakes 

23 

9^ 

7 

2J  yds.  goods 

9 

4 flowers 

OQ 

9 

f lb.  beef 

!io 

.23 
.45 
.20 
.05 
.15 
.10 
.18 
.10 
.69 
.09 
.12 
.25 
.10 
.50 
.10 
.23 
.12 
.22 
. 08 

9^ 

9 

1 doz.  eggs 

9 

Oysters 

9‘^ 

9 

1 lb.  ham 

90 

9 

i doz.  pickles 

91 

9 

11b.  lard 

91 

9 

1 lb. cakes 

91 

9 

^ pk.  potatoes 

91 

9 

1 lb.  meat 

91 

9 

3 doz.  eggs 

91 

9 

1 lb.  lettuce 

91 

9 

1 can  corn 

91 

9 

3|  lbs.  lima  beans 

91 

9 

1 lb.  rice 

91 

10 

8 lbs.  sugar 

9A 

10 

2 cakes  soap 

9fi 

12 

1 doz.  eggs 

9A 

12 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

9fi 

13 

1 lb.  coffee 

ZD 

00 

13 

h lb.  beef 

Zo 

OQ 

14 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. . 

!90 
.10 
. 20 

Zo 

955 

14 

2 lbs.  starch 

Zo 

OQ 

14 

1 pail 

Zo 

OQ 

14 

1 sack  salt 

. 05 

Zo 

OQ 

14 

14 

1 doz.  eggs 

2^  yds.  gingham 

!23 

.31 

.14 

Zo 

28 

16 

fib.  beef... 

1 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 pk.  potatoes 

$0.35 
.13 
.13 
.19 
.10 
.18 
.50 
.25 
.25 
.10 
.15 
.09 
.10 
1.25 
.22 
.25 
.25 
.05 
.12 
.05 
.35 
.25 
.50 
.25 
.95, 
.10 
.10 
.13  i 

.10! 

.35! 

.10  i 
.20i 
.30 
.12 
.25 
.12 
.10 
.10 
.05 
.18 
.50 
.10 
.05 
.26 
.10 
.10 
.20' 
.12 
.10 
.10 
.25 
.10 

1 pk.  oats 

1 Ib.  raisins 

f lb.  ham 

J lb.  beef 

IJ  lbs.  lard 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 doz.  eggs 

1|  lbs.  beef 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 lb.  beef 

\ lb. lettuce 

1 brush 

1 pr.  shoes 

H lbs.  bacon 

1 doz.  eggs 

31  lbs.  lima  beans 

1 bx.  bluing 

1 bx.  rolled  oats . . . 

i lb.  beef 

1 broom 

2 lbs.  13  oz.  rice 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 doz. eggs 

25  lbs.  Union  flour. . . 

1 Puddine 

1 bx.  bird  seed 

1 lb.  raisins 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

1 pk.  potatoes 

ilb.beef 

1 lb.  cheese 

2 lbs.  beef • 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

5 cakes  soap 

1 can  corn 

2 cakes  soap 

1 bx.  macaroni 

Candy 

1 bt.  balm 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 paper  pins 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 lb.  beef 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

2 spools  thread 

1 yd.  elastic 

If  lbs.  beef 

1 can  com 

398 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 

•f 

Table  216  —Expenditures  in  typical  families^  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  4 

30,  1909— Continued. 

SCOTCH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING — Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

May  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

J pk.  potatoes 

Matches 

Cabbage 

Lima  beans 

$0. 10 
.18 
.05 
.09 
.25 
.24 

.50 

.10 

.25 

.10 

.95 

.50 

.12 

.35 

.10 

.12 

.25 

.18 

.13 

.18 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.16 

.25 

.12 

.14 

.10 

8 

g 

1^  ibs  beef  

.25 

1 can  corn ....... 

.12 

g 

1 C&D  tOTTlf^tO^^^  - 

.10 

g 

J lb  lett'i'^f'  

.10 

10 

5 lbs.  starch 

.25 

10 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

12 

12 

J lb  beef  

.12 

Onions 

.10 

13 

13 

25  lbs  Union  flour 

.95 

1 can  tomatoes  

.10 

1 bx  

.12 

lo 

13 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
19 
19 
19 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 

1 Pud'^iin^  

.10 

1 pk  potatoes  

.35 

J lb.  beef. 

.05 

j pf  hinges  

,.15 

1 lb  coffe.e 

^20 

1 doz  eecs  

.14 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

2 qts  navy  beans 

.24 

1 bt  catsup  

.10 

1 bx  rolled  oats 

.12 

.50 

J lb  bae^ii  

.10 

8 lbs  

.50 

6 cakes  soap  

.25 

1 can  corn 

.12 

2 lbs  beef  

.30 

1 eon  S'enp  

.13 

3J  lbs  beans 

.25 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

Candy 

.03 

J lb  beet  

.05 

1 bx  paper  

.10 

1 Puddine 

.10 

1 lb  

.13 

1 bx  rolled  oats 

.12 

1 qt  beans  

.12 

2 noz  buttons  

.24 

Jib  beef 

.09 

8 lbs  sugar  

.50 

' 25  lbs  Union  flour 

.95 

1 1 bt  vanilla 

.10 

[ 1 J lbs  veal  

.25 

! 2 spools  thread 

.10 

! 1 pk.  potatoes 

.35 

! Berries 

.16 

5 Fraekers  

.05 

5 1 lb.  lettuce 

.25 

} 1 2 cakes  soap 

.10 

Date. 


Article. 


Cost. 


May  22 
22 
22 
24 

24 

25 

26 
26 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 
29 

June  2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
5 
5 
.5 
r5 


Soda 

Candy 

1 lb.  veal 

1 bt.  catsup 

Jib.  beef 

Soda 

2J  lbs.  rice 

2 qts.  beans 

J lb.  bacon 

3 bunches  rhubarb... 

J lb.  beef 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

1 lb. lard 

1 lb.  raisins 

2 boxes  strawberries 

Potatoes 

Candy 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 jar  mustard 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

25  lbs.  Union  flour.. 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 sack  salt 

2 qts.  beans 

1 bt.  catsup 

\ lb.  beef 

1 lb.  bacon 

Starch 

3i lbs. lima  beans... 

2 spools  thread 

1 Puddine 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

2 boxes  berries 

IJ  lbs.  pork 

2 cakes  soap 

1 bx.  berries 

Candy 


$0.10 


.05 

.25 

.24 


.05 

.50 

.12 

.16 

.13 

.25 

.35 

.03 

.10 

.15 

.28 

.95 

.20 

.12 

.50 

.05 

.24 

.10 

.05 


.25 

.10 

.10 

.12 

.25 

.32 

.10 

.13 

.05 


5 

‘5 

7 

7 

7 

8 
9 
9 
9 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 


11 

11 

12 

12 

14 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

18 

18 

18 


Potatoes 

Fish 

25  lbs.  Union  flour . 

Matches 

11  yds.  shirting 

8 lbs.  sugar 

1 bt.  catsup 

\ lb.  beef 

Elastic 

1 yd.  elastic 

1 bx.  rolled  oats — 
1 lb.  lard 

1 Puddine 

2 boxes  berries 

1 can  corn 

1 paper  pins 

8 lbs.  sugar 

li  lbs.  beef 

IJlbs.  bacon 

2 qts.  navy  beans.. 

5 cakes  soap 

Jib.  beef 

I gal.  vinegar 

2J  Ibs.Tice 

1 lb.  cheese 

11b.  beef 

1 bx.  corn  flakes . . 

11b.  coffee 

Ipr.hose 

lean  com 

1 bx. puffed  rice. . 

Potatoes 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

IJlbs.  beef 

lib.  lard 

3J  lbs.  lima  beans - 
Jib.  beef 


• OU 

.25 

.95 


.10 

.05 

.03 

.10 

.12 

.16 

.10 

.25 

.12 

.05 

.5C 

.25 

.25 

.2^ 

.25 

.1C 

.It 

.25 

.2( 


.!( 

.2( 

.15 

.12 

.15 

.25 

1.0( 

.25 

.55 

.25 

.1] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


399 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

SCOTCH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  18 

Sugar 

$0.50 

Jime  23 

1 pkg.  fly  paper 

$0.05 

18 

3 melons 

.25 

23 

1 hv.  rnlle.fi  oats 

. 12 

18 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

23 

Starch. 

. 10 

19 

Beef 

.14 

25 

1 lb.  raisins 

. 13 

19 

2 qts.  beans 

.24 

25 

2.5  Ihs  Uninn  flnnr 

1. 00 

19 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

25 

1 6 Ihs.  sugar 

1.00 

19 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

26 

li  lbs.  beef 

. 25 

19 

1 can  com 

.12 

26 

4 cans  tom  a. toes 

. 10 

19 

Beef 

.15 

26 

i pk.  potatoes 

. 25 

19 

Candy 

.05 

26 

4 melons 

. 25 

19 

Potatoes 

.09 

26 

1 bx  crackers 

. 05 

19 

do 

.25 

26 

Candy. 

. 05 

19 

1 can  peas 

.12 

28 

1 bt.  catsup 

. 10 

19 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

.12 

28 

2 lemons.. 

. 05 

22 

n lbs.  beef 

.18 

29 

do 

. 05 

22 

Potatoes 

.25 

29 

1 bx.  rolled  oats 

. 12 

22 

2 spools  thread 

.10 

30 

I } lbs.  beef 

!20 

22 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

23 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

Total 

64.09 

23 

^ doz.  eggs 

.14 

SLOVAK;  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  two  boarders,  who  divided  cost  of  food  with  head  and  paid 
$3  a month  for  cooking,  washing,  and  lodging.  The  husband  was  employed  (leveler),  and  his  earn- 
ings during  the  above  period  were  $151.33.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  2 

1 paper  pins 

$0. 05 

Apr.  17 

4^-  Ib.a  pork 

$0.  73 

2 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.60 

17 

li  lbs.  beef 

.23 

2 

6 lbs.  coflee 

1.02 

17 

2 pkg.s  tobacco 

. 16 

2 

2 boxes  coffee  essence 

.10 

17 

1 heart- 

. 15 

2 

3 cakes  soap 

.15 

17 

2\  lbs.  beef 

.29 

2 

2 boxes  pepper 

.20 

20 

1 lb.  beef. 

. 14 

2 

4 lbs.  prunes 

.48 

20 

Ij^  lbs.  beef 

. 19 

2 

2 lbs.  barley 

.10 

20 

^ lb.  butter 

. 10 

2 

2 boxes  soapine 

.10 

20 

21  lbs.  beef 

. 35 

2 

1 jar  mustard 

.10 

21 

If  lbs.  beef 

. 24 

2 

2 lbs.  raisins 

.20 

22 

2 lbs.  beef 

. 21 

2 

Stogies 

.20 

22 

1 pork  hock 

. 05 

2 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

23 

do 

. 05 

2 

3 cans  tomatoes 

.30 

23 

2 lemons 

. 05 

2 

2 boxes  ev.  apples 

.24 

23 

1 pkg  tobacco 

. 08 

2 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

24 

24  lbs.  sugar 

1.  50 

2 

Stogies 

.15 

24 

6 lbs  coffee 

. 22 

. 3 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

24 

4 boxes  coffee  essence 

. 20 

3 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.60 

24 

3 cans  tomatoes 

. 30 

3 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

24 

2 bts  ca.tsnp 

. 20 

3 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

.40 

24 

1 bx  veast 

. 05 

3 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

24 

5 cakes  soap 

. 25 

3 

1 lb.  lard 

.15 

24 

1 lb  garlic 

. 15 

3 

10  lbs.  beef 

1.19 

24 

2 lbs  barley 

. 10 

3 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

24 

2 boxes  .soapine 

. 10 

5 

1 lb.  lard 

.13 

24 

2 lbs.  lintels 

. 20 

5 

1 lb.  pork 

.10 

24 

1 lb.  .starch 

. 05 

5 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

24 

1 pal  vinegar 

. 30 

5 

6 lbs.  beef 

.72 

24 

2j  lbs  beef 

. 37 

5 

2 lbs.  butter 

.71 

24 

2.1  lbs.  beef 

. 33 

7 

13^  lbs.  ham 

2.12 

24 

8§  lbs.  pork 

1. 25 

7 

2^  lbs.  bacon 

.43 

24 

2 lbs  beef 

. 32 

7 

3J  lbs.  beef 

.54 

24 

If  lbs  beef 

. 25 

8 

1^  lbs.  beef 

.22 

26 

2 lbs.  beef 

.30 

9 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.24 

26 

If  lbs.  beef 

. 26 

10 

5J  lbs.  beef 

.75 

26 

2\  lbs.  pork 

. 33 

12 

6§  lbs.  pork 

1.03 

26 

11  lbs.  pork 

. 23 

12 

21  lbs.  beef 

.35 

26 

4 vd.s  goods 

40 

13 

4 lbs.  beef 

.60 

27 

If  lbs  beef 

IQ 

14 

5J  lbs.  beef 

.78 

27 

1 lb.  beef 

. Ay 
. 16 

15 

100  lbs.  Union  flour 

3.60 

27 

1 lb.  g.arlic 

10 

17 

7i  lbs.  beef 

.98 

27 

1 pal  oil 

17 

lbs.  beef 

.35 

27 

2f  lbs.  beef 

. Uo 

.35 

400 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  216  — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909— Continued. 

SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Cont’d. 


Date. 


Apr. 


May 


Article. 


2 lbs.  beef 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

lbs.  beef 

do 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  bologna 

2 spools  thread 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  pork 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 lb.  bologna 

It  lbs.  beef 

ei  lbs.  pork 

2ii  lbs.  pork 

lbs.  beef 

2\  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs  beef 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

If  lbs.  beef 

lbs.  beef 

100  lbs.  Union  flour. . . 

16  lbs.  sugar 

5 lbs.  coffee 

2 boxes  coffee  essence. 

5 cakes  soap 

3 cans  tomatoes 

2 bts.  catsup 

3 lbs.  prunes 

3 ats.  nav^^  beans 

1 jar  mustard 

1 box  yeast 

10  lbs.  salt 

1 lb.  rice 

25  lbs.  rye  flour 

2h  lbs.  beef 

rib.  pork 

J gal.  oil 

1 lamp  wick 

1 lb.  ev.  apples 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb. lard 

2 pkgs.  seed 


8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
17 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 


t lb.  butter. 

1 lb.  pork. . 

1 lb.  veal. . . 

1 pkg.  tobacco. 

7 lbs.  pork 

8Hbs.  beef 

1 lb.  beef 

do. 

2 lbs.  beef. 

2 1 lbs.  beef. 

2i  lbs.  beef. 

— do 

4 lbs.  beef 

t lb.  beef 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

1 can  kraut 

1 can  milk 

2}  lbs.  beef 

2}  lbs.  beef 

i lb.  beef 

I doz.  pickles 

5 lbs.  beef 

1\  lbs.  pork 

1 lb.  bologna 

2 lbs.  pork 

2 lbs.  beef 

2h  lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  pork 

\ lb.  beef 

It  lbs.  beef 

5 pkgs.  tobacco 

i gal.  oil 

2\  lbs.  beef 

8 lbs.  sugar 

4 lbs.  coffee 

1 box  coffee  essence. 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


$0.30 

May  18 

.08  1 

18 

.32 

18 

.32 

18 

.28 

18 

.12 

18 

.10 

18 

.30 

18 

.10 

18 

.16 

18 

.13 

18 

.20 

18 

1.00 

18 

3.15 

18 

.68 

18 

.32 

18 

.25 

19 

.08 

19 

.24 

19 

.57 

19 

3.80 

19 

1.00 

19 

.85 

22 

.20 

22 

.25 

22 

.36 

22 

.20 

24 

.30 

24 

.36 

25 

.10 

25 

.05 

25 

.10 

26 

.09 

26 

.85 

26 

.38 

26 

.15 

27 

.08 

27 

.01 

27 

.12 

27 

..30 

27 

.16 

27 

.10 

28 

.19 

28 

.05 

28 

.16 

29 

.08 

29 

1.00 

29 

1.24 

31 

.15 

31 

.14 

31 

.31 

31 

.41 

June  1 

.31 

1 

.35 

1 

.59 

1 

.05 

1 

.08 

1 

.10 

1 

.15 

1 

.38 

1 

.35 

1 

.05 

1 

.05 

1 

.71 

1 

1.03 

1 

.15 

1 

.10 

1 

.28 

2 

.35 

2 

.15 

2 

.05 

3 

.23 

5 

.08 

5 

.08 

5 

.33 

7 

.50 

7 

.68 

7 

.10 

8 

1 lb.  barley 

2 bts.  catsup 

2 cans  tomatoes 

3 cakes  soap 

5 lbs.  salt 

2 boxes  soapine 

1 lb.  garlic 

1 qt.  mustard 

1 box  baking  powder. 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

1 box  apples 

1 box  currants 

4^  lbs.  shoulder 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

1 pkg.  tobacco. 


1 bt.  peppermint. 
1 bt.  bluing 


5\  lbs.  beef. 

2 lbs.  beef 

1*  lbs.  bologna 

1 lb.  beef 

1 lb.  liver 

1 can  kraut 

71  lbs.  beef 

6 lbs.  pork 

2h  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  beef 

16J  lbs.  pork 

I lbs.  lard 

1 lb.  beef 

4J  lbs.  beef 

i lb.  butter 

1 lb.  beef 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

4^  lbs.  beef 

2'i  lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  beef 

1 pkg.  seeds. 

1 lb.  rice 

3 yds.  muslin 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1 can  kraut 

IJ  lbs.  veal 

4 lbs.  beef 

10  lbs.  pork 

1 lb. lard 

1 heart 

2 lbs.  liver 

2 lbs.  beef 

3 lbs.  beef 

100  lbs.  Union  flour  . . 

16  lbs.  sugar 

6 lbs.  coffee 

3 pkgs.  coffee  essence. 

3 bts.  catsup 

2 cans  tomatoes 

2 cakes  soap 

2 boxes  soapine 

2 lbs.  lentils 

2 lbs.  prunes 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 jar  mustard 

2 lbs.  rice 

2 lbs.  barley 

4 lbs.  cabbage 

2i  lbs.  beef 

do 

2 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  bologna 

3J  lbs.  beef 


1 pkg.  tobacco. 


.lard 
81  lbs.  beef 

1 bt.  pop.. 

If  lbs.  beef 
do 

2 lbs.  beef. 


Cost. 


$0. 06 
.20 
.24 
.15 
.05 
.10 
.20 
.10 
.10 
.15 
.12 
.10 
..50 
.19 
.08 
.10 
.10 
.79 
.28 
.28 
.14 
.06 
.10 
1.08 
.83 
.40 
.30 
2.27 
.10 
.16 
.70 
.16 
.16 
.08 
.05 
.28 
.15 
.05 
.09 
.30 
.08 
.95 
.10 
.25 
.55 
1.24 
.16 
.15 
.12 
.30 
.44 
3.80 
1.00» 
1.02 
.30 
.30 
.24 
.25 
.10 
.16 
.20 
.05 
.10 
.18 
.12 
.20 
.37 
.34 
.33 
.10 


.08 

.17 


.02 

.25 


.30 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


401 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Cont’d. 


Date. 


June  8 
8 
8 
8 
9 
9 


9 

10 

10 

10 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

14 

14 

14 

14 

15 
15 

15 

16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

$0. 32 

June  16 

1 pkg.  coffee  essence 

$0. 10 

.13 

16 

1 nkg.  soapine 

.10 

. 10 

19 

3 cakes  soap 

.15 

. 16 

19 

2 boxes  pepper 

.20 

.36 

19 

2 lbs.  lentils 

.16 

.12 

19 

2 cans  tomatoes 

.20 

2|  lbs.  beef 

.47 

19 

2 bts.  catsup 

.20 

.22 

19 

6 lbs.  cabbage 

.24 

.10 

19 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

.01 

19 

1 lb.  barley 

.06 

.05 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 lb.  bpp.f- - 

.15 

21 

2 lbs.  beef 

.33 

2 lbs.  bppf 

.38 

22 

2J-  lbs.  beef 

.36 

1 lb.  bologna 

.12 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

.17 

Gandy  

.00 

23 

2|  lbs.  beef 

.38 

2i  lbs.  bppf - 

.35 

23 

..  ..do 

.38 

7 lbs  pork 

1.00 

23 

1 lb.  side 

.16 

2 lbs.  bppf  

.34 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

1 lb  bppf  

.15 

24 

1 yd.  gingham 

.15 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

.24 

24 

2 yds.  gingham 

.14 

1 lb.  rice 

.09 

24 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

24 

1 fb.  beef 

.16 

f fb.  side 

.14 

24 

2?  lbs.  beef 

.45 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.29 

25 

1 lb.  pork 

.10 

1 lb.  bologna 

.17 

26 

2J  lbs.  beef 

.39 

Gandy 

.01 

26 

7 lbs.  beef 

1.09 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

26 

7f  lbs.  pork 

1.11 

1|  lbs.  pork 

.28 

26 

2 lbs.  lard 

.34 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

.30 

26 

1 lb.  cakes 

.16 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

26 

14|  lbs.  pork 

2. 32 

5 lbs.  beef 

.80 

26 

3 lbs.  beef 

.48 

1 lb.  pork 

.10 

26 

2.^  lbs.  beef 

.42 

4 lbs.  beef 

.68 

29 

1|  lbs.  beef 

.21 

7^  lbs.  lard 

1.02 

29 

2}  lbs.  beef 

.38 

1 clothesline 

.16 

30 

2 lbs.  pork  end 

.10 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

2. 00 

30 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

8 lbs.  .sugar 

.50 

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

Total 

121.70 

1 lb.  bologna 

10 

SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  three  children — two  sons,  7 and  2 years  of  age,  and  one 
daughter,  5 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (pick  miner),  and  his  earnings  during  the 
above  period  were  $136.65  ] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost.  ' 

Apr.  1 

Union  flour 

$0.90 

Apr.  1 

1 lb.  beef 

$0. 14 

i bu.  potatoes 

.55 

2 

1 lb.  pork 

.21 

1 

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

3 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

1 

1 crinoline 

.20 

3 

2 lbs.  pork 

.28 

1 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

.05 

5 

1 Ib.  beef  

. 18 

1 

2 doz. eggs 

.50 

5 

1 lb.  pork  

. 14 

1 

12  lbs.  sugar 

.75 

5 

2 lbs.  beef  . . . 

. 24 

1 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

6 

1 lb.  beef- 

. 19 

1 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

6 

1 lb.  pork 

.14 

1 

1 jar  mustard 

.10 

8 

do  .... 

.21 

1 

2 lbs.  onions 

.10 

9 

..  .do  . 

.21 

1 

i lb.  garlic 

.05 

9 

2 lbs.  pork  chops 

.34 

1 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

10 

.5  lbs.  pork 

. 76 

1 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

10 

2 lbs.  beef 

.24 

1 

2 lbs.  prunes 

.20 

10 

2 lbs.  pork 

.34 

1 

2 boxes  raisins 

.20 

12 

1 lb.  beef 

. 14 

1 

1 lb.  sausage 

.10 

12 

1 lb.  pork 

. 21 

1 

1 bx.  apples 

.12 

16 

i bn.  potatoes 

.70 

1 

1 can  cherries 

.25 

16 

3 lbs.  coffee 

.51 

1 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

16 

8 lbs.  sugar . 

.50 

1 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.08 

16 

1 kraut 

. 10 

1 

li  lbs.  speck,  sausage 

.23 

16 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

1 

2 curtain  poles 

.20 

16 

1 bt.  catsup 

. 10 

1 

1 window  blind 

.25 

16 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

.05 

1 

1 bx.  bluing 

.10 

16 

1 bx.  salt 

.05 

402 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  216  — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909— Continued. 

SLOVAK;  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVIN G— Cont’d. 


1 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  16 

16 

16 

16 

2 boxes  soapine 

1 lb.  garlic 

1 lb.  onions 

2 lbs.  prunes 

$0. 10 
.05 
.05 
.12 
.50 

.05 

.23 

.28 

.12 

.25 

.03 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.13 

.15 

.15 

.47 

.23 

.23 

.07 

.23 

.23 

.95 

.51 

1 

.36 

.15 

.27 

1 

1 

1 

.05 

.50 

1 bx  COtl^A  

.05 

1 bt  catsup  

.10 

1 

1 jar  mustard  

.10 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

2 boxf^s  - 

.10 

1 

1 

1 bx  yeast  

.05 

2 cans  kraut  

.20 

1 

1 

1 

1 lb  onions  

.05 

3 lbs  cabbage  

.15 

2 lbs  - 

.34 

IB  ? pork  

.27 

j 

1 IB  9 m.  Bppf  

.20 

3 

1 lb  pork  

.15 

3 

1 lb  beef  

.20 

4 

(in  

.23 

4 

1 lb  pork  

.15 

5 

2 lbs  pork  

.30 

7 

1 lb  pork  

.15 

8 

3 

3 lbs  beef 

.55 

1 lb  pork  

.23 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

15 

15 

16 
16 
16 
16 

(16 

il9 

19 

20 
21 
22 

1 lb  beef  

.15 

1 lb  pork  

.15 

1 lb  beef  

.13 

1 1b  po^'k  

.15 

.15 

do  

. 15 

1 lb  beef  

.15 

4 lbs  beef  

.66 

1 lb  pork  

.15 

flour  . . . 

.95 

12  lbs  sugar  . 

.75 

3 lbs  coffee 

.51 

11  doz.  ecffs 

.41 

1 pail  lard *. 

.48 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

1 lb.  beef 

.13 

do  

.13 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

4 lbs.  beef 

.62 

24 

24 

25 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

do 

.13 

25 

26 
26 

27 

28 
29 

1 lb.  pork 

.17 

1 do 

.23 

1 1 lb.  beef 

.13 

do  

.13 

1 1 lb.  pork 

.15 

1 4 lbs.  beef 

.58 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

May  29 

31 

June  1 

1 

4 lbs  pork 

$0.60 

1 lb.  beef  

.08 

Union  flour 

.95 

8 lbs  sugar 

.50 

3 lbs  coffee  

.51 

1 

2 lbs  rice  

.18 

1 

2 lbs  barley 

.10 

\ 

1 jcir  

.10 

1 

2 boxes  soapine 

.10 

\ 

X era]  nil  

.08 

\ 

4 ibs  cabbage 

.20 

2 cftfls  

.20 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

1 bt  catsup  

.10 

1 

2 Ibs  onions 

.10 

J 

1 1V\  cTCirlip  

.05 

1 

1 

1 

J 

2 lbs  lard  

.32 

1 glass  jelly  

.12 

1 bx  SR, It  

.05 

9 dn7  ficrer^  

.48 

1 

1 

1 Kv  

.05 

2 lbs  prunes  

.12 

1 

1 

^ lb.  ChCGSG 

.10 

CR-Ddy - - 

.04 

2 

2 J2>  p^rV  - 

.15 

1 

2 

1 lb  bf'^f  

.15 

dn  - 

.14 

3 

1 lb.  pork 

.23 

3 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

5 

2 lbs  2 oz  beef  

.38 

5 

3 lbs.  pork 

.45 

7 

1 lb.  beef. 

.14 

7 

7 

7 

1 IK  T^orV  - 

.15 

2 lbs.  beef 

.30 

1 shov6l  

.55 

1 

7 

5 wR^on  chocks 

.05 

i 

7 

1 ph  potRto^^^  

.35 

I 

7 

1 hnv  hliiincr  

.10 

7 

MRtches  

.05 

7 

1 lb  beef  

.14 

8 

8 

Q 

’.16 

1 lb.  pork. 

.23 

1 IK  KoAf  

.14 

y 

9 

10 

1 IK  T^nrlr  

.15 

.15 

10 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

19 

A IKq  Tkork  - 

.60 

14. 

1 IK  KaaC  

.14 

1 A 

1 IK  9 n'T  "norlr  ..  

.23 

I't 

1 ^ 

1 lU.  ^ vJA . xi.. 

1 lb.  pork. 

.15 

xO 

15 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

1 A 

9 IKq  ripp  - 

.18 

lO 

1 A 

^ limR  bcR^^  

.14 

ID 

1 A 

3 bo^os  

.27 

ID 

1 A 

1 box  coffee  e'if'pnp.e  

.05 

ID 

1 A 

1 Knv  vpast  _ 

.05 

ID 
1 A 

1 box  SR  It  

.05 

ID 
1 A 

9 Acinc  IrrfJ.nt  ............ 

.20 

ID 
1 A 

1 jRr  niustRrd- 

.10 

ID 
1 A 

.08 

ID 
1 A 

1 n-ol  ’irinPtTPT  

.10 

ID 
1 A 

2 V XJ-ni/jjCfci 

9 IKq  ■nPTinpr  

.30 

ID 
1 A 

1 IK  QPit  QldP,  .............. 

.18 

ID 
1 A 

aaItpq  Qnp.T>  

.25 

ID 
1 A 

1 krinolenf*  

.20 

ID 
1 A 

.70 

ID 

1 A 

^ bU  pOtRtOGS 

9 IKq  Knrlpv 

.10 

ID 
1 A 

1 IK  “nnrk  

.15 

ID 

1A 

1 IK  Kppf  - 

.15 

ID 

16 

.14 

1A 

1 IH  ham  

. 15 

J.D 
1 A 

1 KrnnTn 

.38 

ID 

1A 

1 1 WRShbORrd- 

.35 

J.D 

1A 

.05 

J.D 

lA 

.05 

ID 

IP 

.10 

ID 

16 

.15 

16 

i i2  lbs.  sugar 

.1  .75 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


403 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD  AND  GENERAL  LIVING— Cont’d. 


Date. 


June  16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

3 ILq  r*r»fTfiP 

$0.51 

June  16 

2 cans  kraut 

$0.20 

1 pnt.n.f.nps 

.35 

16 

2 lbs.  beef 

.32 

1 Lnv  pnffpp  pssp.np.p. 

.05 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

9 IL*!  lard 

.32 

18 

do 

.13 

i 1b  ga.rlip 

.05 

19 

4 lbs.  beef 

.66 

9 1L<J  nninns 

.10 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 Irrinnlpnp 

.20 

21 

1 lb.  pork 

.15 

pa.lrp<!  snap 

.25 

22 

(10 

.23 

1 Lt  pat.siip 

. 10 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

9 qt.s  lima  bpan.s  . . 

. 14 

26 

4 lbs.  beef 

.65 

1 lb  barlpy 

.05 

28 

1 lb.  pork 

.16 

9 lbs  ripp 

.18 

30 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

"I  mnctarH 

. 10 

1 dn7.  Pggs 

.27 

Total 

53.88 

5 lbs.  cabbage 

.25 

SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  three  children— two  sons  6 and  2 years  of  age,  and  one  daughter 
4 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (pick  miner)  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period 
were  $149.22.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  1 

■>^0  lbs  TTninn  flour 

$1.80 

Apr.  19 

2f  lbs.  beef 

$0.40 

.3  lbs.  coffee.  

.51 

22 

1 lb.  beef 

.13 

1 

8 lbs  sng'...r 

.50 

22 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

1 

9,  bn  VPS  pnffpp  psspnpp 

.20 

22 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

1 

1 bf  patsnp 

.10 

22 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

1 

a cakes  soap 

.25 

23 

1^  lbs.  bologna 

.15 

1 

3 bnvps  raisins 

.20 

23 

1 lb.  beef 

.14 

1 

1 qt.  beans.  ..  . 

. 12 

24 

lbs.  beef. 

.50 

1 

1 bv.  yeast ... 

.05 

24 

2 lbs.  bacon 

.32 

1 

1 lb.  cakes 

.12 

24 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

1 

2 pkgs.  tobacco . . 

.16 

24 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

1 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

24 

Candy 

.05 

1 

^ doz.  eggs 

.11 

26 

J lb.  cakes 

.05 

1 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

26 

^ gal.  oil 

.08 

3 

4 lbs.  beef 

.60 

26 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

3 

Candy 

.03 

26 

2 spools  thread 

.10 

3 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

27 

1 bx.  cinnamon 

.10 

3 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

28 

1 qt.  mustard 

.10 

8 

1 lb.  beef 

.15 

28 

Candy 

.05 

8 

a lbs.  shoulder 

.70 

29 

2 lbs.  pork 

.32 

8 

1 lb. lard 

.16 

29 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

8 

lbs.  bologna. 

.15 

29 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

8 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

29 

§ gal.  oil 

.40 

8 

Candy. . 

.05 

30 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

8 

1 bv.  cinnamon 

.10 

May  1 

1 hood 

.25 

8 

11b.  onions..  

.05 

1 

2 lbs.  cakes 

.20 

10 

2 lbs.  pork 

.33 

1 

Candy 

.05 

10 

1 child’s  cap 

.25 

1 

igal.  oil 

.40 

10 

1 pr.  shoes 

1.00 

1 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

10 

i doz.  eggs 

.12 

1 

11b.  lard 

.16 

13 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

1 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

14 

1 doz.  efi'E's 

.23 

1 

4 lbs.  beef 

.62 

14 

J lb.  cakes 

.05 

1 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.90 

15 

Jt  gal.  coal  oil  . . 

.08 

1 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

15 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

1 

2 boxes  coffee  essence 

.10 

15 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

1 

2 lbs.  prunes 

.20 

16 

.50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.80 

1 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

16 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

1 

1 bx.  enamaline 

.05 

16 

3 lbs.  coffee. 

.51 

1 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

16 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

1 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

16 

1 bx.  yeast . 

.05 

3 

1 lb.  bacon 

.17 

16 

1 qt.  mustard . . 

.10 

5 

1 lb.  bologna 

.15 

16 

1 qt.  beans 

.12 

5 

Candy 

.04 

16 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

7 

\\  lbs.  bologna 

.18 

16 

2 lbs.  rice.  

.18 

7 

1 yd.  cotton 

.05 

16 

14  lbs.  bologna  . 

.15 

8 

3#  lbs.  beef. 

.58 

16 

§gal.  oil 

.38 

8 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

16 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

8 

If  lbs.  beef. 

.24 

404 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  ’ 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


SLOVAK:  FAMILY  NO  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL  i 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


May  10 
12 
15 
15 
15 
15 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
24 
24 
24 

24 

25 
25 
25 
27 
27 
27 

27 

28 
28 
29 
29 
29 

June  2 
2 
2 
3 


Article. 

Cost. 

$0.08 

.19 

4 J lbs.  beef. 

.66 

.17 

.05 

1 lb.  Tjologna 

.10 

.18 

.40 

.10 

.05 

1.80 

• .50 

2 lbs.  rice 

.18 

.11 

.05 

.51 

.25 

.20 

.18 

2 lbs.  beef.r 

.30 

1 gal.  oil  

.15 

1 spool  thread  

.05 

1 bt.  salad  oil 

.25 

1 bx.  crackers 

.25 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.20 

1 lb. lard 

.16 

1 lb. leather 

.50 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

3^  lbs.  beef 

.63 

41  lbs.  beef 

.67 

1 lb. lard 

.16 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

AVeyman  tobacco 

.08 

Candy 

.05 

It  lbs.  pork 

.15 

^’gal.  oil 

.40 

1 bx.  cinnamon 

.10 

1 bx.  matches 

1^  lbs.  bologna 

.05 

.15 

H ll>s.  beef 

.19 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

IJ  lbs.  beef 

' .23 

2\  yds.  dry  goods. 

.20 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

3 boxes  zigzag 

.15 

Candy 

.05 

lbs.  bologna 

.15 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

3|  lbs.  beef 

.60 

lbs.  beef 

.26 

4 gal.  oil 

.40 

4 doz.  eggs..... 

.13 

2 qts.  lima  beans 

.14 

Article. 

Cost,  j 

3 

8 lbs.  cabbage 

$0.48  i 

3 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

4 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

4 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

4 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

5 

44  lbs.  beef 

.68 

7 

24  lbs.  pork 

.38 

8 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.19 

8 

If  lbs.  beef 

.30 

10 

2 lbs.  pork 

.30 

10 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

10 

4 lb.  butter 

.15 

10 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

11 

If  lbs.  bologna 

.13 

11 

4 gal.  oil 

.40 

11 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

12 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

12 

14  lbs.  bologna 

.15 

12 

3f  lbs.  beef 

.62 

12 

Candy 

.11 

12 

4 doz.  eggs 

.14 

14 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

14 

2 lbs.  bologna 

.30 

15 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

17 

1 pain  expeller 

.25 

17 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.00 

17 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

19 

34  lbs.  bologna 

.35 

19 

4 lbs.  beef 

.68 

19 

2 yds.  gingham 

.14 

19 

4 cakes  soap 

.20 

19 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

19 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

19 

24  lbs.  cabbage 

.09 

19 

4 gal.  oil 

.40 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

21 

If  lbs.  pork 

.25 

23 

If  lbs.  bologna 

.17 

23 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

23 

24 

1 pick  handle 

.10 

If  lbs.  bologna 

.18 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

.17 

24 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

25 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

25 

1 bx.  coffee  essence 

.05 

26 

14  bu.  com 

.30 

26 

4 gal.  oil 

.40 

26 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

26 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

26 

Candy  

.04 

28 

1 lb.  pork 

.17 

28 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

28 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

29 

2 lbs.  beef 

.33 

30 

2 lbs.  lard 

.35 

Total 

53.51 

WELSH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  one  daughter  12  years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  em- 
ployed (fire  boss),  and  his  earnings  during  the  above  period  were  S248.50.] 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

"Apr.  1 

1 bx.  crackers... 

$0.05 

Apr.  2 

1 lb.  beef 

$0.18 

1 lb.  cakes 

.15 

2 

1 loaf  bread 

.05 

1 

1 loaf  bread 

. 10 

2 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

.90 

1 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

2 

8 lbs.  sugar 

.50 

1 

1 lb.  bologna 

.12 

2 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

1 

1 Ib.  butter 

.39 

2 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.30 

1 

Bones 

1.03 

2 

2 qts.  peas 

.20 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


405 


Cable  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


WELSH:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LI  VIN  G— Continued . 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

ipr.  2 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

$0.24 

Apr.  10 

Beef 

$0. 47 

2 

1 can  peas 

.10 

10 

1 lb.  hnlngna 

. 10 

2 

1 can  peaches 

.25 

10 

1 lb.  butter 

^20 

2 

1 can  blackberries 

.15 

10 

1 pr.  suspenders 

.50 

2 

1 can  molasses 

.15 

10 

1 collar 

.15 

2 

1 bt.  catsup 

.10 

10 

J gal.  oil 

.08 

2 

1 bx.  yeast 

.05 

10 

4 lbs.  .snga.r 

.25 

2 

3 lbs.  rice 

.27 

10 

1 1b.  chipped  beef 

. 15 

2 

2 lbs.  prunes ‘ 

.24 

12 

1 loaf  brea.d 

.05 

2 

1 lb.  peaches 

.15 

12 

Ca.kes  . 

.05 

2 

1 can‘salmon 

.20 

13 

1 lb.  Berlin  sa.nsa.ge 

! 16 

2 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

13 

Lard 

. 15 

2 

1 bx.  cornstarch 

. 10 

13 

1 lb.  beef 

. 16 

2 

1 glass  mustard 

.10 

13 

Union  flour 

. 90 

2 

1 lb.  chipped  beef 

.15 

13 

Gold  Dust 

.05 

2 

1 rug...*.* 

1.00 

13 

1 spool  thread 

.05 

2 

1 blouse 

.50 

13 

1 doz.  eggs 

.23 

2 

J yd.  lining 

.04 

13 

Tea  ..  1 . 

.05 

2 

3 yds.  toweling 

. 18 

14 

Cheese  . . 

.23 

2 

3 yds.  calico. 

.21 

14 

1 lb.  butter.  . . . 

.39 

2 

2^  yds.  gingham 

. 18 

14 

1 lb.  fra.nkfurters 

. 12 

2 

3 handl^rchiefs 

.25 

14 

1 lb.  bologna, 

. 10 

2 

1 yd.  embroidery 

.12 

14 

2 lbs.  lard 

. 30 

2 

IJ  yds.  shirting.* 

.14 

16 

1 lb.  fra.nkfurters 

. 13 

2 

2|  yds.  gingham 

.18 

16 

11b.  beef.  ... 

. 18 

2 

l“bx.  macaroni 

.10 

16 

1 gal.  oil 

! 15 

2 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

16 

lean  milk 

. 10 

2 

1 lb.  cakes 

.15 

16 

9,  cakes  soa.p 

. 10 

2 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

16 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

ioo 

2 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

16 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.35 

2 

1 lb.  bologna 

.12 

16 

12  lbs.  sugar 

.75 

2 

1 lb.  butter 

.39 

16 

2 cans  baked  beans 

.30 

2 

Bones 

.03 

16 

2 ca.ns  tomatoes 

. 10 

2 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

16 

2 cans  pea.s 

. 15 

2 

.12 

16 

1 bov  yeast 

.05 

3 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

16 

2 pkgs.  toba,ceo 

! 16 

3 

Pickles 

.05 

16 

1 1b.  ra.isins. 

. 10 

3 

Eggs 

.30 

16 

1 can  sa.lmon 

.25 

3 

1 can  milk 

. 12 

16 

1 can  corned  beef.  . 

. 15 

3 

1 bx.  pepper 

.10 

16 

1 box  bakinv  powder 

. 15 

3 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

16 

1 can  pea,cbes 

.20 

3 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

.12 

16 

1 lb.  coffee 

. 17 

3 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage 

.16 

16 

do 

. 17 

3 

1 beef 

.52 

16 

1 box  macaroni 

. 10 

5 

1 clothes  line 

.18 

16 

2 boxes  crackers 

! 10 

5 

1 paper  pins 

.05 

16 

2 doz.  pickles 

.20 

3 

1 pr.  hose 

.25 

16 

1 jar  apple  butter 

.50 

5 

1 lb.  chipped  beef 

.15 

16 

1§  lbs.  onions 

. 10 

5 

J lb.  cheese 

. 10 

16 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

. 12 

5 

1 can  milk 

.12 

16 

1 doz.  eggs. . 

.23 

6 

1 lb.  butter 

.39 

16 

9\  yds.  toweling 

.23 

6 

1 lb.  bologna 

.10 

16 

i pr.  bo.se  

. 10 

6 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

16 

2 spools  thread 

. 10 

8 

Beef 

.20 

16 

do 

. 10 

8 

3 yds.  madras 

.75 

16 

^ yd. lace. 

. 13 

8 

4 flowers 

.40 

16 

i dn7,  bananas 

! 10 

8 

Cakes 

.05 

16 

1 tie . . 

!25 

8 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

16 

8 yds.  ticking 

.72 

9 

1 lb.  butter 

.39 

16 

i yd.  voile 

.07 

9 

H Ihs.  cheese 

.25 

17 

Veal  . 

.52 

9 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

.12 

17 

1 lb.  fra.nkfurters 

. 13 

9 

1 can  peaches 

.20 

19 

1 can  milk 

. 10 

9 

1 doz.  eggs 

.23 

19 

1 doz.  pickles 

. 10 

9 

1 bx.  ginger 

.05 

19 

Ba.na.na.s 

. 10 

9 

Tea 

.10 

19 

1 doz.  pickles 

. 10 

9 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

19 

1 lb.  fra.nkfurters  - 

. 13 

9 

1 lb.  beef 

.18 

19 

1 lb.  prunes 

. 10 

10 

IJyds.  veiling 

.23 

21 

1 lb.  butter . 

.38 

10 

1 pr.  hose 

.15 

21 

Bologna, 

. 11 

10 

1 loaf  bread 

.05 

21 

1 lb.  cbee.se 

.20 

10 

Pickles 

.10 

21 

1 lb. lard . 

. 16 

10 

Berlin  sausage 

.16 

21 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

10 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

21 

3 lbs.  beef 

. 36 

10 

4 cans  mi  Ik 

.20 

22 

Berlin  sa.usa.ve 

. 10 

10 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

22 

1 lb.  fra.nkfurters 

. 12 

10 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

22 

Bones . . . 

.02 

[ 10 

1 doz.  eggs 

.23 

22 

Matches 

.05 

48296°— VOL  6—11 27 


K. 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

2i 

2< 

2: 

z 

2- 

2- 

2: 

2! 

9! 


! 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


—Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 
30,  1909— Continued. 


TTaMTLY  NO  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 
LI  V IN  G— Continued . 


Article. 


cities 

9r.  hose 

lbs.  Union  flour 

lbs.  sugar 

bs.  cofEee 

boxes  coffee  essence . 

lbs.  prunes 

lbs.  apricots 

yds.  muslin 

yds.  gingham 

yds.  calico 

pr.  shoes 

yd.  lawn 

spools  thread 

lb.  beef 

lb.  cheese 

pkg.  tobacco 

ea 

lb.  beef 

doz.  eggs 

tove  polish 

...do 

lbs.  beef 

lb.  butter 

lb.  cheese 

pkgs.  tobacco 

hipped  beef 

pr.  shoes 

cans  milk 

box  crackers 

doz.  eggs 

cans  milk 

box  crackers 

doz.  eggs 

doz.  pickles 

can  cherries 

pr.  shoes 

^ lbs.  bacon 

1^  butter 

lb.  cheese 

lb.  beef 

lb.  lard 

pr.  suspenders 

vd.  muslin 

Ib.  prunes 

. can  blackberries..., 

. pkg.  needles 

: lb.  cakes 

F lb.  cheese 

! lb.  frankfurters — 

Li  lbs.  bologna 

L gal.  oil 

L lb.  starch 

L lb.  onions 

i lb.  cakes 

\ lb.  butter 

L lb.  beef 

L can  milk 

I lb.  tea 

1 lb.  cakes 

4 lbs.  sugar 

2 cakes  soap 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 lb.  beef 

Beef 

2 lbs.  butter 

Bacon 

3 lbs.  lard 

3 lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  cheese 

50  lbs.  Union  flour. . 

5 bolts  wall  paper . . . 

22  yds.  border 

16  lbs.  sugar 

2 qts.  beans 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

4 lbs.  rice 


Cost. 


Date. 


$0. 10 
.15 
2.00 
1.00 
.68 
.10 
.20 
.30 
.40 
.21 
.30 
2.00 
.05 
.10 
.18 
.20 
.08 
.10 
.16 
.25 
.05 
.10 
.26 
.38 
.15 
.16 
.15 
3.25 
.20 
.10 
.25 
.20 
.10 
.25 
.15 
.30 
4.00 
.27 
.38 
.10 
.16 
.16 
.25 
.12 
.10 
.15 
.05 
.05 
.10 
.12 
.14 
.15 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.19 
.16 
.05 
.10 
.10 
.25 
.10 
.27 
.18 
.46 
.72 
.25 
.48 
.36 
.20 
2. 00 
1.25 
1.10 
1.00 
.24 
.14 
.36 


Apr. 


May 


Article. 


Cost. 


29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

29 

30 
30 
30 
30 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

10 

10 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 


3 boxes  raisins 

1 can  berries 

4 yds.  madras 

2 bts.  catsup 

1 glass  jelly 

2 boxes  crackers 

1 lb. cakes 

2 cans  peas 

2 cans  corn 

1 can  peaches 

Stove  pipe 

1 pr.  pants 

1 vest 

1 qt.  vinegar 

3 cabbages 

i lb.  tea 

Chewing  gum 

i lb. cakes 

Beef 

1 lb.  cheese 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage. . 

1 pt.  milk 

li  lbs.  bacon 

1 bx.  sardines 

1 doz.  eggs ; . . . 

1 pt.  milk 

i lb.  bologna 

1 lb.  cheese 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

1 lb.  butter 

1 bx.  crackers 

1 cake  soap 

1 lb.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

1 lb.  bologna 

1 lb.  cheese 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 pt.  milk 

1 glass  mustard 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 loaf  bread 

1 brush 

1 lb.  frankfurters — 

li  lbs.  ham 

1 lb.  butter 

4 cans  milk 

1 lb.  lettuce 

1 pr.  hose 

1 loaf  bread 

Sardines 

8 yds.  wire 

1 lb.  beef 

lbs.  cheese 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 bt.  oil 

1 lb.  beef 

li  lbs.  frankfurters.. 

1 lb.  prunes 

do 

1 lb.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

Pork 

1 loaf  bread 

1 doz.  buns 

1 lb.  frankfurters... 

Pigs  feet 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 lb.  onions 

1 loaf  bread 

1 doz.  buns 

5 lbs.  lard 

1 lb.  bacon 

li  lbs.  bologna 

1 lb.  cheese 

2 lbs.  butter 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 


$0. 


25 

15 

,00 

.20 

.12 

.20 

.20 

.30 

.30 

.25 

.25 

.50 

.25 

.05 

.18 

.10 

.02 

.05 

.63 

.20 

.16 

.05 

.23 

.10 

.27 

.05 

.10 

.20 

.16 

.16 

.38 

.10 

.05 

.16 

.16 

.15 

.22 

.27 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.25 

.13 

.30 

.38 

.20 

.12 

.10 

.05 

.10 

.72 

.20 

.23 

.16 

.25 

.16 

.18 

.10 

.10 

.16 

.16 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.12 

.20 

.27 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.80 

.20 

.13 

.20 

.74 

2.70 


ue. 

13 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

17 

17 

17 

17 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

28 


II/. 

.00 

.95 

.24 

. 16 

.18 

.27 

.10 

.50 

.30 

.10 

.40 

.15 

.25 

.06 

.44 

.23 

.37 

.80 

.05 

.05 

.07 

.54 

.25 

.25 

.15 

.23 

.15 

.10 

,38 

,10 

,18 

,20 

,11 

,05 

,05 

,27 

,05 

,05 

,20 

,10 

15 

,10 

,10 

,10 

15 

80 

20 

20 

37 

16 

27 

10 

18 

05 

15 

14 

10 

05 

23 

16 

10 

15 

25 

38 

28 

10 

05 

05 

10 

10 

16 

45 

10 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 
30,  1909 — Continued. 

H:  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GEN 
LIVING— Continued. 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

$1.00 

May  28 

16  lbs. sugar 

2 lbs.  beef 

.28 

28 

50  lbs.  midd  ling 

.20 

28 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

. 10 

28 

2 lbs.  lima  beams 

.25 

28 

1 qt.  mustard 

3 lbs.  beef 

.39 

28 

3 lbs.  rice 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

28 

2 lbs.  barley 

.36 

28 

10  yds.  lawn 

3 lbs.  lima  beans 

.21 

28 

^ lb.  tea 

2 qts.  navy  beans 

.24 

28 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 qt.  mustard 

.18 

28 

1 jar  apple  butter 

1 bx.  macaroni 

. 10 

28 

3 cans  milk 

10  yds.  muslin 

1.00 

28 

1 can  baking  powder 

2 cans  baked  beans 

.30 

28 

lib.  starch 

50  lbs.  middling 

.95 

28 

2 lbs.  bacon 

1 broom 

.30 

28 

IJ  lbs.  cheese 

1 lb.  tea 

.60 

28 

1 lb.  butter 

1 lb.  pork 

.30 

28 

5 lbs.  lard 

f lb.  cheese 

. 15 

28 

1 pt.  milk 

i lb.  Berlin  sausage 

.15 

28 

1 loaf  bread 

^ lb.  cakes 

. 10 

28 

1 lb. sugar 

i lb.  frankfurters 

. 12 

29 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 broom 

.30 

29 

2 collars 

1 bx.  tacks 

.05 

29 

1 tie 

1 bx.  pepper 

.05 

29 

Stove  polish 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.05 

29 

IJ  lbs.  beef. 

1 Hatchet  handle 

.05 

29 

3 yds.  border 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

29 

J doz.  bananas 

1 cake  soap 

.05 

29 

2|  yds.  matting 

1 bx.  matches 

.05 

June  2 

1 loaf  bread 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

. 12 

2 

1 lb.  beef 

lib.  cheese 

.20 

3 

11b.  cheese 

11b. sausage 

. 15 

3 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage 

1 loaf  bread 

. 10 

3 

1 pkg.  seed 

4 pkgs.  seed 

.20 

3 

1 box  tacks 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

.09 

3 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

. 12 

3 

1 qt.  vinegar 

1 lb.  bologna 

. 13 

3 

1 loaf  bread 

1 lb.  butter 

. 19 

4 

U lbs.  fra,nkfnrt,ers 

5 bolts  paper 

1.25 

4 

1 yd.  screening 

1 bx.  cakes 

.05 

4 

1 door  bolt 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

4 

1 can  tomatoes 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

4 

1 bunch  rhubarb 

1 lb.  starch 

.05 

4 

1 pr.  sleeve  holders . . . . 

25  lbs.  local  flour 

.90 

4 

1 can  molasses 

Hook  and  eyes 

.05 

4 

6 lbs.  beef 

2 boxes  nails 

. 10 

4 

1 lb.  beef 

3i  lbs.  beef 

.43 

4 

11b.  cheese 

1 lb.  beef 

. 18 

4 

1 lb.  butter 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage 

. 16 

5 

2 pkgs.  tobacco . 

Pigs  feet 

. 15 

5 

1 doz.  eggs.  . . . 

J lb.  butter 

. 19 

5 

4 lemons  . . 

1 lb.  cheese 

. 10 

5 

1 can  milk 

1 Lettuce 

.08 

5 

1 lb.  onions  . 

Puffed  rice 

. 13 

5 

1 gal.  oil 

3 lbs.  cabbage 

. 12 

7 

1 lb.  bologna . 

1 bx.  currants 

.10 

7 

1 loaf  bread 

1 can  milk 

. 18 

8 

s doz.  pickles 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.08 

8 

1 lbs.  beef.  . 

2 boxes  berries 

.25 

8 

1 lb. lard 

1 lb.  beef 

. 18 

8 

2 pkgs.  pins 

1 loaf  bread 

. 10 

8 

Clothes  line 

1 bt.  peppermint 

. 10 

9 

1 1 lbs.  cheese 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

9 

1 lb.  blitter 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

9 

1 ^ lbs.  bacon 

IJlbs.  cheese 

.23 

9 

1 can  tomatoes. 

2 lbs.  ham 

.36 

9 

1 box  crackers . 

1 gal.  oil 

. 15 

9 

1 loaf  bread 

li  lbs.  cheese 

.23 

10 

4 lb.  bologna.  . 

1 lb.  lard 

.16 

10 

4 1b.  cakes 

1 lb.  butter 

.38 

10 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

.13 

10 

1 dinner  pa,il 

J lb.  cakes 

.05 

11 

4 Ib  Berlin  sa.nsa.P’e 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

11 

1 lb.  beef. . 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

11 

1 cake  soap 

..  .do 

.16 

11 

1 box  matches 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

2.00 

11 

Pineapple 

408 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  21^.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  hy  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  \ 

30,  1909 — Continued. 


WELSH-  FAMILY  NO.  1.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LI  V IN  G— Continued. 


Date. 


June  11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
14 
14 
14 
14 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
17 
17 
17 
17 

17 

18 
18 
18 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 


Article. 


1 loaf  bread 

1 pt.  milk 

3 bananas 

3|g  lbs.  beef 

I lb.  butter 

I lb.  cheese 

1 lb.  lard 

i lb.  butter 

i lb.  bologna 

1 box  Gold  Dust 

4 cabbages 

1 loaf  bread 

Cheese 

lb.  bacon 

1 lb.  butter 

4 lbs.  lard 

50  lbs.  Union  flour. . . 
16  lbs.  sugar 

1 bu.  potatoes 

4 lbs.  rice 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

2 lbs.  onions 

3 lbs.  coffee 

1 lb.  tea 

2 cans  tomatoes 

1 can  com 

2 cans  peas 

1 bt.  catsup 

1 shirt 

1 pr.  shoes 

2 pr.  hose 

Cakes 

2 lbs.  beef 

I loaf  bread 

II  lbs.  cheese 

i lb.  Berlin  sausage.. 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 jelly  roll 

1 loaf  bread 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

1 burner 

1 lb.  beef 

do 

1 lb.  lard 

1 lb.  Berlin  bologna. 

1 lb.  butter 

3i|  lbs.  beef 

2 lbs.  beef 

J lb.  butter 

1 bunch  radishes — 

1 can  miik 

1 collar 


Cost. 

Date. 

SO.  10 

Jime  19 

.05 

21 

.05 

21 

.58 

21 

.19 

22 

.10 

22 

.16 

22 

.19 

23 

.10 

23 

.10 

23 

.24 

23 

.10 

23 

.24 

23 

.23 

23 

.38 

23 

.60 

23 

2.  00 

23 

1.00 

24 

1.  45 

24 

.36 

24 

.16 

24 

.12 

24 

.51 

24 

.30 

26 

.20 

26 

. 15 

26 

.30 

26 

.10 

26 

1.00 

26 

2.  00 

26 

.30 

26 

.05 

26 

.22 

26 

.10 

26 

.25 

26 

.10 

26 

.27 

26 

.10 

26 

.05 

26 

.13 

26 

.25 

26 

.18 

26 

.20 

26 

.17 

26 

.16 

26 

.38 

26 

.61 

26 

.32 

26 

.19 

26 

.05 

.05 

.15 

Article. 


6 bananas 

1 lb.  cheese 

1 lb.  frankfurters . 


1 qt.  vinegar. 
1 lb.  ■ ■ 


beef. 

1 lb.  onions 

1 spool  thread 

1 lb.  bologna 

1 lb.  butter 

1 doz.  eggs 

i lb.  cakes 

1 pkg.  pins 

2 cakes  soap 

1 loaf  bread 

1 yd.  chambray 

1 gal.  oil 

1 can  milk 

1 lb.  beef 

^ lb.  cheese 

J pk.  potatoes 

1 loaf  bread 

1 paper 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

11b.  beef 

1 lb.  lard 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

1 loaf  bread 

i lb.  cakes 

4 lemons 

3 lbs.  beef 

1 lb.  Berlin  sausage... 

1 lb.  cheese 

IJlbs.  Berlin  sausage. 

1 lb.  butter 

§ lb.  lard 

2 oranges 

2 lbs.  sugar 

2 cans  milk 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 bx.  crackers 

6 beer  bottles 

§ doz.  bananas 

2 lemons 

1 can  peas 

1 bx.  crackers 

1 cake  soap 

2 pkg.  tobacco 

2 cucumbers 

4 stogies 


Total. 


Cost. 


SO. 


.05 

.10 

.37 

.27 

.10 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.13 

.15 

.05 

.18 

.10 

.25 

.10 

.10 

.16 

.18 

.17 

.12 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.48 

.16 

.20 

.19 

.38 


.10 

.14 

.10 

.27 

.10 

.38 

.10 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.16 

.05 

.10 


146.04 


WELSH-  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 


[This  family  consisted  of  husband , wife , and  one  son , 25  years  of  age.  The  °22  To^  employed. 

^ The  earnings  of  the  husband  (mine  laborer)  during  the  above  period  were  S122.50.] 


Date. 


Apr. 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

1 lb.  beef  

SO.  16 

I Apr.  1 

1 broom 

.35 

i 1 

1 can  salmon. . 

.25 

1 1 

2 lbs.  onions 

.10 

1 1 

50  lbs  Union  flour 

1.80 

1 

16  lbs  sugar 

1.00 

1 

2 lbs.  cheese 

.40 

1 

10  cakes  soap 

.50 

1 

1 lb.  peaches 

.15 

3 

1 pV  pnta.t.fip.s ..  

.35 

3 

4 lbs.  lard 

.60 

3 

Article. 


3 pkgs.  tobacco... 

1 doz.  eggs 

1 can  milk. 

1 bx.  yeast 

1 lb.  crackers 

1 can  baked  beans 

1 lb.  coffee 

1 bx.  blackberries. 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

i doz.  pickles 

4^  lbs.  beef 


Cost. 


$0. 24 
.35 
.10 
.05 
.05 
.15 
.17 
.15 


.05 

.59 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


409 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

WELSH:  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVIN  G— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

Apr.  3 

1 doz.  eggs 

$0. 30 

May  1 

1 can  .salmon 

$0. 25 

3 

.20 

1 

1 bx.  blaclrhprrips 

. 15 

5 

1 bt.  non 

.05 

1 

2 Ib.s.  prnnp.s 

. 20 

6 

2 lbs  beef 

.24 

2 lbs.  chftpsp. 

.40 

6 

1 bt.  non 

.05 

1 

4 Ihs  lard 

.64 

9 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 

1 bx  ypast 

.05 

9 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

.10 

1 

4 bu.  potatoes 

.70 

9 

1 galT  oil 

.15 

1 

6 nutmegs 

.05 

10 

3}g  lbs.  beef 

.51 

1 

2 lemons 

.05 

10 

iTb.  beef 

.16 

1 

2 lbs  sugar 

. 14 

10 

1 J lbs.  cheese 

.25 

1 

1 can  bea.ns 

. 15 

10 

2'collars 

.25 

1 

2 doz.  pickles 

.20 

10 

1 can  peaches 

.20 

1 

.5  ca.kes  soap 

.25 

10 

1 can  inilk 

.05 

1 

1 box  starch 

. 10 

10 

2 pk.  potatoes 

.18 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

10 

i lb.  beef 

.16 

1 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

14 

1 lb.  lard 

.15 

1 

1 ck  soap 

.05 

14 

Ij^g  lbs.  beef 

.18 

1 

1 jar  jelly 

. 12 

16 

25 lbs.  Union  flour 

.90 

1 

1 lb.  beef  .... 

. 16 

16 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

1 

.3  lbs  bam 

.45 

16 

1 lb.  coffee. 

.17 

1 

2 bottle.s  pop 

. 10 

16 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

3 

1 lb  beef 

. 16 

16 

.25 

4 

2 lbs  pork 

.30 

16 

1 can  molasses 

.15 

4 

1 lb  sail  save 

. 13 

16 

4 lbs.  lard 

.60 

5 

1 lb  beef 

. 16 

16 

2 lbs.  cheese 

.40 

6 

2 lbs  side  meat 

.26 

16 

1 lb.  raisins 

.10 

7 

.3  bottles  pop 

. 15 

16 

2 cans  chipped  beef 

.30 

7 

2 lbs  bacon 

.36 

16 

2 lbs.  prunes 

.20 

8 

1 doz  egvs 

.27 

16 

1 bu.  potatoes 

.70 

8 

1 can  milk 

.05 

16 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

8 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

16 

2 boxes  macaroni 

.20 

8 

1 lb.  beef 

. 16 

16 

1 can  milk 

.05 

10 

6 lbs.  beef 

.90 

16 

1 can  peaches 

.20 

10 

4 lb.  Berlin  sausage 

.08 

17 

2 lbs.  side  meat 

.28 

10 

1 gal.  oil  - 

. 15 

17 

1 bt.  cough  sirup 

.25 

10 

4 lb  Berlin  sa.nsa.ge 

.08 

17 

2 oranges 

.10 

10 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

17 

i pk.  potatoes 

.18 

11 

1 lb.  prunes 

.10 

17 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

11 

1 Clima.x  tablet 

.05 

17 

Shoe  laces 

.10 

11 

lbs.  beef 

. 18 

17 

1 spool  thread 

.15 

12 

1 lb.  beef- 

.16 

17 

2 lbs.  Polish  sausage 

.20 

12 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

21 

1 can  com 

.12 

12 

1 can  berries 

. 15 

21 

1 doz.  eggs 

.25 

13 

2 qts  beans 

.24 

21 

Stove  pipe 

.25 

13 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

21 

IJ  lbs.  bologna 

.17 

13 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

21 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

15 

50  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.90 

22 

.25 

15 

16  lbs  sugar 

1.00 

22 

1 collars 

.30 

15 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

22 

1 lb.  cakes 

.15 

15 

4 bn.  pota.top.s 

.70 

22 

1 can  baked  beans 

.15 

15 

4 lbs  lard  . . . 

.64 

23 

1^  lbs.  beef •. 

.26 

15 

2 lbs  cheese 

.40 

23 

J lb.  cakes 

.10 

15 

.5  cakes  snap 

.25 

23 

1 can  peas 

.15 

16 

1 lb  raisins  

.09 

23 

J doz.  eggs 

.13 

16 

2 lbs.  prune.s 

.20 

23 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

16 

2 cans  milk 

. 10 

24 

i doz.  eggs 

.13 

16 

1 bx.  currants 

.10 

24 

1 pt.  milk 

.05 

16 

1 gal.  oil 

. 15 

24 

1 lb.  prunes 

.10 

16 

1 bx.  matches 

.05 

24 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

16 

3 lbs.  lima  beans 

.21 

26 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

16 

2 pkgs.  macaroni 

.20 

29 

1 gal.  oil 

.15 

16 

1 can  peaches 

.20 

29 

3 lbs.  nails 

.15 

16 

2 boxes  crackers 

.20 

29 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

16 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

30 

Cakes 

.05 

16 

lbs.  Berlin  sausage 

.11 

30 

2 lbs.  lard 

.32 

16 

1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

30 

J lb.  frankfurters 

.06 

16 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

30 

li^  lbs. sausage 

.14 

17 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

30 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

17 

Bologna 

.05 

May  1 

25  lbs.  Union  flour 

.95 

17 

1 lb.  onions 

.08 

1 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.00 

17 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

1 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

17 

4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

1 

1 can  milk 

.05 

18 

1 lb.  frankfurters 

.12 

1 

3 pkgs.  tobacco 

.24 

18 

1 lb.  beef 

.16 

1 

1 lb.  raisins 

.09 

24 

9 yds.  linoleum 

9.00 

1 

4 Ihs.  liTTifl.  bp.fl.ns 

.28 

24 

9 yds.  oilcloth 

5.40 

1 

1 bx.  baking  powder 

.15 

24 

Isink 

4.25 

410 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  21Q.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

WELSH-  FAMILY  NO.  2.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 


May  24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
24 
28 
28 
28 


June 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

$0. 75 

June  16  1 

1.50 

16  2 

1.25 

16  4 

.15 

16  3 

.50 

16  1 

.60 

16  1 

.15 

16  3 

.50 

16  3 

.05 

16  1 

.20 

16  5 

.20 

16  2 

.07 

16  2 

.16 

16  S 

.25 

16  ] 

.15 

16  2 

.95 

16  2 

1.00 

16  2 

.17 

16  2 

.10 

16  ] 

.40 

16  ] 

.64 

16  ] 

.24 

16  ^ 

.20 

16  : 

.70 

16  ; 

.09 

16  : 

.25 

16  : 

.25 

16  : 

.15 

16  < 

.05 

16  ; 

.10 

17 

1 doz.  pickles 

.10 

17 

1 doz.  6228 

.27 

17  ' 

3 prs.  socks 

.25 

17 

2 rhubarb 

.10 

18  : 

1 can  sirup  

.25 

18 

18  yd'!  TTinslin  

.90 

18 

2 lb'!  prnnps  

.20 

19 

2 lbs.  sugar 

.14 

19 

2 oranges 

.10 

19 

1 yd  muslin  

.12 

21 

1 pr.  hnsfi  

.10 

21 

1^  lbs.  cabbage 

.09 

21 

2 cans  milk 

.10 

21 

4 lemons 

.10 

21 

; 1 lb.  beef 

.18 

21 

; 1 pY  Tnanarnni  . . 

.10 

22 

1 Ih  hftpf  

.18 

22 

L 1 Inaf  hrpad  

.10 

23 

t 1 pari  hprnp.s  

.20 

23 

» J-f  lb  Berlin  sausage 

.10 

23 

> 2i^  lbs.  beef 

.39 

23 

) 1 lb.  beef 

.18 

23 

! do 

.18 

24 

^ 2 qts.  beans 

.24 

24 

^ 4 lbs.  sugar 

.25 

24 

J 1 gal.  oil.  

.15 

24 

5 1 yd.  muslin 

.12 

25 

J 1 pr.  hose 

.10 

26 

i IJ  lbs.  cabbage 

.09 

26 

i 1 Ih.  starch  . 

.05 

26 

? 1 bx.  bluing 

.10 

26 

5 1 lb.  cheese 

.20 

26 

3 1t^  lbs.  beef 

.16 

26 

9 1 bx.  macaroni 

.10 

26 

3 1 Iha.  beef 

.20 

26 

0 1 lb.  onions 

.08 

26 

0 1 pk.  potatoes 

.35 

28 

0 Candy  

.05 

28 

0 2 lbs.  bacon 

.40 

28 

1 1 gal.  oil 

.08 

29 

1 1 lb.  bcp.f 

.14 

29 

4 do  

.18 

29 

4 1 pkg.  tobacco 

.08 

29 

4 1 suit  underwear 

1.50 

29 

4 6 yds.  calico 

.36 

4 2 bts.  pop 

.10 

6 25  lbs.  Union  flour 

1.00 

1 

1 

Article. 


Cost. 


1 tie. 


$1.00 

.40 

.64 

.24 

.05 

.15 

.25 

.15 

.05 

.25 

.10 

.12 

.21 

.15 

.40 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.25 

.25 

.05 

.25 

.27 

.18 

.73 

.25 

.50 

.05 

.10 


4 vds  screen 

.60 

Hinges  

.20 

Candy  

.05 

1 lb  beef  

.18 

2 pkgs  tobacco 

.16 

1 can  peaches 

.25 

2 cans  milk  

.10 

Cfl.lrps  

.05 

lbs  beef  

.45 

1 1 lbs  beef  

.27 

1 sjhirt  

.50 

1 vd  ginp’ha.m 

.14 

2 lbs.  beef  

.32 

1 bx  yeast  

.05 

1 (jt  - 

.05 

1 bx  macaroni 

.10 

1 lb  Berlin  sausage 

.16 

2 lbs  beef  

.36 

1 doz  eggs  

.27 

1 C3I1  ----- 

.26 

1 lb  Berlin  sausage 

.16 

1 lb  beef  

.18 

1 pr  hose  

.15 

1 shirt  

.50 

1 vd  pinaham 

.12 

2 loaves  bread 

.10 

1-^j;  lbs.  beef 

.21 

j lb  Berlin  sausage 

.16 

1 doz.  eggs 

.27 

1 lb  tea,  

.30 

1 can  sirup  

.12 

1 lb.  beef  

.16 

3 cans  sardines 

.30 

1 bx  macaroni 

.10 

1 bx  rolled 

.12 

1 bx  baking  powder 

.25 

1 can  peaches 

.25 

9,  lbs  beef  

.32 

1 bx  crackers  

.10 

1 bx  soda  

.05 

1 pr  shoes  

2.50 

1 doz  bano.nas  ... 

.20 

4 yds  Po.Hco  

.24 

1 ipllv  

.12 

1 can  milk  

.18 

Total  

103.64 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


411 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

WELSH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING. 

[This  family  consisted  of  husband,  wife,  and  8 children— 4 sons,  18,  14, 12,  and  10  years  of  age,  and  4 daugh- 
ters, 21,  16,  8,  and  6 years  of  age.  The  husband  only  was  employed  (driver),  and  his  earnings  during 
the  above  period  were  $170.] 


Article. 

Cost. 

Date. 

1 

$0. 20 
.05 

Apr.  8 
9 

1 

1 

.05 

9 

2.70 

9 

1 

2.00 

9 

1 

1.00 

9 

1 

1 

.25 

10 

.10 

10 

.64 

10 

1 

.14 

10 

1.25 

10 

1 

.40 

11 

1 

.10 

11 

1 

.10 

12 

1 

.10 

12 

1 

.05 

12 

1 

.74 

12 

1 

.18 

12 

1 

.18 

12 

do  

.18 

13 

1 

.18 

13 

1 

.10 

13 

1 

.10 

13 

.26 

13 

1 

2.07 

13 

1 waist 

.50 

13 

1 

31  yds.  calico 

.23 

13 

1 

6|  yds.  gingham 

.46 

15 

15 

15 

1 

3|  yds.  lawn 

.47 

1 

3 cans  milk 

.60 

2 

Stogies 

.05 

15 

2 

Polish  sausage 

.27 

15 

2 

1 can  milk 

.20 

15 

2 

2 pkgs.  beet  seed 

.10 

15 

2 

2 pkgs.  radish  seed •. 

.10 

15 

2 

1 pkg.  pepper  seed 

.10 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

2 

2 lbs.  butter 

.74 

3 

Pie 

.10 

3 

Cheese 

.10 

3 

1 jar  apple  butter 

.10 

3 

1 doz.  oranges 

.15 

3 

Waist 

.50 

3 

Ham 

.23 

3 

21  yds.  gingham 

.18 

16 

16 

16 

3 

. .do 

.18 

4 

do 

.18 

4 

do 

.18 

16 

5 

31  yds.  gingham 

.26 

16 

5 

9 doz.  eggs 

2.07 

16 

6 

1 nipple 

.05 

16 

6 

4 lbs.  ham 

. 40 

16 

5 

1 lb.  butter 

. 19 

17 

6 

Onions 

.15 

17 

6 

Pie 

.10 

17 

6 

1 doz.  eggs 

.33 

17 

6 

1 doz.  bananas 

. 10 

17 

6 

1 bx.  sardines 

.15 

17 

6 

2 oranges 

.05 

17 

6 

1 bx.  crackers 

.05 

17 

6 

1 doz.  bananas 

.10 

18 

6 

Fish 

.10 

18 

6 

2 boxes  sardines 

.10 

18 

7 

Ginger 

.42 

18 

7 

Lawn 

.47 

19 

7 

Milk 

.60 

19 

7 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

19 

7 

1 doz.  bananas 

.10 

20 

8 

Hose 

.30 

20 

8 

Ruffling 

.24 

20 

8 

Eggs 

.23 

20 

8 

Pie 

.10 

20 

8 

1 lb.  butter 

.19 

20 

8 

3 stogies 

.05 

20 

Article. 

Cost. 

1 lb.  coffee 

$0.17 

.10 

1 bx.  Bon  Ami 

1 can  milk 

.20 

Shoes 

1.50 

1 loaf  bread 

.10 

Butter 

.65 

Pie 

.10 

J doz.  bananas 

.10 

2 qts.  lima  beans 

.14 

1 bot.  polish 

.05 

Milk 

.18 

Seeds 

.15 

Pork 

.20 

Pie 

.10 

Cakes 

.10 

5 doz.  bananas 

.10 

Hose 

.10 

Stogies 

.05 

Shoes 

1.50 

Pickles 

.12 

Cigar 

.05 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

2 spools  thread 

.10 

Stogies 

.05 

Pie 

.10 

Oranges 

.10 

Candy 

.05 

Beef 

.14 

Lard 

.08 

Beef 

.32 

Milk 

.18 

i lb.  butter 

Pie 

.19 

.10 

Bananas 

.10 

J lb.  butter 

.19 

50  lbs.  ITnion  flour 

1.80 

16  lbs.  sugar 

1.50 

1 bu.  potatoes 

.55 

5 cakes  soap 

.25 

3 boxes  yeast 

.15 

1 lb.  starch 

.05 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

.14 

1 banner  rat 

.30 

8 pkgs.  tobacco 

.64 

3 prs.  hose 

.25 

1 blouse 

.50 

2 lbs.  butter 

.78 

1 ham 

1.92 

1 cap 

.50 

1^  lbs.  tea 

.75 

h doz.  oranges 

.15 

1 loaf  bread 

.05 

1 box  crackers 

.05 

Oysters 

.18 

2 qts.  beans 

.14 

Pork 

.18 

Milk 

.18 

Pork 

.17 

8 pkgs.  tobacco 

.64 

Stogies 

.05 

1 yd.  muslin 

.08 

1 bt.  catsup 

10 

Crackers 

.10 

1 doz.  bananas 

.10 

1 can  milk 

.20 

Cakes 

.10 

1 can  milk 

1 .20 

1 qt.  lima  beans 

.07 

1 pk.  potatoes 

.18 

Lace 

.10 

Bananas 

. 10 

Milk 

.20 

Cakes 

.10 

.e. 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 

25 

25 

25 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

29 

29 

29 


le 

Jj 

10 

10 

10 

10 

07 

10 

18 

10 

05 

15 

01 

05 

10 

10 

,18 

,24 

,19 

,20 

,15 

.05 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.17 

.20 

.18 

.10 

.38 

.10 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.18 

.33 

.18 

.10 

.10 

.18 

.12 

.10 

.10 

.15 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.18 

.06 

.05 

.08 

.37 

.14 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.15 

.05 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.05 

.10 

.03 

.18 

.25 

.05 

.18 

.25 

.20 

.08 

.20 

.25 

.10 

.05 

.10 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to 
30,  i 905— Continued. 

FAMILY  NO  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GEN 
LIVING-Continued. 


Article. 


Cost. 


Date. 


Article. 


Cake'S 

$0. 10  • 

Apr.  30 

4 qts.  onions 

.18 

30 

2 pkgs.  seed 

.50 

May  1 

1 qt.  beans 

. 16 

1 

1 pie 

.06 

1 

1 qt.  lima  beans 

.20 

1 

1 bx.  macaroni 

. 10 

1 

J lb.  butter 

.25 

1 

1 can  tomatoes 

.10 

1 

Lace 

. 10 

1 

1 collar 

.10 

1 

Candy 

10 

1 

1 spool  thread 

10 

1 

Pie 

.10 

1 

i doz.  bananas 

. 10 

1 

I lb.  butter 

.10 

1 

Buttons 

.10 

1 

Lace 

18 

1 

Hose 

' 10 

1 

Ribbons 

! 10 

1 

Onions 

.05 

1 

Crackers 

05 

1 

Cakes 

.10 

1 

^ doz.  bananas 

05 

1 

Stogies 

05 

1 

1 lb.  coffee 

. 19 

Ham 

.10 

1 

1 lb.  butter 

.02 

1 

Nipple 

1.80 

1 

Polish  sausage 

1.50 

1 

1 loaf  bread 

'Prk'f 

.55 

1 spool  thread 

i U La LUtJo 

. 26 

1 

Pie 

3^  yds.  gingham 

! 15 

1 

Crackers 

3 1dOX6S  yG3<St - 

1 cfciYoh 

!o5 
. 14 

1 

1 lb.  butter 

1 lU.  oLaiL 11. 

O n'fc  liTYici 

Ham 

U Lo»  IlliJ  d Ucaiio 

1 IVk  ViTiffat* 

. ly 

1 

Milk 

nr'mriQ'fTiac 

10 

24 

Crackers 

r^iTioraT  QTlCl'nQ 

. 05 

24 

J doz.  bananas 

. 05 

24 

1 lb.  beef 

Sto^iss • 

fXom 

!28 
. 20 

24 

1 qt.  navy  beans 

1 OOTl  TTl  i llr 

25 

Pie 

1 1V\  lAii'f'faT 

. 19 

25 

Cake 

9 ID.  ULiLlcr.  .................... 

!24 

25 

Salmon 

"PCkflT* 

.23 

25 

3 stogies 

! 10 

25 

Oranges 

T^io 

. 10 

25 

3 apricots 

MilV 

. 18 

25 

J lb.  butter 

1 IVv  VviTf+at* 

. 19 

26 

1 lb.  onions 

R 

!i8 

26 

1 cake  soap 

• 18 

26 

Sausage 

. 68 

26 

1 lb.  butter 

9^  yds.  ................ 

1 Rri'v  thIIq 

! 10 

26 

2 lbs.  lima  beans 

. 10 

26 

Pie 

\jr  ly  L/cl  lilt/.  ...................... 

.08 

26 

Cakes 

TpIItt  Toll 

. 10 

26 

4 oranges 

Ofon  crpc 

. 10 

26 

1 doz.  bananas 

........................ 

IVvo  TTnir\n  flnnT 

2'  70 

26 

1 stove  polish 

/ 0 lUb.  U illUU  IlUUl  .............. 

32  lbs.  sugar 

2.  00 

26 

2 cakes  soap 

.30 

26 

Pie 

64 

26 

Cakes 

1 lYT  VlO'iP 

!25 

.50 

26 

Crackers 

Rlmicsp 

26 

3 stogies 

Rnffpr 

.78 

27 

Oranges 

TTom 

1.92 

27 

Candy 

r'ci  jY 

.50 

27 

i lb.  butter 

Tpci 

.75 

27 

4 lbs.  sugar 

1 PQTi  Tnillr 

.20 

27 

2 oranges 

0 n'fc  liTYi£3  Iypc^tiq 

. 14 

27 

J lb.  butter 

^ to*  1 ilXiOi  UCdiiO 

1 pan  TTiillr 

20 

27 

4 lbs.  sugar 

. 10 

27 

Salmon 

• .10 

27 

1 pkg.  tobacco 

O IRq  ■fpei 

1 00 

27 

Pies 

.25 

30 

3 prs.  hose 

9 RpYPG  TTPCiQl’ 

10 

30 

Pie 

o p+Q  ItTTiQ  Rpc^na 

. 14 

30 

1 box  yeast 

^ (4  Lb*  iillld  Ucdilo. 

1 bu.  potatoes 

1. 25 

30 

^ lb. cakes 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


413 


Table  216. — Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June 

30,  1909 — Continued. 

WELSH:  FAMILY  NO.  3.  EXPENDITURES  FOR  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  AND  GENERAL 

LIVING— Continued. 


Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

May  30 

Stogies 

$0.05 

30 

Bread 

.20 

30 

Soap 

. 10 

June  1 

1 qt.  vinegar 

.08 

3 

1 Ib.  beef 

.18 

4 

1 pkg.  seed ; 

.10 

4 

1 lb.  butter 

.18 

4 

1 doz.  bananas 

.10 

4 

Pie 

. 10 

4 

1 lb.  coffee 

.17 

4 

Cakes 

.10 

8 

Pie 

. 10 

8 

§ lb.  Gutter 

.18 

8 

2 cans  corn 

.20 

8 

Ham 

.30 

8 

2 cakes  soap 

.10 

8 

Chewing  gum 

.02 

8 

Sausage 

.18 

8 

2 lbs.  beef 

.22 

8 

1 bt.  pop 

.05 

8 

1 bx.  macaroni 

.10 

8 

3 stogies 

.05 

8 

1 qt.  peas 

.10 

10 

\ lb.  butter 

.19 

10 

Cakes 

.10 

10 

Oranges 

.10 

10 

Side  meat 

.20 

13 

Pie 

.10 

13 

Cakes 

.10 

13 

Oranges 

.10 

13 

2 pkgs.  tobacco 

.16 

13 

1 lb.  butter 

.37 

Date. 

Article. 

Cost. 

June  13 

1 can  milk 

$0. 18 

13 

1 lb.  lima  beans 

.07 

14 

3 lbs.  4 oz.  beef 

.54 

14 

1 lb. sausage 

.14 

14 

6 lbs.  4 oz.  beef 

1.06 

14 

Milk 

.08 

14 

Candy 

.05 

14 

do 

.02 

14 

Pie 

.10 

19 

2 oranges 

.05 

19 

i lb.  butter 

.19 

19 

3 stogies 

.05 

19 

Cakes 

.10 

19 

1 sack  salt 

.05 

21 

Pie 

. 10 

21 

Candy 

.05 

21 

Cakes 

.10 

21 

2 oranges 

.05 

21 

§ lb.  butter 

.19 

23 

Cucumbers 

.10 

23 

Tomatoes 

.10 

23 

Cakes 

.05 

23 

3 peaches 

.05 

23 

Pie 

. 10 

23 

^ lb.  butter 

.18 

24 

2 lbs.  pork 

.24 

24 

Pie 

. 10 

24 

Cakes 

. 10 

25 

Tobacco 

.05 

Total 

90. 75 

Chapter  VII. 


INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  AND  EFFICIENCY. 


Opinions  of  coal  operators  as  to  progress  of  immigrant  employees — Employers’  state- 
ments as  to  efficiency  of  immigrant  mine  workers  according  to  specified  standards — 
The  use  of  intoxicants  in  its  relation  to  efficiency — [Text  Tables  217  to  219j. 

OPINIONS  OF  COAL  OPERATORS  AS  TO  PROGRESS  OF  IMMIGRANT 

EMPLOYEES. 

The  immigrants  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  many  of  whom 
were  experienced  miners  when  they  first  came  to  the  Pennsylvania 
bituminous  fields,  have  worked  upward  in  the  mining  industry.  The 
British  already  knew  the  language  and  the  Germans  soon  learned  it. 
Both  classes  of  immigrants  proved  able  to  accept  responsibility,  and, 
with  the  expansion  of  the  industry,  advanced  in  the  scale  of  occu- 
pations. This  is  even  more  noticeable  in  the  second  generation  of 
these  immigrants,  and,  as  a result  of  the  progress  made,  the  mines  of 
Pennsylvania  at  the  present  time  have  many  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  Germans  engaged  as  superintendents,  mine  and  coke-yard 
foremen,  and  in  other  responsible  positions. 

In  the  case  of  the  recent  immigrants  of  other  races,  the  employers, 
while  quite  naturally  varying  more  or  less  in  their  opinions  regarding 
the  relative  progress  of  particular  races,  are  practically  unanimous 
in  asserting  that,  as  races,  these  recent  immigrants  make  less  progress 
in  the  industry  than  did  those  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany. 
This  is  especially  true  of  the  first  generation.  Occasionally  indi- 
viduals are  found  who  have  become  mine  or  coke-yard  foremen, 
but  they  are  few,  and  nearly  all  of  them  were  young  when  they 
arrived  in  this  country,  and  more  nearly  approached  the  condition  of 
j the  second  generation.  The  rapidity  of  the  advance  of  races  of  recent 
I immigration  into  minor  positions  of  authority,  such  as  those  of  boss 
I drivers,  tipple  bosses,  and  similar  occupations,  is  affected  by  the  ability 
I or  inability  of  the  mining  companies  to  secure  Americans  and  Scotch  or 
I German  workmen  for  these  places.  This  is  harder  to  do  at  the  more 
remote  plants,  and,  therefore,  at  such  mines  more  of  the  recent 
! immigrants  are  found  advancing  into  these  positions.  As  already 
' stated,  however,  this  is  due  not  to  greater  capacity  on  their  part,  but 
! to  the  absence  of  many  workmen  of  the  first  choice  of  races.  In  fact, 

I the  general  feeling  toward  the  recent  immigrants  seems  tinged  with 
the  conviction  that  they  are  inferior  intellectually  to  Americans, 

! English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Welsh,  and  not  adapted  to  supervisory 
work. 

It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  which  races  of  recent  immigration  are 
making  the  most  progress  in  the  industry.  Their  advancement  is 
rather  by  individuals  than  by  races.  The  consensus  of  opinion,  how- 
ever, seems  to  be  that  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  Magyars,  and  North 


415 


416 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Italians  are  more  progressive  than  the  Creations,  and  that  the  South 
Italians  are  least  progressive.  Several  reasons  are  assigned  for  the 
slowness  to  advance  industrially  on  the  part  of  the  races  of  recent 
immigration.  -A.  considerable  proportion  are  uneducated,  and  are 
thereby  prevented  from  making  any  material  advancement.®  All 
races  arrive  in  this  country  without  knowledge  of  our  language,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  the  more  ambitious  younger  men,  very  few 
learn  it.  At  the  outset  this  effectually  bars  the  progress  of  the  great 
majority  of  recent  immigrants,  not  merely  because  ability  to  speak 
English  is  an  advantage,  and  sometimes  even  a necessity,  in  order  to 
hold  most  of  the  minor  advanced  positions,  but  for  the  additional 
reason  that  the  inability  to  converse  in  English  with  the  foremen  and 
bosses  prevents  the  latter  from  discovering  the  greater  capacity  of  many 
immigrants,  who  consequently  remain  miners,  coke  drawers,  or  un- 
skilled laborers.  Few  recent  immigrants  are  experienced  mine 
workers  when  they  come  to  the  United  States.  The  majority  are 
peasants  from  the  farm,  or  other  unskilled  workers,  and  many  must 
therefore  learn  the  very  rudiments  of  the  industry  at  an  age  when 
special  proficiency  in  any  work  is  difficult  of  attainment.  Moreover, 
it  is  often  stated  that,  as  races,  the  recent  immigrants  are  more  passive 
and  submissive,  and  distinctly  less  ambitious  and  enterprising  in 
efforts  to  better  their  condition  than  are  the  British  or  Germans.  Mem- 
bers of  the  second  generation  of  recent  immigrants  make  much  more 
progress  in  the  industry  than  do  their  fathers.  They  learn  the  lan- 
guage as  they  grow  up,  secure  some  education,  and  seem  more  alert 
and\mbitious.  Those  who  enter  the  industry  begin  young,  grow  up 
in  it,  and  many  of  them  look  forward  to  advancement  and  work  to 
secure  it. 

In  general,  the  native  American  of  the  better  class  is  considered 
more  progressive  than  the  British  or  German  immigrant  and  far 
superior  to  any  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration.^ 

employers’  statements  as  to  efficiency  of  immigrant  mine 

WORKERS  ACCORDING  TO  SPECIFIED  STANDARDS. 

An  effort  was  made  to  obtain  data  as  to  the  relative  efficiency  of 
the  different  races  of  recent  immigrants  when  compared  with  each 
other  and  with  natives  and  older  immigrants,  and  with  this  object 
in  view  information  was  secured,  by  race,  as  to  relative  industrious- 
ness and  attentiveness,  adaptability,  tractability,  ease  of  supervision, 
sobriety,  and  the  use  of  English  so  far  as  English  affects  efficiency. 
Owing  to  differences  of  opinion  among  superintendents  and  foreman, 
and  because  of  differences  in  the  racial  composition  of  the  labor 
forces  of  the  different  mines  and  coke  plants,  it  is  not  possible  to 
draw  absolutely  definite  conclusions  from  the  statements  of^rnine 
officials,  but  the  following  illustrative  opinions  of  a few  such  omcials, 
together  with  a general  statement  deduced  from  the  preferences  of 
many  others  will  at  least  indicate  with  some  degree  of  accuracy  the 
prevailing  judgment  of  those  in  charge  of  the  immigrant  mine  worker^ 
In  weighing  the  opinions  cited  below,  it  should  also  be  remembered 

oFor  a detailed  showing  as  to  literacy,  see  pp.  429-435. 

& For  more  detailed  data  as  to  the  progress  made  by  the  different  races,  by  occu- 
pations, see  tables  in  connection  with  “Occupations  entered.” 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


417 


that  the  mine  officials  quoted  were  passing  on  the  men  only  as  pro- 
ducers and  not  considering  any  other  qualities. 

As  to  industriousness  and  attentiveness,  the  superintendent  of  a 
mine  which  will  be  designated  throughout  this  discussion  as  Mine 
No.  1,  ranks  his  employees  as  follows,  the  first  named  being  most 
desirable:  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  South  Italians.  Practically 
no  Americans  are  employed  in  this  mine  except  in  the  higher  positions, 
and  in  such  places  they  outrank  all  races  of  recent  immigrants.  At 
another  mine,  which  may  be  designated  No.  2,  the  superintendent 
ranks  his  pick  miners,  loaders,  inside  laborers,  coke-yard  employees, 
etc.,  as  follows,  the  first  named  being  most  desirable : North  Italians, 
South  Italians,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  Croatians,  Poles,  Germans,  Ameri- 
cans, Irish.  Only  Americans  and  immigrants  from  Great  Britain 
and  Germany  are  employed  in  places  of  responsibility.  At  another 
mine.  No.  3,  the  superintendent  ranks  his  workmen  according  to 
relative  industriousness  and  attentiveness,  as  follows:  Slovaks, 
Lithuanians,  North  Italians,  Russians,  Americans,  English,  Scotch, 
and  Irish.  In  the  higher  positions  requiring  technical  skill  or 
entailing  much  responsibility,  only  natives  or  immigrants  from 
Great  Britain  are  employed  and  they  far  outrank  the  other  races 
employed  at  this  mine.  In  general,  it  seems  that  in  the  matter  of 
industriousness  and  attentiveness  in  the  rank  and  file  positions,  the 
recent  immigrants  of  all  races  are  considered  better  than  the  natives 
er  British  immigrants.  Among  employees  of  the  latter  races  who 
dig  coal  or  work  in  the  coke  yards,  are  said  to  be  a number  who  are 
rather  lazy  and  unambitious  and  who  are  less  desirable  than  the 
recent  immigrants.  In  industriousness  and  attentiveness  the  Slovaks 
md  Poles  are  perhaps  the  best  of  the  recent  immigrant  races,  with 
the  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Russians,  and  Magyars  about  equal 
in  desirability  and  the  South  Italians  and  Croatians  less  so.  The  chief 
objection  to  the  Slavic  races  is  their  tendency  to  lose  time  and  labor 
dirough  periodic  intoxication.  The  Italians  drink  less  than  the 
5lavs  and  are  steadier  workmen. 

For  adaptability,  practically  all  superintendents  place  the  Ameri- 
cans first,  with  the  immigrants  from  Great  Britain  second,  and  the 
Germans  third.  At  Mine  No.  1 the  races  of  recent  immigration  are 
'anked  as  follows:  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks,  South  Italians.  At 
Vline  No.  2:  Magyars,  Slovaks,  Croatians,  North  Italians,  Poles, 
:50uth  Italians.  At  Mine  No.  3 the  ranking  is  rather  unusual,  inas- 
nuch  as  the  North  Italian  here  is  considered  more  adaptable  than 
;he  British  mine  worker.  The  ranking  is  American,  North  Italian, 
Scotch,  English,  Irish,  Slovak,  Lithuanian,  Russian.  In  general, 
he  North  Italian  is  regarded  as  the  most  adaptable  of  the  recently 
mmigrating  races,  with  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  the  best  of  the  Slavs  in 
-his  particular. 

With  respect  to  tract  ability,  the  Americans  and  British  are  usually 
considered  much  less  desirable  than  the  recent  immigrants.  This 
mfavorable  opinion  seems  very  largely  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
American  and  British  workmen  can  not  be  so  easily  imposed  upon 
)y  coal-company  officials,  but  are  prompt  and  insistent  in  demand- 
ng  what  they  consider  their  rights,  while  the  races  of  recent  immi- 
rration,  particularly  the  Slavic  races,  are  much  more  submissive, 
it  Mine  No.  1,  the  recent  immigrants  are  ranked  in  this  regard  as 


418 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


follows:  Magyars,  Slovaks,  Poles,  South  Italians.  At  Mine  No.  2 the 
ranking  is:  North  Italians,  Slovaks,  Croatians,  Poles,  Magyars,  South 
Italians,  Irish,  Americans.  At  Mine  No.  3,  as  follows:  Slovaks,  Lithu- 
anians, North  Italians,  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Americans.  The  South 
Italians  are  ranked  low,  as  a rule,  because  of  impulsiveness  and  a 
tendency  to  violence.  The  Slovaks  and  Poles  give  little  trouble, 
except  when  under  the  influence  of  liquor.  This  is  also  true  of  the 
Magyars,  but  they  seem  to  be  regarded  as  less  submissive  than  the 

Slovaks  and  Poles.  _ . . -r,  i a 

In  relative  ease  of  supervision,  the  American  and  British  and  Ger- 
man immigrant  employees  always  head  the  list.  This  is  generally 
ascribed  to  their  better  intelligence  and  knowledge  of  the  English 
language.  Among  the  recent  immigrants,  the  Slovaks  and  Poles 
seem  to  lead,  and  all  the  Austro-Hungarian  races  outrank  the  Ital- 
ians. The  last  named,  especially  the  South  Italians,  are  considered 
to  be  less  trustworthy  ancf  to  require  more  oversight  than  the  Slavic 
races.  At  Mine  No.  1 the  races  of  recent  immigration  are  ranked 
as  follows  in  relative  ease  of  supervision:  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks, 
South  Italians.  At  Mine  No.  2,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Magyars,  Croatians, 
North  Italians,  South  Italians.  At  Mine  No.  3,  Slovaks,  Lithuanians, 
Russians,  North  Italians.  _ 

As  regards  sobriety,  the  American,  British,  and  German  employees 
are  better  than  those  of  recently  immigrating  races.  Among  the 
recent  immigrants  the  North  and  South  Italians,  though  steady 
drinkers,  rank  above  the  Slavic  races,  ail  of  whom,  beside  being 
large  consumers  of  alcoholic  liquors,  show  a tendency  toward  intoxp 
cation.  At  Mine  No.  1 the  recent  immigrants  are  ranked  in  this 
particular  as  follows:  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks.  At 
Mine  No.  2 the  races  in  order  of  desirability  are:  North  Italians, 
South  Italians,  Magyars,  Croatians,  Poles,  Slovaks.  At  Mine  No  3 
the  order  is:  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Russians,  Slovaks.  At  this 
mine  the  Polish  workmen  have  all  been  discharged  because  of  too 

frequent  intoxication.®  ^ v i • 

In  the  opinion  of  superintendents,  ability  to  use  English  increases 
the  average  efficiency  somewhat,  but  the  use  of  the  language  is  not  a 
prime  element  in  determining  a man’s  efficiency  in  the  lower-paid  and 
nonsupervisory  positions.  Lack  of  knowledge  of  English  has  little 
effect  on  efficiency  further  than  to  retard  a workman’s  progress  and 
to  make  more  supervision  necessary  than  in  the  case  of  employees  who 
understand  English.  After  an  immigrant  learns  to  do  the  work  his 
production  of  coal  is  not  affected  by  the  language  he  speaks,  but  more 
time,  labor,  and  money  must  be  spent  in  teaching  him  to  do  his 
work  than  in  the  case  of  an  English-speaking  workman,  and  the 
range  of  occupations  in  the  industry  into  which  he  can  be  quickly 
placed  is  somewhat  narrowed.  On  being  requested  to  sjiecify  his 
preference  by  races  and  occupations  for  einployees  in  the  industry, 
on  a basis  of  general  efficiency,  the  superintendent  of  Mine  No.  1 
stated  that  for  all  higher  places  he  preferred  Americans.  In  the 
rank-and-file  positions  his  choice  is  as  follows:  For  the  mine,  Magyais, 
Poles,  Slovaks;  for  coke  yard.  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Slo- 
vaks. He  asserts  that  if  good  steady  Americans,  English,  Irish, 

a For  a more  extended  discussion  as  to  the  relation  between  efficiency  and  the  use  of 

intoxicants,  see  pp.  419-422. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


419 


Scotch,  Welsh,  or  Germans  could  be  obtained,  they  would  be  pre- 
ferred above  any  of  the  former  races,  but  adds  that  the  Americans, 
British,  and  Germans  available  are  less  desirable  than  the  recent 
immigrants.  At  Mine  No.  2 the  order  of  preference  is:  For  higher 
places,  Americans,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  English-speaking  Ger- 
mans; for  unskilled  work,  Slavic  races.  North  Italians,  South  Ital- 
ians, Americans,  and  British,  of  the  class  applying  for  work  at  this 
mine.  At  Mine  No.  3 the  preference  is:  For  responsible  places, 
Americans  first  choice,  with  all  other  English-speaking  races  second; 
for  rank  and  file  of  work,  Slovak,  Lithuanian,  North  Italian.  In 
this  mine  a few  British  miners  are  also  considered  desirable  in  the 
rank-and-file  places  to  aid  in  instructing  the  immigrant  workers. 

As  stated  at  the  outset,  these  opinions  can  be  accepted  only  as 
those  of  a few  superintendents.  Others  will  differ  radically  from 
them.  It  must  also  be  remembered  that  these  preferences  are  based 
solely  upon  the  supposed  worth  of  the  men  as  part  of  the  producing 

Sment — that  is,  as  miners  and  laborers — without  regard  to  their 
from  a social  or  civic  standpoint,  and  that  consideration  of 
their  qualities  from  such  a standpoint  might  lead  to  very  different 
ranking.  For  example,  from  the  point  of  view  of  a mine  owner 
bent  on  cheapening  production,  a body  of  Americans  who  insist  on 
proper  and  more  costly  ventilation  and  timbering  in  a mine  may  be 
much  less  desirable  than  an  equal  number  of  immigrants  who  would 
not  make  such  demands;  yet  from  almost  any  other  standpoint  the 
American  workmen  under  such  circumstances  are  the  more  desirable. 

THE  USE  OF  INTOXICANTS  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  EFFICIENCY. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding  statements  as  regards  sobriety,  it 
should  be  said  that  there  is  a very  significant  relation  between  the 
use  of  intoxicants  and  efficiency.  The  consumption  of  alcoholic 
liquors  among  the  immigrant  employees  is  exceedingly  large  and  has 
marked  effects  on  their  efficiency.  One  mine  superintendent  esti- 
mated that  his  foreign  miners  consume  an  average  of  2 quarts  of  beer 
a day  each,  as  well  as  some  whisky.  Another  superintendent  stated 
that  each  week  a carload  of  beer  and  a barrel  of  whisky  were  shipped 
into  his  town  of  1,800  people,  two-thirds  of  whom  are  recent  immi- 
grants. The  table  which  follows  shows  the  amount  of  beer  and  whisky 
ordered  during  one  week  from  beer  agents  in  three  typical  mining 
towns,  and  also  the  approximate  number  of  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren in  the  towns,  by  race  groups: 


Table  217. — Quantity  of  beer  and  whisky  ordered  in  three  Pennsylvania  coal  and  coke 

towns  during  one  week. 


Town. 

Approximate  number 
of  Americans,  Eng- 
lish, Irish,  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  Germans. 

Approximate  number 
of  Slovaks,  Poles, 
Magyars,  Italians, 
etc. 

Quarts  of 
beer 

per  week. 

Quarts  of 
whisky 
per  week. 

Men. 

Wom- 

en. 

Chil- 

dren. 

Men. 

Wom- 

en. 

Chil- 

dren. 

Gross. 

Per 

capita. 

Gross. 

Per 

capita. 

A 

80 

30 

90 

500 

150 

350 

5,400 

4.5 

160 

0. 13 

B 

60 

25 

65 

525 

160 

365 

5,000 

4.7 

300 

.25 

C 

85 

30 

85 

675 

185 

440 

7,200 

4.8 

400 

.27 

Total 

225 

85 

240 

1,700 

595 

1,155 

18,200 

4.7 

860 

.22 

420  The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  all  three  towns  some  limitation  on  sales  was  imposed  and  thejt 
amounts  quoted  are  only  the  restricted  orders  of  the  beer  agents.! 
Additional  amounts  were  consumed  at  neighboring  saloons  or  were! 
carried  into  the  towns  by  the  men  themselves.  When  it  is  remem-i 
bered  that  the  greater  portion  of  these  intoxicants  was  consumed  by; 
the  more  recent  immigrants,  some  general  idea  of  the  amount  con- 
sumed by  each  workman  can  be  reached.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  drinking  is  particularly  heavy  immediately  after  pay  day,  so 
that  during  this  time  the  most  marked  effects  on  efficiency  are  to  bei 
expected.  The  following  table  shows  the  total  amount  of  beer  and 
whisky  ordered  in  one  Pennsylvania  mining  town  during  a period  of 
ten  weeks:  ] 


Table  218. — Quantity  of  beer  and  whisky  ordered  in  one  Pennsylvania  mining  town  during  i 
a period  of  ten  weeks,  by  race  of  consumer. 


Race. 

Number 
of  men. 

N umber 
of 

women. 

Number 

of 

children. 

Beer. 

Whisky. 

Total 

quarts 

ordered 

during 

ten 

weeks. 

Quarts 

per 

capita 

per 

week. 

Total 

quarts 

ordered 

during 

ten 

weeks. 

Quarts 

per 

capita 

per 

week. 

American 

13 

11 

30 

160 

0. 30 

3 

0.006 

English 

1 

1 

6 

0 

.00 

4 

.050 

Irish 

2 

2 

3 

48 

.69 

0 

.000 

Total 

16 

14 

39 

208 

.30 

7 

.010 

Bohemian 

4 

4 

IT 

720 

3.  79 

o” 

7m 

Italian,  North  and  South 

26 

6 

11 

1,792 

4. 17 

48 

.112 

Polish 

143 

48 

105 

12, 656 

4.  28 

190 

.064 

Slovak 

102 

35 

81 

6,272 

2.88 

184 

.084 

Total 

275 

93 

208 

21,440 

3.  72 

422 

.073 

Negro 

7 

4 

5 

1^ 

1.  20 

0 

Grand  total 

298 

111 

252 

21,840 

3.  30 

429 

In  the  table  following,  a comparison  of  races  is  made  according  to 
the  order  per  man: 

Table  219. — Quantity  of  beer  and  whisky  per  man  ordered  in  one  Pennsylvania  mining 

town,  by  race. 


[The  average  weekly  order  is  computed  from  orders  for  a period  of  ten  weeks.] 


Race. 

Number 
of  men. 

Average  weekly 
consumption  per 
man  of— 

Beer 

(quarts). 

Whisky 

(quarts). 

Amprioa.n  . 

13 

1 

2 

1.23 

0.00 

2.40 

0.023 

.400 

.000 

Engli.sh  

Total  

16 

1.  30 

.438 

Bohemian 

4 

26 

143 

102 

18.00 
6.  89 
8.85 
6. 15 

Tom 

.185 

.133 

.180 

Italian,  North  and  South 

Slovak 

Total 

275 

7.80 

.183 

7 

2.  74 

Grand  total 

298 

7.  .33 

T44 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


421 


In  this  town  sales  are  restricted,  and  the  figures  given  above  are  40 
per  cent  less  than  the  amount  formerly  ordered  when  no  restriction 
vas  practiced.  Here  again  actual  consumption  is  larger,  since  much 
s consumed  in  saloons  outside  the  town  and  also  carried  into  the  town 
3y  the  mine  workers.  The  tables  plainly  indicate  that  consumption 
s much  greater  among  more  recent  immigrants  than  among  the 
Americans  and  the  older  immigrants,  since  the  former  group  orderexl 
3er  capita  more  than  twelve  times  as  much  beer  as  the  latter,  and 
learly  seven  times  as  much  whisky.  These  results  are  somewhat 
nfluenced  by  the  fact  that  the  proportion  of  single  men  to  women 
ind  children  is  higher  in  the  second  group  than  in  the  first,  but  it  is 
dso  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  the  women  and  children  of  the  second 
,Toup  are  much  larger  consumers  than  those  of  the  first  group. 

Figures  of  liquor  consumption  in  towns  where  no  restriction  is  exer- 
jised  were  not  obtainable,  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  the  average 
nining  town  numerous  beer  and  whisky  agents  are  constantly  solicit- 
ng  orders,  some  idea  of  the  general  consumption  in  such  towns  can 
)e  formed  from  the  preceding  tables.  The  recent  immigrants  have 
)een  accustomed  to  drinking  beer  or  light  wines  abroad.  In  this 
country,  however,  they  drink  whisky  in  place  of  light  wines,  and 
hey  drink  to  excess.  This  is  due  to  several  causes : (1)  They  “treat’’ 
according  to  the  American  custom j (2)  they  have  little  opportunity 
or  decent  amusements  or  to  buy  homes  or  property  with  their  sur- 
)lus  money,  and  there  is  a disposition  to  spend  money  freely.  Exces- 
^e  drinking,  particularly  among  the  foreign  workmen,  lowers  their 
fficiency  to  an  appreciable  degree.  As  already  stated,  this  is  more 
Qarked  in  the  days  immediately  following  pay  day,  when  the  drinking 
3 especially  heavy.  There  is  usually  a decreased  number  of  men  at 
rark  and  a consequent  falling  off  in  the  output  of  coal  and  coke, 
he  general  manager  of  one  large  company  says  that  for  the  half  week 
olio  wing  pay  Saturday  their  production  shows  a loss  of  approximately 
0 per  cent.  Formerly  this  was  often  larger,  until  the  company  some- 
mat  restricted  the  sale  of  intoxicants  in  its  villages.  The  following 
eports  from  two  mines  give  a fair  idea  of  the  effects  of  drinking  on 
•roduction  during  the  period  immediately  following  pay  days: 

Mine  No.  1. 


Cars  of  coal 
produced. 

ormal 

iturday,  pay  day 

inday 

550 

Not  running. 
Ditto. 

390 

430 

460 

550 

hiirsday 

ormal  thereafter  until  the  next  pay  day.  

48296°— VOL  6—11 28 


422 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Mine  No.  2. 


Number 
of  men. 

Tons  of  coal 
produced. 

415 

2,550 

Not  running. 
Ditto. 

1,934 
0 1,672 
2,402 
2,532 
2,600 
2,200 
2,566 

0 202 
384 
403 
436 
412 
414 

Normal thereafter  until  the  next  pay  day. 

a Church  holiday. 


At  Mine  No.  2 the  output  was  also  lowered  by  the  fact  that  Tuesday 

after  pay  day  was  a church  holiday.  tip  i 

Not  only  are  fewer  men  in  the  mine  immediately  after  pay  clay,  mtn 
consequent  loss  of  output,  but  the  companies  suffer  additional  loss 
through  increased  breakage  of  equipment,  more  numerous  accidents, 
and  consequent  medical  and  hospital  bills,  and  through  reckless  ^^^d 
careless  mining,  with  the  loss  of  more  or  less  coal  and  time  and  l^bor. 
The  life  of  the  town  and  of  the  workmen  is  demoralized,  and  the 
industry  is  rendered  more  unattractive  to  the  better  and  more  ambi- 
tious workmen  and  their  children. 


Chapter  VIII. 

INDUSTRIAL  EFFECTS  OF  IMMIGRATION. 

Employment  of  recent  immigrants  made  possible  a remarkable  growth  in  the  indus- 
try ^C'hanges  in  industrial  methods  and  organization — Immigration  in  its  relation 
to  mining  accidents — Displacement  of  former  employees  by  recent  immigrants — 
Failure  of  native-born  to  enter  the  industry.— [Text  Tables  220  and  221.] 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS  MADE  POSSIBLE  A REMARKABLE 
GROWTH  IN  THE  INDUSTRY. 

The  employment  of  immigrants  of  recent  immigration  has  made 
possible  the  extraordinary  expansion  of  the  bituminous  mining  indus- 
try in  Pennsylvania  during  the  past  thirty  or  thirty-five  years. 
The  extension  of  mining  operations  brought  into  existence  a demand 
for  a large  and  constantly  increasing  number  of  employees  at  the 
same  time  that  the  iron  and  steel  and  other  industries  were  undergoing 
a rapid  development  and  bidding  in  the  labor  market  for  more  and 
more  workmen.  The  existing  sources  of  labor  supply  were  unable 
to  satisfy  the  demand  and  recourse  was  necessarily  had  by  the  min- 
ing operators  to  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 
Without  the  employment  of  mine  workers  drawn  from  this  class  of 
immigrants,  the  growth  in  the  bituminous  mining  industry  would 
have  been  impossible. 

CHANGES  IN  INDUSTRIAL  METHODS  AND  ORGANIZATION. 

On  the  whole,  the  employment  of  recent  immigrants  has  made 
relatively  few  changes  in  industrial  processes  and  organization. 
Pile  form  of  organization  in  the  mines,  from  superintendents  to 
trapper-boys,  is  the  same  that  existed  before  recent  immigrants 
became  mine  workers.  The  personnel  of  the  mines  is  now  of  mixed 
races,  with  many  workmen  who  do  not  understand  English,  while 
Drmerly  it  was  relatively  homogeneous,  at  least  as  regards  language. 
Phis  entails  some  additional  work  of  supervision,  since  it  is  more 
hfhcult  to  make  an  employee  do  his  work  properly  if  he  does  not 
eadily  understand  English.  There  have  been  changes  in  mining 
Methods;  mining  machines  have  been  introduced  and  more  eco- 
lomical  methods  of  mining  have  been  applied  which  recover  a higher 
percentage  of  coal,  but  these  iinprovements  have  been  due  not  so 
niich  to  the  employment  of  immigrants  as  to  sharper  competition  in 
fie  business  and  to  the  natural  development  toward  elimination  of 
leedless  waste,  increase  in  output,  and  cheapening  of  production. 

1 0 some  extent,  the  employment  of  the  recent  immigrant  may  have 
'tunulated  the  use  of  mining  machinery,  inasmuch  as  this  machinery 

423 


424 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


renders  it  possible  to  employ  in  large  numbers  inexperienced  and  | 
untrained  men.  As  showing  the  increasing  use  of  machines  in  the  , 
bituminous  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  the  following  table  of  the  num-  ! 
ber  of  machines  used  and  number  of  tons  so  mined,  as  compared  with 
the  tons  mined  by  hand  in  the  State  since  1904,  will  be  of  interest 
and  recent  immigrants  will  work  after  these  machines  with  less  objec- 
tion than  persons  of  native  birth  or  immigrants  from  Great  Britain, 
who  seem  to  prefer  pick  to  machine  work. 

Table  220. — Bituminous  coal  mined  by  machines  in  Pennsylvania,  1904  to  1908. 


rProdnction  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker.  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the 
'■  United  States.] 


Year. 

Total 
tonnage  of 
State. 

Number 
of  tons 
mined  by 
machines. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
tonnage 
mined  by 
machines. 

97.938,287 

118,413,637 

129,293,206 

150,143,177 

117,179,527 

35,174,613 

49,335,660 

54,146,314 

60,771,157 

52,447,809 

35. 92 
41.  66 
41.88 
40.  48 
44.  76 

IMMIGRATION  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  MINING  ACCIDENTS. 

The  mines  are  said  to  be  less  safe  than  they  would  be  with  native 
American,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  or  German  labor,  because 
recent  immigrants  will  accept  more  dangerous  working  conditions 
than  the  first-named  employees.  Furthermore,  the  later  immigrants 
are  ignorant  and  untrained  and  are  often  more  or  less  reckless  or 
stupid  from  excessive  drink,  and  are  a source  of  danger  to  them- 
selves and  to  the  other  workmen.® 


DISPLACEMENT  OF  FORMER  EMPLOYEES  BY  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 


To  a large  degree  the  pioneer  American,  English,  Irish,  German, 
Scotch,  and  Welsh  miners  have  been  displaced  and  their  positions 
filled  by  the  more  recent  immigrants.  This  change  is  still  m process, 
so  that  the  number  of  recent  immigrants  is  likely  to  increase  both 
relatively  and  actually.  It  is  not  difficult  to  account  for  this  racial 
change.  The  former  operatives  had  opportunities  to  secure  be^er 
wages  or  more  congenial  and  safer  work  in  other  industries.  The 
companies  were  not  compelled  as  a result  of  agitation  ^ or  protest  to 
increase  wages,  shorten  hours,  make  their  mines  safer,  improve  their 
houses,  or  free  their  operatives  from  trading  at  the  company  stores, 
in  order  to  hold  the  natives  and  former  workmen,  since  they  were 
able  to  fill  their  places  without  difficulty  with  recent  immigrants 
who  were  content  with  the  wages  and  working  conditions  \^icli 
prevailed  in  the  bituminous  regions.  It  is  true  that  wages  have 
risen  in  the  industry,  but  as  a rule  only  to  meetThe  competition  ot 
other  industries  which  use  unskilled  labor. 


a The  relation  between  the  em 
dents  is  fully  discussed  in  Part 
of  the  use  of  intoxicants,  see  pp. 


oyment  of  recent  immigrants  and  mining  acci- 
(^banter  VIII.  nn.  209-241.  As  to  the  effects 


419-422. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


425 


FAILURE  OF  NATIVE-BORN  TO  ENTER  THE  INDUSTRY. 

Another  noteworthy  tendency  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  the  racial 
displacement  has  occurred  not  only  through  the  departure  from  the 
industry  of  the  former  employees,  but  also  through  the  refusal  of 
their  children  to  enter  the  industry  and  the  attitude  of  the  parents 
themselves,  who  frequently  discourage  it.  Only  the  less  ambitious, 
less  intelligent,  and  less  thrifty  of  the  second  generation  enter  the 
mines.  The  others  seek  different  work.  The  significance  of  this 
tendency  becomes  evident  from  a comparison  of  the  number  of  chil- 
dren of  native-born  and  foreign-born  miners  who  are  engaged  in 
occupations  other  than  mining.  In  the  study  of  selected  families, 
households  were  covered  in  Pennsylvania  in  which  there  were  59 
males  16  years  or  over  native-born  of  native  father,  114  native-born 
of  foreign  father,  and  1,975  foreign-born.  In  connection  with  these 
figures  it  is  profitable  to  note  what  proportion  of  the  three  classes 
engaged  in  mining  coal  and  what  proportion  in  other  occupations, 
as  throwing  an  interesting  light  upon  the  effects  of  immigration. 

Table  221. — Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  bituminous  coal  mining, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Perc 

In  bitum- 
inous coal 
mining. 

ent— 

In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

59 

79.7 

13.6 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father,  Slovak 

39 

84.6 

7.7 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

100.0 

.0 

Croatian 

190 

96.8 

21. 1 

German 

32 

93.8 

.0 

Italian,  North 

189 

94.  7 

3.2 

Italian,  South 

112 

98.2 

.0 

Lithuanian 

115 

97.  4 

.9 

Magyar 

191 

99.5 

.0 

Polish 

339 

97.3 

.6 

Roumanian 

35 

100.0 

.0 

Russian 

40 

100.0 

.0 

Ruthenian 

99 

99.0 

1.0 

Slovak 

563 

99.5 

.0 

Grand  total 

2,148 

95.9 

2.5 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

114 

68.4 

23.7 

Total  native-born 

173 

72.3 

20.2 

Total  foreign-born 

1,975 

97.9 

.9 

The  head  of  each  household  is  a coal  miner  or  engaged  in  work 
at  the  mines.  It  will  be  recalled  that  only  about  5 per  cent  of  the 
native  households  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  it  is  to  be  inferred, 
therefore,  that  the  males  in  excess  of  the  number  of  heads  are  in 
most  cases  the  children  of  the  head  of  the  household.  If  this 
assumption  be  true,  it  is  significant  that  13.6  per  cent  of  males  of 
native  birth  and  native  parents  are  engaged  in  other  occupations 


426 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


than  coal  mining,  as  compared  with  less  than  1 per  cent  of  foreign- 
born  males  16  years  of  age  or  over.  It  is  true  that  the  proportion 
of  children  among  the  foreign-born  is  smaller  than  ainong  the  natwe- 
born,  and  the  percentage  of  boarders  larger,  but  the  tendency  oi 
native-born  males  to  engage  in  occupations  other  than  coal  mimng 
seems  to  be  quite  marked  and  is  indicative  of  a tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  children  to  go  into  work  other  than  mining. 

Of  the  total  native-born,  more  than  20  per  cent  are  m occupations 
other  than  coal  mining.  The  conclusion  from  the  limited  data  at 
hand,  therefore,  seems  to  be  that  while  the  foreign-born  males  oi 
more  than  16  years,  whenever  employed,  work  in  the  mines,  the  per- 
sons native-born  of  native  father,  together  with  the  second  genera- 
tion immigrants,  are  not  entering  the  mines  exclusively,  but  to  the 
extent  of  one-fifth  are  engaged  in  other  occupations,  ihis  infer- 
ence from  the  data  gathered  from  families  bears  out  m a large  meas- 
ure the  experience  of  the  coal  operators,  who  state  that  the  native- 
born  and  the  second  generation  immigrants  are  not  entering  the  mines 
in  the  same  numbers  as  formerly  and  that  the  industry  is  receiving 
a constantly  decreasing  number  of  employees  of  these  classes. 

There  exists  a prejudice  against  recent  immigrants,  which  also  oper- 
ates to  an  important  extent  in  the  displacement  of  former  employees. 
Many  Americans,  English,  Germans,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Welsh  did  not 
and  do  not  desire  to  be  associated  in  the  mines  with  the  recent  im- 
migrant, and  the  feeling  has  become  prevalent  that  a sort  ot  re- 
proach attaches  to  an  intimate  working  relation  with  the  foreigner. 
The  races  of  former  immigration  have,  therefore,  left  the  industry 
and  have  entered  other  work  which,  in  the  popular  phrase  ot  the  coal 
regions,  is  not  allunkey’s  job.’’  This  tendency  is  quite  apparent  also 
in  the  segregation  of  the  natives  and  older  immigrants  by  occupations 
in  the  mines.  By  reference  to  the  preceding  tables,  exhibiting  occu- 
pations by  races,  it  will  be  seen  that  few  recent  immigrants  are  en- 
gaged in  occupations  outside  of  the  digging  and  loading  ot  coat,  wm  e 
the  shift  or  day  forces  are  almost  entirely  tilled  by  the  natives  and 
foreigners  of  older  immigration.  Another  phase  of  the  same  ten- 
dency is  also  observed  in  unionized  localities  where  there  is  usually 
a segregation  of  races  by  mines.  The  general  feeling  throughout 
the  mining  region  that  it  is  a reproach  or  degradation  to  be  m the  same 
occupation  or  line  of  work  as  the  recent  immigrant,  seems  to  have  been 
one  of  the  strongest  forces  toward  the  displacement  of  the  older  em- 
ployees either  from  the  industry  or  frorn  certain  occupations  wuhm 
the  industry.  Some  of  the  employees  displaced  as  miners  have  been 
promoted  to  higher  positions  which  were  opened  to  them  through  the 
expansion  of  the  business.  Their  numbers  are  relatively  smalq  how- 
ever, and  the  majority  of  those  displaced  have  gone  into  manufactur- 
ing plants  and  shops  in  the  region,  into  street  railways  and  trolley 
service,  or  into  business  for  themselves.  Some  emigrated  to  mining 
fields  in  the  Middle  West  or  Southwest.  The  process  has  been  gradual 

but  effective.  . . . • • 

The  relatively  small  number  of  American  miners  who  remain  m the 
industry  must  accept  unfavorable  conditions  of  employment  and  hte. 
To  a greater  or  less  degree  the  standard  of  safety  in  the  mine  is  se 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


427 


by  the  demands  of  the  ignorant  and  inexperienced  immigrant,  not  by 
the  more  intelligent  American,  and  the  standard  of  life  is  decided  by 
those  conditions  which  will  be  accepted  by  the  same  recent  immigrant. 
In  short,  in  order  to  live  and  work  in  the  coal-mining  industry,  the 
American  must  compete  with  the  recent  immigrant,  who,  as  a rule, 
acquiesces  in  the  living  and  working  conditions  existing  in  the  coal 
region.  It  is  noteworthy  in  this  connection  to  observe  that  the  great- 
est number  of  employees  of  the  English-speaking  races  are  found  in 
those  plants  which  are  nearer  cities,  where  the  workmen  are  free  to 
live  and  trade  where  they  please,  and  where  they  do  not  have  to 
accept  the  immigrants’  standards  beyond  wages,  hours,  and  condi- 
tions of  work.  It  is  significant  also  that  throughout  the  region,  and 
especially  in  the  districts  where  the  employees  are  unorganized,  the 
superintendents,  foremen,  and  general  managers  of  mining  compa- 
nies state  that  the  Americans,  English,  Irish,  German,  and  Scotch  who 
will  work  in  the  mines  are  generally  a thriftless  class.  They  are  con- 
sidered inferior  to  the  recent  immigrants,  and  in  a great  many  in- 
stances this  must  undoubtedly  be  true. 

Another  effect  of  recent  immigration  has  been  to  check  the  immi- 
gration of  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Germans  to  the  industry. 
As  already  noted  in  the  history  of  immigration,  these  races  were  com- 
ing in  large  numbers  during  the  decade  1880  to  1890,  at  the  time  of  the 
rapid  expansion  of  the  industry,  but  began  to  decline  toward  the  end 
of  this  period  and  practically  stopped  about  1893  or  1894.  There  can 
be  no  question  but  that  the  immigration  of  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  Mag- 
yars, and  other  races  operated  to  prevent  the  further  coming  of  these 
older  immigrants  to  the  industry,  precisely  as  it  operated  to  drive  out 
of  the  industry  those  already  employed,  together  with  the  native 
Americans.  There  was  no  incentive  for  the  English  or  German  miner 
to  migrate  to  the  bituminous  regions  of  Pennsylvania  and  compete 
with  the  Slovaks,  Croatians,  and  Italians. 


Chapter  IX. 


SALIENT  CHARACTERISTICS. 

Literacy — Conjugal  condition — Visits  abroad — Age  classification  of  employees  and 
members  of  their  households.— [Text  Tables  222  to  233  and  General  Tables  82 
to  91]. 

LITERACY. 

It  is  important  to  note  the  high  rate  of  illiteracy  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  greater  number  of  races  of  recent  immigration.  This 
situation  is  of  significance  not  only  from  the  standpoint  of  industrial 
efficiency  but  also  in  its  social  and  political  aspects. 

The  following  table,  which  is  the  result  of  a study  of  48,747  employees, 
exhibits  the  general  literacy  of  bituminous  mine  workers  in  Penn- 
sylvania, showing  the  per  cent  who  read  and  the  per  cent  who  read 
and  write. 

Table  222. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  hy 

general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

Native-born,  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Russia 

Scotland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish ' " 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish ’!!!! 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 


Per  cent  who — 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
lete 
ata. 


G,406 

900 

584 

954 

62 

1,188 

802 

62 

87 

423 

210 

451 

1,957 

55 

1,310 

334 

1,522 

75 

660 

3,346 

2,219 

98 

638 

3,508 

5,991 

102 

1,271 

281 


Read. 


97.2 

87.9 

95.7 
98.1 

98.4 

99.0 

98.1 

90.3 

93.1 

99.5 

98.6 

93.1 

65.5 

98.2 

97.1 

88.9 

95.3 

57.3 

93.0 

86.3 

67.2 

88.8 

74.5 

88.5 

76.9 

69.6 

69.0 

58.0 


Read 

and 

write. 


96.3 

85.1 

95.2 

97.6 

98.4 

99.0 

97.8 

88.7 

92.0 

99.5 

95.2 

92.5 

63.3 

98.2 

96.4 

87.7 

94.5 

53.3 

90.5 

85.1 

65.1 

86.7 

69.1 

87.3 
74.0 

68.6 
65.5 

55.9 


429 


430  The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  222.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by 
general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read 

and 

write. 

Foreign-born,  by  race — Continued. 

561 

98.8 

98.0 

85 

75.3 

72.9 

9,945 

81.8 

79.9 

1,539 

83.1 

80.9 

214 

100.0 

100.0 

189 

94.2 

92.1 

48,747 

85.2 

83.5 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

4,497 

11,803 

98.0 

97.6 

96.8 

95.9 

36,944 

81.6 

79.6 

The  above  table  includes  information  from  48,747  coal  miners, 
of  whom  6,406  are  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  900  are  native 
neo-roes,  4,497  are  whites  native-born  of  foreigii  father,  and  36,944 
are  foreign-born.  Of  the  whole  number  reporting,  85.2  per  cent  are 
able  to  read  and  83.5  per  cent  are  able  to  read  and  write,  or,  m other 
words  1.7  per  cent  more  are  able  to  read  only  than  are  able  to  read 
and  write.  In  the  case  of  a very  few  races  this  difference  between 
those  able  to  read  and  those  able  to  read  and  write  is  marked,  the 
greatest  difference  being  found  in  the  Lithuanian  race.  Cony)armg  all 
native-born  persons  with  all  foreign-born,  96.8  percent  of  the  former  are 
found  to  be  able  to  read,  while  only  81.6  of  the  latter  are  able  to  read. 
Persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  show  98  per  cent  of  their  num- 
ber able  to  read  and  write,  as  compared  with  97.2  per  cent  of  the 
wliites  native-born  of  native  father.  Of  the  races  native-boin  of  for- 
eign father,  it  is  seen  that  those  whose  fathers  were  born  m Scot- 
land Germany,  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland  show  high  percentages 
of  literacy.  Those  whose  fathers  were  born  m Italy  show  the  lowest 
percentage  of  literacy,  90.3  per  cent  being  able  to  read  and  88.7  per 
cent  able  to  read  and  write.  Of  the  foreign-bom,  the  Swedes  show 
100  per  cent  able  to  read  and  write.  The  five  next  m order  are  the 
Scotch,  Dutch,  English,  Germans  and  Welsh.  The  Greeks,  with  57.3 
per  cent  able  to  read,  and  the  Ruthenians,  with  58  per  cent,  show 
the  smallest  proportions  in  this  class.  A larger  proportion  of  the 
North  Italians  than  of  the  South  Itahans  are  able  to  read.  I he 
Lithuanians,  Servians,  and  Poles  show  practically  the  same  degree  ot 
literacy.  The  Slovaks,  with  81.8  per  cent  able  to  read  and  the 
Slovenians,  with  83.1  per  cent,  may  be  considered  slightly  more 
literate  than  the  Lithuanians,  Servians,  and  Poles. 

Data  were  also  secured  from  all  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  m 
the  households  studied.  These  are  presented  in  the  table  followup, 
which  shows  the  per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
can  read  and  the  per  cent  who  can  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


431 


Table  223. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and 
write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  who  read. 

Per  cent  who  read  and 
write. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

77 

71 

148 

98.7 

98.6 

98.6 

96.1 

98.6 

97.3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father; 

German 

30 

39 

69 

100.0 

97.4 

98.6 

100.0 

97.4 

98.6 

Italian,  North 

33 

24 

57 

100.0 

95.8 

98.2 

100.0 

95.8 

98.2 

Polish 

53 

52 

105 

96.2 

98.1 

97.1 

96.2 

98.1 

97.1 

Slovak 

86 

87 

173 

95.3 

94.3 

94.8 

95.3 

94.3 

94.8 

Foreign-born: 

94.4 

97.5 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

22 

18 

40 

100.0 

94.4 

97.5 

100.0 

Croatian 

193 

113 

306 

52.3 

43.4 

49.0 

50.8 

37.2 

45.8 

German 

33 

26 

59 

93.9 

100.0 

96. 6 

93.9 

100.0 

96.6 

Italian,  North 

214 

161 

375 

82.2 

62.1 

73.6 

81.8 

61.5 

73.1 

Italian,  South 

120 

70 

190 

57.5 

28.6 

46.8 

57.5 

28.6 

46.8 

Lithuanian 

119 

81 

200 

65.5 

48.1 

58.5 

62.2 

39.5 

53.0 

Magyar 

207 

161 

368 

93.2 

88.2 

91.0 

90.8 

87.0 

89.1 

Polish 

352 

220 

572 

73.2 

70.0 

72.0 

70.5 

64.5 

68.2 

Roumanian 

36 

13 

49 

80.6 

61.5 

75.5 

80.6 

61.5 

75.5 

Russian 

41 

38 

79 

61.0 

23.7 

43.0 

61.0 

21.1 

41.8 

Ruthenian 

106 

46 

152 

71.7 

52.2 

65.8 

71.7 

50.0 

65.1 

Slovak 

584 

406 

990 

82.9 

79.3 

81.4 

81.8 

73.4 

78.4 

Grand  total 

2,462 

1,755 

4,217 

79.9 

73.7 

77.3 

78.6 

70.6 

75.3 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

96.5 

father 

307 

293 

600 

97.7 

95.2 

96.5 

97.7 

96.5 

Total  native-born 

384 

364 

748 

97.9 

95.9 

96.9 

97.4 

95.9 

96.7 

Total  foreign-born 

2,078 

1,391 

3,469 

76.6 

67.9 

73.1 

75.1 

64.0 

70.7 

The  above  table  shows  that  of  the  entire  number  of  4,217  persons, 
77.3  per  cent  can  read  and  75.3  per  cent  can  both  read  and  write. 
Of  those  who  can  read,  79.9  per  cent  are  males  and  73.7  per  cent 
females,  while  of  those  who  can  both  read  and  write,  78.6  per  cent 
are  males  and  70.6  per  cent  females.  Of  the  total  number  reporting, 
3,469,  of  whom  73.1  per  cent  can  read  and  70.7  per  cent  can  both  read 
and  write,  are  foreign-born;  748,  of  whom  96.9  per  cent  can  read  and 
96.7  per  cent  can  both  read  and  write,  are  native-born  of  native  father; 
and  600,  of  whom  96.5  per  cent  can  both  read  and  write,  are  native- 
born  of  foreign  father.  Of  the  foreign-born  who  can  read,  76.6  per 
cent  are  males  and  67.9  per  cent  females,  as  compared  with  98.7  per 
cent  males  and  98.6  per  cent  females  in  the  group  of  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father,  and  97.7  per  cent  males  and  95.2  per  cent 
females  in  the  group  of  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father;  while 
of  the  foreign-born  who  can  both  read  and  write,  75.1  per  cent  are 
males  and  64  per  cent  females,  as  compared  with  96.1  and  98.6  per 
cent  males  and  females,  respectively,  in  the  group  of  whites  native- 
born  of  native  father,  and  97.7  and  96.5  per  cent  of  males  and 
females,  respectively,  in  the  group  native-born  of  foreign  father.  Upon 
the  whole,  the  percentage  of  literacy  of  the  males  is  greater  than  that 
of  the  females.  Of  the  foreign-born  races,  the  largest  percentage  of  lit- 
eracy is  shown  by  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  97.5  per  cent  of 
whom  can  both  read  and  write — the  males  reporting  100  per  cent. 
Following  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  are  the  Germans,  who  report 


432 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


96.6  percent  able  to  read  and  all  of  these  persons  able  also  to  write; 
and  the  Magyars,  91  per  cent  of  whom  can  read  and  89.1  per  cent  of 
whom  can  both  read  and  write.  Among  the  Germans  the  females 
report  a higher  per  cent  of  literacy  than  do  the  males,  the  former  ; 
reporting  no  illiterates,  as  compared  with  6.1  per  cent  of  the  latter; 
on  the  other  hand,  6.8  per  cent  of  the  males  and  11.8  per  cent  of  the  ) 
females  of  the  Magyar  race  are  unable  to  read,  and  9.2  per  cent  of 
the  males  and  13  per  cent  of  the  females  are  unable  to  read  and  write. 

The  Slovaks,  Roumanians,  North  Italians,  Poles,  and  Ruthenians  ' 
follow  the  Magyars  in  the  order  named,  the  Slovaks  reporting  18.6  } 
per  cent  of  their  number  unable  to  read  and  21.6  per  cent  unable  - 
to  read  and  write,  while  the  Ruthenians  report  34.2  per  cent  unable  . 
to  read  and  34.9  per  cent  unable  to  read  and  write.  In  the  case  - 
of  the  above-mentioned  races  the  'males  report  a smaller  per  cent 
of  illiteracy  than  the  females,  this  per  cent  being  greater  with  some  ^ 
than  with  others.  For  instance,  the  North  Italians  report  17.8  per 
cent  males,  as  compared  with  37.9  per  cent  females,  unable  to  read, 
and  18.2  per  cent  males,  as  compared  with  38.5  per  cent  females, 
unable  to  read  and  write.  The  Poles  report  26.8  per  cent  males 
and  30  per  cent  females  unable  to  read,  and  29.5  per  cent  males  and 
35.5  per  cent  females  unable  to  read  and  write. 

The  Ruthenians  are  followed  by  the  Lithuanians,  Croatians,  South 
Italians  and  Russians,  reporting  41.5,  51,  53.2  and  57  per  cent,  respec- 
tively, unable  to  read,  and  47,  54.2,  53.2  and  58.2  per  cent,  respec- 
tively, unable  to  read  and  write.  The  Russian  females  show  a larger 
per  cent  of  illiteracy  than  the  females  of  any  other  race,  over  three- 
fourths  of  them  being  unable  to  read  or  write. 

Of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  per  cent  of  each 
race  able  to  read  and  write  is  the  same  as  the  percentage  of  persons 
who  can  read.  The  largest  percentage  of  literacy  is  reported  by  the 
Germans,  98.6  per  cent,  as  compared  with  98.2  per  cent  of  North 
Italians,  97.1  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  and  94.8  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks. 
No  illiteracy  among  the  German  and  North  Italian  males  is  reported, 
while  the  females  of  these  two  races  report  2.6  and  4.2  per  cent, 
respectively,  illiterate.  The  Polish  females  are  not  so  illiterate  as  the 
males,  the  former  reporting  only  1.9  per  cent  unable  to  read  and  write, 
as  compared  with  3.8  per  cent  of  the  latter.  Little  difference  exists  in 
the  percentage  of  illiteracy  of  the  males  and  females  of  the  Slovak  race,  , 
the  males  reporting  4.7  per  cent,  as  compared  with  5.7  per  cent  of  the 
females. 

Of  the  native  whites,  98.6  per  cent  can  read  and  97.3  per  cent 
can  read  and  write.  Of  those  who  can  both  read  and  write,  the 
females  report  a larger  per  cent  than  the  males,  or  98.6  per  cent,  as 
compared  with  96.1  per  cent  of  the  males;  of  those  who  can  read 
only,  the  males  report  98.7  per  cent,  as  compared  with  98.6  per  cent 
of  the  females. 

The  literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  Pennsylvania  coal  fields 
is  further  analyzed  in  the  table  next  presented.  This  table  sets  forth 
the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  households  studied  10 
years  of  age  or  over  who  can  read  and  write  their  own  or  any 
language,  according  to  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  the 
individual. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  433 


Table  224. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  ^persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by  years 
in  United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  and  write, 
by  years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

40 

94.7 

100.0 

100.0 

94.7 

100.0 

100.0 

Croatian 

306 

52.7 

47.6 

44.3 

48.9 

45.7 

40.0 

German ■. 

59 

100.0 

96.2 

100.0 

96.2 

Italian,  North 

375 

71.2 

73.5 

75.9 

70.4 

73.5 

75.2 

Italian,  South 

190 

47.4 

41.8 

50.8 

47.4 

41.8 

50.8 

Lithuanian 

200 

43.9 

63.2 

65.7 

43.9 

52.6 

61.2 

Magyar 

368 

90.8 

91.3 

91.0 

90.1 

87.4 

89.6 

Polish 

572 

72.9 

67.1 

74.8 

70.1 

63.2 

70.0 

Roumanian 

49 

78.8 

68.7 

78.8 

68.7 

Russian 

79 

22.2 

51.9 

75.0 

22.2 

51.9 

68.8 

Ruthenian 

152 

64.2 

69.0 

65.1 

62.7 

69.0 

65.1 

Slovak 

990 

83.8 

84.8 

77.5 

80.8 

84.1 

73.0 

Total 

3,469 

71.1 

71.6 

76.1 

69.2 

69.3 

73.0 

It  is  apparent  from  this  table  that  the  ability  of  the  foreign-born 
persons  in  this  locality  to  read,  or  to  read  and  write,  increases  with 
the  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States,  the  difference  being  less 
marked  between  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than 
five  and  from  five  to  nine  years,  than  between  those  with  a residence 
of  from  five  to  nine  years  and  ten  years  or  over. 

Of  the  races  shown  in  the  table,  the  Germans  alone  report  the 
entire  number  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five 
years  able  to  read  or  to  read  and  write;  and  the  Bohemians  and 
Moravians  alone  report  the  entire  number  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  from  five  to  nine  years  and  ten  years  or  over 
with  ability  to  read  or  to  read  and  write.  All  of  the  Germans  for 
whom  information  was  obtained  have  been  in  the  United  States 
either  less  than  five  years  or  ten  years  or  over,  while  none  of  the 
Roumanians  studied  have  been  in  the  United  States  longer  than  nine 
years.  Each  of  these  races,  however,  reports  a smaller  proportion 
with  ability  to  read,  and  to  read  and  write,  in  the  longer  than  in 
the  shorter  period  of  residence.  As  between  the  two  races,  it  will 
be  noted  that  a much  larger  proportion  of  Roumanians  than  of  Ger- 
mans are  illiterate.  While  the  South  Italians  and  Poles  each  report 
as  literate  a smaller  proportion  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  from  five  to  nine  years  than  under  five  years,  they  at  the 
same  time  report  as  literate  a larger  proportion  of  those  who  have 
been^  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  over  than  of  those  with 
a residence  of  from  five  to  nine  years.  The  per  cent  of  Croatians, 
on  the  other  hand,  who  can  read  or  read  and  write  decreases  as  the 
length  of  residence  increases. 

^ The  Bohemians  and  Moravians  and  Magyars  each  report  propor- 
tions with  ability  to  read  and  to  read  and  write  largely  in  excess 
of  those  shown  in  the  total  for  all  races,  while  the  Croatians,  South 
Italians,  and  Lithuanians  each  show  a considerably  lower  proportion 
than  that  shown  in  the  total  in  each  specified  age  group.  The  Rus- 


434 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


sians  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years  report 
much  smaller  proportions  with  ability  to  read  and  to  read  and  write  ) 
than  do  the  South  Italians  or  Lithuanians,  while  the  proportions  of 
literate  Russians  among  those  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  i 
years  and  ten  years  or  over  are  considerably  in  excess  of  the  propor- 
tions of  South  Italians. 

As  the  preceding  table  affords  a studj^  of  the  effect  of  residence  i 
in  this  country  upon  the  literacy  of  the  immigrants  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania coal  fields,  so  from  the  following  may  be  formulated  the  rela- 
tion thereto  of  the  age  of  the  immigrant  at  time  of  arrival.  The  ' 
table  presents  the  percentage  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  ' 
or  over  in  this  field  who  can  now  read  and  write,  according  to  age  at 
time  of  entering  the  United  States  and  the  race  of  the  individual. 

Table  225  — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  -10  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  read , 
by  age  at  time 
of  coming  to 
United  States. 

I’er  cent  who  read 
and  write,  by  age 
at  time  of  coming 
to  United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 



40 

(«) 

97.2 

(a) 

97.2 

Croatian. 

306 

72.7 

47.2 

63.6 

44.4 

German 

59 

100.0 

95.5 

100.0 

95.  5 

IttiliciD  

375 

92.9 

69.1 

92.9 

68.5 

Italian  South  

190 

68.4 

44.4 

68.4 

44.4 

Lithuanian 

200 

93.8 

55.4 

9.3.8 

49.5 

Magvar. 

368 

94.2 

90.5 

92.3 

88.6 

Polls  ll 

572 

91.0 

69.0 

91.0 

64.6 

TiouiTi3iiii3-n 

49 

(a) 

73.9 

(a) 

73.9 

Russian 

79 

(a) 

41.3 

(a) 

40.0 

RqfbPTiian  

152 

83.3 

63.4 

83.3 

62.7 

Slovak 

990 

96.0 

79.3 

96.0 

75. 9 

Total  

3, 469 

91.4 

70.4 

90.7 

67.7 

ffl  Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  the  case  of  each  race  represented  in  the  preceding  table  there  is 
apparent  a greater  adaptability  and  progression  on  the  part  of  those 
who  came  to  this  country  when  they  were  under  14  years  of  age.  In 
other  words,  in  every  instance  a larger  per  cent  of  those  who  came 
before  they  were  14  can  at  present  read  and  write  than  of  those 
who  came  after  passing  that  age.  While  there  is  but  slight  differ- 
ence between  the  younger  and  older  persons  in  the  high  percent- 
ages of  the  Germans  and  of  the  Magyars,  it  is  so  striking  in  the 
other  cases  as  to  mean  one  of  two  things:  Either  those  who  came 
as  children  have  been  given  an  opportunity  to  learn  abroad  by  their 
parents  or  have  been  taught  to  read  and  write  English  since  arrival; 
or  those  who  came  to  this  country  as  older  persons — presumably 
the  greater  part  of  them  being  adults — originated  in  a very  illiterate 
class  in  Europe  and  went  to  work  upon  arrival  without  further  edu- 
cation. It  is  significant  that  among  those  who  came  prior  to  the 
age  of  14,  only  the  Magyars  and  Croatians  show  a smaller  percentage 
able  to  read  and  write  than  able  to  read  only. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  435 


CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 

A detailed  discussion  has  already  been  offered  with  respect  to  the 
immigrant  housewife  and  the  living  conditions  which  prevail  in 
immigrant  and  other  households  in  bituminous  localities.  The  point 
has  also  been  noted  that  a large  proportion  of  mine  employees  of 
foreign  birth  are  living  as  boarders  or  lodgers  in  the  different  house- 
fholds  studied.  In  the  same  connection,  a question  of  large  interest 
arises  as  to  the  conjugal  condition  of  these  inmates  of  boarding  and 
lodging  houses,  as  well  as  the  question  of  the  general  conjugal  condi- 
tions which  prevail  among  immigrant  mine  workers.  The  question 
I has  an  important  bearing  upon  any  conclusion  regarding  the  salient 
characteristics  of  the  immigrant  labor  supply,  as  well  as  upon  the 
1 determination  of  the  tendencies  of  different  races  towards  permanent 
settlement  and  assimilation.  In  answering  these  questions,  the  fol- 
lowing tables  will  be  found  to  be  of  value.  The  first  exhibits  the 
conjugal  condition  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  by 
general  nativity  and  race. 


Table  226. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition, 

hy  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  are — 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

5,419 

25.4 

72.8 

1.8 

Negro 

857 

21.1 

74.4 

4.4 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
father: 

Austria-Hungary 

211 

65.9 

34.1 

.0 

England 

682 

40.0 

58.4 

1.6 

France 

48 

35.4 

62.5 

2.1 

Germany 

963 

38.3 

60.0 

1.7 

Ireland 

649 

41.6 

55.9 

2.5 

Scotland 

296 

46.6 

51.4 

2.0 

Wales 

166 

24.1 

72.9 

3.0 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

431 

20.4 

79.1 

.5 

Croatian 

1,764 

40.0 

58.9 

1.1 

Dutch 

51 

19.6 

78.4 

2.0 

English 

1,273 

18.4 

77.1 

4.6 

French 

309 

23.6 

73.1 

3.2 

German 

1,461 

18.8 

78.4 

2.7 

Greek 

71 

23.9 

76.1 

.0 

Irish 

652 

23.6 

69.6 

6.7 

Italian,  North 

3,067 

42.3 

56.7 

1.0 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

2,027 

38.1 

61.2 

.6 

90 

48.9 

51.1 

.0 

Lithuanian 

626 

50.0 

49.4 

.6 

Magyar 

3,213 

28.7 

70.6 

.7 

Polish 

.5,644 

33.3 

66.2 

.4 

Roumanian 

92 

22.8 

77.2 

.0 

Russian 

1,192 

35.8 

63.9 

0.3 

Ruthenian 

250 

22.0 

78.0 

.0 

Scotch 

526 

20.2 

75.1 

4.8 

Servian 

77 

37.7 

61.0 

1.3 

Slovak 

9, 181 

22.0 

77.4 

.7 

Slovenian 

1,418 

41.1 

57.5 

1.3 

Swedish 

210 

25.7 

70.5 

3.8 

Welsh 

186 

17.2 

74.7 

8.1 

Grand  total 

43,798 

30.0 

68.6 

1.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

3,140 

41.8 

56.4 

1.8 

Total  native-born 

9,416 

30.4 

67.5 

2.1 

Total  foreign-born 

34, 382 

29.9 

68.9 

1.2 

436 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Considering  all  males  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  coal  industry, 
it  is  seen  that  over  two-thirds  (68.9  per  cent)  are  married  and  less 
than  1^  per  cent  are  widowed.  As  between  the  native  and  foreign 
born,  the  latter  show  a larger  proportion  married  and  a smaller  pro- 
portion widowed  than  the  former.  Among  the  foreign-born,  over  75 
per  cent  each  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Dutch,  English, 
Germans,  Greeks,  Roumanians,  Ruthenians,  Scotch,  and  Slovaks  are 
married.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  proportion  reported  single 
by  the  Welsh  is  the  lowest  shown.  On  the  other  hand,  the  highest 
proportion  of  single  males,  50  per  cent,  is  shown  by  the  Lithuanians, 
while  the  Italians  not  specified.  North  Italians,  Slovenians,  and 
Croatians  follow,  with  proportions  ranging  from  48.9  to  40  per  cent. 
As  regards  the  widowed  of  the  foreign-born  races,  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  Lie  races  of  older  immigration  show  much  larger  proportions 
than  do  the  more  recent  immigrants.  This  is  also  true  of  the  second 
generation  of  these  races.  Of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign 
father,  the  smallest  proportion  married,  or  34.1  per  cent,  is  shown  by 
those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Austria-Hungary.  The  largest  pro- 
portion, or  72.9  per  cent,  is  shown  for  the  Welsh.  The  proportion  of 
native  whites  who  are  married,  72.8  per  cent,  is  lower  than  that  of 
many  of  the  foreign-born  races. 

Information  as  to  conjugal  condition  was  obtained  from  43,798  I 
individual  employees.  In  this  connection  the  table  next  presented  i 
shows  the  ])er  cent  of  males  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  age  groups 
and  general  nativity  and  race. 


-J.ABLE  -4S6f. — I'er  cent  oj  mate  employ ees  %n  each  conjugal  condition,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


437 


j 20  years  of  age  or  over. 

1 Per  cent  who  are — 

Wid- 

owed. 

00  V OOt^iOOO  lO  rH  CD  O CO  CO  V*<  • ec  O 00  CO  00  i-H 

._;,_;e4c<ico  i-lTiie6c<icdT-i  • i-Jcooo 

Tt4 

1.8 

2.1 

1.2 

Mar- 

ried. 

00  O (35  os  i-(  os  I-I  r-i  CO  ts- (N CO  (N  • OS  O >— 1 lO  lO  t- 

c4 T)3o6o»o-4e4  (^ o6 eo o6 os co -h os (Os co  I co od uo <0 

COiOCDiOiOt'.  t^iot^c-t^coioco-^t^co  ‘COt^t^t^iOt^C- 

68.6 

lO  Oi 

O 00 

lO  O O 

Single. 

I-I  OS  0 CO  CO  CO  I— 1 •>*1  0 -i*  CO  00  CO  CO  »-(  0 C- CO  • 00  0 C<I  0 I— 1 l>  c<l 

30.0 

41.8 

30.4 

29.9 

Number 

reportmg 

complete 

data. 

5,419 

857 

211 
, 682 
963 
649 
296 
166 

431 

1,764 

1,273 

309 

1,461 

652 

3,067 

2,027 

626 

3,213 

5,644 

1,192 

250 

526 

9, 181 

1,418 

210 

186 

43, 798 

3, 140 

9,416 

34,382 

45  years  of  age  or  over. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Wid- 

owed. 

OOt-i  coco-^ot^  CO  CO  T-H  (N  CO -H  os  C- os  (N  l>.  0 0 0 0 10  CO  (3s 

-(f  0 >0  " cd  (N  ud 06 ud “j_p -ci^iN-Hcd-H  ' * ’os(M'',^'id'^ 

5.0 

CO  lO  00 

>J0  lO 

Mar- 

ried. 

oeo  t^OC<ICSJcO  OS  CO  OS  t- 0 t- 1-1  ,-H  IM  10  CO  OS  Tti  ,-1  (SO  10  OS 

§ (30  ^OoSoS  OSOsS^St^§SSSSosoiSSSSSt2 

Oi 

00 

00 

85.0 

87.8 

89.3 

Single. 

coco  OCO'>i<000  CO  (N  (3S  T-l  !>.  I-H  0 !N  0 (M  0 CO  >-H  CO  (OS  tso  00  (M  (N 

uooo  'J'-'^Jodwcdo  <Ncdcdo5ldMoscdcdl^';l!od(^i^doscdososos 

6.2 

CO  (SO  C3S 
(35cdsd 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

1, 195 
198 

1 

75 

185 
149 

26 

30 

78 

126 

504 

77 

547 

355 

223 

186 
54 

308 

600 

12 

94 

18 

222 

1,033 

133 

76 
87 

6,743  1 

488 

1,881 

4,862 

30  to  44  years  of  age. 

Per  cent  who  are— 

Wid- 

owed. 

t^<N  OOO-^OOt-KN  0 r-f  10  00  00  CO  CO  I-H  t- CO  0 (M  0 OS  00  CO  0 00 

1-5  icj?  ‘ ■ <N  (N  iilJ  rj5  ' rH  (N  (N  i-i  cd  t-5  ’ r-J rH  ' ,-5  ^^5  cd 

1.3  1 

C"?  o 
(N  Oi  1-H 

Mar- 

ried. 

(NOS  OS  00  "Cji  t- (N  CO  O IN  O 00  CO  CO  00  (N  rH  OS  OS  1-1  rH  lO  CO  CO  OS 

cogs  CScdcdtHiNlOS  rHldcdlSSld'^Ocdt'^rHtrloTt^OScdcdtHcdrH 

00  t-  OS  tr.  t— CO  t— 00  OS  00  (SO  C- (SO  CO  00  00  CO  (3S  00  OS  (X,  OS  00  OS  00  t- 00 

00 

74.5 

82.1 

87.4 

Single. 

tH  os  IH  TJH  (N  lO  t- CO  O 00  00  UO  OS  O CO  (N  lO  iH  tH  OS  Ttn>.  i-H  00  CO 

Nld  OSNrH^gdiO  O^^^^^h'coSJhcO^J^^JS 

12.4 

23.1 

15.8 

11.5 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

2, 175 
408 

11 

250 
339 

251 
97 
72 

212 
661 
513 
157 
607 
210 
1,338 
818 
268 
1,504 
2,522 
44 
515 
117 
208 
4, 193 
563 
101 
72 

18,630 

1,055 
3,638 
14, 992 

20  to  29  years  of  age. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Wid- 

owed. 

CO OCOO-^C^O  O so  CO  O 0(N  (N  Oi-H  o O CO  O O >-l  CO  o o 
cd  1-5  1-5  N 

COCOtN  ^ 

Mar- 

ried. 

CDC^  c^lio  O 00  C3S  so  (3S  Tfi  O O NI  O 00  CO  00  00  CO  b- (3S  tr.  O 00  CO  OS 

00  (p  tH  OS  CO  00  (N  OS  (N  cd  (OS  00  so  OS -4  Tji  b.;  cd  sd  O cd  (N  CD  cd  b-I  r-i 

COCOCOINCOSO  soCOsOrCiTti'rt<COCO(N'diCO>Or,l'iO'rj5sOCO(Nso 

43.2 

35.8 

44.1 

43.0 

Single. 

i-Hi^i  OOOSOt^(3scO  sosoOCOOcOOSOt^i-HOlHtiOi-ICOOSt^b-i-l 

rHos  qocjs-^cdsdcd  b4<M'oc5ossdoo(5sd(Ncd(N'-rf(05cdcdcdsd(Nod 

so  CO  SsOCOt^COTjl  -rCI  CO -rfl  Tb  so  so  CO  CO  b- so  CO  ds  so so CO  t- ^ 

56.5 

63.9 

55.6 

56.8 

u b 

l\ 

complete 

data. 

OC^  1 rHC5C^  eo  lOOCO'^O  iOi-H 

(n"  t-Ti-T  t-Tcm''  CO 

18,425 

1,597 

3,897 

14,528 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father; 

Austria-Hungary. . ^ 

England 

Germany 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 

48296°— VOL  6—11 ^29 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


438 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Upon  information  secured  from  43,798  males,  it  will  be  seen  that 
of  this  number  42.1  per  cent  are  from  20  to  29  years  of  age,  and  ol 
these  more  than  one-half,  or  56.5  per  cent,  are  single  and  43.2  per 
cent  are  married.  Little  difference  m conjugal  condition  exists  be- 
tween the  native  and  foreign  born,  each  reporting  more  than  one- 
half  of  their  number  unmarried.  Among  the  foreign-born  m six 
instances  only  are  the  proportions  of  married  males  m this  group  m 
excess  of  50  per  cent — the  proportions  of  these  six  races  ranging 
from  56  per  cent,  as  shown  by  the  Slovaks,  to  50. 4 per  cent,  as  shown  , 
bv  the  English.  The  races  showing  proportions  between  these  two, 
in  the  order  named,  are  the  Roumanian,  Ruthenian,  Bohemian  and 
Moravian,  and  Welsh.  The  Lithuanians  and  Swedes  each  report  a 
small  proportion  (27.3  per  cent)  of  married  persons.  The  per  cent 
widowed  in  this  age  group  is  so  small  as  to  require  no  comment 

Passing  on  to  the  second  group,  which  includes  those  from  3U  to 
44  years  of  age,  the  proportion  married  shows  a pm  per  the 
preceding  group.  As  between  the  foreign  and  native  born,  however, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  former  shows  a larger  gain  than  the  Matter, 
the  foreign-born  having  87.4  per  cent  married,  as  compared  with  43 
per  cent  in  the  preceding  age  group;  while  the  native-born  m the 
second  group  show  82.1  per  cent,  as  compared  with  44.1  per  cent  m 
the  group  20  to  29  years  of  age.  Of  all  races  reporting,  the  Euthe- 
nians,  with  99.1  per  cent,  show  the  largest  proportion  married,  ihis 
is  the  only  race  reporting  less  than  1 per  cent  of  its  number  sii^le, 
and  is  one  of  four  which  report  none  of  their  number  widowed.  4 oi- 
lowing  the  Ruthenians  are  the  Slovaks,  Magyars,  Bohemians  aM 
Moravians,  and  Roumanians,  each  of  whom  report  over  nine-tenths 
of  their  number  married.  The  foreign-born  Irish,  on  the  other  hand, 
report  the  smallest  proportion  married,  or  64.3  per  cent. 

Among  those  45  years  of  age  or  over,  the  Russians  show  a 
larger  proportion  married  and  a smaller  proportion  single  than  any 
other  race,  the  percentages  being  97.9  per  cent  married  and  2.1  per 
cent  single.  The  Welsh,  on  the  other  hand,  show  the  smallest  pro- 
portion married,  or  75.9  per  cent,  and  the  largest  proportion  wid- 
owed 14.9  per  cent.  The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  age  group 
is  the  large  proportion  of  the  older  immigrant  races  as  compared 
with  the  more  recent  who  are  widowed.  From  this  table  two  essen- 
tial facts  are  apparent:  (1)  That,  upon  the  whole,  the  largest  pro- 
portions marry  between  30  and  44  years  of  age;  and  (2)  that  where 
a gain  in  the  proportions  married  is  shown  by  those  45  years  ol  age 
or  over,  this  gain  is,  to  a material  extent,  offset  by  an  increase  m the 

percentage  widowed.  , i- 

The  table  next  presented  exhibits  the  conjugal  condition  ol  botn 
males  and  females  in  the  households  studied,  by  age  groups  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


439 


Table  228. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

20  to  29  years  of  age 

30  to  44  years  of  age. 

45  years  of  age  or 
over. 

20  years  of  age 
over. 

or 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who  are— 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who  are— 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who  are— 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who  are — 

"th 

0 

m 

"d 

C3 

-d 

OJ 

a 

m 

-d 

TS 

OJ 

& 

0 

T3 

5 

•S 

CO 

xi 

"d 

0 

? 

M 

a 

m 

*C 

c3 

S 

•d 

0) 

is 

0 

2 

Native-born  of  native 

father.  White 

Foreign-born: 

16 

56.3 

43.8 

0.0 

12 

25.0 

66.7 

8.3 

0 

19 

0.0 

94.7 

5.3 

47 

25.5 

70.2 

4.3 

Croatian 

87 

28.7 

71.3 

.0 

74' 

8.1 

91.9 

.0 

15 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

176 

17.  6 

82.  4i 

. 0 

Italian,  North 

60 

35.0 

65.0 

.0 

90 

4.4 

95.6 

.0 

29 

3.4 

96.6 

.0 

179 

14.  5 

85.  5 

. 0 

Italian,  South 

48 

50.0 

50.0 

.0 

47 

4.3 

95.7 

.0 

11 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

106 

24.  5 

75.  5 

. 0 

Lithuanian 

26 

46.2 

53.8 

.0 

68 

14.7 

85.3 

i.i 

13 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

107 

20.6 

79^4 

. 0 

Magyar 

71 

14.1 

85.9 

.0 

88 

2.3 

96.6 

.6 

24 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

183 

6.6 

92. 9 

. 5 

Polish 

126 

46.0 

53.2 

.8 

158 

6.3 

93.0 

.0 

39 

2.6 

94.9 

2.  6 

323 

21.4 

77.  7 

. 9 

Ruthenian 

32 

53.1 

46.9 

.0 

38 

7.9 

92.1 

.0 

10 

.0 

100.0 

1.0 

80 

25.0 

75.0 

. 0 

Slovak 

209 

24.4 

75.6 

.0 

261 

2.7 

97.3 

.0 

73 

1.4 

93.2 

5.5 

543 

10.9 

88.4 

'.1 

Grand  total 

767 

36.4 

63.5 

.1 

909 

5.5 

94.2 

.3 

275 

1.5 

95.6 

2.9 

1,951 

17.1 

82.3 

.6 

Total  native-born  of 

== 

foreign  father 

36 

97.2 

2.8 

.0 

36 

Q7  9 

9 ft 

n 

Total  native-born 

52 

84.6 

15.4 

.0 

12 

25.0 

66.7 

8.3 

19 

.0 

94.7 

5.3 

83 

56.  6 

Z.  0 

41. 0 

. u 

2.  4 

Total  foreign-born 

715 

32.9 

67.0 

.1 

897 

5.2| 

94.5 

.2 

256 

1.6 

95.7 

2.7 

1,868 

15!  3 

84^2 

'.b 

FEMALE. 


'Jative-bom  of  native 

father.  White 

Poreign-born: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

'olal  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

’otal  native-born 

'otal  foreign-born 

15 

63 

53 

27 

41 

76 

93 

20 

116 

46.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.4 

.0 

1.1 

.0 

1.2 

53.3 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

97.6 

100.0 

98.9 

100.0 

98.8 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

23 

33 

69 

27 

31 

52 

79 

20 

160 

8.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.6 

91.3 

97.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

98.8 

0.0 

3.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.6 

12 

5 

15 

8 

5 

9 

17 

""33 

0.0 

(0) 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

’’.'6 

91.7 

(a) 

93.3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

94.1 

’97.’ 6 

8.3 

(a) 

6.7 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

5.9 

’i'6 

50 

101 

137 

62 

77 

137 

189 

40 

361 

18.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

1.3 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.8 

80.0 

97.0 

99.3 

98.4 

100!  0 

98.9 

100.0 

98.6 

2.0 

3.0 

.7 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.6 

644 

43 

58 

586 

3.9 

96.0 

.2 

542 

.6 

98.9 

.6 

133 

.0 

94.0 

6.0 

1,319 

2.1 

97.0 

.9 

30.2 

34.5 

.9 

67.4 

63.8 

99.1 

2.3 

1.7 

.0 

5 

28 

514 

(a) 

7.1 

.2 

(«) 

92.9 

99.2 

(a) 

.0 

.6 

1 

13 

120 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

(a) 

92.3 

94.2 

(a) 

7.7 

5.8 

49 

99' 

1,220 

26.5 

22.2 

.5 

71.4 

75.8 

98.7 

2.0 

2.0 

.8 

TOTAL. 


f ati ve-born  of  native 

father.  White 

'oreign-born: 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

otal  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

otal  native-born 

otal  foreign-born 

31 

150 

113 

75 

67 

147 

219 

52 

377 

51.6 

16.7 
18.6 

32. 0 
19.4 

6.8 

26.9 

32.7 

14.1 

48.4 

83.3 

81.4 
68.0 
80.6 

93.2 
72.6 

67.3 
85.9 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.5 

.0 

.0 

35 

107 

159 

74 

99 

140 

237 

58 

421 

14.3 

5.6 
2.5 

2.7 
10.1 

1.4 

4.2 

5.2 
1.9 

82.9 

93.5 

97.5 

97.3 

89.9 

97.9 

95.4 

94.8 

97.9 

2.9 

.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.7 

.4 

.0 

.2 

31 

20 

44 

19 

18 

33 

56 

10 

106 

0.0 

.0 

2.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

1.8 

.0 

.9 

93.5 

90.0 

95.5 
94.7 

100.0 

100.0 

94.6 
100.0 

94.3 

6.5 

10.0 

2.3 

5.3 

.0 

.0 

3.6 

.0 

4.7 

97 

277 

316 

168 

184 

320 

512 

120 

904 

21.6 

11.2 

8.2 

15.5 

12.5 

3.8 

13.7 

16.7 

6.9 

75.3 

87.7 

91.5 

83.9 

87.5 

95.9 

85.5 

83.3 

92.5 

3.1 

1.1 
.3 
.6 
.0 
.3 
.8 
.0 
.7 

1,411 

79 

110 

1,301 

21,5 

78.3 

.1 

1,451 

3.7 

95.9 

.4 

408 

1.0 

95.1 

3.9 

3,270 

11.0 

88.2 

.7 

60.8 

58.2 

18.4 

38.0 

40.9 

81.5 

1.3 

.9 

.1 

5 

40 

1,411 

(a) 

12.5 

3.4 

(a) 

85.0 

96.2 

(a) 

2.5 

.4 

1 

32 

376 

(a) 

.0 

1.1 

(a) 

93.8 

95.2 

(a) 

6.3 

3.7 

85 

182 

3,088 

56.5 

37.9 

9.5 

42.4 

59.9 

89.9 

1.2 

2.2 

.6 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


440 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  foreign-bom  males  in  the  preceding  table,  15.3  per  cent  are 
single  84.2  per  cent  married,  and  0.5  per  cent  widowed,  as  compared 
with  25.5,  70.2,  and  4.3  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  white  native- 
born  of  native  father,  and  97.2  per  cent  single  and  2.8  per  cent 
married  of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Among  person  20  years  of  age  or  over,  only  four  races  report  a per- 
centao’e  of  their  number  widowed;  the  native  whites  report  the  largest, 
4.3  p^  cent,  as  compared  with  less  than  1 per  cent  each  of  the  roles, 
Slovaks,  and  Magyars.  A fraction  over  one-fourth  of  the  native 
whites  are  single,  and  70.2  per  cent  are  married,  showing  a;  smaller 
per  cent  married  than  any  other  race.  Among  the  foreign-born 
groups,  and  following  closely  the  native  whites,  are  the  Rumenians 
and  South  Italians,  between  whom  there  is  very  little  diflerence; 
the  former  report  25  per  cent  of  their  number  single  and  75  per 
cent  married,  as  compared  with  the  latter  s 24.5  per  cent  single 
and  75.5  per  cent  married.  The  Magyars  report  the  largest  percent- 
age 92.9,  of  married  persons,  while  the  Slovaks,  North  Italians, 
Croatians,  Lithuanians,  and  Poles  follow,  in  the  order  immed, 
the  last-mentioned  race  reporting  77.7  per  cent  married.  Or  the 
767  males  between  20  and  29  vears  of  age,  36.4  per  cent  are  single, 
and  63.5  per  cent  are  married.  Of  the  foreign-born  between  20  and 
29  years  of  age,  67  per  cent  are  married,  as  compared  with  43.8  per 
cent  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  only  2.8  per  cent 
of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father.  The  very  high  percent- 
ao-e  of  the  Magvars  who  are  married  in  the  same  age  group  is  ot 
special  interest,  the  proportion  being  85.9  per  cent,  while  the  ^lo^aks, 
who  rank  second,  show  75.6  per  cent  of  their  number  married,  ihe 
Croatians  and  North  Italians  follow  the  Slovaks  with  71.3  and  65  per 
cent  married,  respectively.  The  Kuthenians  report  a smaller  per- 
centage married  than  that  of  any  other  race  of  foreign-born  persons. 

Nine  hundred  and  nine  males  between  30  and  44  years  of  age  report 
5 5 per  cent  single,  94.2  per  cent  married,  and  0.3  per  cent  widowed. 
Of  this  number,  897  are  foreign-born  and  12  native-born;  the  former 
report  94.5  per  cent  married  and  0.2  per  cent  widowed,  as  compared 
with  66.7  per  cent  married  and  8.3  per  cent  widowed  among  the  native- 
born.  The  native  whites  report  66.7  per  cent  of  their  number  mar- 
ried, a smaller  per  cent  than  any  other  race,  while  the  Slovaks,  with 
97.3  per  cent  married,  report  the  highest.  Following  the  Slovaks  are 
the  Magyars,  South  Italians,  and  North  Italians,  each  reporting  over 
95  per  cent  of  their  number  married.  The  other  races  range  irom  93 
per  cent,  on  the  part  of  the  Poles,  to  85.3  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians. 

Only  1.5  per  cent  of  the  275  who  are  45  years  of  age  or  over  are 
single,  while  95.6  per  cent  are  married,  and  the  remaining  2.9  per  cent 

are  widowed.  , . _ , . 

Of  the  275  in  this  group,  256  are  foreign-born  and  19  are  native- 
born;  the  former  report  1.6  per  cent  single,  95.7  per  cent  married, 
and  2.7  per  cent  widowed,  as  compared  with  94.7  per  cent  married 
and  5.3  per  cent  widowed  of  the  native  whites. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Slovaks,  the  native  whites  who  ^re  45 
years  of  age  or  over  report  a smaller  per  cent  married  than  any  other 
race.  The  Slovaks  report  93.2  per  cent  married,  and  5.5  per  cent 
widowed.  The  Croatians,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Magyars, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


441 


and  Ruthenians  each  report  their  entire  number  45  years  of  age  or 
over  married. 

Of  the  foreign-born  females  20  years  of  age  or  over,  0.5  per  cent  are 
single,  98.7  per  cent  married,  and  0.8  per  cent  widowed,  as  compared 
with  18  per  cent  single,  80  per  cent  married,  and  2 per  cent  widowed 
among  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  and  26.5  per  cent 
single,  71.4  per  cent  married,  and  2 per  cent  widowed  of  the  native- 
born  of  foreign  father.  All  females  20  years  of  age  or  over  among  the 
Magyars  and  Ruthenians  are  married,  while  the  proportion  of  married 
females  of  the  other  foreign-born  races  ranges  from  99.3  per  cent  of 
the  North  Italians  to  97  per  cent  of  the  Croatians.  Only  three,  the 
Lithuanians,  Slovaks,  and  Poles,  report  any  part  of  their  number 
single,  the  former  reporting  1.3  per  cent,  as  compared  with  less 
than  1 per  cent  each  of  the  others.  The  Croatians  report  3 per  cent 
widowed,  the  largest  per  cent  shown  by  any  one  race.  The  native 
whites  report  80  per  cent  married,  the  lowest  percentage  of  married 
females  reported,  and  2 per  cent  widowed. 

Reports  from  644  females  between  20  and  29  years  of  age  show  that 
3.9  per  cent  are  single  and  96  per  cent  married.  Of  this  number  586 
are  foreign-born,  58  native-born  of  native  father,  and  43  native-born  of 
foreign  father.  The  foreign-born  report  0.9  per  cent  single  and  99.1 
per  cent  married,  while  the  native-born  of  native  father  report  46.7 
per  cent  single  and  53.3  per  cent  married,  and  the  native-born  of  for- 
eign father  30.2  per  cent  single  and  67.4  per  cent  married.  Of  the 
eight  foreign-born  races  reporting,  the  Croatians,  North  and  South 
Italians,  Magyars,  and  Ruthenians  report  their  entire  number  mar- 
ried, while  the  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Lithuanians  report  98.9,  98.8,  and 
97.6  per  cent,  respectively. 

Of  the  542  females  between  the  age  of  30  and  44,  514  are  foreign- 
born,  reporting  0.2  per  cent  single  and  99.2  per  cent  married;  23  are 
native-born  of  native  father,  and  report  8.7  per  cent  single  and  91.3 
per  cent  married.  The  native  whites  report  the  smallest  percentage 
married.  With  the  exception  of  the  Croatian  and  Slovak  races,  the 
other  foreign-born  report  100  per  cent  married. 

Of  the  133  females  45  years  of  age  or  over,  94  per  cent  are  married 
and  6 per  cent  widowed;  the  foreign-born  of  this  number  report  94.2 
per  cent  married  and  the  remaining  number  widowed,  as  compared 
with  91.7  per  cent  married  and  8.3  per  cent  widowed  of  the  native- 
born  of  native  father,  wdiile  the  only  native-born  female  of  foreign 
father  reporting  is  married.  It  is  apparent  from  this  table  that  the 
foreign-born  females  marry  much  younger  than  do  the  native-born, 
whether  of  native  or  foreign  father. 

The  first  of  the  two  tables  next  presented  shows  the  percentage  of 
wives  of  foreign-born  males  in  the  United  States  and  the  percentage 
abroad.  The  second  part  shows  the  percentage  of  foreign-born  males 
reporting  wives  abroad,  according  to  period  of  residence  in  the  United 
States. 


f 


442 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  229. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  United  States  and 

per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 
^ born.] 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  reporting 
wife — 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian - 

333 

91.3 

8.7 

1,021 

43.0 

57.0 

942 

97.3 

2.7 

220 

91.4 

8.6 

1, 126 

95.2 

4.8 

Greek 

54 

66.7 

33.3 

442 

98.2 

1.8 

1,701 

63.3 

36.7 

1,199 

60.6 

39.4 

44 

59.1 

40.9 

ItallcXIl  opcCAllctly  

307 

79.8 

20.2 

2,230 

53.2 

46.8 

3,674 

71.9 

28.1 

71 

16.9 

83.1 

743 

52.9 

47.1 

193 

57.5 

42. 5 

387 

97.9 

2.1 

47 

72.3 

27.7 

6, 982 

67.1 

32.9 

803 

70.4 

29.6 

147 

98.0 

2.0 

136 

97.1 

2.9 

'Potal 

23, 233 

69.3 

30.7 

1 

Table  230. Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  hus- 

band and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 


(study  of  employees.) 


FBv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  husbands  reporting.] 


Race  of  husband. 

Number  having  been  in  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years  who 
report  location  of  wife. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

64 

87 

182 

333 

Croatian 

471 

413 

137 

1,021 

English 

102 

66 

774 

942 

French 

36 

61 

123 

220 

German 

97 

153 

; 876 

1,126 

Irish 

13 

9 

120 

442 

Italian,  North 

576 

642 

483 

1,701 

Italian,  South 

389 

479 

331 

1,199 

Lithuanian 

62 

113 

132 

307 

Maeyar 

941 

797 

492 

2,230 

Polish 

1,151 

1,317 

1.206 

3, 674 

Russian 

338 

219 

186 

743 

Scotch 

40 

32 

315 

387 

Slovak 

1,896 

2, 421 

2,665 

6, 982 

Slovenian 

237 

363 

203 

803 

Per  cent  having  been  in  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years  who 
report  wife  abroad. 


Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

3.5.9 

5.7 

0.5 

8.7 

78.1 

43.1 

26.3 

57. 0 

17.  6 

6.1 

.4 

2.7 

2.5.0 

6.6 

4.9 

8.6 

33.0 

8.5 

1.0 

4.8 

7.7 

.0 

1.7 

1.8 

62.7 

30.4 

14.3 

36.7 

68.1 

32.4 

16.0 

39.4 

48.4 

19.5 

7.6 

20.2 

70.0 

35.3 

21.1 

46.8 

58.6 

21.0 

6.8 

28.1 

80.8 

25.1 

11.8 

47.1 

12.5 

6.3 

.3 

2.1 

64.1 

28.3 

15.0 

32.9 

51.5 

23.7 

14.8 

29.6 

The  above  data  were  secured  from  23,233  foreign  males  reporting 
complete  data  in  regard  to  residence  of  wife.  Of  this  total,  69.3  per 
cent  have  their  wives  in  the  United  States  and  30.7  per  cent  have 
their  wives  abroad.  After  the  Irish,  who  report  98.2  per  cent  with 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


443 


wives  in  the  United  States,  follow  the  Swedish,  Scotch,  English,  Welsh, 
Germans,  French,  and  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  these  races  having 
at  least  90  per  cent  of  their  number  reporting  wife  in  the  United  States. 
The  Roumanians  have  the  largest  proportion,  or  83.1  per  cent,  who 
have  left  their  wives  abroad.  The  Croatians,  whose  corresponding 
percentage  is  57,  rank  next.  The  Russians  and  Magyars  report  47.1  per 
cent  and  46.8  per  cent,  respectively,  with  wives  abroad.  The  North 
Italians,  the  South  Italians,  and  the  Ruthenians  form  another  class 
with  slightly  lower  percentages.  This  table  shows  chiefly  that  the 
races  composing  what  is  termed  recent  immigration  have  a greater 
tendency  to  leave  their  wives  at  home  than  have  the  races  which  made 
up  the  old  immigration.  This  fact,  shown  by  the  totals,  is  also  seen 
to  be  true  for  each  period  of  residence,  whether  here  under  five  years 
or  ten  years  or  more.  An  examination  of  Table  230,  which  shows  the 
per  cent  of  wives  abroad  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United 
States,  reveals  the  fact  that  it  is  usual  for  the  Scotch,  the  Irish,  and 
the  English  to  bring  their  wives  with  them  or  at  least  send  for  them 
shortly  after  coming  themselves.  The  French,  the  Germans,  and  the 
Bohemians  and  Moravians  show  like  tendencies.  The  Russians, 
Croatians,  and  Magyars  usually  leave  their  wives  at  home  when  they 
first  come  to  the  United  States.  Of  the  Russians  in  the  United 
States  under  five  years,  80.8  per  cent  report  wives  abroad;  of  those 
here  from  five  to  nine  years,  25.1  per  cent  report  a similar  condition, 
as  do  also  11.8  per  cent  of  thosB  who  have  lived  in  this  country  ten 
years  or  over.  Of  the  Croatians  who  have  lived  here  less  than  five 
years,  78.1  per  cent  report  their  wives  abroad,  as  do  43.1  per  cent  of 
those  whose  period  of  residence  is  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  26.3 
per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  here  ten  years  or  over.  Although 
all  races  report  that  thq  wives  are  more  generally  brought  to  the 
United  States  during  the  first  five  years’  residence  of  the  husbands, 
a larger  number  of  the  Croatians,  the  North  Italians,  the  South 
Italians,  and  the  Russians  bring  their  wives  during  the  residence 
period  of  from  five  to  nine  years  than  during  any  other. 

VISITS  ABROAD. 

The  larger  part  of  the  industrial  population  which  is  made  up  of 
races  of  recent  immigration  is  of  a fluctuating  character.  A consid- 
erable proportion  of  the  immigrant  mine  workers,  being  unmarried 
and  without  property,  can  move  with  little  inconvenience  from  one 
mining  locality  to  another.  This  they  do  quite  frequently,  as  the 
conditions  of  employment  or  their  own  self-interest  may  lead  them. 
They  also  tend  to  move  often  from  one  company  or  mine  to  another 
within  the  different  bituminous  mining  areas.  It  is  also  true  that 
seasonal  or  other  labor  may  attract  them  away  from  the  mines  for 
a time,  or  the  knowledge  gained  from  neighbors  or  labor  agents,  or 
through  reading,  may  impel  the  immigrant  mine  employees  to  migrate 
to  other  mining  regions,  even  though  the  distance  may  be  great  from 
the  locality  in  which  they  are  working.  There  is,  therefore,  a con- 
stant movement  in  progress  among  the  mine  workers  of  different 
races,  which  is  accentuated  in  times  of  industrial  depression  by  an 
exodus  from  the  affected  districts  and  by  concentration  upon  the  local- 
ities where  work  may  still  be  had. 


444 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  addition  to  the  migratory  movements  within  the  industry,  how- 
ever there  is  a tendency  among  all  races  to  visit  their  native  coun- 
tries This  tendency  under  normal  conditions  usually  means  what 
the  word  ‘‘visit”  implies,  but  often  may  mean  a return  for  a resi- 
dence of  a year  or  longer.  Such  visits  are  especially  significant  m con- 
nection with  industrial  depression  as  indicating  the  unsettled  and  tem- 
porary character  of  the  bulk  of  recent  immigration.  One  of  the  hrst 
results  of  a general  shutting  down  of  mines,  or  curtailment  of  mining 
operations,  is  seen  in  the  outward  movement  of  immigrant  mine  work- 
ers who  have  saved  sufficient  money  to  pay  then-  passage.  An  indus- 
trial depression  is  usually  accompanied  by  a movement  to  the  regions 
where  the  mines  are  still  in  operation,  and,  finally,  ^ 

comes  hard  to  secure  generally,  a second  movement  out  of  the  United 
States  is  noticeable.  The  mine  workers  of  recent  immigration  who 
have  accumulated  any  savings  usually  decide  that  the  expenses  ot  a 
visit  abroad  will  be  less  than  their  living  expenses  m this  country 
until  work  is  resumed,  and  consequently  return  to  their  natwe  lands 
to  await  the  resumption  of  mining  operations.  A considerable  num- 
ber remain  in  this  country,  especially  those  who  have  emigrated  from 
countries  where  political  and  social  conditions  are  unsatisfactory , and 
subsist  on  their  savings  or  are  helped  by  their  fellow-countrymen  or 
the  mining  companies,  and  from  charitable  or  public  sources,  until 

work  may  again  be  had.  n . . i i i -n  u 4?  a 

In  this  connection  the  table  which  is  submitted  below  will  be  found 
to  be  of  value.  It  shows,  by  races  and  by  specified  periods  of  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States,  the  number  and  per  cent  of  immigrants 
reporting  one  or  more  visits  abroad. 

Table  2^1 —Visits  abroad  made  hy  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United 

States  and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  United  States^ 

^ ^ ^ races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  lor  an  loreign  ooru.j 


Race. 

Number  in  United  States — 

Per  cent  reporting  1 or  more  visits,  by 
years  in  United  States. 

Under  5 
years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

Under  5 
years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

vian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian., 

73 

434 

106 

42 

105 

9 

934 

519 

122 

681 

1,216 

524 

55 

34 

1,627 

411 

64 

255 

64 

70 

112 

6 

773 

398 

159 

456 

780 

220 

37 

27 

1,356 

376 

102 

80 

581 

126 

674 

219 

446 

209 

132 

318 

546 

146 

39 

230 

1,201 

173 

239 

769 

751 

238 

891 

234 

2,153 

1,126 

413 

1,455 

2,542 

890 

131 

291 

4,184 

960 

5.5 
11.1 

6.6 
.0 

6.7 

22.2 

11.6 

16.6 

1.6 

12.9 
8.0 
8.0 

16.4 

5.9 

15.9 
9.0 

7.8 

23.5 

25.0 

10.0 

8.9 

16.6 

29.9 
37.0 

6.3 

27.6 

15.6 

18.6 
29.7 
33.3 
28.5 

14.9 

2.0 

22.5 

25.3 

25.4 
8.9 

15.5 

39.9 

37.3 
4.5 

26.4 

16.3 
17.1 

35.9 

27.4 

31.8 

16.8 

4.6 
16.4 
22.6 

16.4 

8.6 
15.8 

24.0 
27.6 

4.4 

20.5 

12.1 
12.1 
26.0 
25.4 

24.6 

12.7 

Total 

7,073 

5,307 

5,604 

17,984 

11.1 

23.8 

23.4 

18.8 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


445 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  on  the  average  18.8  per  cent  of 
the  immigrants  make  visits  to  their  native  land.  By  periods  of 
residence  it  is  seen  that  of  those  who  have  been  here  less  than  five 
years  11.1  per  cent,  and  of  those  who  have  been  here  five  years 
and  over  23  per  cent,  have  made  such  visits.  When  the  races  report- 
ing larger  numbers  are  examined  in  detail,  it  is  seen  that  the  South 
Italians,  North  Italians,  Slovaks,  English,  and  Magyars  lead  in  the 
relative  numbers  who  make  visits  to  their  native  land,  with  27.6  per 
cent,  24  per  cent,  24.6  per  cent,  22.6  per  cent,  and  20.5  per  cent, 
respectively.  Among  these  races  the  greatest  relative  numbers  return 
for  visits  after  being  here  ten  years  or  more,  nearly  40  per  cent  of  the 
North  and  South  Italians  and  about  30  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  of  this 
classification  having  made  return  visits. 

The  races  showing  relatively  the  smallest  numbers  of  those  who 
make  such  visits  are  the  Lithuanian,  with  but  4.4  per  cent,  Bohemian 
and  Moravian,  with  but  4.6  per  cent,  and  German  with  8.6  per  cent. 
Among  the  Polish,  Slovenian,  and  Russian,  about  12  per  cent  have 
visited  their  native  country.  In  general,  the  races  of  later  immi- 
gration seem  to  make  these  visits  after  shorter  periods  of  residence 
here  than  do  the  races  of  earlier  immigration;  e.  g.,  of  the  English, 
Scotch,  and  Germans  who  have  resided  here  less  than  five  years, 
only  about  6 per  cent  have  visited  the  countries  whence  they  came, 
while  among  the  more  numerous  races  of  more  recent  coming,  the 
percentages  of  those  with  a residence  less  than  five  years  making 
visits  abroad  are:  Polish  8,  Russian  8,  Croatian  11.1,  North  Italian 
11.6,  South  Italian  16.6,  Magyar  12.9,  and  Slovak  15.9.  This  would 
indicate  that  the  races  of  older  immigration  from  Great  Britain  and 
northern  Europe  return  abroad  for  a visit  after  a considerable  period 
of  residence  in  this  country  and  after  they  have  attained  an  economic 
status  which  would  give  their  visit  largely  a sentimental  significance. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  frequency  and  large  proportion  of  visits, 
occurring  along  with  a short  period  of  residence  among  recent  immi- 
grants from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  would  indicate  a labor 
supply  which  is  temporary  and  unsettled,  the  relative  permanence  of 
which  is  quickly  responsive  to  industrial  conditions  in  this  country. 

AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR 

HOUSEHOLDS. 

The  ages  of  immigrant  mine  workers  and  members  of  their  house- 
holds are  presented  m the  table  which  follows,  by  sex  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  The  first  section  shows  the 
ages  of  males  in  the  households  studied,  according  to  specified  groups; 
the  second  makes  the  same  exhibit  for  the  females;  and  the  third 
presents  the  total  of  both  sexes. 


446 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  232.— Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

MALE. 


Numl)er 


Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 

reporting 

of  household. 

complete 

data. 

Under 

6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 

99 

14.1 

24.2 

5.1 

11.1 

14.1 

12.1 

19  2 

Foreign-born: 

BoliGiTiicin • - 

48 

18.8 

27.1 

6.3 

6.3 

16.7 

14.6 
26.0 

7.4 

16.5 

22.7 
22.0 

33.3 

25.8 

26.4 

27.6 

24.5 
24.3 

10.4 
5.2 

18.5 

15.5 
7.1 

5.6 
6.4 

6.7 

Crocttif^n  

288 

24.7 

8.0 

1.0 

4.9 

30.2 



54 

9.3 

25.9 

7.4 

11.1 

20.4 

10.3 

piprTT'in.n  - 

97 

18.0 

23.7 

6.2 

9.3 

ItBli&n  ^nrth  

390 

27.3 

19.9 

3.0 

4.  5 

15.  4 

Italian  pnntli  . 

214 

29.0 

13.0 

3.3 

4.2 

22.  5 
13.2 

Lithuanian  

204 

27.0 

14.2 

1.5 

4.  4 

\fn.pvn.r  . 

357 

24.4 

18.2 

1.7 

2.8 

20.  4 

Polish  

587 

22.5 

16.9 

1.7 

4.8 

21.0 

30.3 

6. 8 
1.3 

7.7 

6.7 

Rnssifi^  

70 

30.3 

9.2 

1.3 

.0 

Ruthenian  

155 

18.7 

12.9 

.6 

15.  5 

20.  6 
20.6 

Slovak 

1,070 

24.3 

17.1 

2.4 

4.  6 

Grand  total 

3,747 

23.8 

16.5 

2.4 

5.3 

20.5 

24.3 

7.3 

Totsl 

i4.r 

24.2 

5.1 

11.1 

14.1 

12.1 

24.6 

19.2 

7.0 

Total  foreign-born  

3,048 

24.0 

16.3 

2.3 

5. 1 

20.6 

1 

J 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native  father.  White. 
Forelgn-))orn: 

Bohemian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

83 

43 

196 

38 

94 

337 

158 

149 

307 

503 

64 

109 

914 

15.7 

20.9 

32.7 

18.4 
18.1 

28.8 

27.8 

28.9 

33.2 
31.6 

23.4 

33.9 

31.3 

22.9 

23.3 
9.7 

23.7 

23.4 
22.0 
25.3 

14.1 

15.0 

22.7 

17.2 

20.2 

21.0 

3.6 

2.3 
1.0 

5.3 

6.4 

2.7 

3.8 
2.0 
1.6 

3.4 
.0 

4.6 

3.1 

9.6 

14.0 

3.6 

5.3 

9.6 

4.2 

2.6 
2.0 

5.2 

3.4 

4.7 
4.6 

3.8 

15.7 

16.3 

32.7 

15.8 

12.8 

17.2 
17.7 

28.9 

25.4 

18.9 
39.1 

18.3 
19.6 

18.1 

14.0 

17.9 

13.2 

19.1 
20.8 

17.7 

20.8 

16.9 
16.7 

14.1 

18.3 

17.4 

14.6 

9.3 
2.6 

18.4 

10.6 

4.5 
5.1 

3.4 

2.6 
3.4 
1.6 

.0 

3.8 

Grand  total 

3,066 

29.6 

20.1 

2.9 

4.4 

21.0 

17.7 

4.3 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

2,983 

15.7 

30.0 

22.9 

20.0 

2.8 

9.6 

4.3 

15.7 

21.2 

18.1 

17.7 

14.5 

4.1 

TOTAL. 


Native-l)orn  of  native  father.  White. 
Foreign-born: 

Bohemian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

182 

91 
484 

92 
191 
733 
372 
353 
664 

1,090 

140 

264 

1,990 

14.8 

19.8 

27.9 

13.0 
18.3 

28.0 
28.5 
27.8 

28.5 
26.7 
27.1 
25.0 

27.5 

23.6 

25.3 

8.7 

25.0 

23.6 

20.9 

18.5 
14.2 

16.7 

19.5 

12.9 

15.9 

18.9 

4.4 

4.4 
1.0 

6.5 

6.3 
2.9 

3.5 
1.7 

1.7 

2.5 
.7 

2.3 

2.7 

10.4 

9.9 

4.3 
8.7 

9.4 

4.4 

3.5 
3.4 

3.9 

4.1 

2.1 
10.6 

4.3 

14.8 

16.5 

31.2 

18.5 

11.5 

16.2 
20.4 

19.8 

22.7 
20.0 
34.3 

19.7 
20.2 

14.8 

14.3 

22.7 
9.8 

17.8 

21.8 
20.2 
28.0 
21.7 
21.9 

21.4 
22.0 
21.1 

17.0 

9.9 

4.1 
18.5 

13.1 

5.9 

5.4 

6.1 
4.8 
5.2 

1.4 

4.5 
5.4 

Grand  total 

6,813 

26.4 

18.1 

2.6 

4.9 

20.7 

21.3 

6.0 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

1^ 

6,631 

14.8 

26.7 

23.6 

17.8 

IT 

2.6 

10.  4 
4.7 

14.8 

20.9 

14.8 

21.5 

17.0 

5.7 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


447 


In  the  first  section  of  the  table,  which  sets  forth  figures  concerning 
males  exclusively,  the  highest  percentage  for  any  one  group  of  native- 
born  persons  is  shown  by  those  between  the  years  of  6 and  13.  Among 
the  foreign-born,  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  are  numerically  preponderant, 
while  the  Bohemians  and  English  are  reported  in  the  smallest  num- 
bers. Among  the  foreign-born  males,  the  highest  group  percentages 
are  entered  for  persons  under  6 years  of  age  and  between  30  and 
44  years.  In  the  latter  group  are  found  33.3  per  cent  of  the  Lithua- 
nians reporting,  which  is  the  highest  group  percentage  for  any  one 
race. 

Comparing  the  second  part  of  the  table  with  the  first,  it  is  noticed 
that  50  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  females  are  under  the  age  of  13  and 
30  per  cent  are  under  6 years  of  age,  as  against  40.3  per  cent  of  the 
foreign-born  males  under  13  3^ears.  The  comparison  also  shows  that 
the  number  of  foreign-born  females  between  20  and  44  years  of  age 
is  much  smaller  than  that  of  males  of  the  same  age.  The  number 
of  English,  both  male  and  female,  over  45  years  of  age,  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  one  race.  The  number  of  Germans  takes  second  rank  in 
this  regard.  Inspection  of  the  tables  also  discloses  the  fact  that  young 
people,  of  both  sexes,  are  more  numerous  among  the  native-born  than 
among  the  foreign-born.  Comparatively  few  youths  are  found  among 
the  foreign-born,  the  majority  of  the  persons  reporting  being  divided 
between  children  and  individuals  of  marriageable  age,  which  implies 
that  the  family  groups  are  well  organized  among  the  native-born, 
and  that  the  foreign-born  are  very  largely  unmarried  persons  and 
persons  recently  married. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  male  employees  within 
each  age  group,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 

Table  233. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general  nativity 

and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Under 

14. 

14  to  19. 

20  to  24. 

25  to  29. 

30  to  34. 

35  to  44. 

45  to  54. 

55  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

6,401 

0.1 

15.1 

17.0 

15.1 

13.5 

20.5 

12.6 

6.1 

Negro 

908 

.1 

5.4 

11.1 

16.5 

15.3 

29.7 

14.8 

7.0 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

590 

.2 

63.7 

27.8 

6.1 

1.0 

1.0 

.0 

.2 

England 

962 

.5 

28.6 

22.2 

14.9 

11.5 

14.4 

5.3 

2.5 

France 

65 

.0 

26.2 

13.8 

21.5 

15.4 

4.6 

10.8 

7.7 

Germany 

1,215 

.1 

20.7 

21.2 

1.5.  0 

10.6 

17.3 

11.5 

3.7 

Ireland 

799 

.0 

18.8 

17.4 

13.8 

12.0 

19.4 

14.9 

3.8 

Italy 

62 

1.6 

75.8 

17.7 

3.2 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Russia 

91 

1.1 

62.6 

26.4 

4.4 

1.1 

2.2 

.0 

2.2 

Scotland 

423 

.2 

29.3 

2.5.8 

15.6 

11.3 

11.6 

5.2 

.9 

Wales 

208 

. 5 

19.7 

11.1 

19.7 

12.5 

22. 1 

8.2 

6.2 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mo- 

ravian  

454 

.0 

5.1 

12.1 

18.9 

19.6 

27.1 

10.8 

6.4 

Croatian 

1,958 

.0 

9.9 

28.7 

21.2 

16.0 

17.8 

5.9 

.8 

Dutch 

56 

.0 

8.9 

5.4 

26.8 

10.7 

23.2 

23.2 

1.8 

English 

1,306 

.0 

2.5 

7.7 

11.9 

15.2 

24.0 

23.7 

15.0 

448 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


Table  233  — cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general  nativity 

and  race — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race,  j 


Foreign-born,  by  race  — 
Continued. 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) . . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish : 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


Number 


Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 


reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

14. 

14  to  19. 

20  to  24. 

25  to  29. 

30  to  34. 

35  to  44. 

45  to  54. 

55  or 
over. 

335 

0.3 

7.5 

8.1 

14.3 

16.4 

30.4 

16.1 

6.9 

1,528 

.0 

4.3 

7.9 

12.2 

13.9 

25.9 

12.4 

23.4 

75 

.0 

5.3 

14.7 

28.0 

17.3 

24.0 

8.0 

2.7 

6.56 

.0 

.5 

4.7 

8.5 

8.7 

23.3 

32.5 

21.8 

3,355 

.1 

7.9 

22.4 

22.9 

19.4 

20.8 

5.7 

1.0 

2, 224 

(o) 

8.8 

22.7 

23.3 

17.9 

18.9 

7.1 

1.3 

94 

.0 

3.2 

34.0 

22.3 

12.8 

20.2 

7.4 

.0 

636 

.0 

1.4 

18.9 

28.9 

18.6 

23.6 

7.7 

.9 

3,511 

.0 

8.2 

18.9 

21.2 

19.1 

23.8 

7.7 

1.1 

5,974 

.0 

5.4 

18.9 

23.4 

18.2 

24.0 

8.5 

1.6 

103 

.0 

9.7 

9.7 

25.2 

15.5 

28.2 

10.7 

1.0 

1,274 

.0 

6.3 

20.7 

25.1 

18.8 

21.7 

6.4 

.9 

281 

.0 

11.0 

15.7 

25.3 

16.4 

25.3 

5.7 

.7 

.561 

.0 

5.7 

8.2 

8.9 

15.2 

21.9 

26.9 

13.2 

85 

.0 

9.4 

28.2 

29.4 

15.3 

12.9 

3.5 

1.2 

9,925 

.0 

7.4 

19.2 

20.7 

16.7 

25.6 

8.7 

1.7 

1,5.50 

.0 

7.8 

23.0 

23.9 

17.7 

18.8 

7.4 

1.4 

216 

.0 

2.3 

7.9 

7.4 

15.3 

31.5 

23. 1 

12.5 

191 

.0 

2.6 

7.9 

6.3 

12.0 

25.7 

23.6 

22.0 

48, 806 

(°) 

10.0 

18.6 

19.3 

16.0 

22.2 

9.9 

3.9 

4,542 

.2 

30.5 

21.7 

13.6 

9.6 

13.7 

7.9 

2.8 

11,851 

.2 

20.3 

18.3 

14.  6 

12.2 

18.6 

11.0 

4.9 

36, 955 

(«) 

6.7 

18.6 

20.8 

17.2 

23.4 

9.6 

3.6 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


Of  48,806  male  employees  shown  in  the  above  table,  the  greatest 
proportion  in  any  one  age  group  are  from  35  to  44  years  of  age, 
followed  by  those  who  are  25  to  29,  the  per  cent  who  pe  from  20  to  24 
being  onl}"  slightly  smaller.  A very  small  proportion  are  55  years 

of  age  or  over.  ^ i i i r ' 

The  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father  show  by  lar  j 
the  highest  per  cent  who  are  from  14  to  29  years  of  age.  The  j 
employees  who  are  native-born  whites  of  native  father  show  the  j 
next  proportion,  followed  by  the  foreign-bom  employees  and  the  ; 
negroes  who  are  native-born  of  native  father,  in  the  order  mentioned. 
Of  those  30  to  54  years  of  age,  the  native-born  negroes  of  native  . 
father,  followed  by  the  foreign-born,  show  the  highest  per  cent,  while  : 
the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  and  those  who  are  native- 
born  of  foreign  father  follow  in  considerably  smaller  proportions.  Of  : 
the  employees  who  are  55  years  of  age  or  over,  the  negroes  show 
the  highest  per  cent,  followed  by  the  native-born  whites  of  native 
father.  The  employees  who  are  of  foreign  birth  and  those  who  are 
native-born  of  foreign  father  show  considerably  smaller  proportions 
in  this  group. 

Of  the  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father,  those 
whose  fathers  were  born  in  Italy  and  Russia  show  over  1 per  cent 
under  14  years  of  age.  No  employees  of  other  parentage  show  as 
high  as  1 per  cent,  and  none  of  the  employees  whose  fathers  were  born 
in  France  and  Ireland  are  under  14  years  of  age.  None  of  those 
whose  fathers  were  born  in  Italy  are  over  35  years  of  age  and  none 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


449 


whose  fathers  were  born  in  Austria-Hungary  or  Russia  are  as  much 
as  45  years  of  age.  The  employees  in  this  group  whose  fathers  were 
born  in  France,  Germany,  Ireland,  or  Wales  show  the  highest  per 
cents  who  are  45  years  of  age  or  over. 

Of  the  foreign-born  employees,  the  French  and  the  North  Italians 
alone  show  a small  proportion  who  are  under  14  years  of  age.  It 
will  be  further  observed  that  the  races  of  older  immigration  show  a 
smaller  per  cent  of  young  persons  and  a higher  per  cent  in  the 
groups  of  older  persons  than  do  the  more  recent  immigrants  from 
southern  and  eastern  Europe. 


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Chapter  X. 

GENERAL  PROGRESS  AND  ASSIMILATION. 

Ownership  of  homes — Public-school  attendance — Parochial-school  attendance — Status 
of  children  in  the  households  studied — Citizenship— Ability  to  speak  English — 
[Text  Tables  234  to  250  and  General  Tables  92  to  100.] 

In  addition  to  the  comparative  industrial  progress  and  efficiency 
of  the  races  of  recent  and  former  immigration  represented  among  the 
bituminous  mining  employees,  it  is  of  even  greater  interest  and  im- 
portance to  consider  the  general  progress  and  adaptability,  together 
with  the  tendencies  toward  permanent  settlement  and  assimilation, 
manifested  by  the  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth.  These  tendencies 
have  a wider  significance  than  the  purely  industrial  phases  of  immi- 
gration because  they  are  concerned  with  the  immigrant  races  in  the 
light  of  their  desirability  as  members  of  American  communities  and 
as  participants  in  the  social  and  political  life  of  the  country.  These 
conditions  affecting  their  general  progress  and  adaptability  are  set 
forward  in  the  present  connection  because  the  expansion  of  the  min- 
ing industry  has  made  necessary  the  presence  of  the  large  immigrant 
population,  which  in  turn  has  been  responsible  for  bringing  into 
existence  conditions  and  facts  of  vital  importance  to  American  life 
and  institutions. 


OWNERSHIP  OF  HOMES. 

One  of  the  best  indications  of  a disposition  to  adopt  this  country 
as  a permanent  home,  as  well  as  a mark  of  thrift  and  of  desire  for 
advancement,  is  found  in  the  extent  to  which  the  different  races  of 
raine  workers  of  foreign  birth  acquire  property  and  homes  in  this 
country.  Facts  bearing  on  these  questions,  secured  from  a study  of 
1,358  families,  are  presented  in  the  next  table,  which  shows  the 
lumber  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  their  homes,  by  general 
aativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


451 


452 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  234— iVwm6er  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  hy  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  . 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Total 
number  of 
families. 

Owning  home. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

33 

14 

42.4 

Foreign-born: 

17 

7 

(a) 

108 

3 

2.8 

17 

6 

(a) 

33 

15 

45.5 

11 

7 

(“) 

144 

15 

10.4 

66 

7 

10.6 

81 

6 

7.4 

153 

5 

3.3 

Polish 

203 

17 

8.4 

10 

(a) 

38 

.0 

43 

5 

11.6 

Slovak  

389 

16 

4.1 

12 

2 

(a) 

1,358 

125 

9.2 

33 

14 

42.4 

1,325 

111 

8.4 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  races  represented  in  the  above  table  by  20  or  more  families, 
the  Russian  alone,  with  38  families,  reports  not  a single  case  of  home 
ownership.  Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Germans  show  the  largest 
proportion  owning  their  homes,  the  Ruthenians,  South  Italians, 
North  Italians,  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Slovaks,  Magyars,  and  Croatian, 
following  in  the  order  named. 

Of  the  1,358  families  from  whom  information  was  secured,  only 
9.2  per  cent  own  their  homes.  This  may  be  attributed  to  the  fact 
that  few  opportunities  of  acquiring  a home  are  open  to  men  of  any 
race.  Almost  all  the  mining  companies  refuse  to  sell  company 
houses  to  their  employees  in  the  detached  mining  communities. 
Only  in  exceptional  instances  have  the  employees  any  opportunities 
for  buying  homes,  the  companies  finding  it  a better  policy  to  retain 
the  houses  because  of  large  profits  arising  from  rent  payments,  and 
for  the  additional  reason  that  inine  workers  may  be  evicted  m the 
event  of  a strike.  The  opportunities  to  purchase  homes  are  therefore 
limited  to  the  comparatively  small  numbers  of  employees  who 
larger  centers  of  population  or  who  work  for  the  few  companies  that 
encourage  the  owning  of  homes. 

PUBLIC-SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

One  of  the  greatest  factors  of  assimilation  is  the  school  system  of 
the  bituminous  localities.  In  or  near  each  mining  village  public 
schools  are  conducted.  These  are  usually  ungraded,  with  a term  of 
from  six  to  eight  months  a year,  and,  with  the  parochial  schools,  con- 
stitute the  chief  opportunity  for  the  children  of  immigrant  families  to 
secure  an  education.  In  order  to  obtain  some  information  by  races, 
showing  the  age,  sex,  and  number  of  children  in  attendance,  data  on 
these  topics  were  secured  from  a number  of  these  schools  in  different 
mining  villages.  The  results  are  shown  in  the  table  next  presented. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


453 


Table  235. — Number  of  pupils  in  selected  public  schools,  by  sex  and  age,  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil. 


Number  of  pupils  of  each  specified  age. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  father,  and  sex 
of  pupil. 


Native-born: 

White- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Negro- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Total  native-born— 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Bulgarian- 

Male  

Female 

Total 

Canadian  (other 
than  French)— 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Croatian- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Danish- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Dutch- 

Male 

Female 

Total 

English- 

Male  

Female 

Total 

Finnish- 

Male  

Female 

Total 

French- 

Male  

Female 

Total 


4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

or 

over. 

To- 

tal. 

1 

3 

2 

78 

77 

75 

71 

96 

82 

97 

73 

96 

79 

70 

63 

76 

84 

74 

63 

72 

62 

41 

44 

28 

30 

10 

19 

4 

7 

1 

1 

823 

756 

1 

5 

155 

146 

178 

170 

175 

133 

160 

137 

134 

85 

58 

29 

11 

1 

1 

1,579 

4 

5 

6 

0 

4 

3 

7 

6 

9 

8 

8 

5 

6 

3 

4 

2 

1 

48 

45 

4 

2 

9 

12 

7 

13 

9 

16 

11 

7 

3 

4 

2 

93 

1 

3 

2 

82 

82 

81 

77 

100 

85 

104 

79 

105 

79 

78 

71 

81 

90 

77 

67 

74 

03 

41 

48 

28 

32 

10 

19 

4 

7 

1 

1 

871 

801 

1 

5 

104 

158 

185 

183 

184 

149 

171 

144 

137 

89 

60 

29 

11 

1 

1 

1,672 

8 

6 

11 

8 

5 

11 

6 

8 

8 

7 

4 

6 

6 

2 

2 

2 

1 

62 

53 

14 

19 

16 

13 

16 

11 

12 

9 

4 

1 

115 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

"i' 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

8 

5 

6 

4 

5 

6 

12 

13 

11 

11 

18 

4 

7 

10 

6 

5 

9 

7 

2 

3 

2 1 

1 

1 

69 

80 

1 

11 

9 

18 

24 

29 

11 

16 

14 

9 

5 

2 

1 

149 



1 

1 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

6 



1 

1 

2 

1 

9 

3 

“i’ 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

1 

i 

14 

— 

— 

— 

— . ■ 

__ 

....  - .1..  . . 

— 

48296°— VOL  6—11 


-30 


454 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


T\ble  235  — Number  of  pupils  in  selected  public  schools,  by  sex  and  age,  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil— Continued. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  father,  and  sex 
of  pupil. 

Number  of  pupils  of  each  specified  age. 

To- 

tal. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18.  ] 

L9. 

c 

20 

or 

)ver. 

Foreign-born — Cont’d. 

German— 

1 

17 

14 

18 

11 

12 

13 

20 

12 

8 

3 

1 . 

130 

Female 

9 

11 

17 

15 

15 

14 

12 

4 

4 

1 

102 

1 

2() 

25 

35 

26 

27 

27 

32 

16 

12 

4 

1 

232 

Greek — 

1 

1 1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

8 

1 

6 

1 

2 

10 

1 

1 

1 

2 

6 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

18 

Hebrew,  German— 

1 

1 

i 

Female 

..  . 

1 

1 

2 

4 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

Hebrew,  Polish — 

= 

o 

1 

1 

Female 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Total 

— 

— 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

Hebrew,  Russian— 

— 

— 

1 

1 

Female 

1 

1 

2 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Irish — 

= 

— 

3 

9 

11 

10 

2 

11 

5 

8 

3 

4 

1 

67 

Female 

1 

12 

7 

5 

15 

4 

10 

13 

13 

1 

4 

"2 

87 

Total 

1 

15 

16 

16 

25 

6 

21 

18 

21 

4 

8 

2 

1 

154 

Italian,  North — 

Malp 

22 

13 

12 

17 

16 

15 

8 

11 

4 

2 

120 

Female 

19 

9 

11 

6 

11 

9 

7 

5 

1 

78 

Total 

41 

22 

23 

23 

27 

24 

15 

16 

4 

2 

1 

198 

Italian,  South— 

— 

Mnlp 

1 

5 

6 

7 

4 

5 

4 

3 

2 

4 

1 

42 

Female 

1 

6 

4 

11 

5 

9 

2 

2 

3 

1 

44 

Total 

2 

11 

10 

18 

9 

14 

6 

5 

5 

4 

1 

1 

86 

Lithuanian— 

Mnlp 

1 

1 

2 

Female 

1 

1 

2 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

Magyar— 

Mnlp 

3 

0 

1 

5 

2 

1 

4 

1 

23 

VPTTinlo 

1 

5 

3 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

17 

1 ^ 



Total 

1 

8 

9 

4 

7 

3 

2 

5 

1 

40 

Norwegian— 



Fematp 

1 

2 

3 

Total 

1 

2 

3 

PoUsh— 

■ 

- 

Male 

9 

19 

11 

11 

12 

8 

6 

8 

6 

4 

2 

1 

1 

98 

Femalp 

U 

19 

17 

16 

13 

10 

6 

3 

1 

1 

99 

- 

Total 

22 

38 

28 

27 

25 

18 

12 

11 

6 

5 

3 

1 

1 

197 

: 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


455 


Table  235. — Number  of  pupils  in  selected  public  schools,  by  sex  and  age,  and  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  father  of  Continued . 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  father,  and  sex 
of  pupil. 

Number  of  pupils  of  each  specified  age. 

To- 

tal. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

|l2. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19 

20 
. or 

over 

Foreign-born — Cont ' d . 

Roumanian — 

Male 

1 

1 

Female 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

1 

1 

2 

Russian— 

■ 

— 

Male 

3 

2 

4 

4 

7 

4 

2 

3 

9Q 

Female 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

26 

. 

Total 

4 

6 

10 

6 

11 

7 

4 

5 

1 

1 

55 

Ruthenian — 

Male 

2 

o 

Female 

1 

1 

Total 

2 

1 

3 

Scotch— 

Male 

2 

6 

4 

9 

8 

2 

5 

4 

8 

3 

Female 

5 

7 

4 

4 

6 

1 

7 

7 

4 

1 

Oi 

Aa 



Total 

7 

13 

8 

13 

14 

3 

12 

11 

8 

7 

1 

97 

Slovak— 

= 

■ 

Male 

50 

36 

41 

39 

44 

29 

20 

23 

5 

4 

2 

90^ 

Female 

3 

38 

51 

39 

33 

33 

30 

17 

11 

3 

258 

Total 

3 

88 

87 

80 

72 

77 

59 

37 

34 

8 

4 

2 

551 

Slovenian- 

■ ■ ■■ 

Male 

1 

2 

7 

5 

8 

5 

3 

2 

3 

1 

07 

Female 

2 

9 

2 

3 

9 

1 

2 

2 

1 

o! 

32 

Total 

3 

11 

9 

8 

17 

6 

4 

4 

5 

2 

69 

Swedish- 

= 

Male  

1 

1 

1 

1 

A 

Female 

2 

1 

'i' 

1 

1 

‘t 

6 

Total 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

10 

Welsh- 

= 

Male 

1 

1 

1 

1 

A 

Female 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

7 

Other  races  a — 

== 

Male 

Female 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

— 

3 

Race  not  specified— 

— 

Male 

1 

1 

0 

Female 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

Total 

T' 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

Total  foreign-born— 

■ 

Male 

4 

132 

142  : 

134  : 

143 

136  : 

106 

92 

94 

51 

26 

7 

2 

1 

] 

L,070 

Female 

8 

132  : 

133  : 

145  : 

139 

130 

98 

86 

66 

22 

13 

8 

1 

1 

982 

Total 

12 

264  ; 

275  i 

279  i 

282  ; 

266  i 

204  : 

178  : 

160 

73 

39 

15 

3 

2 

2,052 

irand  total: 

Male 

1 

7 

214  ; 

223  i 

>34  i 

247  ; 

241  ] 

L84  ] 

173  ] 

171  ] 

125 

67 

35 

12 

5 

1 

1 ] 

[ 941 

Female 

10 

214  ; 

210  i 

230  ^ 

218 

209  ] 

169  ] 

176  ] 

133 

85 

61 

40 

20 

8 , 

] 

l;783 

Total 

1 

17 

128  ' 

133  ^ 

164  ^ 

165  ‘ 

150  c 

153  < 

J49  J 

204  i 

210  ] 

'28 

75 

32 

13 

1 

1 J 

2,724 

o “Other  races”  comprise  3 Syrian. 


456 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  will  be  observed  in  the  preceding  table  that  of  the  3,724  school 
children  covered  by  this  inquiry  1,672  are  of  native-born  parentage, 
while  2,052  are  of  foreign  parentage.  The  greatest  number  ol  chil- 
dren of  foreign  parentage  come  from  the  Slovak,  Polish,  North  Italian, 
German  English,  and  Irish  races.  This  is  to  be  expected,  since 
in  the  localities  selected  these  are  the  immigrant  races  with  the 
most  children  of  school  age.  The  majority  of  children  m school  are 
between  the  ages  of  8 and  10  years.  This  is  generally  true  irrespective 
of  race  After  that  age  period,  the  attendance  decreases.  Ihis  de- 
crease is  greater  among  the  children  of  foreign  than  among  those  of 
native  parentage  and  is  more  rapid  among  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  and 
Italians  than  among  the  English,  Irish,  and  German  children  With 
most  immigrant  races  the  attendance  practically  ceases  at  about  the 
ao’e  of  14  or  15  years.  This  fact  may  be  attributed  to  three  causes. 
(1)  That  attendance  is  compulsory  only  to  the  age  of  14;  (2)  that  the 
parents  usually  desire  their  children  to  go  to  work  at  as  early  an  age 
as  possible;  and  (3)  that  in  these  schools  the  course  is  finished  by  the 
average  pupil  at  about  the  age  of  14  years.  Although  there  are  high 
schools  in  all  the  larger  towns  and  cities  of  the  coal-minmg  regions, 
they  are  attended  by  almost  no  children  of  immigrant  parentage 
exceiit  British  and  German.  The  children  of  the  more  recently 
immitJ’rating  races,  such  as  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  Italians,  practi- 
cally finish  their  schooling  when  they  leave  the  public  or  parochial 
grammar  schools.  In  the  foregoing  table  it  will  be  observed  that 
many  children  of  native  parentage  continue  in  attendance  alter  the 
a^^e  of  14  years.  In  some  cases  this  is  due  to  the  presence  ol  back- 
ward  pupils  who  are  finishing  the  course,  and  in  other  cases  to  the 
fact  that  advanced  instruction  is  being  given  some  pupils  by  special 
arrangement. 

PAROCHIAL-SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 

The  mixture  of  races  shown  in  the  attendance  at  the  public  schools 
is  significant  in  its  relation  to  Americanization  when  compared  with 
the  racial  classification  of  the  pupils  attending  the  parochial  schools 
of  the  same  region,  as  shown  in  the -following  tables  exhibiting  the 
attendance  at  selected  schools: 


Table  236. — Per  cent  distribution  of  children  in  the  parochial  schools,  by  race. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

8.9 

Foreign-born: 

24.1 

48.0 

19.1 

91.1 

10^ 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


457 


Table  237, — Number  of  pupils  of  each  sex  in  the  parochial  schools,  by  yeneral  n a t iv  ity  and 

race  of  father  of  pupil. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil. 


Native-born,  White 

Foreign-born: 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North. . 
Itaiian,  South. . 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Slovak 

Other  races  «... 

Total 

Grand  total... 


Number  of- 

Total, 

Males. 

1 

Females. 

27 

32 

59 

6 

10 

16 

9 

18 

27 

15 

4 

19 

4 

7 

11 

9 

8 

17 

79 

81 

160 

6 

5 

11 

162 

157 

319 

17 

9 

26 

307 

299 

606 

334  I 

i 

331 

665 

« “Other  races”  comprise:  Croatian,  4;  Dutch,  5;  English,  4;  Hebrew 
Slovenian,  2. 


(not  specified),  9;  Lithuanian,  2; 


In  the  parochial  schools,  as  shown  in  the  above  table,  the  per  cent 
of  children  of  native  white  parentage  is  but  8.9  as  compared  with 
42.4  in  the  public  schools.  The  Polish  and  Slovak  races  send  the 
greatest  number  of  children  to  the  parochial  schools  represented  in 
these  tables.  This  is  due  not  to  a greater  tendency  on  the  part 
of  these  races  to  send  their  children  to  school,  but  to  the  fact  that 
they  are  present  here  in  much  greater  numbers  than  are  those  of 
other  immigrant  races. 


STATUS  OF  CHILDREN  IN  THE  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

In  connection  with  the  above  data  from  both  public  and  parochial 
schools  the  table  next  presented,  compiled  from  families  in  this  same 
region,  may  be  taken  to  show  the  relative  disposition  of  different 
races  to  send  their  children  to  school.  This  table  exhibits  the  num- 
ber and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  home,  at 
work,  and  at  school,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and 
birthplace  of  child. 


458 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Tabi  f 238  -Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  hoine,at  school, 
aNat  Ztbv  geriral  nutwtty  and  rac^  of  father  and  by  btrthplaee  ofehld. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rThi=  tahlp  inrludes  only  races  with  20  or  more  children  born  in  the  United  States  and  also  20  or  more 
(This  table  abroad  The  native-born  are  shown  for  comparative  purposes.]  ^ 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  father. 


Native-born,  White 
Foreign-born; 

Italian,  North. . 


Italian,  South. 

Magyar 

P9lish 

Slovak 


Number 

Number— 

1 

1 

Per  cent— 

Birthplace  of 
child. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

United  States. 

51 

2 

48 

1 

3.9 

94.1 

2.0 

/United  States. 
(Abroad 

no 

64 

15 

13 

92 

49 

3 

2 

13.6 

20.3 

20.4 

35.7 
15. 9 
20.0 

83.6 

76.6 

75.9 

60.7 

82.9 
80.0 

2.7 

3.1 

Q 7 

/United  States. 

54 

28 

11 

10 

41 

17 

2 

1 

o.  i 

3.6 
1.2 

.0 

2.6 
2.0 
4.0 
1.2 

/United  States. 

82 

40 

13 

8 

68 

32 

1 

(Abroad 

(United  States. 
(Abroad 

189 

51 

33 

17 

151 

33 

5 

1 

17.5 

33.3 

17.9 

20.2 

79.9 

64.7 

78.0 

78.6 

(United  States. 
(Abroad 

346 

84 

62 

17 

270 

66 

14 

1 

The  above  table  shows  that  the  native  families  have  relatively 
fewer  children  of  school  age  at  home  and  at  work  and  “oi'e  at  scho^, 
than  have  any  of  the  immigrant  races.  In  connection  with  the  foreign 
born  it  shoulcibe  noted  that  in  general  a 

born  abroad  than  of  those  born  in  the  United  States  are  at  home^ 
This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  children  born  abroad  are  older  than 
those  born  here,  and  therefore  are  the  first  to  leave  school.  The 

relative  proportions  at  school,  at  home,  or  ’are 

the  persons  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  are 

shown  by  sex  iiCthe  two  tables  next  submitted. 

Table  239.-Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  school,  at  home,  and  in  other 
occupations,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


IThi.,  table  inch. dee  only  racee  with  20  or  tnore  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  tor  all  races.) 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native  father.  White o, T ' 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father,  Slovak. 
Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent— 


22 

190 

32 


Grand  total . 


Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Total  uative-born 

Total  foreign-born 


112 

115 

191 

339 

35 

40 

99 

563 


At  school.  At  home. 


5.1 

5.1 


2,148 


114 

173 

1,975 


1.7 

2.6 


In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 


93.2 

92.3 


.0 

1.1 

6.3 

2.1 

.9 


5.3 

5.2 

.3 


.5 

1.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.4 


1.0 


100.  C 
98.  S 
93.  ^ 
97.  £ 


99.1 

97.1 
100.  ( 
100.  ( 
100.  ( 

99.  J 


2.6 

2.3 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


459 


Table  240. — Per  cent  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  school,  at  home,  and  in  other 
occupations,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.! 


Number 

Per  cent — 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

At  school. 

At  home. 

In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father; 

GO 

1.7 

90.0 

8.3 

German 

25 

12.0 

64.0 

24.0 

Slovak 

Foreign-born: 

32 

3.1 

78.1 

18.8 

Croatian 

107 

.0 

99.1 

.9 

German 

25 

.0 

92.0 

8.0 

Italian,  North 

146 

2.1 

97.3 

.7 

Italian,  South 

62 

.0 

98.4 

1.6 

Lithuanian 

79 

1.3 

98.7 

.0 

Magyar 

150 

.0 

98.7 

1.3 

Polish 

201 

.0 

97.5 

2.5 

Russian 

38 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

Ruthenian 

42 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

Slovak 

378 

.0 

99.2 

.8 

Grand  total 

1,454 

1.0 

96.0 

3.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

104 

8.7 

69.2 

22.1 

Total  native-born 

164 

6.1 

76.8 

17. 1 

Total  foreign-born 

1,290 

.3 

98.4 

1.2 

Of  the  foreign-born  niales  and  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  only 
three-tenths  of  1 per  cent  are  at  school.  The  males  are  lagely  at 
work  in  the  mines  or  in  other  occupations,  while  the  females  are 
largely  at  home.  On  the  other  hand,  6.1  per  cent  of  all  native-born 
females  and  5.2  per  cent  of  all  native-born  males,  16  years  of  age 
or  over,  are  at  school. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

Another  point  of  gperal  interest  is  the  tendency  on  the  part  of  the 
different  races  (if  foreign  birth  to  acquire  citizenship,  and  their  general 
interest  in  public  and  civic  affairs.  Employers  are  a unit  in  stating  that 
little  real  or  intelligent  civic  interest  is  manifested  by  recent  immi- 
grants. They  ascribe  this  lack  to  the  immigrant’s  ignorance  of  our 
political  methods,  his  illiteracy  and  inability  to  speak  English,  the  social 
and  political  aloofness  of  these  races  in  the  more  or  less  remote  mining 
villages,  and^  their  desire  to  avoid  taxation.  Those  who  reside  in  or 
near  Ijie  cities  seem  to  exhibit  more  interest  than  do  those  of  the 
isolated  communities.  It  seems  that  the  Bohemians  ancl  Moravians 
take  a much  more  active  part  in  civic  affairs  than  any  other  race  of 
recent  immigration  in  the  bituminous  districts  of  Pennsylvania. 
Among  the  other  Slavic  races,  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  lead  in  this 
regard,  while  the  Croatians  make  the  poorest  showing.  It  is  almost 
the  universal  statement  that  this  latter  race  shows  no  intelligent  civic 
interest  at  all,  and  that  very  few  become  naturalized.  The  Italians, 
both  North  and  South,  are  more  active  than  the  Slavic  races  in  their 
efforts^  to  become  citizens,  and  appear  to  take  a more  active  part 
m civic  affairs.  All  information  of  this  character  is,  of  necessity, 
somewhat  indefinite,  and  varies  with  the  locality.  It  seems  true 
of  all  the  later  immigrating  races  that  they  take  far  less  interest  in 


I 


460 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


civic  afiairs  than  did  the  Ociman  and  British  immigrants,  and  in 
cases  where  there  seems  to  be  encouraging  activity  it  is  nearly  always 
due  not  to  their  own  intelligent  efforts  to  attain  citizenship  and  exer- 
cise’its  privileges,  but  to  the  influence  of  interested  politicians.  When 
members  of  these  races  actually  become  naturalized  they  vote  almost 
wliollv  as  their  “bosses”  tell  them.  The  “boss”  may  be  the  native 
superintendent  or  foreman,  or  some  leader  of  their  owm  race;  tor  exam- 
ple an  intelligent  banker  and  steamship  ticket  agent.  It  is  charged 
that  immigrants  are  often  improperly  influenced  to  vote  as  desired 
and  that  many  are  sometimes  allowed  to  vote  who  have  no  legal 
rii^ht  to  exercise  the  franchise.  There  is  a practically  unanimous 
opinion  that  as  races  the  southeastern  European  immigrants  make 
far  less  intellio-ent  and  reliable  citizens  than  do  Germans,  13ritisn,  or 
Scandinavians':  As  indicating  the  extent  of  naturalization  among 
these  races,  the  following  table  is  given.  It  covers  the  naturahza- 
tions  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  which  has  been  one  of  the  most 
important  coal  and  coke  producing  areas  during  the  ppt  one  hun- 
•Ired  and  six  years.  While  it  is  impossible  to  differentiate  by  races 
in  this  record,  the  extent  of  naturalization  by  nationalities,  resulting 
from  political  pressure  in  the  years  of  important  elections,  can  be 
readily  seen  in  the  greatly  increased  numbers  of  persons  who  became 
citizens  in  those  years.  The  marked  falling  on  in  the  number  of 
persons  naturalized  in  1907  to  1908  is  due  to  the  effects  of  legislation 
prescribing  more  stringent  tests  for  citizenship. 

Table  241 Number  of  persons  naturalized  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  by  country  of 

birth,  1802  to  1908. 


Year. 


1802. 


1804  

1805  

180G ! 

1807 


1809.. 

1810.. 

1811.. 

1812.. 

1813.. 

1814.. 

1815.. 

1816.. 

1817.. 

1818.. 

1819.. 

1820.. 

1821. 

1822. 

1823. 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 
1827- 
1828. 
1829. 
1839. 
1831- 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 


1 d' 


: c3 
d 


29 

20 

42 

12 

9 

16;. 
32  . 
3'. 
20|. 
6. 

19,. 

11 

27' 


2;  ph 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  461 


Table  241. — Number  of  persons  naturalized  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pa.,  by  country  of 
birth,  1802  to  1908 — Continued. 


Year. 

Assyria. 

Austria.  j 

1 

Belgium.  | 

Bohemia. 

1 Canada.  | 

Cuba.  1 

Denmark.  j 

England. 

1 Finland.  | 

France. 

Germany. 

Greece.  | 

Holland.  | 

Ireland.  j 

1 Isle  of  Mauritius.  | 

Italy.  j 

Lithuania.  | 

1 Norway.  I 

Poland. 

Roumania.  1 

Russia. 

Scotland. 

Spain. 

Sweden. 

Switzerland.  I 

Syria.  1 

Wales. 

Total. 

1835 

3 

5 

8 

1836 

1 

9 

3 

1 

7 

1837  . . 

4 

2 

! 5 

11 

1838 

4 

1 

25 

13 

1 

1 

1 

45 

1839 

9 

! 2 

1 

1 

12 

1840 

1 

24 

! 11 

1 

37 

1841 

10 

1 

2 

18 

1842 

4 

6 

1 

10 

1843 

2 

1 

5 

9 

..|.... 

17 

1844 

1 

1 

20 

8 

1 

30 

1845 

1 

7 

i 5 

1 

13 

1846 

10 

4 

1 

15 

1847 

1 

1 

26 

8 

i 

37 

1848 

4 

22 

4 

2 

32 

1849 

2 

i 

1 

3 

1850 

3 

2 

5 

5 

15 

1851 

1 

5 

13 

1 

20 

1852 

1 

1 

10 

27 

39 

1853 

1 

1 

8 

18 

28 

1854 

4 

20 

2 

26 

1855 

2 

31 

1 

46 

2 

1 

83 

1856 

1 

3 

33 

1 

98 

1 

1 

138 

1857 

'2 

29 

2 

10 

3 

5 

i 

52 

1858 

3 

11 

18 

1 

1 

1 

35 

1859 

1 

i 

4 

37 

21 

3 

67 

1860 

2 

31 

21 

1 

2 

57 

1861 

1 

6 

2 

1 

10 

1862 

1 

6 

4 

1 

12 

1863 

2 

5 

5 

12 

1864 

3 

5 

4 

12 

1865 

1 

2 

5 

8 

1866 

4 

12 

9 

25 

1867 

2 

2 

1 

1 

6 

1868 

1 

1 

15 

31 

23 

3 

2 

76 

1869 

1 

1 

2 

1870 

1 

3 

2 

6 

1871 

1 

5 

8 

8 

1 

23 

1872 

1 

5 

15 

14 

1 

1 

37 

1873 

3 

4 

17 

24 

1874 

1 

2 

10 

2 

15 

1875 

2 

1 

11 

11 

1 

1 

1 

28 

1876 

5 

1 

38 

2 

23 

37 

22 

1 

18 

147 

1877 

4 

7 

4 

2 

1 

18 

1878 

2 

3 

22 

14 

5 

17 

2 

65 

1879 

1 

5 

2 

14 

19 

1 

3 

i 

1 

47 

1880 

2 

28 

1 

35 

42 

11 

"i5 

3 

10 

147 

1881 

1 

1 

8 

1 

11 

1882 

1 

1 

1 

1 

18 

1 

5 

5 

4 

1 

2 

40 

1883 

1 

3 

7 

1 

2 

1 

15 

1884 

5 

3 

1 

57 

6 

38 

39 

3 

18 

5 

5 

11 

191 

1885 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

13 

1886 

9 

1 

71 

2 

49 

30 

1 

1 

23 

14 

18 

219 

1887 

10 

"'3 

2 

21 

1 

29 

5 

6 

8 

2 

i 

2 

90 

1888 

89 

19 

’2 

153 

10 

201 

90 

8 

1 

3 

3 

86 

47 

1 

20 

733 

1889... 

18 

' i 

1 

37 

3 

50 

19 

1 

1 

11 

14 

13 

1 

170 

1890 

32 

5 

24 

2 

1 

45 

124 

28 

7 

8 

i 

19 

21 

19 

i 

g 

350 

1891 

15 

3 

2 

1 

38 

7 

57 

26 

5 

7 

25 

’2 

17 

4 

5 

214 

1892 

47 

14 

28 

3 

‘i 

87 

7 

122 

75 

10 

1 

17 

29 

35 

2 

10 

488 

1893 

10 

7 

10 

22 

3 

18 

5 

4 

6 

5 

4 

4 

98 

1894 

20 

7 

4 

48 

i 

1 

31 

13 

6 

1 

4 

15 

19 

2 

4 

176 

1895 

29 

19 

3 

1 

58 

9 

37 

12 

16 

4 

11 

19 

5 

3 

5 

231 

1896 

170 

27 

20 

3 

i 

103 

i 

17 

74 

33 

41 

5 

14 

38 

48 

97 

7 

7 

6nQ 

1897... 

159 

42 

19 

1 

2 

62 

14 

111 

21 

S'? 

q 

91 

m 

1 

i 

7 

uuy 

CQQ 

1898.... 

26 

4 

1 

14 

1 

31 

4 

00 

28 

"i 

0 

3 

2 

ID 

3 

Q 

t 

J 

Ooy 

132 

1899 

132 

6 

12 

36 

7 

77 

10 

i 

145 

4 

g 

10 

0 

7 

3 

9 

465 

1900 

no 

3 

3 

2 

25 

'i 

2 

80 

11 

96 

10 

27 

11 

15 

1 

2 

399 

1901 

47 

1 

1 

1 

15 

4 

24 

5 

61 

'3 

5 

7 

13 

4 

191 

1902... 

63 

1 

1 

22 

i 

25 

2 

80 

g 

9 

12 

i 

223 

1903.... 

56 

3 

2 

14 

2 

'3 

16 

1 

4 

144 

J 

7 

A 

7 

A 

979 

1904 

3 

84 

3 

g 

2 

11 

J 

104 

2 

Q 

i 

IQ 

D 

K 

i 

1 1 

q 

D 

1 

Zt  L 
9A1 

1905 

64 

'"2 

5 

1 

12 

‘i 

16 

1 

45 

0 

1 

8 

0 

4 

Xl 

2 

'i 

0 

1 

2 

Z\)l 

165 

1906... 

86 

3 

6 

19 

94 

2 

8 

1 

5 

1 

2 

227 

1907... 

17 

2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

31 

1908O.... 

18 

2 

9 

1 

8 

2 

1 

3 

44 

a January  1 to  November  ]. 


462 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  connection  with  the  study  of  individual  mine  employees,  inquiry 
was  also  made  regarding  the  extent  of  citizenship  among  those  ol 
foreio-n  birth.  From  the  returns  secured,  the  following  table  has  been 
prepared,  covering  12,182  foreign-born  mine  employees.  It  shows  by 
race  the  political  condition  of  males  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over 
at  time  of  immigration,  and  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  live 
years  or  over. 


Table  2^2.— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  oj  coming, 
hu  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMl’LOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


~ 1 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number— 

Per  cent— 

Race. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

lf)8 

75 

50 

44.6 

29.8 

1 ' 

(a) 

(a) 

4 , 

2 

i 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 > 

(“) 

.5  i 

3 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

3.0 

(a) 

4G3 

19 

14 

4. 1 

2 

1 

(") 

7 

1 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

18 

7 

2 

(a) 

70.0 
(a) 

36.2 

64.4 

(a) 

85.1 

4.37 

306 

53 

12. 1 

(a) 

24 

5 

2 

149 

54 

33 

22. 1 

702 

452 

102 

14.  5 
^“\l 

28 

2 

3 

Iri^h 

275 

234 

14 

0.  1 

1.081 

207 

154 

19. 1 

14. 2 
12.5 

9.5 

8.7 

(a) 

G87 

133 

86 

19.  4 

TffYllQn  QAPPiflPfl 'I  

2G 

7 

4 

(a) 

Litluio-iiicin. 

222 

36 

21 

16.2 

8.1 

(a) 

1,0G5 

86 

93 

- 

7 

2 

1 

1 

(“) 

(a) 

2,074 

296 

175 

14.3 

(a) 

8.4 

(a) 

5 

2 

8 

i 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

343 

27 

27 

7.9 

9.5 

67.8 

7.9 

riiitliGTiicin 

74 

7 

7 

9.5 

202 

137 

15 

7.4 

(a) 

3 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

10.2 

14.1 

73.3 

80.0 

(«) 

; 20 

2 

4 

1 3.233 

330 

247 

i.O 

523 

74 

103 

19. 7 

101 

74 

14 

13. 9 

■\Yp]c^U  

G5 

52 

9 

13. 8 

(a) 

5 

1 

Australian  (race  not  specifieil) 

A nctrion  Tint 

82 

9 

9 

11.0 

11.0 

10.1 

(a) 

T^plcripn  Tint.  STiPOlfiptl ^ ....l 

69 

40 

7 

58.0 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

2 

2 

(«) 

Tottil 

12,182 

2,687 

1,258 

22.1 

1 10.3 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  table  above  shows  that  of  the  12,182  immigrants  who  could 
be  naturalized  citizens  if  they  so  desired,  only  22.1  per  cent  have 
availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity,  while  an  additional  10.3  per 
cent  have  taken  out  their  first  papers.  In  other  words,  an  average 
of  two  immigrants  out  of  every  three  do  not  become  citizens  or  even 
begin  the  legal  process  necessary  to  that  end.  Generalizations  are 
much  less  satisfactory,  however,  than  the  detailed  showing  by  races, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


468 


and  when  this  is  examined  it  is  found  that  the  immigrant  races  fall 
immediately  into  two  very  distinct  groups.  The  first  is  made  up  of 
races  showing  relatively  large  numbers  of  citizens,  and  includes  the 
Welsh  with  80  per  cent,  the  English  with  70  per  cent,  the  Germans 
with  64.4  per  cent,  the  Irish  with  85.1  per  cent,  the  Scotch  with  67.8 
per  cent,  and  the  Swedes  with  73.3  per  cent,  naturalized.  The  second 
group,  with  relatively  few  citizens,  includes  all  the  other  immigrant 
races  given  in  the  table.  Among  these  races,  the  Bohemians  and 
Moravians  and  the  French  are  far  in  the  lead,  with  44.6  per  cent  and 
36.2  per  cent,  respectively,  naturalized  and  29.8  per  cent  and  22.1 
cent,  respectively,  having  first  papers.  Of  the  more  numerous  races 
in  this  group,  the  South  Italians  have  19.4  per  cent  naturalized, 
the  North  Italians  19.1  per  cent,  the  Poles  14.3  per  cent,  the  Slovenians 
14.1  per  cent,  the  Slovaks  10.2  per  cent,  the  Magyars  8.1  per  cent,  and 
the  Croatians  4.1  per  cent.  This  shows  that  among  the  races  of  the 
second  group,  except  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  and  the  French, 
there  is  very  little  tendency  toward  citizenshij).  This  indifference 
may  be  ascribed  in  large  measure  to  differences  in  language,  but  such 
difference  does  not  deter  the  German  and  the  Swedish  immigrants 
from  becoming  naturalized. 

The  following  table  has  been  arranged  to  show  the  relation  between 
period  of  residence  in  this  country  and  the  political  status  of  foreign- 
born  males  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their 
arrival  and  who  have  been  in  this  country  five  years  or  more.  Classi- 
fication has  been  made  according  to  race  and  according  to  period  of 
residence  in  the  United  States. 

Table  243. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  'who  were  21  years 
of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 
race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

1 

I In  United  States  10  years 
i or  over. 

In  United  States  5 years  or 
over. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent — 

Number 
^ reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent — 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent— 

1 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

i Fully 
natu- 
ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Bohemian  and  Mora-  i 
vian 

82 

6.1 

46.3 

86 

81.4 

14.0 

168 

44.6 

29.8 

Croatian 

375 

1.3 

2.4 

88 

15.9 

5.  7 

463 

4.1 

3.0 

English 

72 

12.5 

33.3 

365 

81.4 

7.9 

437 

70.0 

12.1 

French 

73 

2.7 

28.8 

76 

68.4 

I 15.8 

149 

36.2 

22.1 

German 

164 

9.1 

30.5 

5.38 

81.2 

i 9.7 

702 

64.4 

14.5 

Irish 

13 

23.1 

15.4 

262 

88.2 

4.6 

275 

85.1 

5.1 

Italian,  North 

710 

7.0 

13.8 

.371 

42.3 

15.1 

1,081 

19.1 

14.2 

Italian,  South 

438 

6.2 

12.3 

249 

42.6 

12.9 

687 

19.4 

12.5 

Lithuanian 

124 

4.0 

8.1 

98 

31.6 

11.2 

222 

16.2 

i 9.5 

Magyar 

707 

1.8 

5.7 

.358 

20.4 

14.8 

1,065 

8.1 

8.7 

Polish 

1,229 

1.4 

5.1 

845 

33.0 

13.3 

2,074 

14.3 

8.4 

Russian 

205 

1.0 

3.9 

138 

18.1 

13.8 

343 

7.9 

7.9 

Scotch 

36 

5. 6 

13.9 

166 

81.3  1 

6.0 

202 

67.8 

7.4 

Slovak 

1,813 

1.3 

4.4 

1,420 

21.6 

11.8 

3,233 

10.2 

7.6 

Slovenian 

361 

3.3 

22.2 

162 

38.3 

14.2 

523 

14.1 

19.7 

Swedish 

16 

18.8 

37.5 

85 

83.5 

9.4 

101 

73.3 

13.9 

Total 

6, 633 

3.0 

9.3 

5,549 

44.8 

11.6 

12, 182  1 

1 

22.1 

10.3 

464 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  but  12.3  per  cent  of  the  males  who 
have  been  in  tlie  United  States  less  than  ten  years  have  taken  steps 
to  become  citizens,  in  comparison  with  56.4  per  cent  of  those  who 
have  a residence  of  ten  years  or  more.  In  other  words,  87.7  per  » 
cent  of  the  more  recent  immigrants  are  aliens  as  compared  with  43.6  I 
per  cent  of  the  earlier  ones.  In  the  table  four  races,  the  North  Italian, 
Magyar,  Polish,  and  Slovak,  are  represented  by  more  than  1,000  indi- 
viduals each;  considering  those  who  hold  their  first  papers  in  addi- 
tion to  the  fully  naturalized,  these  races,  with  the  exception  of  the 
North  Italian,  are  below  the  general  average.  Moreover,  a smaller 
percentage  of  these  races  acquire  citizenship  after  ten  years’  residence 
in  the  country  than  the  average  lor  the  whole  group.  The  Irish, 
while  re])resented  by  smaller  numbers  in  the  table,  make  the  best 
showing,  both  in  respect  to  the  acquisition  of  citizenship  during  the 
first  ten  years  of  residence  and  also  in  the  acquisition  of  citizenship 
during  the  later  period. 

The  following  table  presents  the  political  condition  of  foreign-bom 
male  members  of  imniigrant  households  studied  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  five  years  or  over  ancl  who  were  21  years  of  age  or 
over  at  time  of  arrival,  by  race  of  individual: 

Table  2^4:— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 
individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.) 


Number 

Number — ! 

Per  cent— 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having  [ 
first  pa- 
pers only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 
first  pa- 
pers only. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  

8 

3 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

Croatian  

05 

3 

5 

4.6 

7.7 

English  

9 

8 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

German  

15 

13 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

Irisli  

3 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

Italian  North  

95 

30 

18 

31.6 

18.9 

Italian,  South  

50 

17 

6 

34.0 

12.0 

Lithuanian  

49 

5 

5 

10.2 

10.2 

Magyar  

09 

14 

10 

20.3 

14.5 

Polish  

127 

19 

19 

15.0 

15.0 

Roiini’^n  - 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

Russian  

18 

2 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

Ruthenian  

26 

4 

1 

15.4 

3.8 

Slovak  

198 

34 

22 

17.2 

11.1 

Slovpnifl.n  

6 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

Total  

746 

154 

95 

20.6 

12.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  total  number  of  individuals  reporting  full  data  in  the  above 
table  is  746.  Of  these,  20.6  per  cent  have  full  naturalization  papers 
and  12.7  per  cent  first  papers.  The  Slovaks  are  represented  in  the 
greatest  number,  but  there  are  comparatively  few  of  this  race  who 
have  either  first  or  second  papers,  71.7  per  cent  being  without  political 
status.  Entries  for  the  South  Italians,  North  Italians,  and  Magyars 
show  a high  percentage  fully  naturalized,  34  per  cent  of  the  South 
Italians  reporting  as  citizens.  Croatians  are  shown  to  rank  lowest 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


465 


in  this  regard.  Among  those  having  first  papers  only,  the  Nortli 
Italians  report  18.9  per  cent  of  their  number  and  the  Poles  15  per 
cent,  while  the  smallest  proportion,  3.8  per  cent,  is  shown  by  the 
Slovaks. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

^ criterion  of  the  degree  of  assimilation  is  the  ability  to 

speak  English  evidenced  by  the  non-English-speaking  races.  From 
the  families  studied  in  the  Pennsylvania  bituminous  localities,  infor- 
mation showing  the  degree  of  ability  to  speak  English,  of  persons  6 
years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual 
was  secured  from  4,715  persons.  This  information  is  presented  in 
the  lollowmg  table: 


Table  245.— Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy  set  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals 
however,  are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.]  ' 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South ! ! . ! 

Lithuanian ^ 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak ! ! . 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South [ 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish !....!!! 

Roumanian ' ' ' ’ 

Russian ’ 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Total  foreign-born 


Number  reporting  complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

43 

52 

95 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

62 

62 

124 

95.2 

95.2 

95.2 

29 

35 

64 

100.0 

91.4 

95.3 

27 

17 

44 

85.2 

88.2 

86.4 

47 

40 

87 

95.7 

97.5 

96.6 

104 

107 

211 

92.3 

90.7 

91.5 

211 

206 

417 

93.4 

90.8 

92.1 

25 

22 

47 

60.0 

59.1 

59.6 

200 

115 

315 

42.5 

22.6 

35.2 

34 

26 

60 

94.1 

100.0 

96.7 

226 

173 

399 

72.6 

40.5 

58.6 

124 

78 

202 

60.5 

29.5 

48.5 

122 

87 

209 

54.9 

35.6 

46.9 

216 

165 

381 

67.6 

49.7 

59.8 

358 

233 

591 

41.9 

37.3 

40.1 

36 

13 

49 

2.8 

15.4 

6.1 

42 

43 

85 

33.3 

16.3 

24.7 

107 

49 

156 

27.1 

12.2 

22.4 

601 

424 

1,025 

47.1 

31.6 

40.7 

2,694 

2,021 

4,715 

60.2 

51.7 

56.6 

584 

575 

1,159 

94.3 

92.3 

93.4 

2,110 

1,446 

3,556 

50.8 

35.5 

44.6 

In  the  above  table  the  most  important  information  disclosed  by 
me  statistics  having  to  do  with  persons  who  were  native-born  of 
loreign  lather  is  the  classification  by  race  of  persons  who  speak  the 
English  language,  for  a large  number  of  the  groups  represent  the 
native-born  children  of  recent  immigrants.  Of  the  1,159  native-born 
0 loreign  father,  93.4  per  cent  speak  English,  comprising  94.3  per 
cent  of  the  males  and  92.3  per  cent  of  the  females.  It  will  be  seen 
mat  every  second-generation  German  covered  by  these  statistics  is 
nghsh-speakmg.  Then  follow  the  Magyars  witli  96.6  per  cent,  the 
^>outh  Italians  with  95.3  per  cent,  the  North  Italians,  the  Slovaks,  the 


466 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Poles,  and  the  Lithuanians,  the  last  named  showing  86.4  per  cent.  The 
order  in  which  these  races  are  represented  may  be  accepted  as  a cri- 
terion of  the  order  in  which  the  native-born  children  of  foreign  parents 
are  becoming  Americanized.  Over  one-half,  or  50.8  per  cent,  of  the 
foreit^n-born  males  speak  English  and  only  35.5  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
born'’ females.  For  the  total  of  both  sexes  the  percentage  is  44.6. 
The  larger  ])ercentage  of  foreign-born  males  speaking  English  as 
compared  with  the  females  is  obviously  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
former  are  brought  into  more  intimate  and  frequent  contact  with 
American  life  and  institutions,  while  the  immigrant  woman  and 
housewhe  has  less  op])ortunity  to  acquire  the  language  because  of 
her  setu-egation  in  the  foreign  colony  and  in  the  home.  The  Germans 
of  foreign  birth,  with  96.7  per  cent,  show  a much  larger  proportion 
able  to'siieak  English  than  any  other  foreign  race,  and  the  foreign- 
born  Koumanians,  with  only  6.1,  show  the  smallest  per  cent.  Other 
races  which  have  a percentage  above  the  general  average  of  44.6  m'e 
the  following:  ^Magyar  with  59.8  per  cent,  Bohemian  and  Moravian 
with  59.6  per  cent.  North  Italian  with  58.6  per  cent.  South  Italian 
with  48.5  per  cent,  and  Lithuanian  with  46.9  per  cent. 

The  table  next  submitted  is  based  upon  reports  from  33,876  foreign- 
born  mine  workers,  and  shows,  by  race  of  individual,  the  relative 
ability  to  speak  English. 

Table  246  — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEFS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-Eiiglish-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  1 he  total,  however, 
is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

451 

69.4 
54.  2 

Polish 

5,900 

50.3 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1,945 

56 

328 

Roumanian 

100 

45.0 

T 4" 

83.9 

Russian 

1,265 

56.9 

71.  6 

Ruthenian 

280 

45.0 

1,511 

75 

91.0 

Servian 

84 

60.7 

German 

65.3 

Slovak 

9,853 

57.1 

3, 323 
2,197 
90 

58.8 

Slovenian 

1,534 

59. 6 

It£lli 8^11  f In 01  111 

60.3 

Swedish 

216 

97.2 

Italian  (not  specified) 

60.0 

33,876 

58.2 

Tvithuanian 

630 

71. 1 

Total 

Magyar  

3,489 

50.8 

— 

Of  all  races  reporting,  the  Swedes,  followed  by  the  Germans,  show 
a larger  per  cent  able  to  speak  English  than  a*ny  other  of  the  races, 
the  Swedes  reporting  97.2  per  cent  and  the  Germans  90.9  per  cent. 
The  figure  for  the  Dutch  is  83.9  per  cent.  Less  than  three-fourths 
of  each  of  the  other  races  reporting  are  able  to  speak  English.  01 
these  races,  the  French  lead,  with  71.6  per  cent,  followed  cteely  by 
the  Lithuanians,  who  report  71.1  per  cent.  Only  two  races,  the  Kou- 
manians and  Ruthenians,  report  less  than  50  per  cent  of  their  number 
able  to  speak  the  English  language.  The  other  races  range  from  69.4 
per  cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  to  50.3  per  cent  ol  the 
Poles. 

The  extent  to  which  foreign-born  persons  in  general  are  able  to 
speak  the  English  language  having  been  examined  in  the  precedmg 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


467 


table,  it  will  be  of  value  to  ascertain  what  degree  of  progress  is  indi- 
cated as  between  immigrants  who  were  of  different  age  groups  at 
the  time  of  arrival  in  the  United  States.  The  following  table  shows 
the  percentage  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the 
households  studied  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  arrival  in 
the  United  States,  the  individuals  being  divided  into  two  groups,  the 
first  composed  of  those  who  were  under  14  years  at  time  of  corning 
and  the  second  of  those  who  were  14  or  more  than  14  years  of  age.  ' 

Table  247.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English  by 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual.  ' 

(study  of  households.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speakmg  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total  how^- 
ever,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.]  ’ 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak 
English,  by‘  age 
at  time  of  coming 
to  United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

47 

Qi  ec 

90.  9 

50.0 

German 

olO 

86.  7 

29.  8 

Italian,  North 

oU 

ooo 

100.  0 

95.  5 

Italian,  South 

oyy 

OAO 

90.  4 

48.  9 

Lithuanian 

OAA 

77.  4 

43.3 

Magyar 

zuy 

95.  8 

40.  5 

ool 

84.  6 

54.  7 

oy  J 

< A 

81.  4 

32.  0 

Russian 

4y 

OK 

(a) 

2.  2 

Ruthenian 

oO 

50.  0 

21, 

Slovak 

loo 

1 AOK 

50.  0 

17.  9 

Total 

1,  UZo 

86. 8 

32.2 

O,  OOO 

84.  6 

36.  9 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  munber  involved. 

I^on  referring  to  the  above  table  it  is  apparent  that  the  general 
endenw  exhibited  for  all  races  of  immigrants  is  that  those  who  come 
.0  tne  United  States  at  an  early  age  acquire  the  use  of  English  more 
■eadily  than  those  who  come  at  a later  period  of  life.  This  is  apoar- 
>nt  from  a comparison  of  the  ability  to  use  English  by  the  two  age 
, roups  in  the  table.  Of  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  a^e  on 
arriving  m the  United  States,  84.6  per  cent  are  able  to  speak  English 
id  present,  yhile  on  the  other  hand,  of  those  persons  who  were  14  or 
nore  than  14  years  of  age  when  they  arrived  in  this  country  only 
6 9 per  cent  are  at  present  able  to  speak  English.  The  greatest 
aciiity  m acquiring  the  language,  among  immigrants  under  14  years 
arrivd  m this  country,  is  seen  in  the  case  of  the 

llov^kf B®jl®“ians  and  Morayians,  North  Italians, 
.'lovaks  and  Croatians.  On  the  other  hand,  a greater  degree  of 

“Indicated  of  contact  with  American  life  and  institutions 

ans  •■elf[]ve  y small  proportion  of  Russians,  Ruthe- 

lans  Roumanians,  and  ^uth  Italians  who  are  able  to  speak  English 

imt  ?howTtf’  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  and  NorthTtal- 

iWlish  greatest  proportion  of  representatives  able  to  speak 

le^United  14  years  of  age  or  oyer  at  the  time  of  coming  to 

^es^tl  itU‘  * strikmg  fact  m connection  with  the  other 

ices  tliat  m no  case  is  a larger  proportion  than  43.3  per  cent  able  to 


468 


The  Immigration 


Commission. 


speak  English  if  the  persons  were  as  much  as  14  years  of  age  when  « 

they  arrived  in  this  country . . -w  i 

From  the  standpoint  of  Americanization  and  assimilation,  however, 
it  is  even  more  important  to  ascertain  what  connection  exists  between 
ability  to  speak  English  and  period  of  residence  in  this  country  on 
the  part  of  the  different  races  of  recent  immigration.  With  this  , 
obiect  in  view  the  table  below  is  submitted  showing  the  per  cent  ot 
foreio-n-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied 
who  speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States. 


Table  248. Per  cent  of  foreign-hom  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  by 

years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


fRv  Vpars  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  1 his  table  includes 
^rnify  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non- 
English-speaking  races.]  


Race  of  individual. 


j Number 
j reporting 
I complete 
data. 


Per  cent  who  speak  English, 
by  years  in  United  States. 


Under  5.  I 5 to  9. 


10  or  over. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Total 


47 

32.0 

66.7 

100.0 

315 

15.4 

44.0 

60.0 

60 

100.0 

96.2 

399 

33.8 

55. 6 

88.0 

202 

20.5 

63.3 

72.9 

209 

21.3 

40.7 

77.6 

381 

33.8 

1 61.9 

85.8 

591 

14.3 

! 36.0 

70.0 

49 

3.0 

1 12.5 

85 

2.5 

1 31.0 

68.8 

156 

.0 

32.6 

48.8 

1,025 

14.9 

42.2 

58.9 

3,556 

18.9 

45.4 

70.6 

1 

This  table  brings  out  the  significant  fact  that  a much  greater  pro- 
portion of  immigrants  of  a long  period  of  residence  than  of  those  ol 
recent  arrival  in  the  United  States  are  able  to  use  the  English  1^^” 
guage.  On  comparing  the  totals  for  the  foreign-born  it  is  seen  that 
of  those  persons  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten  years  or  longer  a 
larger  proportion  can  speak  English  than  of  those  who  have  been 
here  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  of  those  persons  who  have  nacl  a 
residence  of  from  five  to  nine  years  a higher  percentage  can  speak 
Encrlish  than  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  country  less  than  live 
ye^s.  It  is  worthy  of  note  also  that  all  the  Bohemians  and  Mora- 
vians and  practically  all  the  Germans  who  have  been  m the  United 
States  ten  years  or  more  are  able  to  speak  English,  while  or  the  other 
races  the  North  Italian  indicates  the  greatest,  and  the  Ruthenian  the 
least,  advancement  in  this  respect.  The  North  Italian  is  shown  to 
acquire  the  use  of  English  more  extensively  than  the  South  Italian, 
and  the  Magyar  more  than  the  Slovak. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding  table,  based  upon  members  ot  the 
households  studied,  the  following  table,  which  is  the  result  ot  data 
collected  from  33,876  individual  mine  workers,  shows,  by  age  ot  indi- 
vidual at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  the  per  cent  ot  toreign- 
born  males  in  western  Pennsylvania  who  speak  English  at  the  presen 
time.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  repor  - 
ing,  but  the  total  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


469 


Table  249. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


(This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  how- 
ever, is  for  all  non-Plnglish-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

1 Per  cent  who  speak  English, 

1 by  age  at  time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

{ data. 

^Unde;  14.  14  or  over. 

Total. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

' 451 

1, 945 
328 

! 1,511 

3.323 

1 2, 197 

630 
3, 489 
5, 900 
100 
1,265 
280 

9 853 

98.0  ' 61.0 

68. 8 . 54. 1 

Q7  3 (U  3 

i 

69.4 

French 

o4.  4 

'Tl  A 

German 

*71.0  err.  0 

100. 0 87. 7 

91.  5 57.  3 

91.6  58.8 

95.  5 70. 2 

/ I.  0 
91  0 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Oo.  0 

Lithuanian 

60. 3 
71.1 
50.8 

Magyar 

Polish 

89^7  ' 49^7 

Roumanian 

VO.  U ; 4:0.  0 

4^  0 

oU.  0 

45.0 

Russian 

04  A CA 

Ruthenian 

ot.  u 00.  0 

7^  n 44  1 

00.  y 

Slovak 

« 0.  U 44.  1 

40.  u 
K7  1 

Slovenian 

1 534 

\J  00.  0 

04  7 ' 9 

0/ . 1 
p;q  a 

Swedish 

’2I6 

*?4.  / OO.  ^ 

inn  n on  7 

ov.  0 

07  0 

lUU.  U VO.  t 

y/ . z 

Total 

33  876 

04  0 1 1 

KQ  0 

V4.  V , OO.  i 

Oo.  Z 

Of  the  total  number  reporting,  94.9  per  cent  of  those  in  tiie  above 
table  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  the 
United  States  now  speak  English,  as  compared  with  56.1  per  cent 
of  those  who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  arrival  in  the 
United  States.  A total  of  9,853  Slovaks  report  complete  data.  Of 
that  number,  92  per  cent  of  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age 
at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  55.5  per  cent  of  those 
who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over,  speak  English  at  the  present  time. 
Of  5,900  Polish  males  reporting  complete  information,  96  per  cent  of 
those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  time  of  coming  now  speak 
English,  as  compared  with  48.3  per  cent  of  those  who  were  14  vears 
of  age  or  over  when  they  came  to  this  country.  Of  the  Magyars, 
89.7  per  cent  of  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age,  and  49.7  per 
cent  of  those  who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  arrival,  now 
speak  English.  The  showing  made  by  the  Lithuanians  and  the  Ital- 
ians, North  and  South,  is  better  than  that  made  by  the  Magyars, 
Ruthenians,  and  other  southern  and  eastern  European  races.  Of  the 
Lithuanians,  95.5  per  cent  of  those  under  14  at  time  of  coming,  and 
70.2  per  cent  of  those  14  or  over,  now  speak  English.  A total  of 
3,323  North  Italians  report  complete  data.  Of  that  number  91.5 
per  cent  of  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  time  of  coming 
to  the  United  States  are  at  present  able  to  speak  English,  as  com- 
pared with  57.3  per  cent  of  those  who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over 
when  they  immigrated.  Of  the  2,197  South  Italians,  91.6  per  cent 
3f  those  who  immigrated  when  they  were  under  14  years  of  age  now 
speak  English,  while  only  58.8  per  cent  of  those  who  came  after  14 
^ears  of  age  are  able  at  present  to  use  the  language. 

48296°— VOL  6—11— — 31 


470 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  table  next  submitted  also  shows  the  ability  to  speak  English 
based  upon  different  periods  of  residence  in  this  country.  It  embodies 
the  results  of  a study  of  33,876  individual  mine  workers  ol  foreign 
birth. 

Table  250. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


fBv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  Tins  table  in- 
^ r«pps  xriih  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  howeve 


eludes  only  non-Kngiish-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting, 
all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


7er,  is  for 


N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by  years 
in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

451 

32.5 

68.8 

88.9 

69.4 

ijOncTIllclIl  aiiU.  iYJ-Uiav  laiA.  - 

1,945 

44.8 

63.8 

76.7 

54.2 

71.6 

91.0 

58.8 

328 

28.6 

67.4 

90.0 

1,511 

64.6 

83.3 

96.7 

3,323 

40.9 

69.8 

84.3 

Ttcilifin  Smith  

2, 197 

42.5 

71.7 

84.3 

60.3 
71.1 
50.8 

50.3 

630 

38.9 

83.3 

90.2 

3,489 

34.1 

65.0 

77. 7 

jxia^y  

Polish 

5,900 

29.8 

57.7 

78. 1 

T?nnmnnifin  

100 

42.4 

60.0 

(a) 

45.0 

56.9 

45.0 

57.1 

1,265 

41.4 

72.2 

84.  6 

280 

20.3 

54. 5 

85. 9 

Slovak  

9,853 

34.7 

61.8 

80.0 

1,534 

41.8 

71.2 

82.  4 

59. 6 
97.2 

216 

64.7 

100.0 

100.0 

Total 

33,876 

37.1 

65.4 

83.6 

58.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  of  those  races  with  a 
residence  in  the  United  States  of  less  than  five  years,  37.1  per  cent 
can  speak  English;  of  those  who  have  been  here  between  five  and 
nine  years,  65.4  per  cent,  and  of  those  who  have  resided  here  ten 
years  or  over,  83.3  per  cent,  now  speak  English.  Of  those  who  have 
been  here  under  five  years,  the  Germans  and  Swedes,  reporting  64.6 
and  64.7  per  cent,  respectively,  lead,  and  are  the  only  races  report- 
ing over  50  per  cent  of  their  number  able  to  speak  English.  Follow- 
ing these  races  are  the  Croatians  and  South  Italians,  in  the  order 
named,  the  Croatians  reporting  44.8  per  cent  and  the  South  Italians 
42.5  per  cent.  Less  than  one-third,  each,  of  the  Ruthenians,  Bo- 
hemians and  Moravians,  French,  and  Poles  are  able  to  speak  Eng- 
lish; the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  report  32.5  per  cent,  and  the 
Ruthenians  20.3  per  cent.  The  other  races  range  from  42.4  per  cent 
of  the  Roumanians  to  34.1  per  cent  of  the  Magyars. 

Of  those  who  have  resided  in  the  United  States  between  five  and 
nine  years,  the  Swedes,  reporting  their  entire  number  as  being  able 
to  speak  English,  lead,  followed  by  the  Lithuanians  and  Germans, 
each  reporting  83.3  per  cent.  Less  than  two-thirds  each  of  the 
Magyars,  Croatians,  Slovaks,  Roumanians,  Poles,  and  Ruthenians 
are  able  to  speak  English,  the  Magyars  reporting  65  per  cent  and 
the  Ruthenians  54.5  per  cent.  The  other  races  not  mentioned 
above  range  from  72.2  per  cent  of  the  Russians  to  67.4  per  cent  ol 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


471 


the  French.  Of  those  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  more,  the 
Swedes  make  the  best  showing,  100  per  cent  of  their  number  being 
able  to  speak  English.  The  lowest  percentage  is  shown  by  the 
Croatians,  only  76.7  per  cent  of  their  number  with  a residence  of 
ten  years  or  over  being  able  to  speak  English.  The  proportions  of 
the  other  races  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over,  now  able 
to  speak  English,  range  from  96.7  per  cent  of  the  Germans  to  77.7 
per  cent  of  the  Magyars.  It  is  apparent  from  this  table  that,  upon 
the  whole,  the  largest  percentage  of  gain  is  shown  by  those  who  have 
resided  in  the  United  States  between  five  and  nine  years. 


472 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  A. 


Chapter  XI. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Summary  description  of  the  community — Industrial  history — Inducements  and 

obstacles  to  immigration. 

SUMMARY  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COMMUNITY. 

Located  in  southwestern  Pennsylvania  and  lying  in  a rough, 
isolated,  mountainous  region.  Community  A has  an  elevation  above 
mean  sea  level  of  about  1,600  feet.  Bituminous  coal  mining  is  the 
principal  industry;  union  labor  is  not  recognized;  and  out  of  an  esti- 
mated population  of  10,000,  representing  about  25  nationalities  and 
races,  nearly  75  per  cent  are  foreigners  and  a large  proportion  are  of 
recent  immigration.  One  industrial  concern,  employing  from  4,000 
to  4,500  men,  controls  the  mining  interests  and  operates  12  mines, 
which,  together  with  their  locations  and  other  subcommunities,  are 
grouped  around  an  urban  center.  From  an  industrial  standpoint 
Community  A is  about  12  years  old. 

The  community  is  drained  by  an  affluent  from  the  Ohio  River  sys- 
tem, is  very  healthful,  and  has  climatic  conditions  characteristic 
of  the  mountain  regions  of  western  Pennsylvania.  The  deposits  of 
coal  are  of  the  bituminous  class  and  found  in  large  quantities, 
the  profitable  veins  running  from  4 to  6 feet  in  thickness  and  very 
near  the  surface.  The  mines  are  all  underground  workings  and  are 
drifted  according  to  the  course  followed  by  the  coal  veins;  they  are 
free  from  gases,  and  no  precautions  are  needed  in  the  use  of  combusti- 
ble materials.  Explosions  are  not  possible  under  the  present  sys- 
tem of  ventilation.  The  main  courses  of  the  majority  of  the  mines 
are  lighted  by  electricity,  and  in  the  working  rooms  of  the  mines 

Note.— In  addition  to  the  direct  influence  upon  the  mining  industry  of  the  em- 
ployment of  recent  immigrants,  the  presence  of  a large  body  of  immigrant  employees 
m a mining  district  has  a significant  bearing  in  a more  general  way  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  locality.^  In  order  to  throw  a more  concentrated  light  upon  certain 
economic  aspects  of  immigration,  as  well  as  upon  the  effects  of  immigration  upon 
American  life  and  institutions,  two  representative  communities,  designated  “Com- 
munity A”  and  “Community  B,”  have  been  selected  for  intensive  study.  The 
names  of  the  towns  or  communities  are  withheld  because  their  publication  would  be 
of  no  value  for  present  purposes  and  would  serve  to  identify  the  persons  and  estab- 
lishments furnishing  the  information  upon  which  the  reports  are  based.  These 
communities  are  typical  of  the  average  mining  town  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
Community  A is  representative  of  the  class  of  towns  which  have  come  into  existence 
during  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years,  as  new  mining  territory  was  opened;  there  is  no 
labor  organization  among  the  employees  of  the  mines.  Community  B is  typical 
of  the  older  towns  where  mining  has  been  in  progress  for  a considerable  number  of 
years;  all  of  the  employees  in  the  mines  belong  to  labor  organizations. 


473 


CHART  I 


474 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


COM 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


475 


476 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


open  torches  are  carried  by  the  miners.  Electric  tramways  are  used 
in  the  mines  in  the  principal  runs,  while,  in  the  spur  runs  connecting 
the  main  line  with  the  working  rooms,  the  loaded  and  empty  cars  are 
moved  by  hand.  The  majority  of  the  coal  mined  is  shipped  directly 
to  Atlantic  coast  ports  for  the  transatlantic  trade.  Transportation 
facilities  are  afforded  by  the  branch  line  of  a large  trunk  system  con- 
necting the  community  with  the  chief  markets  of  the  country.  The 
general  character  of  the  community  may  be  quickly  seen  by  referring 
to  the  map  on  page  472,  in  which  the  center  of  population  is  called 
‘‘urban  center,”  the  minor  towns  are  marked  “ subcommunity  ” num- 
bers “ 1 ” and  “2,”  and  the  mines  and  their  colonies  are  denominated 
“mine  location,”  and  to  each  is  given  a letter,  “A”  to  “M.” 

• 

INDUSTRIAL  HISTORY. 

The  industrial  history  of  the  community  dates  from  1897,  when  the 
mining  company  began  operations  with  about  1,500  men  secured  from 
other  sections  of  the  United  States  and  from  England.  In  the  short' 
period  since  the  opening  of  the  mines  in  1897  the  community  ^s 
made  rapid  strides,  both  industrially  and  commercially.  The  mining 
company  has  expanded^  and  with  the  exception  of  the  recent  period 
of  industrial  depression,  has  employed  larger  numbers  of  men  each 
year;  the  railroad  has  been  successful  and  has  undertaken  extensive 
improvements,  and  several  smaller  industrial  establishments  have  been 
opened  which  offer  employment  to  a limited  number  of  persons.  The 
first  of  the  accom])anying  charts  shows  the  annual  coal  production  of 
the  mining  company  for  the  years  1898  to  1907.  In  the  year  1898, 
739,576  short  tons  of  bituminous  coal  were  mined  in  the  community 
and  in  1905,  3,385,277  tons.  The  total  tonnage  for  1906  and  1907 
shows  a distinct  (lecrease  in  the  amount  of  coal  mined  which  is 
accounted  for  by  the  recent  industrial  depression.  The  number  of 
wage-earners  employed  by  the  mining  company  has  increased  or 
fallen  off  with  the  coal  ])roduction,  as  shown  in  the  second  chart. 

INDUCEMENTS  AND  OBSTACLES  TO  IMMIGRATION. 


Mining  offers  employment  at  present  to  about  4,000  men,  including 
underground  and  surface  occupations.  The  combined  industries 
other  than  coal  mining  employ  about  800  rnen  under  normal  condi- 
tions. The  main,  and  practically  the  only,  inducement  to  immigra- 
tion offered  by  Community  A is  the  opportunity  to  secure  steady 
employment  in  the  coal  mines  which  afford  work  for  the  greater 
portion  of  the  male  population  in  the  locality.  The  industry  in  this 
section  is  free  from  all  danger  of  explosions  resulting  from  gaseous 
accumulations  in*  the  mines,  and  work  is  steady  and,  as  compared 
with  other  mining  localities,  not  so  seriously  affected  by  industrial 
depressions  confined  to  the  United  States,  for  the  reason  that  the  bulk 
of  the  coal  mined  goes  to  the  coast  for  the  transatlantic  trade. 
Machine  mining  is  the  method  of  operation  in  the  locality  and  may 
also  be  included  in  the  list  of  inducements  to  immigration.  Under 
the  system  of  machine  mining  the  raw  miner  can  secure  a more  prof- 
itable position  without  serving  an  apprenticeship  than  under  other 
systems. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


477 


The  reasons  why  the  machine  is  used  so  extensively  in  the  district 


are: 


(1)  The  coal  is  very  soft,  thus  rendering  the  machine  more  adapt- 
able to  the  work  than  is  the  pick. 

(2)  The  use  of  machines  makes  the  cost  of  operation  much  lower 
than  if  pick  mining  were  followed. 

Obstacles  to  immigration  are  dependent  upon  the  one  chief  griev- 
ance of  the  loaders,  who  form  a large  percentage  of  the  mine  employees. 
In  this  occupation  the  men  are  obliged  to  haul  their  own  cars  in  the 
rooms  of  the  mines,  a distance  averaging  150  feet,  which  decreases 
their  efficiency  in  the  loading  and  increases  the  arduousness  of  the 
labor.  For  this  reason  and  because  the  operating  company  ex- 
tends no  recognition  to  organized  labor,  it  is  in  prosperous  times 
embarrassed  on  account  of  lack  of  men.  Due  to  the  fact  that  the 
operations  in  this  community  are  little  affected  by  industrial  depres- 
sions, the  company  at  such  times  is  besieged  with  applications  for 


themselves 


country,  large  numbers  of  immigrants  leave  the  district  and  enter 
localities  where  they  do  not  have  to  haul  their  cars  in  the  mines  and 
where  they  may  enjoy  the  benefits  of  labor  organizations. 


» -(  • #*  A-- 


■^“- 


.... 

ST  . !n'i  ' Jlr.^tiii  0^  t (uST  ^iT  ot  - 
A > ^ r.  . vj..  jj^  Jf; -- 

t : ^TIte*^4Jmt^  ’»/M^i:ftHL\cL^.-  >'4iw 

V '-^  ’ - ^ O'ici'  jiflH  > • P;. 


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/.■I  ' ■ V .v't!?  '•  f4<ii<f’,  ■ .' ' 

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« t 


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<>.  -:  ■Mfy^:..-.l  i.ni  ■.•^»  - ,:''-4M^^..l5il 

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Chapter  XII. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION. 


Present  population  of  the  community — Industrial  distribution  of  the  population — 
History  of  immigration  to  the  community — Period  of  residence  of  mine  workers — 
Racial  classification  of  mining  employees — [Text  Tables  251  to  254.] 

PRESENT  POPULATION  OF  THE  COMMUNITY. 


The  estimated  population  at  present  of  the  urban  center  in  Com- 
munity A is  7,500;  about  1,900  are  native  Americans,  while  the  rest, 
5,600,  are  foreigners  of  the  several  races  of  recent  immigration.  The 
combined  population  of  the  outlying  subcommunities  and  mine  loca- 
tions is  estimated  as  2,500,  about  75  per  cent  of  which  is  foreign. 
The  estimated  population  of  the  community  is  10,000,  about  three- 
fourths  of  that  number  being  of  foreign  birth,  including  the  small 
proportion  of  native-born  of  foreign  father.  The  detailed  estimate 
by  races  follows: 


American,  White 2,  500 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 10 

Croatian 46 

English 58 

French 31 

German : 201 

Greek 17 

Hebrew 95 

Irish 56 

Italian,  North 500 

Italian,  South 450 

Lithuanian 174 

Magyar 1,  970 

Norwegian 37 


Polish 1,050 

Roumanian 300 

Russian 354 

Ruthenian 15 

Scotch 61 

Slovak 1,  780 

Slovenian 6 

Swedish 100 

Syrian 114 

Tyrolean... 15 

Welsh ‘ 60 


Total 10,000 


INDUSTRIAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  POPULATION. 

Better  to  understand  the  distribution  of  population  and  the  group- 
ing of  the  several  locations  in  the  community,  the  map  on  page 
472  is  referred  to. 

An  analysis  of  the  population  of  the  community  by  race  shows  the 
following : 


Table  251. — Distribution  of  races  in  the  urban  center,  by  sections. 
[In  each  section  the  races  are  arranged  according  to  numerical  importance.] 


Eastern  section. 

Southern  section. 

All  other  sections. 

American, White. 
Italian. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Lithuanian. 

Russian. 

Hebrew. 

Syrian. 

English. 

French. 

Irish. 

American,  W^’'‘e. 
Slovak. 

Polish. 

Italian. 

Magyar. 

Rusrian. 

American,  White. 
Swedish. 

English. 

Welsh. 

German. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

Hebrew. 

Italian. 

Magyar. 

Slovak. 

Syrian. 

French. 

Norwegian. 

479 


480 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Divided  into  three  sections,  the  urban  center,  with  its  total  popula- 1 \ 
tion  of  7,500,  75  per  cent  of  whom  are  foreign,  includes  in  the  easterns 
section  a large  number  of  persons  employed  in  mines  J and  K.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  southern  section  work  in  mine 
D,  while  those  of  the  third  section,  which  embraces  all  other  parts 
of  the  town,  carry  on  the  general  business  activities  of  the  town  and 
represent  the  skilled  portion  of  the  population  engaged  in  coal  mining. 
The  two  subcommunities  can  be  described  in  connection  with  the 
nearest  mine  locations,  as  they  are  inhabited  by  persons  employed  in 
the  surrounding  mines  and  a few  who  conduct  the  shops  and  saloons 
of  the  settlements.  Subcommunity  No.  1 is  considered  with  mine 
location  C,  and  subcommunity  No.  2 with  mine  location  B. 


Table  252. — Races  found  in  each  subcommunity. 

[In  each  subcommunity  the  races  are  arranged  according  to  numerical  importance.] 


Subcommunity  No. 

1 and  mine  loca- 
tion C. 

Subcommunity  No. 

2 and  mine  loca- 
tion B. 

Magyar. 

Slovak. 

Polish. 

Roumanian. 
American,  White. 
English. 

Italian. 

German. 

Lithuanian. 

Russian. 

Welsh. 

Swedish. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

German. 

Italian. 

English. 

Irish. 

Russian. 

American,  White. 

The  map  shows  13  mine  locations,  8 of  which,  including  C and  B, 
have  colonies  located  around  them.  Mine  I is  abandoned,  being 
])ractically  exhausted,  and  as  it  is  located  so  near  the  urban  center 
it  would,  under  normal  conditions,  be  considered  as  a part  of  the 
eastern  section  of  the  town.  There  are  no  colonies  located  at  mines 
Ij  and  M,  the  employees  living  in  mine  location  K and  the  urban 
center  being  transported  to  and  from  their  work  by  the  mining 
company  on  special  trains  free  of  charge.  Both  L and  K are  new 
mines,  employing  a comparatively  small  number  of  men.  There  is 
no  colony  at  mine  D,  as  it  is  near  enough  to  the  urban  center  to  per- 
mit its  employees  to  live  within  the  limits.  The  majority  are  in  the 
southern  section  of  the  town.  Mines  E and  F are  isolated  from  the 
rest  of  the  community,  and  the  workers  in  both  live  in  a colony  at 
mine  E,  there  being  no  colony  at  F.  The  races  found  in  the  several 
mine  colonies  are  given  on  the  page  following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


481 


Table  253. — Races  found  in  each  mine  location. 

[In  each  location  the  races  are  arranged  according  to  numerical  importance.] 


A. 

E. 

G. 

i H. 

J. 

K.  i 

j 

Magyar. 

Magyar. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Polish. 

Polish. 

! Slovak. 

Magyar. 

Polish.  I 

Slovak. 

Slovak. 

Slovak. 

Magyar. 

Polish. 

Slovak.  i 

Russian. 

American,  White. 

Italian. 

; Italian. 

Italian. 

Russian. 

Roumanian. 

Croatian. 

American,  White. 

1 

Lithuanian. 

Italian. 

American,  White. 
German. 

Croatian. 

Irish. 

English. 

Italian. 

Lithuanian. 

Swedish. 

Scotch. 

Tyrolean. 

Russian. 

Italian. 

German. 

Irish. 

Scotch. 

Welsh. 

English.  ! 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian. ! 

Lithuanian. 

English. 

German. 

Irish. 

Swedish. 

Scotch. 

Welsh. 

1 

Russian. 

German. 

Slovenian. 

Proximity  of  work  and  clannishness  are  the  reasons  for  such  con- 
gregating as  is  indicated.  The  occupations  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
rnine  locations  are  all  connected  with  the  operation  of  mining 
bituminous  coal. 


HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COMMUNITY. 

The  history  of  immigration  to  the  community  dates  from  the 
founding  of  the  town.  In  the  year  1897,  the  mining  company  began 
operations  relative  to  the  mining  of  bituminous  coal  and  secured  by 
means  of  employment  agencies  about  1,500  men.  The  colony  which 
these  men  formed  in  1897  has  since  developed  into  the  urban  center. 
Of  the  1,500  men  about  80  per  cent  were  English,  obtained  on  account 
of  experience  in  coal  mining  in  England,  and  the  remainder  was 
composed  of  various  races.  Before  the  company  began  operations, 
there  were  no  immigrants  in  the  locality  save  a few  Italians  working 
under  the  construction  department  of  the  branch  railroad.  In  the 
years  1899  and  1900,  the  mining  company  increased  the  number  of  its 
employees  by  about  2,000.  This  increase  of  force  by  the  company 
brought  representatives  of  nearly  all  southern  and  eastern  European 
races  into  the  community.  Those  coming  in  the  greatest  numbers 
were  the  Magyar,  Slovak,  and  Polish  races.  At  this  time  the  Eng- 
lish began  to  move  away,  and  to-day  only  a few  of  this  race  are  found 
m the  community.  The  English  who  have  remained,  however,  are 
now  holding  positions  in  the  highest  grades  of  work.  Since  1900 
there  has  been  a constant  movement  of  immigrants  in  the  commu- 
nity. Nearly  all  races  of  Europe  have  come  to  the  locality;  some 
have  remained  in  large  numbers,  while  others  have  entirely  disap- 
peared. The  races  found  to  be  numerically  preponderant  at  the 
present  time  are,  in  decreasing  order:  (1)  Magyar,  (2)  Slovak,  (3) 
Polish,  (4)  North  Italian,  (5)  South  Italian,  (6)  Kussian,  (7)  Rou- 
manian, (8)  German. 


482 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  OF  MINE  WORKERS. 

If  the  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  the  2,844  foreign- 
born  miners  from  whom  data  relative  to  time  in  the^  United  States 
were  secured,  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  history  of  immi- 
gration it  is  found  that  67  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  one 
year, 389  one  year,  473  two,  352  three,  and  258 four  years;  or,  in  other 
words  a total  of  1,539,  or  more  than  one-half  of  those  reporting,  have 
been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years.  The  principal  races 
in  this  number,  named  in  order  of  the  most  recent  arrival  in  the 
United  States  and  in  the  community,  are  the  Magyar,  Pohsli,  and 
North  and  South  Italian.  The  North  Italian,  Magyar,  Polish,  and 
Slovak  cover  all  periods  of  residence.  Fifty  Slovak  and  a few 
Ma^^vars,  Poles,  Swedes,  Scotch,  Irish,  French,  and  English  have 
been  in  the  country  more  than  20  years.  The  periods  of  residence 
are  shown  in  detail,  by  races,  in  the  table  which  follows: 

Table  254. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
^ made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Under 

1. 

1.  1 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

1 

16 

25 

7 

35 

1 

11 

166 

146 

38 

940 

587 

28 

55 

11 

743 

2 

18 

14 

1 

6 

1 

2 

8 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

2 

1 

1 

! ' 

5 

3 

2 

1 

TT-nfrlioVi 

1 

1 

4 

4 

1 

12 

12 

2 

4 

French. 

1 

Gennan 

1 

2 

3 

Greek 

1 

5 

6 

22 

20 

6 

2 

50 

10 

4 
2 

5 
S 

] 

f 

5( 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

9 

1 

33 

6 

4 

1 26 

1 21 

5 

146 

95 

9 

1 6 

25 

20 

3 

187 

123 

8 

11 

25 

18 

4 

133 

76 

3 

7 

io 

14 

4 

90 

52 

1 

3 

54 

56 

18 

279 

180 

3 

17 

8 

8 

4 

45 

26 

4 

Slovak. 

13 

93 

78 

77 

229 

2 

1 

1 

82 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

11 

1( 

Total 

2,844 

67  1 389 

473 

352 

258 

859 

185 

132 

12! 

RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  MINING  EMPLOYEES. 

As  the  result  of  a detailed  investigation,  data  regardmg  race  wen 
received  from  3,015  of  the  mine  employees  of  the  community.  O*  rw 
total  number  thus  reporting,  104  are  native-born  of  native  lathei 
66  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  2,845  foreign-born.  ^ 
who  were  native-born  of  foreign  father,  24  are  persons  whose 
were  born  in  Austria-Hungary,  and  31  are  persons  whose  latnen 
were  born  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  or  Wales.  Of  the  forei^ 
born,  940  are  Magyars,  the  Slovaks  ranking  second  with  743.  ln< 
Poles  are  third  in  point  of  numbers,  and  the  North  and  bouti 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


483 


Italians  fourth  and  fifth,  respectively.  The  detailed  presentation 
jf  the  various  races  follows: 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 104 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 24 

England 9 

France 1 

Germany 6 

Ireland ! 13 

Italy 1 

Russia 2 

Scotland 3 

Sweden 1 

Wales 6 


Total 66 


Total  native-born 170 


^’’oreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 1 

Croatian 16 


Foreign-born,  by  race — Continued. 


English 25 

French 7 

German 35 

Greek 1 

Irish 11 

Italian,  North 166 

Italian,  South 146 

Lithuanian 38 

Magyar 940 

Polish 588 

Roumanian 28 

Russian 55 

Scotch 11 

Slovak 743 

Slovenian 2 

Swedish ig 

Welsh 14 


Total  foreign-bom 2,845 


Grand  total 3,015 


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Chapter  XIII. 


ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

Occupations  entered  by  immigrants — Daily  earnings — Relation  between  period  of 
residence  and  earning  ability — [Text  Tables  255  to  258]. 

OCCUPATIONS  ENTERED  BY  IMMIGRANTS. 

Almost  all  immigrants  coming  to  the  community  enter  the  coal 
mines  as  unskilled  laborers.  Only  a few  of  each  race  fail  to  enter  the 
mines,  and  these  are  engaged  in  miscellaneous  pursuits  common  to 
mining  localities.  In  the  mines  the  largest  number  of  all  races  are 
found  working  as  miners  and  loaders,  the  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and 
Poles,  in  the  order  named,  being  found  in  the  greatest  numbers.  As 
all  mining  is  done  by  machines,  the  number  of  men  engaged  in  loading 
is  much  greater  than  the  number  in  the  more  skilled  work,  such  as 
operating  the  machines,  but  among  the  machine  men  the  Magyars, 
Poles,  and  Slovaks  are  found  in  the  greatest  numbers.  A few  Magyars 
and  Slovaks  are  employed  as  electricians,  heading  men,  spraggers, 
etc.  The  races  above  named  have  entered  the  mines  as  laborers  in 
the  unskilled  occupations,  together  with  the  other  races  represented  in 
the  community,  and  have  steadily  advanced  in  the  scale  of  occupa- 
tions. The  distribution  of  races  in  the  different  occupations  in  the 
mining  industry  inay  be  seen  from  the  table  next  presented,  compiled 
from  the  data  received  from  3,025  mining  employees  in  the  community. 
In  connection  with  what  has  already  been  stated  relative  to  occupa- 
tions, it  is  interesting  to  note  that  apart  from  the  older  English-speak- 
ing and  German  immigrants,  the  races  engaged  in  the  greatest  numbei 
of  occupations  are  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  Magyars,  and  North  Italians. 

48290°— VOL  6—11 32 


485 


Table  2S,b. -Occupation  of  coal-mining  employees,  by  race. 


486 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


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Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  487 


DAILY  EARNINGS. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  male  employees,  18  years 
of  age  or  over,  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general 
nativity  and  race. 

Table  256.  Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.^ 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun 
try  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary. . . ’ 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Wales 


Total. 


Total  native-born . 


Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


Total  foreign-born. 
Grand  total 


Number  earning  each  specified  amount 
per  day. 


Number  reporting  cc 
data. 

Average  earnings  per  d 

Under  $1.  I 

$1  and  under  $1.25. 

$1.25  and  under  $1.50. 

$1.50  and  under  $1.75. 

$1.75  and  under  $2. 

$2  and  under  $2.50. 

$2.50  and  under  $3. 

$3  and  under  $3.50. 

$3.50  and  under  $4. 

$4  or  over. 

74 

$2. 36 

1 

5 

34 

20 

14 

1 

1 

1 

16 

2.21 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a)  . 
(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

4 

6 

4 

5 

2 

7 

1 

1 

1 

"i' 

1 

2 

S 

7 

2 

1 

3 

1 

4 

2 

41 

2. 33 

4 

19 

12 

6 

115 

2.35 

1 

Ul 

53 

32 

20 

1 

(a) 

1 

4 

(a) 

4 

21 

2.45 

12 

5 

3 

1 

5 

(a) 

1 

4 

27 

2.14 

2 

18 

5 

2 

1 

(a) 

1 

4 

(a) 

2 

1 

1 

140 

1.90 

15 

57 

57 

10 

1 

112 

1.  88 

....1 

16 

43 

46 

7 

38 

2.26 

3 

20 

11 

4 

816 

2.07 

1 

3 

12 

103 

591 

68 

33 

1 

4 

461 

2. 03 

3 

28 

28 

345 

41 

16 

24 

2.04 

2 

18 

4 

47 

2. 04 

3 

41 

2 

1 

11 

2.  42 

1 

1 

2 

5 

2 

583 

2.' 10 

1 

23 

90 

359 

78 

31 

1 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

15 

2.15 

1 

2 

9 

1 

2 

10 

2.55 

2 

5 

3 

2,322 

2.06  , 

4 : 

100  : 

330 

1,530 

248 

99 

1 

6 

2,437 

2.08  . 

4 ] 

101  ; 

339 

1,583 

280  : 

119 

1 

6 

for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  a grand  total  of  2,437  males,  as  shown  in  the  above  table,  it  will 
be  seen  that  none  earn  under  $1,  and  only  8 earn  under  $1.50,  per  day. 
the  largest  number,  or  1,583,  earn  $2  and  under  .$2.50,  while  440  earn 
troni  $1.50  to  $2,  399  earn  from  $2.50  to  $3.50,  and  6 earn  over  $4 
per  day,  only  1 earning  $3.50  and  under  $4. 


488 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  while  the  foreign-born  show  a 
number  earning  $3.50  or  over  per  day  the  native-born  show  none 
The  foreign-born  also  show  a certain  number  earning  under  $1.50 
ner  day  and  the  native-born  show  none. 

^ Comparing  the  foreign-born  races  individually,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  Idavyars  and  Poles  each  show  a certain  number  earning  $1  and 
under  $1 .25  per  day,  the  lowest  specified  amount  in  which  any  of 
the  various  races  are  represented.  "^Tiile  the  Magyars  report  a 
number  earning  the  lowest  specified  amount,  they  also  show  4 of  the 
6 eariiinl  the  highest,  or  $4  or  over,  the  English  and  Slovaks  each 
renortin^  1 earning  this  higher  amount.  „ , . . . i 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  male  employees  14  and 
under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day , by 
general  nativity  and  race: 

Table  257. -Number  of  male  employees  U andunder  IS  years  ofagemrmng  each  specified 
amount  per  (Jay,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPEOYEBS.) 


Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per 
day. 


General  nativity  and  race. 


*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  Pe”o4^’^?i‘^^^nr-rinq\?hles^in^hi^  rS?t^sh^^ 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  thi  p 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 
oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

The  above  table  shows  that  of  the  total  of  58  males  reportinj 
complete  data  none  earn  under  $1  per  day,  while  29,  or  exactly  5' 
per  cent,  earn  under  $2.  Of  the  remaining  number,  27  earn  from  ^ 
to  $2.50,  and  2 earn  $2.50  or  over  per  day. 

Comparing  the  foreign-born  races  individually,  it  will  be  seen  tna 
the  Magyars  alone  report  a number  earning  less  than  $1.50  per  da} 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


489 


RELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  employees  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race: 


Table  258. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  years 
in  the  United  States  and  race* 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

MAGYAR. 


Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount 
per  day. 


Years  in  United  States. 

Number. 

Under  .12. 

$2  and 
under 
$2.50. 

$2.50  and 
under  .13. 

$3  and 
under 
$3.50. 

Under  5 

507 

16.2 

75.7 

6. 1 

1.8 

) to  9 

247 

12. 1 

68.8 

10.9 

6.5 

10  or  over 

62 

11.3 

59.7 

16. 1 

12.9 

Total 

816 

14.6 

72.4 

8.3 

4.0 

POLISH. 


Under  5 

286 

143 

32 

16.8 

6.3 

6.3 

72.0 

81.1 
71.9 

9. 1 
7.0 
15.6 

2.1 
5.  6 
6.3 

10  or  over 

Total 

461 

12.8 

74.8 

8.9 

3.5 

SLOVAK. 


Under  5 

271 

182 

130 

21.8 

17.6 

17.7 

65.7 

58.8 

56.9 

9.6 

16.5 

16.9 

3.0 

7.1 
7.7 

(to  9 

10  or  over 

Total 

583 

19.6 

61.6 

13.4 

5.3 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
mnual  earmngs  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year.  ° 


This  table  shows  that,  without  exception  among  the  races  here 
^eporting,  the  proportions  of  employees  earning  less  than  $2.50  a 
lay  decrease,  and  the  proportions  earning  $2.50  or  more  a day 
ncrease,  with  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 


m 


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TiS^r*'"'  ■ "'I — ^ ”jp^  :~il*l; 


Chapter  XIV. 


WORKING  CONDITIONS. 

Regularity  of  employment  and  method  of  wage  payments — Mining  accidents — Com- 
pany houses  and  mining  villages— The  company-store  system — Relations  between 
the  races — Hospital  and  medical  service — Labor  disputes — [Text  Tables  259  to  262.] 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT  AND  METHOD  OF  WAGE  PAYMENTS. 

Work  is  regular  the  year  round  with  the  mining  company,  due  to 
the  steady  demand  for  coal  in  the  transatlantic  trade.  Ten-hour 
periods  prevail  for  both  day  and  night  shifts.  Men  working  under 
contract  are  not  limited  in  the  number  of  hours  they  may  work  or 
the  number  of  tons  of  coal  they  may  mine  in  a given  period;  but  all 
work  is  supposed  to  be  done  in  ten-hour  shifts.  Wage  payments  are 
made  every  two  weeks,  ending  on  Saturday,  and  are  paid  in  gold  coin 
for  all  multiples  of  five,  and  in  silver  and  bills  (national  currency)  for 
the  odd  amounts.  Women  have  never  been  employed  in  the  mines, 
and  no  children  under  16  years  of  age  are  employed. 

MINING  ACCIDENTS. 

Sanitary  conditions  in  the  mines  are  good,  but  in  the  mine  colonies 
poor.  There  is  no  special  liability  to  disease,  but  in  the  mines 
accidents  are  numerous. 

The  following  tables,  compiled  from  the  annual  reports  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania state  department  of  mines,  show,  by  nationality  of  em- 
ployees, the  number  of  accidents  each  year  from  1898  to  1907: 

Table  259. — Number  of  fatal  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  in  Community  A,  by  race  1900 

to  1907. 


[Compiled  from  Pennsylvania  State  Mining  Reports.] 


491 


492 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  260  —Number  of  nonfatal  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  in  Community  A,  by  race, 

1900  to  1907. 


[Compiled  from  Pennsylvania  State  Mining  Reports.] 


Number  of  nonfatal  accidents  in  each  specified  year. 

Nationality. 

1900. 

19v91. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

Total. 

2 

2 

1 

7 

4 

16 

1 

1 

Austrian 

1 

1 

2 

English 

1 

1 

3 

1 

6 

(Jerman 

1 

5 

2 

1 

5 

8 

6 

28 



Ti  o 1 i o n 

1 

1 

5 

2 

4 

5 

4 

22 

Lithuanian 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

2 

5 

5 

12 

29 

1 

2 

2 

Total  

6 

3 

12 

1 17 

i 

7 

19 

34 

32 

130 

1 

The  American  miners  receive  injuries  on  the  motors  and  cars 
in  nearly  every  instance  through  recklessness.  Poles,  Italians,  Hun- 
garians, Slovenians,  and  the  other  southeastern  European  races  are 
injured  through  ignorance  and  carelessness,  most  often  by  the  tail 
of  rock  in  the  working  rooms  of  the  mines  where  they  have  failed  to 
place  props,  or  by  coming  into  contact  with  trolley  wires,  yhe 
records  show  clearly  that  about  80  per  cent  of  the  injuries  received 
by  recent  immigrants  could  have  been  avoided  if  they  had  been  in- 
structed in  the  dangers  surrounding  their  working  places.  A number 
of  the  accidents  are  unavoidable  and  affect  all  races,  but,  in  general, 
ignorance  and  carelessness  are  the  causes  among  the  recent  immi- 
grants, and  recklessness  among  the  Americans  and  English-speaking 
races.  Danger  from  gas  explosions  in  the  mines  is  negligible,  the 
workings  all  lie  very  near  the  surface  and  are  well  ventilated.  Most 
of  the  mines  are  equipped  with  one  or  more  large  fans,  averaging 
about  20  feet  in  diameter,  which  keep  the  air  in  the  courses  pure  and 
fresh.  Compressed  air  and  electricity  are  used  to  drive  the  cutting 
machines.  Electricity  carried  by  overhead  trolleys  is  used  in  running 
the  mine  cars  and  in  lighting  the  main  courses  of  the  mines. 

COMPANY  HOUSES  AND  MINING  VILLAGES. 

The  mining  company  does  not  furnish  board  or  lodging,  but  rents 
houses  to  its  employees  in  the  several  mine  locations.  Employees 
are  not  compelled  by  the  company  to  rent  houses,  but  as  the  mine 
colonies  consist  of  houses  owned  by  the  company  the  employees 
have  no  choice.  The  rents  range  from  $6  to  $9  per  month  in  the 
mine  locations,  according  to  proximity  to  the  urban  center,  the  high- 
est rents  being  charged  in  the  colonies  lying  nearest  the  town. 
Rents  charged  per  month  by  colonies  are  as  follows: 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


493 


Mine  location  B « $9.  00 

Mine  location  C 9.00 

Mine  location  J 9.00 

Mine  location  K 9.  00 

Mine  location  A 7.00 

Mine  location  E 0.  50 

Mine  location  G 0.  00 

Mine  location  H O.  00 


In  addition  to  renting  houses  in  the  mine  locations  to  its  employees, 
the  mining  company  constructs  and  sells  houses  and  lots  both  in  the 
mine  colonies  and  in  the  urban  center  to  those  employees  who  wish 
to  own  their  homes.  In  selling  the  houses,  the  company  requires 
monthly  payments  on  the  following  basis:  Five-room  house,  cost 
$500,  monthly  payment  $12;  6-room  house,  cost  $700,  monthly  pay- 
ment $15.  The  company  will  receive  the  monthly  installments 
direct  in  cash,  but  more  often  the  payments  are  deducted  by  the 
company  from  the  monthly  wages  of  the  purchasing  employee.  In 
the  urban  center  and  subcommunities  no  one  type  of  house  prevails. 
The  houses  occupied  by  the  majority  of  immigrants  of  all  races  are 
2-story  frame  dwellings,  containing  from  4 to  6 rooms  each.  Coal 
and  wood  are  burned  as  fuel,  and  oil  is  used  for  lighting  purposes. 
Toilet  facilities  are  poor.  Dry  closets  are  situated  in  the  yards 
at  a distance  of  from  25  to  50  feet  from  the  houses.  Flush  closets 
and  bathrooms  are  found  only  in  the  homes  of  the  more  prosper- 
ous classes  of  the  English-speaking  races.  Conditions  are  some- 
what different  in  the  several  mine  locations.  In  these  settlements 
are  found  houses  built  according  to  one  standard  plan,  shown  in 
the  accompanying  diagram,^  and  owned  by  the  mining  company. 
The  houses  are  built  by  the  mining  company  and  are  rented  to  its 
employees  who  work  in  the  mines.  There  are  a few  houses  owned 
by  the  company  in  the  mine  locations  that  do  not  conform  to  the 
plan  shown  in  the  diagram.  They  are  among  the  first  houses  erected 
by  the  company  and  are  built  in  frame  blocks,  each  block  consisting 
of  six  houses  side  by  side.  Each  house  contains  4 rooms  and  is  2 
stories  high.  Several  of  these  blocks  have  been  destroyed  by  the 
owners,  and  in  the  near  future  all  will  be  destroyed  and  replaced  by 
the  new  double  house  shown  in  the  diagram. 

Conditions  found  in  mine  location  are  typical  of  all  mine  loca- 
tions in  the  community,  and  by  describing  them  in  detail  a clear 
idea  of  the  settlements  may  be  gained.  The  map  on  the  following 
page  shows  the  grouping  of  the  houses  and  the  location  of  the 
company  store.  Engineering  precision  is  evident  in  the  general 
plan  of  the  place;  regular  streets,  fire  hydrants,  and  alleys  are 
found.  All  houses  conform  to  the  standard  plan  shown  in  the 
diagram,  and  are  heated  by  stoves  and  lighted  by  oil  lamps.  No 
bathrooms  are  available.  The  only  toilets  found  are  dry  closets 
located  in  the  back  yards  at  a distance  of  about  50  feet  from  the 
nouses.  These  toilets  are  built  in  blocks  of  four  and  are  found 
n the  rear  of  each  double  house.  Water  is  drawn  from  hydrants 
(located  between  alternate  double  houses.  The  source  of  supply 

“See  map  on  p.  472. 

1 ^Seep.495. 

I cSee  map  on  p,  472,  for  location,  and  j).  480  for  races  living  in  settlements. 


MAP 

Mine  Location 
Community 


494 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


olo  < 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


495 


Sc  a ( 


496 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


is  a small  mountain  stream.  Open  gutters  exclusively  are  used  for 
the  conveyance  of  sewage.  The  excrement  from  the  dry  closets  is 
washed  by  every  hard  rain  and  by  the  melting  snows  into  gullies 
which  often  empty  into  the  street  gutters.  Refuse  from  the  kitchens 
is  thrown  from  the  side  porches  upon  the  ground,  and  from  there 
it  is  conveyed  to  the  gutters.  In  many  instances  troughs  are  erected 
to  facilitate  the  conveyance  of  kitchen  and  household  refuse  to 
the  ground,  and  from  there  it  is  carried  in  ditches  into  the  street 
gutters.  Thus  the  street  gutters  are  nothing  more  than  open  sewage 
channels,  which  empty  into  and  pollute  the  nearest  running  water. 
In  the  summer  season  noisome  odors  arise  from  these  channels, 
and  the  general  sanitary  conditions  of  the  location  are  impaired  by 
such  a system  of  sewage  disposal. 


THE  COMPANY-STORE  SYSTEM. 

The  company  stores,  while  not  under  the  direct  management  of 
the  officials  of  the  company,  are  closely  connected  with  it.  A main 
store  and  one  branch  store  are  located  in  the  urban  center, 
a branch  store  is  near  each  of  the  following  mine  locations:  A,  B,  C, 
E,  G,  and  J.“  Upon  accepting  work  with  the  company  each  inan 
is  given  a pass  book  to  the  company  stores  and  is  required  to  si^ 
an  agreement  to  permit  deductions  to  be  made  from  his  biweekw 
wages  to  cover  the  amount  of  purchases  made  during  the  period, 
which  are  credited  to  the  stores  by  the  mining  company. 

The  following  tables,  showing  deductions  for  the  year  1908,  to- 
gether with  the  amount  of  deductions  by  principal  items  for  each 
of  25  American,  Slovak,  Magyar,  and  Polish  families  in  Community 
A,  indicate  for  these  representative  races  in  the  community  the 
relation  between  their  earnings  and  the  deductions  made  for  rent, 
smithing,  hospital,  store,  and  miscellaneous  items. 

Table  2^1 —Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  the  mining  company  in  Com- 
munity A,  August,  1908. 


Total  earnings 


Item. 


Amount. 


S191,568.11 


Amount  deducted  for— 

Rent 

Blacksmithing 

Hospital 

Store - ---- 

Miscellaneous  (oil,  coal,  payments  on  lots,  etc.) 


4, 147. 

764. 

1,903. 

19,011. 

1,471.15 


Total  deducted 

Earnings  deducted,  14.2  per  cent 


27,298.40 


o See  map  on  p.  472. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


497 


Table  262. — Earnings  and  deductions  from  earnings  of  families  representative  of  races 

employed. 

POLES. 


Earnings. 

Deductions. 

Total 

deductions. 

Rent. 

Smithing. 

Hospital. 

Store. 

Miscella- 

neous. 

$114.50 

$6.50 

$0.30 

$0.50 

$82. 70 

$90. 00 

61.30 

6.50 

.30 

.50 

7. 30 

52.85 

6.50 

.30 

.50 

$1.00 

8.  .30 

62.  70 

6.50 

.30 

.50 

7.30 

58.05 

6. 50 

.30 

.50 

7. 30 

44. 15 

6.50 

.30 

.50 

7. 30 

32. 15 

6.50 

.30 

.50 

1.00 

8. 30 

57.50 

9.00 

.50 

2.00 

11.50 

60.00 

9.00 

.50 

9. 30 

18.80 

41.05 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

23.60 

33.40 

52. 50 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

9.  80 

75.30 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

11.00 

20.80 

50.00 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

38.50 

1.00 

49. 30 

21.35 

8. 10 

.20 

.25 

8.55 

65.30 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

9.80 

37.80 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

15.00 

24.80 

49.05 

9.00 

..30 

.50 

14. 15 

23.95 

58.65 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

9.80 

43.95 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

34. 15 

43.95 

27.90 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

1.10 

1.00 

11.90 

42. 30 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

22.50 

1.00 

33.  .30 

61.65 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

1.20 

11.00 

60.  25 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

2.65 

1.00 

13. 45 

18.20 

3.00 

.30 

.50 

1.00 

4.80 

41.00 

9.00 

.50 

9.50 

AMERICANS. 


$69. 15 

$3.00 

$0. 30 

$0.50 

$3.80 

63.20 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

$31. 20 

41.00 

39. 35 

9.00 

.50 

29.85 

39.35 

67.50 

9.00 

.50 

9.50 

61.45 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

27.60 

37.40 

57.80 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

45.00 

54. 80 

57.25 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

25.00 

34.80 

34.  70 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

24. 90 

34.  70 

46.35 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

36. 55 

46. 35 

34.50 

9.50 

.30 

.50 

23.20 

$1.00 

34.50 

32. 75 

9.35 

.30 

.50 

22.60 

32.75 

36.95 

9.00 

.30 

.50 

27.15 

36. 95 

67.60 

9. 00 

.50 

50.00 

1.00 

60.50 

53.10 

9.00 

.50 

43.60 

53.10 

74.40 

8.50 

.50 

30. 00 

39.00 

56. 70 

9.00 

.50 

44. 20 

53. 70 

62.40 

9.00 

.50 

28. 90 

38. 40 

66.55 

10.00 

.50 

37.65 

48. 15 

55.20 

9.00 

.50 

27.00 

36.50 

45.50 

9.00 

.50 

36.00 

45.50 

53.00 

6. 50 

.30 

.50 

1.00 

8. 30 

60.95 

6. 50 

.30 

.50 

7.30 

84.00 

6.50 

.50 

7.00 

45.00 

6.50 

.50 

7.00 

51.10 

6. 50 

.30 

.50 

43.80 

51.10 

498 


The  Immigration  Commission 


\ 

Table  262.-Earnings  and  deductions  from  earnings  of  families  representative  of  races  • 

employed — Continued , 


SLOVAKS. 


Earnings. 


$54.95 
48. 30 
60. 55 

53.40 

51.85 

61.85 
52. 50 
77.15 

49. 90 
32.95 

43.35 

52.50 

39.00 

56.00 

70.40 

67.50 
65. 25 

25.75 

71.75 

85.00 

25.90 
56.45 

45.35 
42. 15 

19.40 


Rent. 


$6.00 
6.00 
6. 00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 

3.00 

9.00 

3.00 

9.00 

9.00 

3.00 

9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 

9.00 

6.00 


Smithing. 


Deductions. 


Hospital. 


$0 


$0.50 
.50 
.50 
. 50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
. 50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
. 50 
.50 
..50 
.50 
.50 
. 50 
.50 
.50 
.25 


$1.45 

3.60 


1.20 


2. 10 
4.95 
1.20 
3.05 
23.55 


2.00 

2.00 


.60 

11.00 


16.00 


Miscella- 

neous. 


Total 

deductions 


$1.00 


1.00 


1.00 

1.00 

1.00 


1.00 

1.50 


$6.80 
8.  25 
10.40 
6.80 
8.00 
6.80 

8. 70 
8. 75 

11.00 

7.85 

33.35 

9.50 

5.50 

11.50 

9.50 

10.50 
10. 10 

20. 70 
9.80 

10.80 

10. 70 
10. 80 

25.80 

10.80 
7.85 


MAGYARS. 


$15. 30 
36.05 

40.65 
20.  60 
10.20 

41.10 

57.10 
61.70 

41.30 
38.85 
22.60 

54.00 
56.25 
50.  60 

44.00 
77.20 

82.65 
70.  80 

56. 30 

31.30 
37.15 
65. 40 

44.80 
59.55 

49.80 


$9.00 

$0.10 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.20 

9.00 

.10 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.20 

3. 00 

3. 00 

3. 00 

3. 00 

3.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

3.00 

..30 

9.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

3.00 

.30 

9.00 

.30 

3.00 

.30 

$0.25 

.50 


.50 


.50 


.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 

.50 


$4.95 

$1.00 

$15. 30 

26. 25 

36.05 

10.00 

19.80 

6. 90 

16. 60 

9.35 

1.00 

10.80 

9.80 

9.80 

31.50 

41.30 

9.80 

9.70 

3.50 

1.70 

1.66 

6. 20 

1.20 

4. 70 

1.20 

3.05 

4. 70 
6.85 

1.50 

i.o6 

12.30 

1.30 

11.10 

1.20 

1.00 

12.00 

11.65 

1.00 

16. 45 

1.80 

11.60 

.60 

10. 40 

2. 75 

i.o6 

7.55 

3. 15 

12.95 

2. 20 

6.00 

Dealing  at  the  company  stores  is  not  absolutely  compulsor:|^u^o 
employees,  but  a good  customer  of  the  stores  likely  to  be  dr 

charo-ed  should  occasion  arise  than  is  one  who  deals  at  othe  P 
In  [he  mine  locations,  there  are  no  stores  except  those  cont-lled  b 
the  company,  and  unless  the  inhabitants  6°  J;’?® 

and  subcommunities  they  have  no  recourse.  p , carrif 

nanv  stores  are  higher  than  at  other  places,  but  the  goods  carrie 
he  h a superior  qLlity.  Inhabitants  of  the  urban  center  in  man 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania 


499 


instances  prefer  to  deal  at  the  main  store  of  the  company,  whether 
they  are  employees  or  not,  owing  to  the  fact  that  a better  grade 
of  goods  may  be  had.  Persons  dealing  with  the  company  stores 
who  are  not  employees  of  the  mining  company  receive  a lower 
price  on  their  purchases  than  is  given  to  employees.  The  reasons 
for  this  apparent  discrimination  against  its  employees  by  the  mining 
company  are:  First,  that  persons  other  than  employees  pay  cash 
for  all  purchases,  and,  second,  that  payments  on  account  of  employees 
have  to  be  held  out  of  wages  and  formally  transferred  from  the  books 
of  the  mining  company  to  those  of  the  stores. 

RELATIONS  AMONG  THE  RACES. 

At  work  the  races  are  not  segregated,  the  men  working  in  gangs 
being  about  equally  apportioned  among  the  several  races.  Oflicials  of 
the  company  believe  that  when  no  one  race  preponderates  in  a gang 
the  efficiency  of  the  group  is  maintained,  and  that  if  any  one  race 
makes  up  a group,  or  greatly  outnumbers  all  other  races  in  it,  the 
output  is  lessened,  and  clannishness  and  discontent  are  fostered. 
In  housing,  boarding,  and  sleeping  places,  the  different  races  are 
segregated.  Magyars,  for  instance,  will  not  live  in  the  same  house 
with  Slovaks  or  Poles,  but  remain  apart.  This  clannishness  is  carried 
to  such  an  extent  that  it  is  seldom  that  families  of  different  races  will 
occupy  the  same  double  house.  Among  persons  of  the  second  gen- 
eration, association,  though  slight,  is  more  free  than  among  the  immi- 
grants. This  is  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  effect  of  the  public-school 
system.  The  native  Americans  associate  only  to  a limited  extent  with 
the  immigrants  from  southern  Europe,  while  association  among  the 
native  Americans,  Irish,  English,  Germans,  Welsh,  and  Swedes  is 
very  free. 

HOSPITAL  AND  MEDICAL  SERVICE. 

Practically  no  welfare  work  or  gratuitous  service  is  undertaken  by 
the  mining  company,  and  an  attitude  of  indifference  is  maintained  by 
them  in  this  respect.  Medical  service  is  furnished  by  the  company 
at  a charge  of  50  cents  a month.  This  payment  is  compulsory,  being 
deducted  from  the  wages  of  each  employee.  The  company  has  erected 
a large  and  modern  hospital  in  which  injured  employees  are  cared 
for.  The  hospital  service  is  about  the  only  instance  of  welfare  work 
in  the  community.^  The  monthly  deduction  of  50  cents  entitles  an 
employee  to  unlimited,  treatment  and  medical  attention  in  the  hos- 
pital when  sick  or  injured.  Should  an  employee,  while  an  inmate 
of  the  institution,  desire  the  services  of  a physician  not  connected 
therewith,  such  physician  has  free  access  to  the  hospital,  but  must 
be  paid  by  the  individual.  The  company  appoints  a resident  phy- 
sician to  take  charge  of  the  hospital  for  a period  of  six  months,  his 
salary  being  paid  out  of  the  sum  deducted  from  the  wages  of  the 
employees  each  month.  At  the  end  of  this  time  another  is  appointed 
for  a like  period,  or  the  same  one  reappointed.  An  efficient  corps 
of  trained  nurses  is  maintained,  and  the  apparatus  and  general 
equipment  is  thoroughly  modern. 


500 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


LABOR  DISPUTES. 

All  labor  is  unorganized,  and  the  mines  are  operated  on  the  open 
shop”  principle.  The  community  suffered  from  no  labor  dissen- 
sions until  a few  years  ago,  when  an  attempt  was  inade  to  organize 
Uie  labor  in  the  community  by  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America. 
Contemporaneous  with  the  movement  toward  labor  organization, 
the  mining  company  gave  notice  that,  on  the  first  of  an  approaching 
month,  thhe  would  be  a general  increase  m wages.  However,  a few 
days  before  the  increase  was  to  go  into  effect  a strike  was  declared, 
due  to  a strong  feeling  against  the  prevailing  system  of  weighing  coal 
on  the  tipples  without  a check  weighman.  The  leader  of  the  move- 
ment, a Slovak,  first  organized  the  resulting  strike  in  an  effort  to 
force  the  mining  company  to  recognize  the  union,  which  it  refused  to 
do,  continuing  its  policy  of  dropping  men  from  the  pay  rol  s as  soon 
as  they  i oined  it . The  organization  subsequently  demanded,  in  addi- 
tion to  recognition:  (1)  An  eight-hour  day,  (2)  the  employment  of  a 
representative  on  each  of  the  company  s tipples,  (3)  a readjustm^t 
of^the  wage  scale,  (4)  reinstatement  of  all  men  discharged  tor  union 

"^T^'the^scale  of  wages  the  company  agreed,  but  they  would  make  no 
other  concession,  positively  refusing  to  recognize  the  union,  ihe 
company  also  adopted  the  policy  of  withdrawing  credit  in  tlw  com- 
pany stores  from  all  persons  dropped  from  the  pay  rolls.  Matters 
crew  steadily  worse  for  about  three  weeks,  when  mob  violence  began, 
resulting  in  bloodshed.  At  this  point  the  State  f 

troops  into  the  community,  which  put  an  end  to  the  strike.  The 

union  was  completely  defeated,  and  the  policy  of  ?o“P^YftprThe 
to  extend  no  recognition  whatever  to  labor  organizations.  Alter  tn 
strilre  was  over  the  company  discharged  large  numbers  of  men  but 
in  the  course  of  a few  months  the  matter  was  dropped  and  employ- 
ment was  opened  to  all  who  cared  to  avail  ‘bemselyes  of  it,  irrespective 
of  race  and  of  whether  or  not  they  had  participated  in  the  str  ke. 
The  Magyars  and  Slovaks  took  the  most  active  part  m the  strike 
while  the  Italians  w’ere  least  interested.  . , , 

The  point  of  contention  in  the  community  has  always  been  the  sys- 
tem of  weighing  coal  on  the  tipple,  where  the  miners  assert  they  receiv 
short  weights  and  have  no  way  of  knowing  how  much  they  are  loaihnf 
in  the  ears,  as  they  are  not  represented  by  a check  weighman.  T 
company,  on  the  other  hand,  defends  itself  on  making  reductions  ii 
weight  by  claiming  that  dirty  coal  is  loaded. 


Chapter  XV. 

INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  AND  EFFICIENCY. 

Industrial  progress  and  efficiency— The  use  of  intoxicants  in  its  relation  to  efficiency— 
Preferences  of  the  mining  operators  for  mine  workers. 

INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  AND  EFFICIENCY. 

The  greatest  progress  along  all  lines  has  been  made  by  the  Magyars, 
Poles,  and  Slovaks.  In  the  mines  they  are  advancing  to  the  skilled 
iccupations,  and  in  business  they  are  progressing  and  gaining  the 
confidence  of  the  American  population.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
dovaks.  Practically  all  of  the  North  Italians  are  making  progress 
n the  mines,  where  they  are  found  as  loaders  and  miners,  but  there 
s a tendency  among  them  to  get  out  of  the  underground  work  and 
‘nter  such  occupations  as  that  of  tippleman,  where  they  can  remain 
)n  the  surface.  Among  the  Italians  from  southern  Italy  little  progress 
las  been  made,  and  they  are  found  as  laborers  in  the  mines  and  in  the 
ailroad  and  general  construction  corps.  The  native  whites,  Germans, 
1-nglish,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  are  engaged  only  in  the  higher  and 
killed  occupations  and  positions  both  in  the  mines  and  in  business, 
laving  risen  (taking  the  English  as  an  example)  from  the  ranks  of  the 
nine  workers.  None  of  the  other  races  in  the  locality  merit  particular 
aention  for  their  progressiveness,  since  this  characteristic  is  not  very 
•renounced  among  them.  The  better  class  of  Italians  (chiefly  North 
talians)  are  the  most  industrious  and  lose  fewest  days  by  reason  of  holi- 
ays  and  drunkenness,  but  they  can  not  turn  out  as  high  a tonnage 
er  month  as  do  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  Magyars,  notwithstanding  the 
ist  named  are  less  constant  workers.  From  the  standpoint  of  indus- 
riousness,  the  North  Italians  are  placed  first,  Slovaks  second,  Poles 
turd,  and  Magyars  fourth.  Slovaks  and  Poles  are  the  most  efficient 
wkmen,  also  the  most  adaptable.  Tractability  is  said  to  be  a char- 
cteristic  of  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  in  the  community,  as  well  as  of 
oth  races  of  Italians.  The  Slovaks  and  Poles  possess  the  greatest 
ntiative  and  do  not  have  to  be  very  closely  watched  while  at  work, 
he  Ita^ns,  especially  the  South  Italians,  require  a good  deal  of 
iperyision.  Nearly  all  races  in  the  community  are  addicted  to  the 
xcessive  use  of  intoxicants,  but  the  Italians  are  least  inclined  in  that 
irection.  A knowledge  of  English  facilitates  the  carrying  out  of 
istructions,  as  few,  if  any,  of  the  foremen  and  subforemen  speak 
ay  language  other  than  English.  The  Magyars  appear  to  acquire 
nghsh  more  readily  than  others,  although  the  Slovaks  and  Poles 
Wance  faster  when  they  learn  to  speak  and  understand  the  language, 
ne  South  Italians,  except  in  a few  instances,  are  rather  slow  in 
,iquirmg  a knowledge  of  English,  but  the  North  Italians  are  desirous 
) learn. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 33 


501 


T 


502 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


THE  USE  OF  INTOXICANTS  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  EFFICIENCY. 

The  habits  of  the  immigrants  as  regards  intoxicants  have  a pro- 
nounced effect  upon  the  output  of  the  mines.  A great  amount  of  drunk- 
enness and  consequent  failure  to  report  for  work  usually  follows  the 
semimonthly  pay  day.  From  Saturday  pay  day,  until  the  following 
Thursday  is  the  period  of  general  drunkenness  among  all  the  races. 
The  superintendent  of  the  coal  company  gives  the  following  figures 
to  show  the  effect  of  drunkenness  in  diminishing  the  output  ot  coal 
for  this  period.  The  figures  are  approximate; 

550 

Normal  output  per  diem 

Saturday  (pay  day) 

Sunday 39c 

Monday 43(; 

Tuesday 4(3(; 

Wednesday 55( 

Thursday 

PREFERENCES  OF  THE  MINING  OPERATORS  FOR  MINE  WORKERS. 

Excluding  the  English-speaking  races,  and  the  Germans  anc 
Swedes  who  are  nearly  all  in  the  skilled  occupations,  the  Slovaks 
Poles,  and  Magyars  are  preferred  by  the  company,  in  the  ordei 
named,  in  all  occupations.  The  North  Italians  are  prefe^ed  aftei 
the  Magyars  in  all  occupations,  but  more  especially  on  the  tinple 
Of  all  the  races  in  the  community,  the  South  Italians  are  the  leas 
desired,  and  they  are  being  dropped  from  the  rolls  at  every  oppor 
tunity,  the  company  maintaining  that  they  are  not  reliable  and  th 
they  are  unable  to  perform  the  average  amount  of  work  per  da^ 

demanded  of  each  employee.  1 • 4-v  1 «nrl  fh. 

The  original  English  immigrants  are  leaving  the  locality,  and  tin 

few  who  are  found  in  the  mines  now  hold  the  highest  and  niost  skillec 
occupations,  together  with  the  Germans,  Swedes,  I™h,  Scotch 
Welsli,  and  native  whites.  These  races  are  preferred  by  the  com 
panv  in  every  way,  but  they  will  not  work  m the  lower  occupa 
tions,  which  makes  necessary  the  employment  of  the  southern  an. 

southeastern  European  races.  ...  , • t... 

In  all  races  the  second  generation  is  much  more  advanced  indm 
trially  than  the  first,  but  as  the  community  is  only  about  12  year 
old,  very  few  of  the  second  generation  have  cached  maturity  whil 
residents  thereof.  The  few  that  have  been  reared  in  the  locality  hav 
nearly  all  left,  due  to  the  constantly  changing  population.  Gpmior 
offered  with  regard  to  the  second  generation  must  be  accepted  a 
relating  to  persons  born  in  other  sections  of  the  United  btate. 
Employers  are  unanimous  in  stating  that  children  born  m 
country  of  foreign-born  parents  are  showing  great  . 

lines.  They  are  better  educated  and  less  clannish,  and  have  hight 
standards  of  living;  among  the  southern  European  races  the  blovaK 
Poles,  and  Magyars  are  considered  the  most  progressive. 


oNq  work, 


Chapter  XVI. 

SALIENT  CHAKACTERISTICS. 


conjugal  condition  of  mine  workers — Location  of  wives  of  foreii^n-born  mine  workers 

Age  classification  of  employees— [Text  Tables  263  to  266]. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION  OF  MINE  WORKERS. 

Information  was  received  from  2,987  mine  workers  in  Community 
^ as  to  whether  they  were  single,  married,  or  widowed.  The  data 
hus  collected  are  presented,  according  to  age  groups  and  general 
lativity  and  race,  in  the  table  on  the  next  page. 


504 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


505 


[’able  264.— Per  cent  of  male  em'ployees  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition, 

by  general  nativity. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  are— 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

fative-born  of  native  father.  White .. 

104 

62 

28.8 

66.1 

71.2 

32.3 

0.0 

1.6 

f ative-born  of  foreign  father 

'otal  native-born 

166 

2,821 

42.8 

44.1 

56.6 

55.5 

.6 

.4 

oreign-born 

Total 

2,987 

44.1 

55.5 

.4 

Of  the  total  of  104  native  white  persons  born  of  native  parents 
iho  furnished  information,  as  seen  in  the  foregoing  tables,  71.2  per 
ent  are  married,  and  of  the  total  of  62  persons  native-born  of  foreign 
parents  32.3  per  cent  are  married,  indicating  a much  lower  percentage 
f married  persons  among  the  second  generation  than  amonp*  the 
ative-born  of  native  father.  Of  the  total  of  2,821  foreign-born^  55.5 
er  cent  are  married,  showing  a smaller  percentage  of  married  per- 
ms among  the  foreign-born,  as  compared  with  the  persons  native-born 
f native  father  or  the  total  native-born  persons.  As  regards  the 
mdencies  exhibited  in  the  different  groupings  according  to  age,  2 
ersons  out  of  a total  of  29  native-born  persons  who  are  16  to  19  years 
f age  are  married,  as  compared  with  2 persons  out  of  246  foreign- 
orn  in  the  same  age  classification.  In  the  group  20  to  29  years'^of 
?e,  47  per  cent  of  the  native-born  are  married,  as  compared  with  37.2 
er  cent  of  the  foreign-born,  the  conclusion  being  that  a greater  pro- 
ortion  of  the  native-born  within  the  age  limits  mentioned  than  of 
le  foreign-born  are  married.  Of  the  55  native-born  who  are  30  to  44 
ears  of  age,  85.5  per  cent  are  married,  as  compared  with  88  per  cent 
[ the  foreign-born  persons  in  the  same  group.  Of  the  native-born 
ersons  45  years  of  age  or  over,  87.5  per  cent  are  married,  as  con- 
•asted  with  91.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born.  Of  a total  of  935 
-agyars,  55.6  per  cent  are  married;  45.5  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  out  of 
total  of  583,  are  married;  47.9  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians  and 
).9  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians  are  married.  Of  a total  of  735 
lovaks,  478,  or  a percentage  of  65,  are  married.  Of  the  total  number 
. English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  only  18  per  cent  are  single. 

LOCATION  OF  WIVES  OF  FOREIGN-BOKN  MINE  WORKERS. 

In  connection  with  the  conjugal  condition  of  the  foreign-born,  the 
cation  of  the  wives  of  those  who  are  employed  in  the  mines  of  the 
>mmunity  may  be  noted.  With  this  purpose  in  view,  the  following 
/ble  is  submitted  to  show  whether  the  wives  of  the  foreign-born 
^TTied  employees  are  in  the  United  States  or  abroad. 

Of  the  1,507  foreign-born  persons  furnishing  complete  data,  54.1 
ir  cent  report  that  their  wives  are  in  the  United  States,  while  45.9 
ir  cent  report  that  their  wives  are  abroad,  thus  indicating  a more 
dess  temporary  connection  with  the  community  on  the  part  of  those 
hose  wives  are  not  with  them,  or  the  lack  of  sufficient  money  to 
•mg  their  wives  to  this  country. 


506 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  2Qb.— Location  of  wires  of  foreign-horn  employees,  by  race  of  husband. 
(study  of  employees.) 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  reporting 
wife — 

Per  cent 
reporting 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

wife 

abroad. 

5 

3 

2 

(a) 

21 

17 

4 

19.0 

6 

4 

2 

(a) 

25 

20 

5 

20.0 

(a) 

(a) 

58.2 

1 

6 

C7 

1 

6 

28 

39 

57 

28 

29 

50. 9 

17 

12 

5 

503 

229 

274 

.A  r 

54. 5 

260 

149 

111 

42. 7 

(o) 

63.6 

(a) 

40.9 

(a) 

(a) 

n i -HI 

12 

3 

9 

33 

u 

12 

8 

275 

9 

21 

465 

g 

190 

12 

12 

1,507 

816 

691 

45.9 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  the  above  table  it  will  be  noted  that  of  those  races  having  50  or 
more  husbands  reporting  complete  data,  more  than  50  per  cent  ol 
the  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  and  Magyars  report  wile  abroad. 
The  North  Italians,  with  58.2  per  cent  reporting  wife  abroad,  shows 
the  highest  proportion.  On  the  other  hand,  about  60  per  cent  ol  the 
Poles  and  Slovaks  report  wife  in  the  United  States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


507 


AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES. 

As  regards  the  age  classification  of  the  mine  workers  in  Community 
A,  the  following  table  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  number 
of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group : 

Table  266. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

reporting 

com.plete 

data. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

to 

24. 

25 

to 

29. 

30 

to 

34. 

35 

to 

44. 

45 

to 

54. 

55 

to 

64. 

65 

or 

over. 

'Jative-born  of  native 
father,  White 

104 

5 

2 

1 

5 

16 

22 

16 

26 

8 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 



24 

9 

1 

6 

13 

1 

2 

3 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

8 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

France 

Germany 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

Ireland 

1 

2 

Italy 

1 

1 

Russia 

1 

Scotland 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Sweden 

W ales 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

66 

hir 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

3 

4 

19 

9 

9 

5 

2 

3 

Total  native-born.. 

'oreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mo- 
ravian   

1 

1 

1 

_ii 

iii 

4 

9 

35 

31 

25 

31 

10 

6 

1 

16 

25 

7 

35 

1 

11 

166 

146 

38 

938 

584 

27 

54 

11 

739 

2 

18 

14 

1 

5 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

51 

42 

6 
233 
163 

3 

10 

3 

166 

1 

3 

Croatian 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

7 

4 

4 

2 

4 

2 

7 

12 

English 

8 

3 

5 

1 

French 

German 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Greek 

Irish 

7 

20 

20 

6 

171 

106 

10 

9 

2 

169 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Italian,  North 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

7 

8 

9 

1 

35 

27 

3 

2 

35 

34 

17 

243 

148 

4 

21 

30 

23 

4 

162 

98 

3 

11 

1 

113 

1 

3 

4 

8 

5 

4 

37 

21 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

10 

2 

13 

5 

3 

32 

11 

1 

2 

2 

Polish 

1 

Roumanian 

Russian 

1 

3 

3 

Scotch 

2 

37 

Slovak 

2 

1 

4 

9 

26 

22 

187 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

1 

1 

1 

7 

6 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Welsh 

Total  foreign-born. 

Grand  total. . 

2,833 

2 2 

19 

38 

82 

110 

696 

703 

467 

560 

134 

18 

2 

3,003  1 

1 

25 

48 

86 

119 

731 

734  I 

492 

591 

144 

IT 

2 

Chapter  XVII. 


INDUSTRIAL  AND  OTHER  EFFECTS  OF  IMMIGRATION. 

Reasons  for  employing  immigrants — Changes  in  industrial  methods  and  organization — 
Housing  condiiions — Employment  of  children — Segregation — Diseases  peculiar  to 
immigrants — Criminality — [Text  Tables  267  and  268.] 

REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYING  IMMIGRANTS. 

Operations  in  the  mines  of  Community  A were  begun  with  immi- 
grant labor,  and  the  general  expansion  of  the  mining  industry  and 
the  development  of  the  locality  have  been  due  principally  to  immi- 
gration from  Europe.  Immigrants  have  furnished  the  labor  for  the 
unskilled  occupations  and  for  a large  proportion  of  the  skilled  posi- 
tions. The  first  immigrants  were  English,  who  were  secured  because 
they  were  trained  and  experienced  miners;  later,  when  a demand  for 
less  skilled  laborers  was  made,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  other 
European  immigrants,  such  as  the  Swedes,  Roumanians,  and  Syrians, 
entered  the  locality  in  large  numbers.  These  later  races  have 
advanced  in  the  scale  of  occupations  in  the  mines  and  have  also 
entered  the  miscellaneous  businesses.  In  brief,  the  effect  of  immi- 
gration upon  local  industries  has  been  to  develop  and  continue  them. 
The  mining  company  has  been  successful  principally  through  the  fact 
that  it  could  secure  immigrant  labor,  there  being  no  supply  of  native 
labor  available.  A construction  company  has  been  promoted  by  a 
South  Italian  as  a result  of  the  opportunity  to  employ  immigrants, 
mostly  South  Italians.  This  company  furnishes  the  only  example 
of  an  immigrant  employer  in  the  locality.  Another  concern  that  has 
been  promoted  and  is  dependent  on  immigrant  labor  is  a brewing 
company  employing  about  30  men,  nearly  all  of  whom  are  Germans. 

CHANGES  IN  INDUSTRIAL  METHODS  AND  ORGANIZATION. 

The  only  industrial  effect  upon  the  industrial  organization  of  the 
mining  company  that  has  been  observed  since  the  introduction  of 
the  southern  European  races,  has  been  an  increase  in  the  number 
of  subforemen,  resulting  from  a need  for  greater  supervision  and  a 
reduction  in  the  size  of  the  working  groups.  The  English-speaking 
races,  also  the  Germans  and  Swedes,  require  little  or  no  supervision, 
and  in  the  first  few  years  during  which  the  English  greatly  out- 
numbered all  other  laborers  in  the  mines,  few  foremen  were  needed; 
but  with  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  English  and  the  rapid 
increase  in  the  numbers  of  non-English-speaking  races  employed, 
the  number  of  suboflicials  was  increased  more  rapidly  in  proportion 
than  the  total  number  of  employees. 


509 


510 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


HOUSING  CONDITIONS.- 

A comparison  of  the  general  housing  conditions  prevailing  among 
the  iininigrant  residents  of  the  whole  community  with  those  found 
among  the  native  Americans  in  the  same  grades  of  employment, 
indicates  that  the  conditions  are  about  the  same  when  the  better  classes 
of  immigrants  are  selected.  Very  few  native  Americans  are  found 
working  in  the  unskilled  occupations,  and  there  are  no  data  for  a 
comparison  of  conditions  prevailing  among  the  southern  European 
races  with  natives  in  the  same  occupations.  The  condition  of  the 
houses  found  among  the  most  capable  Welsh,  English,  Irish,  Germans, 
Scotch,  Swedes,  and  Norwegians  is,  in  many  instances,  superior  to 
that  found  among  the  Americans  in  the  same  grades  of  employment. 
In  the  order  named  members  of  the  Roumanian,  Slovak,  Magyar, 
and  Italian  races  show  a greater  degree  of  cleanliness,  in  the 
care  of  the  house  and  of  the  person,  than  do  members  of  the 
Croatian,  Polish,  Lithuanian,  or  Russian  races.  The  general  con- 
ditions existing  among  all  other  races  represented  in  the  community, 
and  not  mentioned  above,  are  fairl}^  good  and  about  the  same  for 
all.  This  is  true  for  the  urban  center  and  outlying  mine  locations. 
Length  of  residence  has  played  a very  unimportant  role  in  domestic 
affairs  of  the  community.  The  English-speaking  and  northern  Euro- 
pean immigrants,  such  as  the  Welsh,  English,  Irish,  German,  Scotch, 
Swedes,  and  Norwegians,  are,  as  a general  rule,  very  neat  in  their 
housekeeping.  This  characteristic  is  brought  over  from  Europe  and 
continues  to  be  a differentiating  trait  in  all  localities.  Among  the 
other  races,  which  include  nearly  all  those  from  southeastern  Europe, 
little  change  resulting  from  length  of  residence  is  to  be  noted.  Among 
such  races,  families  in  the  country  ten  year:,  are  found  living  in  about 
the  same  condition  as  families  of  much  shorter  residence.  One  excep- 
tion may  be  made  in  the  case  of  the  Italians.  Italians,  chiefly  from 
tlie  northern  states  of  Italy,  are  found  in  nearly  all  occupations  fol- 
lowed in  the  community,  and  it  is  easily  seen  that  great  improvement 
has  been  wrought  in  their  standards  of  living  by  length  of  residence 
in  the  United  States.  Among  South  Italians,  little  betterment,  if 
any,  has  been  effected  by  their  residence  in  this  country. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  CHILDREN. 

The  male  children  of  immigrants  in  this  community,  when  old 
enough  to  be  exempt  from  the  compulsory  education  law,  invariably 
enter  the  mines,  where  they  are  found  working  in  the  lighter  occupa- 
tions. No  positive  statement  can  be  made  as  to  whether  the  children 
of  immigrants  remain  in  the  community  for  any  length  of  time,  but 
from  the  unsettled  state  of  the  majority  of  the  races  and  the  constant 
coming  and  going  among  them,  it  is  safe  to  conclude  that  very  few  of 
the  children  remain  in  the  community.  Among  the  Irish,  English, 
Germans,  and  Swedes,  the  number  of  children  remaining  in  the 
locality  is  larger,  since  these  races  are  more  settled  residents. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


611 


SEGKEGATION. 

The  recent  immigrants  tend  to  live  apart  from  the  natives  and 
from  each  other  whenever  possible.  This  fact  has  already  been 
! noted  in  the  description  of  the  community.  Segregation  is  possible 
in  the  urban  center,  but  in  the  outlying  mining  communities  it  is 
difficult  for  one  race  to  live  apart  from  other  races  in  a particular 
section,  for  the  reason  that  the  latest  arrival  is  forced  to  take  any 
house  that  may  be  vacant.  The  only  illustration  of  segregation  in 
outlying  districts  was  furnished  by  a settlement  clustering  around 
two  mine  openings.  A railroad  track  in  this  locality  separates  two 
groups  of  houses.  In  the  first  group  live  American  miners,  and  in 
the  second,  recent  immigrants.  It  was  found  that  the  latter  were 
not  allowed  to  move  across  the  track  into  the  American  colony. 
The  superintendent’s  only  explanation  of  this  regulation  was  that  it 
was  a ‘'sanitary  precaution.”  Since  this  settlement  is  the  only  one 
at  which  Americans  live  in  any  considerable  number,  and  since  such 
a “sanitary  precaution”  was  not  observable  elsewhere,  it  seems  safe 
to  presume  that  in  this  instance  the  railroad  track  has  been  made  a 
line  of  arbitrary  division.  This  foreign  group  is  composed  chiefly 
of  Slovaks,  Magyars,  and  Poles,  about  equally  divided. 

DISEASES  PECULIAR  TO  IMMIGRANTS. 

Physicians  of  the  community  know  of  no  disease  peculiar  to  or 
introduced  by  immigrants,  and  they  do  not  believe  that  the  health 
of  the  locality  is  greatly  menaced  by  the  presence  of  the  southeastern 
European  races.  There  has  been  but  one  epidemic  in  the  town  since 
its  founding,  and  that  was  following  the  Spanish- American  war,  when 
smallpox  was  prevalent.  During  the  epidemic  as  many  as  200  simul- 
taneous cases  were  reported,  but  only  one  foreigner,  a Swede,  had  the 
disease.  No  fayus  or  trachoma  has  been  discovered.  In  cases  of 
wounds  and  injuries,  the  opinion  of  the  surgeons  in  the  hospital 
located  in  the  urban  center  is  that  the  foreigners  exhibit  greater 
vitality  and  recover  more  quickly  than  native  Americans,  and  this 
in  spite  of  the  poor  sanitary  conditions  in  which  they  live  and  their 
frequent  failure  to  observe  the  directions  of  the  attending  surgeon. 
The  table  following  shows  the  medical  record  for  thirty-four  months  of 
the  company  hospital  located  in  the  urban  center,  by  race  of  patient. 


612 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  267. — Hospital  record  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  race  of  patient. 


MALE. 


Diagnosis. 

Medical. 

1 

Race  of  patient. 

Acci- 

dent. 

Bron- 

chitis. 

Gastri- 

tis. 

Mala- 

rial 

fever. 

Pneu- 

monia. 

Rheu- 

ma- 

tism. 

Ty- 

phoid 

lever. 

All 

other 

dis- 

eases. 

Total. 

Sur- 

gical. 

Grand 

total. 

American,  White 

17*  Ti  ctI  1 qH 

14 

1 

1 

2 

1 

11 

22 

38 

41 

93 

1 

2 

4 

3 

7 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

13 

23 

1 

2 

1 

2 

0 

12 

20 

45 

.......... 

7 

4 

6 

10 

5 

14 

4G 

G1 

1.30 

n rw’ p (T  i n 

1 

1 

2 

2 

24 

1 

4 

3 

G 

2 

7 

23 

29 

7G 

R niiTTioninn 

1 

1 

1 

5 

7 

XvULiiilUrlliCl*!.!.  ..... 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Slovak 

35 

3 

3 

1 

1 

7 

10 

14 

39 

48 

122 

Sw6disti. 

1 

2 

3 

3 

Welsh 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Total 

no 

15 

15 

1 

12 

27 

31 

72 

173 

211 

494 

FEMALE. 


American,  White 

1 

1 

1 

4 

IG 

23 

6 

29 

1 

1 

4 

5 

1 ifhn 

1 

1 

1 

Mopyor 

1 

1 

3 

5 

1 

G 

V/iHqVi 

1 

1 

1 

3 

5 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

6 

4 

12 

3 

4 

2 

2 

G 

23 

37 

18 

58 

The  only  hospital  in  the  community,  as  already  pointed  out,  is 
private  property  of  the  mining  company,  but  it  is  open  to  all  who  may 
wish  to  secure  treatment  therein,  whether  employed  by  the  company 
or  not.  Persons  not  employees  of  the  mining  company  are  charged 
for  treatment  in  the  institution,  while  50  cents  is  each  month  deducted 
from  the  wages  of  each  employee,  as  a fund  to  cover  expenses  of  treat- 
ment in  case  of  sickness  or  injury.  No  further  collection  is  made  by 
the  company  from  an  employee  no  matter  how  long  he  may  be  an 
inmate  of  the  hospital.  The  institution  is  thoroughly  modern,  and 
offers  all  conveniences  to  patients.  The  corps  of  physicians  and 
nurses  is  large  enough  to  render  efficient  service  at  all  times. 


CRIMINALITY. 

There  is  very  little  crime  in  the  community.  The  chief  offense  is 
drunkenness,  which  is  not  confined  to  any  one  race  nor  to  the  immi- 
grant population,  for  the  native  Americans  are  as  much  addicted  to 
the  use  of  intoxicants  as  are  the  foreigners.  Formerly  many  affrays 
took  place  among  the  lower  class  of  South  Italians,  but  now  even 
these  offenses  are  less  frequent.  The  urban  center  is  policed  by 
about  five  men,  who  seem  well  able  to  handle  the  situation. 
When  it  is  recalled  that  the  population  of  the  community,  including 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


513 


mine  colonies,  is  about  10,000,  and  that  most  of  the  men  congregate 
in  the  urban  center  after  working  hours,  the  fact  that  so  small  a police 
force  can  patrol  the  town  is  excellent  evidence  of  the  quietness  of  the 
town.  The  table  following  shows  the  amount  of  crime  in  the  urban 
center  among  the  imniigrants,  by  race,  for  a period  of  two  months 
in  the  year  1908,  a period  which  showed  a higher  criminal  record  than 
usual.  The  figures  are  representative  of  the  whole  community. 

Table  268. — Number  of  arrests  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  urban  center  of  Community 
A during  a period  of  two  months  in  the  year  1908. 


Crime. 

Ital- 

ian, 

North 

and 

South. 

Lithu- 

anian. 

Re 

Mag- 

yar. 

ice. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Swed- 

ish. 

Total. 

Assault  and  battery 

1 

2 

4 

Assault  and  battery  with  intent  to  kill 

1 

2 

3 

Bastardy  and  fornication 

1 

1 

Carrying  dangerous  weapons 

2 

1 

3 

Drunk 

2 

7 

2 

1 

19 

Drunk  and  disorderly 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Dnink  and  fighting * 

2 

7 

9 

Evading  board  bill 

2 

2 

Fighting 

2 

1 

1 

4 

Indecent  exposure 

1 

1 

Larceny: 

Grand 

3 

3 

Petty 

Libel 

3 

3 

Malicious  mischief 

3 

3 

Murder 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Offenses  against  game  laws 

1 

1 

Suspicious  character 

2 

2 

Vagrancy 

1 

2 

3 

Stoning  and  shooting  through  a house 

7 

7 

Total 

9 

5 

31 

11 

11 

1 

68 

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Chapter  XVIII. 


GENERAL  PROGRESS  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  THE  COMMUNITY. 


Property  holdings  Bank  deposits — Money  sent  abroad — Immigrants  in  business — 
Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  employees— School  attendance  and  proR- 
ress— Literacy— Citizenship  and  interest  in  political  and  civic  affairs— Church 
facilities — Americanization— [Text  Tables  269  to  285  ] 


PROPERTY  HOLDINGS. 


The  Italians,  North  and  South,  show  a greater  tendency  to  save 
than  any  other  race  represented  in  the  community.  The  majority 
i Italians  save  their  money  and  send  it  abroad,  while  most 

u Italians  buy  real  estate  with  their  savings.  Next  to 

the  Italians,  the  Slovaks  show  the  greatest  tendency  to  save  their 
earnings,  usually  investing  them  in  real  estate.  Table  269  shows 
property  holdings  of  the  foreign  races  in  the  urban  center.  The  fact 
that  the  Slovak  holdings  are  greater  than  those  of  the  combined 
Italian  races  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  Slovaks  outnumber 
the  Italians  The  figures  represent  taxable  property  only,  but  may 
be  accepted  as  exhibiting  the  extent  to  which  the  several  races  in 
the  community  invest  in  real  estate. 


Table  269.  Immigrant  'property  holdings  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  race. 


Race. 

VViue  of  property. 

Real. 

Personal. 

Total. 

English 

^ 1 A c;nn 

$14,620 

1,825 

French 

OprrnQTi 

ouu 

1,825 

$120 

Hebrew 

3, 508 

OA 

20 

3,528 
24, 724 
67,652 
9,417 
30, 175 
8,613 

Italian 

0o4 
iK7  HQO 

140 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

0/ , uyj 

9,417 

30,035 

8,553 

ono 

560 

Polish 

140 

60 

Scotch 

20 

228 

Syrian  

ooy  OOo 

89,815 

21,810 

480 

1,430 

80 

39, 148 
91,245 
21,890 
17, 180 
2, 000 

Total 

17,000 

2,000 

180 

329,015 

3,230 

332,245 

NT  purchase  homes  is  most  noticeable  among  the 

North  Italians,  Slovaks,  Scotch,  and  Magyars.  These  races,  in  the 
order  named,  own  the  largest  amount  of  taxable  property  in  the  town 
Immigrants  of  all  races  invest  in  land,  even  the  South  Italians,  who 
lend  most  of  their  savings  to  Italy  to  purchase  land  in  that  country 
)r  to  redeem  mortgages  and  pay  taxes  on  property  which  they  already 


515 


516 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


BANK  DEPOSITS. 

An  interesting  showing  is  also  furnished  by  estimates  of  local 
bankers  as  to  the  amount  of  money  deposited  by  immigrants. 

Table  270  — Average  monthly  deposits  of  immigrants  on  open  accounts  in  the  banks  oj 
the  urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  race. 


Average  monthly  deposits  in — 


Race. 

National 
Bank  No.  1. 

National 
Bank  No.  2. 

Slovak 
Bank  No.  1. 

(a) 

$2,500 

(a) 

$1,00( 

$2,000 

1,000 

3,000 

1,500 

1,50( 

1,000 

700 

1,00( 

1,500 

500 

4,  oOt 

(o) 

2,500 

2,000 

(o) 

1,000 

5,00( 

10,000 

9,200 

13,00( 

a Not  reported  separately. 


MONEY  SENT  ABROAD. 

As  reo-ards  the  amount  of  money  sent  abroad,  the  following  tabk 
shows  the  amount  of  postal  money  orders  issued  in  the  urban  center 
by  countries,  for  a period  of  two  years.  Of  the  total  value  of  toreigr 
orders  issued,  nearly  86  per  cent  was  drawn  on  Italy  alone. 

Table  271. — Postal  money  orders  issued  during  a period  of  two  years  in  the  urban  cente 

of  Community  A. 


Destination  of  orders  issued. 


Domestic  (within  the  United  States) 

Foreign  (total) 

Austria 

England 

Germany 

Himgary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Mexico 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Turkey 

Wales 


Total 


Number 

Value  of 

of  orders 

orders 

issued. 

issued. 

8,192 

$85,242.3 

20,167.4 

8 

75.6 

67 

785.2 

27 

389.2 

11 

99.7 

2 

9.9 

329 

17,306.9 

1 

50.2 

11 

150.5 

32 

507.8 

9 

116.5 

1 

40.1 

43 

635.2 

8,733 

105,409.7 

. 

The  two  national  banks  located  in  the  urban  center  together  trans 
mit  to  Italy  an  average  of  $3,750  per  month.  These  banks  sent 
money  to  no  other  foreign  country.  The  Slovak  bank  already  men 
tioned  transmits  per  week  to  other  sections  of  the  United  states  ant 
abroad,  through  an  express  company,  the  amounts  given  in  the  taoi 
following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


517 


Table  212.— Express  money  orders  issued  per  v eek  by  the  Slovak  bank  in  the  urban  center 

of  Community  A. 


Average 
amount 
of  sales 
per  week. 

Per  cent  to  each  destination. 

Average 

amount 

for 

which 

issued. 

Race  of  purchaser. 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

1 

Else- 
where in 
United 
States. 

Abroad. 

Slovak 

20.0 

8.0 

10.0 

35.0 

10.0 
.0 

0.0 

Magyar 

^00.  uu 

A A f\i\ 

80. 0 

S25.00 

Polish 

UU 

90.  0 

2.0 

25. 00 

German 

oo.  UU 
90  nn 

90. 0 

.0 

20.00 

Italian,  North  and  South 

zz.  uu 
13. 20 

65. 0 
an  n 

.0 

10.0 

20.00 

Russian 

1 ‘I  on 

oU.  u 

1 f\f\  A 

10.00 

Lithuanian 

io.  zu 
11  nn 

100.  0 

.0 

9.60 

American 

11.  DU 
s nn 

100.  0 
KA  A 

. 0 

.0 

6.00 

Total 

o.  uu 

oO.  0 

50. 0 

.0 

5.00 

onn  nn 

1.0 

— 

zuu.  uu 

82. 0 

17.  0 

15. 00 

A t seen  tnat  tlie  INortli  and  South  Italians 

send  by  lar  the  largest  amount  of  money  abroad.  Eighty-six  per 
3ent  ol  the  amount  of  foreign  postal  money  orders  issued  in  the  com- 
munity go  to  Italy  about  $45,000  is  annually  transmitted  to  Italy 
Jirough  the  national  banks  of  the  community,  and  the  only  foreign 
Dank  m the  urban  center  sends  the  largest  portion  of  its  foreign  remit- 
tances to  the  same  country.  ® 

The  money  sent  abroad  is  generally  used  in  paying  taxes  on  land  and 
n purchasing  land,  m helping  relatives  and  friends,  and  in  assisting 
ithers  to  come  to  the  United  States.  This  is  true  of  all  races  sending 
noney  to  Europe,  but  particularly  of  the  North  and  South  Italians^ 

IMMIGRANTS  IN  BUSINESS. 

The  table  which  immediately  follows  shows  the  immigrants  in 
msiness  m the  community,  by  race.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
talians  numerically  outrank  other  foreign  groups  in  the  business 
leld,  the  Slovaks  standing  second.  The  Italians  thus  engaged  in 
'usmess  are  the  more  capable  North  and  South  Italians. 

Table  273.— /mmigrowls  in  business  in  Communily  A,  by  nm  and  class  of  business. 


Business. 

English. 

German. 

Hebrew. 

Italian. 

£0 

cS 

Polish. 

Scotch. 

Slovak. 

Swedish. 

Syrian. 

Total. 

anker 

arber ’ y 

iacksmith ^ 

ittler 

itcher 

rpenter ’ 

ntractor 

ooer 

weler 

ndlord 

imberman... 

""2 

...... 

...... 

2 

...... 

...... 

12 

...... 

...... 

...... 

...... 

1 

•y 

...... 

'"'o’ 

1 

2 

3 

3 

5 

6 

1 

19 

1 

1 

1 

25 

1 

1 

5 

5 

2 

1 

inter 

'Otographer 

ol  and  billiard  parlor.. 

...... 

6 

....„ 

2 

7 

2 

1 

oemaker . 

5 

1 

imship  agency 

Ilor 

Total... 

...... 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

- 

22 

9 

9 

83 

y 1 ZHt 

48296° — VOL  6 — 11 34 

518 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  unanimous  opinion  of  the  native  American  population  of 
the  urban  center  is  that  the  immigrants  engaged  in  business  in  the 
community  are  lax  in  their  methods  as  compared  with  the  natives  m 
the  same  business.  Especially  is  this  true  of  the  credit  system  in 
voffue  among  the  foreign  business  men.  The  immigrant  m business 
in  the  community  is  often  not  above  taking  advantage  of  i^orance 
when  by  so  doing,  he  will  better  his  financial  condition.  Business 
association  among  men  of  different  races  is  seldom  found  m t e 
community.  Italians  prefer  to  deal  with  Italians,  Slovaks  with 
Slovaks,  and  Magvars  with  Magyars;  but  this  policy  is  not  strictly 
adhered  to,  the  Slovaks  showing  the  greatest  tendency  to  depart 
from  it  Men  of  a race  not  represented  among  the  immigrant  busi- 
ness men  of  the  community  will  deal  with  native  stores  rather  than 
patronize  the  establishment  kept  by  a member  of  another  foreign  race. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH  OF  FOREIGN-BORN  EMPLOYEES. 

As  showing  relative  ability  to  speak  English,  information  wa^ 
received  from  2,784  foreign-born  mine  workers  m the  community 
From  the  data  thus  secured,  a table  has  been  prepared  and  is  presented 
below,  which  classifies  these  persons  according  to  age  at  the  time  ol 
arrival  in  this  country : 

Table  21^.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  q 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

* (STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 
who  speak 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

English. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

1 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

4 

16 

p'l'pnph  - 

7 

4 

3 

3 

4 

OQ 

2 

German 

35 

1 

166 

29 

1 

98 

6 

6 

z\y 

1 

S 

S 

Greek 

^nrt.hi  

8 

6 

8 

158 

138 

IttiliflB  

146 

89 

8 

Lithuanian  

38 

28 

1 

1 

14 

37 

rtO/l 

4J 

24 

\fflP‘vRr  ^ 

938 

501 

14 

9^4 

Polish  

583 

249 

10 

7 

0/0 

OA 

] 

26 

13 

zo 

51 

71  Q 

Russian 

54 

28 

3 

3 

23 

4i 

Slovak 

739 

o 

474 

2 

26 

/ 10 
2 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Z 

18 

17 

3 

3 

15 

] 

Total 

2,770 

1,538 

82 

74 

2,688 

1,4( 

Of  the  total  of  2,770  mine  employees  who  reported  complete  date 
only  82  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  this  coun 
try)  while  2,688  were '14  years  of  age  or  over.  In  the  hmt  grou 
about  nine- tenths  of  the  total  are  able  to  speak  English.  Ihe  on. 
employees  unable  to  speak  English  are  3 Slovaks,  3 Poles,  an 
North  Italians.  The  showing  made  by  the  second  group  is  in  stron 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


619 


contrast  with  the  first.  Almost  one-half  of  the  persons  who  were  14 
years  of  age  or  <^er  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  the  United  States  are 
unable  to  speak  English.  The  Poles  in  this  group  report  more  than 
hall  or  their  number  unable  to  speak  English,  while  the  Magyars, 
North  Italians,  c^outh  Italians,  and  Slovaks  show  even  larger  propor- 
tions who  have  not  learned  the  language,  those  in  the  last-named 
race  being  most  numerous.  The  general  conclusion  is  therefore  plain 
both  as  regards  the  different  races  and  the  whole  group  of  foreign- 
born  persons,  that  the  immigrants  arriving  earlier  in  life  acquire  the  use 
ot  English  much  more  quickly  and  in  larger  numbers  than  persons 
coming  at  a later  period  of  life. 

The  following  table  shows  the  English-speaking  ability  of  foreign- 
born  persons  m Community  A according  to  the  period  of  time  that 
they  have  been  m the  United  States. 

Cable  27b.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Years  in  United  States, 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

roatian 

rench 

16 

4 

10 

1 

6 

ertnan 

i 

35 

1 

4 

29 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

3 

reek 

8 

5 

8 

1 

5 

1 

43 

19 

19 

alian,  North 

alian,  South 

166 

146 

38 

938 

583 

26 

98 

89 

95 

*7  A 

40 

31 

54 

56 

17 

15 

Ithuanian 

628 

201 

16 

43 

16 

15 

agyar 

6 

227 

83 

10 

18 

279 

18 

4 

4 

olish 

348 

23 

26 

328 

209 

72 

65 

oumanian 

13 

28 

474 

180 

116 

55 

50 

ussian 

54 

739 

2 

3 

3 

ovak 

8 

138 

17 

12 

11 

8 

ovenian 

2 

229 

2 

165 

2 

182 

171 

vedish 

18 

17 

4 

3 

1 

1 

13 

13 

Total 

2,784 

• 1,552 

1,522 

554 

858 

623 

404 

375 

Examination  of  the  preceding  table  shows  that  less  than  four-tenths 
^ the  total  number  of  employees  who  have  been  in  the  country  under 
^e  years  are  able  to  speak  English,  as  compared  with  more  than 
ine-tenths  ot  the  total  number  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten 
3ars  or  over  and  over  seven-tenths  of  the  total  number  who  have 
id  a period  of  residence  from  five  to  nine  years.  It  is  clearly  evident 
lat,  as  the  penqd  of  residence  for  all  foreign-born  is  extended,  the 
•oportion  of  their  nurnber  able  to  speak  English  tends  to  increase, 
to  tendency  IS  especially  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the  Magyar,  North 
|id  bouth  Italian,  and  Slovak  races. 


520 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE  AND  PROGRESS. 

The  schools  available  for  immigrants  in  Community  A are  good. 
There  are  three  public  school  buildings  in  the  to^ra— one,  grammar 
and  primary,  situated  in  the  eastern  part,  while  the  other  two 
are  located  side  by  side  in  the  western  section  of  the  urban  wn- 
ter  one  being  a high  school  and  the  other  a graded  school,  the 
high-school  building  is  a comparatively  new  structure  and  is  weU 
equipped  throughout.  Besides  the  high - school  students,  several 
lower  grades  are  housed  in  the  high-school  buildmg.  In  addAion 
to  the  public  schools  described  above  there  is  one  parocfeal  school 
conducted  under  the  direction  of  the  Roman  Cathc^c  Church,  and 
a night  school  for  Italians,  maintained  by  the  local  Y.  M.  C.  A.  In 
the  outlying  districts  of  the  community,  public  schools  are  within 
comparatively  short  distances  of  the  mine  colonies.  i v M 

The  scope  of  the  Italian  night  school  earned  on  by  the  local  1 . M. 
C.  A.  is  indicated  in  the  following  outline: 

(1)  Faculty:  . 

(a)  Secretary,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  (American). 

(b)  Two  American  women. 

(2)  Curriculum: 

(a)  English. 

(3)  Students: 

(a)  Race,  Italian  (North  and  South). 

(b)  Attendance,  15. 

(c)  Ages,  18  to  30. 

(d)  Occupation,  coal  miners. 

'^a^Membership  fee  of  Y.  M.  C.  A,  ($5  a year)  covers  cost  of  instruction, 

The  Americans  attend  school  in  the  greatest  numbers,  thosi 
enrolled  being  about  equal  to  the  total  number  of  immigrants  n 
attendance.  This  is  a point  deserving  notice,  when  it  is  lecallec 
that  the  natives  constitute  only  25  per  cent  of  the  total  popu 
tion  of  the  community.  Taking  the  schools  of  the  community  as  i 
whole,  the  following  races  are  cited  m their  relative  order  of  regu 
larity  of  attendance:  (1)  American,  (2)  Slovak,  (3)  Syrian,  (4 
Italian  (North  and  South),  (5)  Magyar,  (6)  Hebrew.^  The  reason 
assigned  for  irregularity  in  school  attendance  on  the  part  of  immi 
grant  children  in  the  community  are:  (1)  Lack  of  interest  on  pait  o 
parents,  (2)  truancy,  (3)  desire  of  children  to  earn  wages. 

^ The  compulsory  education  law  is  enforced  as  far  as  practicable 
but  many  instances  where  children  remain  away  from  school  escap 
the  notice  of  the  truant  officer.  The  consensus  of  opinion  amonj 
teachers  in  the  different  schools  is  that  the  children,  in  all  gra 
and  in  all  schools,  rank  by  race  as  follows  with  reference  to  gener 
progress:  (1)  American,  (2)  Slovak,  (3)  Italian  (North  and  South) 

(4)  German,  (5)  Polish,  (6)  Hebrew.  , , . . , 

The  children  of  all  races  associate  freely  in  the  class  rooms  and  o, 
the  playgrounds  of  all  schools  in  the  community.  The 
children  invariably  adopt  American  games  and  indulge  in  them  wtl 
the  same  zest  as  tLe  nat^ive  children.  The  table  following  shows  th 
attendance,  by  race,  at  public,  parochial,  and  night  schools  m 
community.  


Compiled  from  Btatements  made  by  the  several  teachers  in  the  different  schools. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania*. 


521 


Table  2n.~~School  attendance  in  public,  parochial,  and  night  schools  in  Community  A 

by  race.  ' ' 

[The  table  is  compiled  from  figures  and  statements  given  by  the  teachers  in  the  various  schools.) 


Race. 


American 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew 

Italian 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Swedish 

Syrian 

NO  classification 

Unclassified  foreigners . 

Total 


Public. 


Primary. 


216 

1 


Grammar. 


38 


1 

95 

6 

5 

104 

23 


234 

8 

4 

14 


High. 


53 


518 


Total. 


56 


38 
2 

16 

1 

2 

140 

9 

10 

170 

39 


1,014 


Parochial. 


20 


80 


Night. 


125 


Total. 


523 

9* 

4 
15 

3 

6 

74 

5 

42 

2 

96 

1 

2 

144 

9 

10 

170 

39 


15  I 1,154 


Reports  in  some  detail  were  secured  from  the  public-school  pupils 
Community  A.  The  returns  secured  from  a 
.otal  of  852  pupils  are  showii  in  the  table  below,  by  sex  of  pupil  and 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil 


Pable  277. 


m. -Number  of  pupils  in  each  grade  of  the  public  schools  of  the  urban  center  of 
Lommumty  A,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil. 


leneral  nativity  and  race 
of  father  and  sex  of  pupil. 


NATIVE-BORN. 


t'^hite: 

Male... 

Female. 


Total . 


FOREIGN-BORN. 

nglish: 

Male.... 

Female 


Elementary  grades. 


76 


Total 

innish: 

Male 

Female 


Total . 
Jrman: 
Male. .. 
Female. 


56 


Total. 


brew,otherthan  Russian: 

Male I 

Female ” ' i 


75 


50 


25 


13 


17 


194 

206 


400 


27 


37 


207 

230 


437 


12 


28 


12 


13 


10 


18 


Total 


1 


522  • The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  277  —Number  of  pupils  in  each  grade  of  the  public  schools  of  the  urban  center  of 
Community  A,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupiZ— Continued. 


Elementary  grades. 

High  school. 

j Grand  total.  j 

General  nativity  and  race 
of  father  and  sex  of  pupil. 

V3 

s 

a 

8 

O) 

02 

2 

H 

2 

5 

2 

2 

."H 

Seventh. 

2 

.c 

s 

2 

.a 

:zi 

"cS 

o 

H 

FOREIGN-BORN— Cont’d. 

Irish: 

1 

1 . 

1 . 

1 . 

4 . 
6 . 

4 

6 

1 

3 

1 

1 . 

Total 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 . 

1 

10  , 

10 

Italian,  North: 

Male 

Female 

6 

3 

7 

3 

3 

7 

1 

1 

1 . 

1 . 

1 

18 

15 

18 

15 

Total 

9 

10 

10 

2 

2 . 

33 

33 

Italian,  South: 

5 

1 

1 

2 

1 . 

7 

4 

7 

4 

1 

Total 

6 

3 

1 

1 

11 

11 

Magyar: 

11 

8 

7 

4 

1 

4 

1 

20 

17 

20 

19 

Female 

1 



2 

19 

11 

5 

1 

1 

37 

2 

39 

Scotch: 

4 

2 

1 

2 

1 

8 

4 

1 

1 

9 

5 

Female 

2 

Total 

6 

1 

2 

2 1 

1 

12 

2 

14 

Slovak: 

35 

37 

11 

7 

8 

9 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

61 

58 

61 

58 

Female 

1 

1 

Total 

Slovenian: 

72 

8 

14 

18 

2 

5 

1 

6 

1 

17 

6 

1 

1 

2 

2 

_L 

119 

17 

21 

• 119 

17 

21 

Female 

Total 

22 

7 

7 

2 

1 

38 

38 

Swedish: 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

8 

8 

1 

1 

9 

9 



Female 

1 

1 

Total 

3 

2 

2 

5 

2 



1 

1 

16 

2 

18 

5 

4 

Syrian: 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

5 

4 

Female 

1 

Total 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

9 

9 

Other  races:  a 

3 

2 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

9 

20 

1 

3 

10 

23 

Female 

9 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

12 

5 

2 

3 

4 

1 

1 

1 

29 

4 

33 

Race  not  specified: 

7 

3 

10 

10 

10 

10 

Female 

9 

1 

Total 

. 16 

1 

3 

20 

20 

Total  foreign-born: 

Male 

Female 

. 94 

. 91 

39 

35 

17 

17 

25 

23 

18 

12 

6 

6 

4 

5 

2 

5 

2 

2 

207 

196 

5 

7 

212 

203 

Total 

. 185 

74 

34 

48 

30 

1 '' 

9 

7 

4 

403 

12 

415 

Grand  total: 

Male 

Female 

. 133 

. 128 

77 

58 

33 

57 

67 

56 

42 

, 38 

15 

24 

, 14 

20 

7 

13 

13 

8 

401 

402 

18 

1 31 

419 

43:: 

Total 

. 261 

135 

, 90 

123 

80 

39 

1 

1 34 

20 

1 21 

803 

; 49 

852 

“ Other  races”  comprise  1 Assyrian,  4 Dutch,  3 French,  2 Lithuanian,  6 Norwegian,  8 Pohsh,  and  OWelsh. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  523 


By  referring  to  the  preceding  table  it  is  seen  that  about  one-half  of 
:he  total  number  of  pupils  represented  are  native-born  of  native 
ivhite  father,  those  either  foreign-born  or  of  foreign  parentage  con- 
stituting the  remaining  half.  Among  groups  of  foreign-born  par- 
entage the  Slovak,  Magyp,  Slovenian,  North  Italian,  English,  Hebrew, 
md  Swedish  are  numerically  strong.  The  significant  feature  of  the 
.able,  however,  lies  in  the  fact  that  of  the  total  number  of  415  pupils 
3orn  of  foreign  father,  185  are  in  the  first  grade,  74  in  the  second, 
14  in  the  third,  48  in  the  fourth,  30  in  the  fifth,  and  a con- 
stantly decreasing  number  in  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth 
grades.  In  the  high  school  there  are  only  12  children  of  foreign 
jarentage,  5 of  whom  are  of  parents  born  in  northern  Europe  or 
jreat  Britain.  With  the  exception  of  3 Slovaks,  1 Magyar,  1 South 
Italian,  and  possibly  a few  Poles  and  Lithuanians,  no  other  races  of 
louthern  Europe  are  represented  in  the  grades  of  the  grammar  school 
tbove  the  sixtn.  Practically  all  children  of  foreign  parentage  are  in 
he  four  lower  grades  of  the  grammar  school  and  about  one-half  are 
n the  first  grade. 

A partial  census  of  the  public  schools  of  Community  A shows  the 
general  nativity  and  sex  of  the  16  teachers  to  be  as  follows: 


'able  278.- 


-Sex  of  teachers  in  the  public  schools  of  Community  A,  by  general  nativity 
and  race. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

iative-born  of  native  father,  White 

1 

1.3 

14 

fative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

German ‘ 

1 

1 

1 

Scotch 

i 

Total 

1 

1 

2 

Grand  total 

2 

14 

16 

LITERACY. 

As  regards  the  literacy  of  the  mine  workers  in  Community  A,  the 
Dllowing  table  is  submitted: 


Table  279. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  who — 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

ative-born  of  native  father.  White. . . . 

103 

102 

102 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hunearv 

24 

20 

20 

England 

9 

Q 

o 

France 

\ 

1 

1 

Germanv 

Q 

X 

Ireland 

13 

o 

19 

0 

10 

Italy 

1 

Russia 

2 

1 

1 

524 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


w 


Table  279. — lAterncy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race  Continued. 


Number  ; 
reporting 
complete  ! 
data. 

Number  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

! 

Ree  i.  j 

Read  and 
write. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father— Cont’d. 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

6 

0 

6 

06 

58 

58 

169 

1^ 

160 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

1 i 

1 1 

1 

16 

14  1 

13 

' 25 

24 

1 7 

24 

1 34 

31 

1 

1 

' 1 

1 1 

11 

1 ^ ^ 

1 160 

123 

1 102 

j 122 

146 

100 

1 38 

1 28 

28 

940 

843 

839; 

588 

425 

415 

28 

20 

34 

20 

55 

33 

11 

11 

11 

743 

608 

590 

2 

2 

18 

2 

18 

18 

1 14 

14 

14 

2,844 

2,317 

2,280 

1 3,013 

2,477 

2,44C 

1 

— 1 

The  literacy  of  the  employees  native-born  of  native  father  as 
compared  with  those  native-born  of  foreign  father  foreign- 

born  is  apparent  by  a glance  at  the  above  table.  Ol  lOd  em- 
ployees native-born  of  native  father,  only  one  can  not  read  or  write 
Of  66  native-born  of  foreign  father,  or,  in  other  words,  employees  ol 
the  second  generation,  all  but  8 can  both  read  and  write  some 
language;  the  fathers  of  4 of  the  illiterate  pepons  were  born  in 
Austria-Hungary,  1 was  German,  1 Irish,  1 Itahan,  and  1 Russian. 
Of  a total  of  2,844  foreign-born  employees  reporting,  527,  or  18.5  pei 
cent,  are  unable  to  read  any  language,  and  564,  or  19.8  per  cent 
are  unable  to  read  and  write.  If  races  reporting  data  lor  50  oi 
more  employees  be  selected  and  the  per  cent  of  illiteracy  be  workec 
out,  it  is  seen  that  from  10.3  to  38.2  per  cent  are  unable  to  read  an} 
lano-uage  and  from  10.7  to  40  per  cent  are  unable  to  read  and  writi 
any  language.  No  absolute  comparison  can  be  drawn  between  races 
for  there  is  no  equality  of  numbers  reporting.  On  the  basis  of  tli( 
number  reporting,  however,  the  worst  showing  is  made  by  the  Rus- 
sian, 38.2  per  cent  of  which  race  can  not  read,  while  40  per  cen* 
can  not  read  and  write.  The  South  Italian  ranks  second  m point  o 
illiteracy  and  the  Polish  third.  A detailed  statement  as  to  the  exten 
of  illiteracy  among  the  North  and  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles 
Russians,  and  Slovaks  (the  races  for  which  50  or  more  person; 
report)  is  given  on  the  next  page. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


525 


Table  280. — Illiteracy  among  representative  Joreign  races. 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Can  not  read. 

Can  not  read  and 
write. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

[talian,  North 

166 

43 

25.9 

44 

26.5 

Italian,  South 

146 

44 

30.1 

46 

31.5 

Magyar 

940 

97 

10.3 

101 

10.7 

Polish 

588 

163 

27.7 

173 

29.4 

Russian 

55 

21 

38.2 

22 

40.0 

Slovak 

743 

135 

18.2 

153 

20.6 

CITIZENSHIP  AND  INTEREST  IN  POLITICAL  AND  CIVIC  AFFAIRS. 


There  is  small  tendency  on  the  part  of  immigrants  in  the  com- 
nunity  to  acquire  citizenship.  The  following  table,  exhibiting  data 
Tom  704  mine  employees  in  the  community  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  five  years  or  over,  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or 
iver  at  the  time  of  coming,  throws  light  upon  the  situation.  Out  of 
fie  total,  567  have  neither  first  nor  second  papers,  75  are  fully  natur- 
ilized,  and  62  have  received  first  papers  only.  Of  those  who  have 
acquired  full  citizenship,  18  are  Slovaks,  10  Magyars,  9 Germans,  8 
.Vorth  Italians,  7 English,  and  6 Poles.  Of  those  having  only  first 
papers,  19  are  Slovaks,  16  Magyars,  13  Poles,  and  5 South  Italians. 

The  showing  for  all  races  reporting  data  follows: 

Table  2Sl.— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES. ) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 


'roatian 

:nglish 

'rench 

rerman 

rish 

lalian,  North 
talian,  South, 
■ithuanian... 

fagyar 

I'oUsh 

oumanian . . . 

l-ussian 

Botch 

bvak 

lovenian 

w^edish 

t^elsh 


Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

In  United  States 
years. 

5 to  9 

In 

United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  sec- 
ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  sec- 
ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  sec- 
ond papers. 

4 

4 

4 

4- 

10 

1 

1 

2 

1 

0 

9 

2 

1 

7 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

16 

3 

3 

6 

1 

9 

10 

4 

3 

9 

3 

3 

3 

3 

39 

31 

1 

32 

7 

7 

31 

8 

39 

26 

5 

31 

3 

5 

8 

29 

5 

5 

12 

10 

10 

2 

2 

12 

210 

158 

10 

4 

172 

26 

6 

6 

38 

184 

16 

10 

144 

105 

6 

111 

20 

7 

6 

33 

125 

13 

6 

2 

2 

2 

2 

15 

10 

1 

11 

3 

1 

4 

13 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

9 

194 

118 

4 

i 

123 

39 

15 

17 

71 

157 

19 

18 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

4 

4 

1 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

704 

470 

30 

8 

508 

97 

32 

67 

196 

567 

62 

75 

o 


4 
10 

3 

16 

3 

39 

39 

12 

210 

144 

2 

15 

3 
194 

1 

5 

4 

704 


Total, 


526 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  282. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race. 

^ (STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 

fuUy 

natural- 

ized. 

Number 
having 
first  papers 
only. 

4 
10 

3 

16 

3 

39 

39 

12 

210 

144 

2 

15 

3 
194 

1 

5 

4 

7 

1 

9 

3 

8 

5 

1 

3 

5 

10 

6 

16 

13 

2 

1 

19 

2 

18 

4 

2 

1 

1 

704 

75 

65 

If  the  data  be  turttier  suoaiviaea  oy  periuu»  nut  snuwn 
table,  it  is  found  that  out  of  a total  of  508  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  470  are  aliens,  30  have  secured 
first  papers  only,  and  8 have  second  papers.  Distmguishmg  between 
this  group  and  those  who  have  been  in  the  country  for  a longer  period, 
it  is  shown  that  of  a total  of  196  who  have  had  a residence  of  ten  years 
or  over  in  the  United  States,  97  are  aliens,  32  have  first  papers  only, 

and  67  have  second  papers.  , . . ^ o 

An  important  influence  working  upon  the  immigrants  ot  the 
community  relative  to  citizenship  is  the  desire  to  imitate  Ameri- 
The  immigrants  see  the  native  Americans  greatly  interested 

^ -1  • .1  II  1 1 1 _ J Z ^ l-Tl-F-y-k  irv  I- -1  TT'l  4' I 


cans 


imimgrauua  occ  cue  ^ ^ — - 

m politics,  and  realize  that  to  be  able  to  enjoy  like  activities  thCT 
must  become  citizens.  The  consensus  of  opinion  among  the  lead- 
ing men  of  the  community  is  that  of  the  races  of  southern  Europe, 
the  Slovaks  have  the  highest  standing  as  citizens.  Next  to  the  Sloyato 
come  the  Poles,  then  the  Magyars  and  more  capable  North  Dahans 
while  the  South  Italians  are  said  to  constitute  the  mo^  undesirable 
political  element  in  the  community.  Interest  in  civic  affaire  is  shorn 
by  nearly  allraces  in  the  community,  but  in  varying  degrees  ot  mtensity 
The  Slovaks  manifest  especial  interest  in  all  civic  affairs;  and  thej 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  organize  two  political  cluhs,  the  membershipe 
of  which  are  composed  wholly  of  Slovaks.  These  take  active  pan 
in  local  politics.  The  two  Slovak  clubs  are  under  the  domm^atioi 
of  their  respective  leaders.  The  memberships  of  the  two  clubs  an 
about  the  same  numerically,  and  combined  they  amount  to  abou 
150  men.  Of  this  total,  possibly  100  are  qualified  to  vote,  althougi 
only  69  Slovak  votes  were  cast  in  the  whole  community  at  arecen 
general  election.  The  initiation  fee  is  50  cents  and  the  monthly  due: 
are  25  cents  in  each  organization. 

Tables  283  and  284  contrast  the  native  American  and  naturalize! 
foreign  vote  cast  at  a recent  election.  The  first  gives  figur^  * 
whole  community,  while  the  second  presents  figures  for  the  urbai 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


527 


center  alone.  Of  a total  vote  of  835,  602  votes  were  cast  in  the 
urban  center  and  233  in  the  subcommunities  and  mine  locations. 
The  average  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  each  man 
included  in  the  combined  foreign  vote  shown  in  the  two  tables  was 
twenty-two  years.  The  English  voters  averaged  more  than  twenty- 
five  years’  residence  in  the  United  States.  This  was  the  highest 
figure,  and  the  one  Syrian  voter  entered  had  resided  in  the  country 
ten  years. 


Table  283. — Vote  at  a recent  election  in  Community  A,  by  race. 


Race. 

Number 
of  votes 
cast. 

Race. 

Number 
of  votes 
cast. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

614 

F oreign-born — Continued . 

Polish 

Foreign-born: 

Russian 

11 

1 

Croatian 

1 

Scotch 

14 

English 

22 

Slovak- 

French 

Swedish 

oe: 

German 

10 

Svrian 

1 

Hebrew,  Russian 

1 

Welsh 

1 

a 

Irish 

8 

0 

Italian,  North  and  South 

36 

Total 

221 

Magyar 

13 

Norwegian 

2 

Grand  tot,al 

835 

Table  284. — Vote  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A at  a recent  election,  by  race. 


Race. 

Number 
of  votes  ! 
cast.  1 

1 

j Race. 

Number 
of  votes 
cast. 

Matlve-born  of  native  father.  White 

409  ' 

j Foreign-bom — Continued. 

Russian 

Foreign-born: 

Scotch 

J 

1^ 

English 

16 

Slovak 

xo 

AO 

French 

1 

Swedish 

OK 

German 

8 

Svrian 

1 

Hebrew,  Russian 

1 

Welsh 

1 

Q 

Irish 

7 

O 

Italian,  North  and  South 

35 

Total . . 

Magyar 

7 

j.yo 

Norwegian 

2 

Grand  total 

AAO 

Polish 

11 

CHURCH  FACILITIES. 

The  table  showing  immigrant  churches  in  the  locality  and  their 
nembership  follows: 


Table  285.— Immigrant  churches  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A. 


Race. 

Denomination. 

Num- 

ber. 

Number 

families. 

Number 

members. 

Average 
attend- 
ance on 
Sundays. 

Contribu- 
tions per 
year. 

Year 

estab- 

lished. 

alian 

Roman  Catholic 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

300 

75 

200 

160 

300 

30 

50 

2,000 

400 

2,000 

800 

1,800 

50 

400 

200 

150 

600 

400 

350 

75 

100 

$1,500 

1,500 

1.200 

3.000 

2.000 
400 
650 

1908 

1908 

1898 

1905 
1902 
1900 

1906 

oumanian. . 

ixed 

ixed 

ixed 

Greek  Catholic. 

wedish 

Lutheran 

agyar 

Hungarian  Reform 

Total . . 

7 

1,115 

7,450 

1,875 

10,250 

A attendance  of  125  is  maintained.  Slovaks,  I 

■™ans,  Americans,  North  and  South  Italians  are  found  on  the  enrolment. 


528 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Very  little  special  work  has  been  attempted  among  the  immigrants 
of  the  community  by  the  local  churches.  In  fact,  the  only  attempt 
that  has  been  made  to  do  special  work  among  them  was  made  in  a 
recent  year  by  a church  of  the  urban  center  under  the  direction  of  a 
committee  of  one  of  the  large  home  missionary  societies  of  Pennsyl- 
vania Very  slight  results  were  accomplished  by  the  undertaking, 
and  the  work  died  from  lack  of  interest  and  funds.  Another  Ameri- 
can church  located  in  the  town  is  planning  to  do  welfare  work  among 
the  immigrants  in  the  community,  but  is  greatly  hampered  by  lack 
of  funds.  One-half  of  the  donations  for  missionarj^  work  m this 
church  will  in  the  near  future  be  devoted  to  special  work  among 
the  immigrant  residents  of  the  locality,  the  other  half  to  be  used  as 
heretofore  in  foreign  missionary  work.  Beyond  this  nothing  has  been 
attempted  by  the  native  or  foreign  churches  among  the  immigrant 
population  along  the  lines  of  special  welfare  work.  The  church  asso- 
ciation between  the  native  Americans  and  the  southern  and  eastern 
European  immigrants  is  limited.  The  general  attitude  of  the  native 
churches  toward  the  immigrants  is  one  of  indifference  and  there  is  a 
strono-  inclination  in  the  community  to  shun  association  with  the  immi- 
grant  in  church  activities.  In  cases  where  any  missionary  efforts  are 
made  by  native  churches  of  Protestant  denomination,  services  tor  the 
immigrants  are  usually  held  in  barns,  stores,  or  other  unattr^tive 
places,  thereby  lessening  the  interest  m them.  The  races  from  the 
southern  European  countries,  which  compose  a large  portion  ot  the 
population  of  Community  A,  have  been  reared  where  there  is  no  social 
hste  in  religious  organization,  and  have  worshiped  m buildings  which 
are  unsurpassed  in  beauty  and  grandeur  the 

people  are  offered  services  held  in  stores  and  similar  buildings,  then 
mterest  in  the  services  naturally  is  less  and  they 

In  addition  to  the  regukr  churches  organization  for  rehmous  work 
in  the  community  is  furnished  by  a branch  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  located 
in  the  urban  center,  the  membership  of  which  15  made  up  chi^J  of 
native  Americans,  but  to  which  a few  Slovaks,  Magyars,  and  North 
and  South  Italians  belong. 

AMERICANIZATION. 

Omitting  the  English,  Germans,  Irish,  Norwegians,  Scotch  Swedes, 
and  Welsh,  who  are  well  Americanized,  the  Slovaks  exhibit  the 
most  marked  tendency  toward  Americanization.  T^®{  Ye  quick 
to  adopt  American  business  methods,  they  are  interested  m Ame  ^ 
politic^  they  observe  the  laws,  and  their  record  for  orderliness  i. 
good  North  and  South  Italians  are  also  showing  interest  in  Amerr 
ta.n  institutions.  The  Magyars  and  Poles  show  some  dispositwr 
toward  Americanization,  but  it  is  not  as  general  as  among  the  Slovak, 
and  the  more  efficient  of  the  North  and  South  Italians.  The  race, 
exhibiting  the  least  inclination  toward  Americanization  are  th< 
South  Italian,  the  Russian,  Roumanian,  Lithuanian, 

Among  the  factors  favoring  Americanization,  the  following  ma} 

be  presented  in  summary  form:  • w n i 

(1)  The  small  size  of  the  town  and  its  isolated  location,  causing 

an  interdependence  among  the  various  races  and  exerting  a ) 

toward  breaking  down  the  barriers  of  racial  antipathy,  inis  . 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  529 


.rue  of  all  the  mine  colonies  and  of  the  second  generation  among 
ill  races. 

(2)  The  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  town.  There  is  no 
ilass  distinction.  While  little  attempt  is  made  to  Americanize 
oreigners,  no  obstacles  are  placed  in  their  way,  and  if  a foreigner 
hows  that  he  is  a good  citizen  he  is  accepted  on  terms  of  equality. 

(3)  Absence  of  justiciary  graft’’  in  the  courts,  and  general  f air- 
less of  the  laws  toward  immigrants,  thus  engendering  a respect  for 
American  laws  and  a desire  to  secure  in  full  the  benefits  to  be  de- 
’ived  from  them. 

(4)  Enforced  school  attendance. 

(5)  Opportunity  to  purchase  homes  from  the  mining  company 
m easy  payments,  thus  creating  a settled  condition  among  pur- 
•hasers  and  an  interest  in  civic  affairs. 

(6)  Influence  of  immigrant  clergy  in  encouraging  the  purchase 
)f  homes  and  the  permanency  of  residence. 

(7)  General  tencfency  of  the  second  generation  of  all  races  to 
idopt  American  habits  and  standards  of  living. 

The  causes  opposing  Americanization  briefly  stated  are  as  follows: 

(1)  Isolation  from  native  Americans  of  a large  number  of  immi- 
p:ants  living  in  the  detached  mining  localities. 

(2)  Indifference  of  the  average  American  toward  the  foreigners. 

(3)  Illiteracy  of  the  average  foreigner  of  recent  immigration.  • 

(4)  The  constant  shifting  of  the  population. 

(5)  Influence  of  the  churches  in  maintaining  racial  and  denomi- 
lational  distinction. 

(6)  The  preponderatingly  foreign  character  of  the  population. 


.1 

MS 


1 

! 

V 


THE  LIBRARY 
Of  THE 

OSlVERSiTY  OF  ILLINOIS 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  B. 


Chapter  XIX. 

INTRODUCTION. 

ndustrial  significance  of  the  community — Description  of  the  community — Induce- 
ments and  obstacles  to  immigration. — [Text  Table  286]. 

INDUSTRIAL  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  COMMUNITY. 

This  community  is  only  10  miles  distant  from  Community  A,  a 
>ranch  line  of  railroad  connecting  the  two  towns.  It  is  situated  on  the 
restern  slope  of  the  Alleghenies,  on  the  main  line  of  a large  railway 
ystem.  Community  B is  engaged  in  mining  practically  the  same 
dnd  of  coal  as  is  Community  A,  and  its  pcfpulation,  though  somewhat 
nore  concentrated,  is  in  round  numbers  the  same  as  Community  A. 
Ls  contrasted,  however,  with  Community  A,  Community  B is  strongly 
inionized.  All  the  laborers  and  miners  employed  by  the  mining 
ompanies  are  members  of  the  United  IVIine  Workers  of  America,  this 
rganization  meeting  with  full  recognition  from  the  operators  and 
ontrolling  the  labor  employed  at  the  various  mines.  As  a matter  of 
act,  organized  l^or  is  probably  a^strongly  intrenched  in  this  com- 
aunity  as  in  ahy  in  Pennsylvania.  All  of  the  eleven  mines  in 
he  community  have  the  union  wage  scale  in  force.  The  local  organi- 
ation  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  is  large,  having  1,400 
aembers.  Because  of  this  fact,  and  by  reason  of  its  close  proximity 

0 Community  A,  in  which  there  are  no  labor  organizations,  Com- 
aunity  B affords  a basis  for  comparative  study. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COMMUNITY. 

As  is  the  case  in  almost  all  mining  communities.  Community  B 
onsists  of  an  urban  center  with  small  semidetached  settlements  of 
line  workmen  clustering  around  coal  mines  which  are  situated  on 
he  outsorts  of  the  town  proper  or  at  a very  short  distance.  The 
istribution  of  the  population  appears  in  the  accompanying  chart, 
'he  main  settlement  is  found  at  the  junction  of  the  two  small  rivers 
hown  on  the  map.  The  town  proper  occupies  the  lower  slopes  of  the 
alleys  drained  by  the  two  rivers  and  is  at  the  junction  of  the  streams 
nd  of  the  branch  and  main  lines  of  the  railroads.  Surrounding  the 
own  itself  and  within  a short  walking  distance  of  its  limits  are  small 
emidetached  mining  communities  represented  on  the  map  by  the 
'tters  A,  B,  C,  D.  The  climate  is  like  that  of  western  Pennsylvania 

1 general,  except  for  the  fact  that  the  river  valleys  are  damp  and 
Jggy  until  about  9 o’clock  in  the  morning. 


531 


532 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


INDUCEMENTS  AND  OBSTACLES  TO  IMMIGRATION. 

Bituminous  coal  is  practically  the  only  product  of  the  locality,  and 
the  gradual  expansion  of  mining  operations  with  the  resultant 
demand  for  labor  has  been  the  main  inducement  to  immigration. 
No  satisfactory  statistics  are  available  regarding  the  extension  of  the 
industry,  but  the  following  figures,  compiled  from  the  report  of  the 
state  mining  inspector,  throw  light  upon  the  development  which 
took  place  during  the  period  1893  to  1902,  and  indicate  the  importance 
of  the  community  from  the  standpoint  of  coal  mining.  About  300 
more  men  than  in  the  year  1902  are  now  employed  in  the  mines. 


Table  2%^.-— Growth  of  coal  industry  in  Community  B. 


■^'oar. 

1 

Number 
of  mines. 

Net  tons. 

Number 
of  men 
employed. 

7 

426,774 

58.5 

6 

.541,513 

898 

7 

774, 337 

998 

7 

742, 105 

949 

6 

857,478 

1,111 

9 

1,076,886 

1,433 

8 

990, 317 

1,295 

11 

1,122,277 

1,549 

11 

1,203,379 

],74l 

11 

1,332, 100 

1,183 

The  mountains  surrounding  the  town  are  barren  and  rocky,  so  that 
practically  no  agriculture  is  carried  on  within  the  community . F arm 
land  is  found  upon  the  bluffs  extending  back  from  the  town.  Mining 
has  been  carried  on  in  the  community  for  more  than  thirty  years. 
The  industry  is  now  in  the  hands  of  four  companies  which  employ 
about  1,400  men.  The  coal  of  the  community  is  peculiarly  suited 
for  the  transatlantic  carrying  trade  and  is  in  constant  demand,  thus 
enabling  the  operators  to  run  the  mines  more  regularly  than  is  usually 
the  case  in  bituminous  coal-mining  localities.  The  principal  factor 
in  the  coming  of  the  aliens  to  the  community  has  been  the  presence 
of  fellow-countrymen  there,  and  it  has  been  through  a sort  of  social 
accretion  that  the  foreign-born  population  has  been  gathered.  It 
can  scarcely  be  said  that  there  are  any  obstacles  which  actually  deter 
immigration.  One  of  the  most  serious  checks  to  the  increase  of  the 
alien  population  is  the  difficulty,  if  not  the  impossibility,  of  settling 
within  the  town  itself  and  thus  enjoying  the  educational  advantages 
present  there.  Local  prejudice  against  all  recent  irnmigrants  from 
southern  and  southeastern  Europe  who  have  settled  in  the  commu- 
nity undoubtedly  exists  among  the  native-born . This  antipathy , how- 
ever, takes  the  form  of  an  almost  complete  aloofness  on  the  part  of 
the  Americans,  rather  than  of  active  opposition. 


Chapter  XX. 


POPUIATION  AND  RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 

opulation — Racial  distribution  of  the  population — History  of  immigration  to  the 
community — [Text  Tables  287  to  289]. 

POPULATION. 

The  population  of  the  town  proper,  as  given  by  the  Twelfth  Census, 
'as  2,635,  of  which  number  2,048  persons  were  native-born  and  587 
)reign-born.  During  the  eight  years  subsequent  to  the  census  year, 
900  to  1908,  the  population  more  than  doubled,  careful  estimates 
lacing  the  total  at  7,200  persons.  The  foreign-born  persons  in  1908 
ere  estimated  at  1,900  and  the  native-born,  including  340  children 
ative-born  of  foreign  fathers,  at  5,300  persons.  In  the  census  year 
le  foreign  population  was  22.3  per  cent  of  the  total;  in  the  year  1908 
le  foreign  element  was  26.4  per  cent  of  the  entire  population.  Within 
le  borough  proper  there  is  an  estimated  population  of  4,200;  out- 
de  the  borough  limits  the  population  in  the  semidetached  mining 
)mmunities  is  estimated  at  3,000  persons.  A careful  estimate  of 
le  total  foreign  population  of  the  community,  by  race,  follows : 


Table  287. — Foreign  population  of  Community  B,  by  race,  1908. 


Race. 

. 

Adults. 

Children 
native- 
born  of 
foreign 
father. 

Total. 

ilian 

550 

1 150 

700 

ilish  (German  and  Russian) . 

500 

1 70 

570 

thuanian 

300 

1 35 

335 

ithenian 

200 

200 

fiO 

9fin 

)vak 

^\)\j 

99 

emish 

1 

! zo 

■rman 

ench 

[ 150 

150 

Total 

J 

1,900 

340 

2 240 

The  English-speaking  elements  in  the  population  include,  besides 
lose  of  English-speaking  races,  Germans  of  the  second  generation 
id  Germans  of  the  first  generation  who  have  lived  a long  period  of 
5ars  in  the  United  States,  who  are  thoroughly  Americanized,  and 
most  all  of  whom  are  American  citizens. 


48296°— VOL  6—11 35 


533 


534 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


RACIAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  POPULATION. 

The  English-speaking  element  forms  the  main  body  of  the  popula- 
tion of  the  town  proper.  In  the  semidetached  mining  comniunities 
are  found  almost  all  of  the  Polish,  Slovak,  Ruthenian,  Lithuanian,  and 
Flemish  inliabitants,  together  with  about  one-third  of  the  Italian 
and  a few  English-speaking  residents. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COMMUNITY. 

Mines  were  first  opened  in  the  locality  about  the  year  1876,  and 
the  history  of  immigration  has  coincided  with  the  development  of 
the  mining  industry.  The  period  of  greatest  expansion  in  mining 
has  been  since  the  year  1900,  and  during  the  past  eight  years  there 
have  been  greater  additions  to  the  population  than  in  any  previous 
period.  The  arrival  of  recent  immigrant  races  before  the  close  of 
the  past  decade  was  very  slow  and  gradual.  Community  B,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  was  one  of  the  last  towns  in  western  Pennsylvania 
to  use  laborers  from  southern  and  southeastern  Europe,  and  only 
employed  men  from  these  sections  when  other  miners  could  not  be 
secured  during  the  years  immediately  following  1900. 

Thirty  years  ago,  at  the  time  the  mines  were  opened  and  the  town 
started,  native  Americans  and  Scotch,  English,  Germans,  and  Welsh 
who  were  then  in  the  community,  were  employed.  For  a period  of 
eight  years  the  field  belonged  exclusively  to  these  races.  The  Irish 
at  that  time  began  to  settle  in  the  neighborhood  and  gradually 
secured  work  in  the  mines.  The  Irish  were  followed  in  the  course  of 
two  or  three  years  by  the  French.  About  sixteen  years  ago  a few 
scattered  Slovaks  began  to  appear  in  the  community,  and  the  next 
four  years  were  the  most  marked  period  of  Slavic  immigration. 
During  this  period  the  Slovak  and  Polish  races  formed  the  bulk  of 
the  immigration.  The  next  wave  of  immigration  followed  four  years 
later,  and  was  marked  by  the  advent  of  Lithuanians  and  Ruthenians. 
A small  number  of  Italians  began  to  appear  in  the  communit}; 
about  the  year  1898.  Two  or  three  years  later  they  secured  work  ir 
the  mines  in  large  numbers.  They  were  at  first  engaged  in  railroad 
construction  and  maintenance-of-way  work  near  the  town  and  grad- 
ually drifted  into  the  mines.  Data  as  to  race  were  received  fron 
838  mining  employees  in  the  community. 

Of  the  total  of  838  persons,  142  are  native-born  whites,  175  an 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  520  are  foreign-born.  Ii 
will  be  noted  in  the  following  tabulation  of  these  persons  by  rac( 
that  there  is  a considerable  representation  of  native-born  person: 
whose  fathers  were  born  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Germany 
and  Wales,  as  well  as  a small  number  whose  fathers  country  o 
birth  was  Austria-Hungary.  There  are  also  quite  a number  of  foreign 
born  English,  German,  Irish,  and  Scotch.  The  presence  of  thesi 
races  is  proportionately  not  so  large  in  other  mining  localities  m P®^^ 
sylvania,  and  the  large  numbers  are  probably  to  be  accounted  to 
by  the  tendency  on  the  part  of  these  races  to  move  to  a locality  con 
trolled  by  organized  labor.  Of  the  more  recent  immigrants,  th 
South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  appear  in  greates 
numbers.  A significant  feature  of  Community  B as  compared  witl 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


535 


Community  A is  the  absence  of  Magyars  and  the  general  preponder- 
ance of  English-speaking  or  older  elements  in  the  population.  Of 
the  520  persons  or  foreign  birth,  English,  Irish,  Welsh,  Scotch,  and 
Grermans  constitute  a total  of  180;  and  152  out  of  a total  of  175  per- 
sons native-born  of  foreign  father  are  males  whose  fathers  were  born 
:n  England,  Ireland,  Wales,  Scotland,  or  Germany.  The  detailed 
showing  for  a total  of  838  persons  of  all  races  furnishing  information, 
ivhich  is  representative  of  the  racial  composition  of  the  mine  workers 
In  the  community,  is  given  below: 

Fable  288. — Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

'Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

White 

142 

Dutch 

2 

Negro 

1 

English 

86 

Erpnoh 

26 

'Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun- 

German  

25 

try  of  birth  of  father: 

Greek 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

12 

Irish 

25 

Belgium 

5 

Italian,  North 

10 

England 

61 

Italian,  South 

46 

France 

1 

Lithuanian 

35 

Germany 

18 

Magyar 

6 

Ireland 

30 

Polish 

84 

Netherlands 

1 

Russian 

5 

Russia 

4 

Scotch 

31 

Scotland 

25 

Slovak 

106 

Wales 

18 

Slovenian 

1 

Syrian 

1 

Total 

175 

Welsh 

13 

A no'f'riQ'n  ( vckoc^  tinl  ^ 

A 

Total  native-born 

318 

i\.  LioLI  idll  ^1  ilLTL  o 

Swiss  ( race  not  specified! 

1 

i'oreign-born,  by  race: 

Total  foreign-born 

520 

RoheTnifl.n  and  Moravian 

2 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

Grand  total 

838 

Croatian 

10 

Of  the  foreign-born  employees  in  the  mines  of  the  community, 
)20  furnished  data  as  to  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 
3f  this  number,  27.1  per  cent  have  been  in  the  country  under  five 
rears,  28.1  per  cent  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  44.8  per  cent 
>en  years  or  over.  Of  the  total  foreign-born,  28.3  per  cent  reported 
i residence  of  more  than  twenty  years.  This  group  of  old  residents, 
T.l  per  cent  of  whom  are  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  includes 
ilso  22  Slovaks  of  early  immigration  to  the  United  States.  The 
•aces  with  the  largest  proportion  of  their  members  showing  recent 
irrival  in  the  United  States  are  the  South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Polish, 
md  Slovak. 


536 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  exhibit  for  all  races  is  shown  in  the  following  table : 

Table  289. Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

FBv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is  made; 
L D jr  o spent  abroad . ] 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Number 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2, 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over.  1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

9 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than 
French) 

1 

10 

2 

86 

26 

25 

1 

25 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

Croatian 

Dutch 

English 

French 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

1 

3 

2 

5 

10 

10 

5 

10 

5 

4 

K 

t 

5 

German 

Greek 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

18 

11 

4 

2 

o 

R 

1 

Italian,  North 

10 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

J 

Italian,  South 

46 

2 

8 

5 

6 

n 

7 

1 

5 

3 

1 

5 

Lithuanian 

35 

5 

84 

5 

31 

106 

1 

i 

3 

1 

1 

Magyar 

Polish 

7 

1 

1 

5 

12 

1 

4 

4 

9 

31 

1 

9 

1 

10 

1 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

4 

9 

4 

42 

8 

1 

10 

r, 

% 

Slovenian 

Syrian 

1 

i 

i: 

Welsh 

13 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Swiss  (race  not  specified). . 

Total 

520 

7 

32 

35 

1 30 

1 

37 

146 

35 

51 

14’ 

Chapter  XXI. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

Dccupations  of  immigrant  employees  in  the  mining  industry — Earnings  of  mining 
employees — Money  sent  abroad — [Text  Tables  290  to  293]. 

3CCUPATIONS  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  IN  THE  MINING  INDUSTRY. 

From  an  industrial  standpoint,  the  recent  immigrants  have  not, 
vith  the  exception  of  the  Slovak,  begun  to  emerge  from  the  occupa- 
aon  in  which  they  began  work  in  the  mines.  The  Slovak  is  begin- 
aing  to  ascend  in  the  scale  of  occupations  and  in  some  mines  is 
mrning  as  much  as  30  cents  an  hour  in  positions  formerly  occu- 
pied by  Americans.  With  the  exception  of  a few  Poles  and  the 
Slovaks,  all  recent  immigrants  work  as  machine  and  pick  miners. 
Fhe  Slovaks  alone  of  recent  immigrants  are  found  in  the  occupations 
3f  trip  rider,  driver,  fireman,  car  coupler,  car  shifter,  dumper,  oiler, 
tracklayer,  timberman,  brakeman,  trapper,  and  car  dropper.  This 
vide  range  of  occupations  entered  by  the  Slovak  is  probably  due  in 
Large  measure  to  his  longer  period  of  residence  in  the  community, 
[n  like  manner,  the  fact  that  the  Italian  is  now  on  the  lowest  indus- 
trial level  is  partly  to  be  ascribed  to  his  comparatively  short  experi- 
3nce  in  coal  mining,  as  this  race  was  one  of  the  last  to  seek  einploy- 
[nent  in  the  mines  of  the  community.  All  races  of  recent  immi- 
gration will  undoubtedly  make  slow  progress,  the  Lithuanian  having 
a chance  for  a comparatively  more  rapid  advance  because  of  his 
longer  residence  and  his  quickness  and  intelligence.  The  following 
tabulation,  showing  occupation  by  race  in  representative  mines  in 
the  locality,  illustrates  the  distribution  of  races  in  the  industry.  It 
also  furnishes  a striking  illustration  of  the  tendency  of  different  races 
to  segregate  in  certain  mines,  as  compared  with  the  situation  in 
Community  A,  where  such  segregation  is  not  permitted.  Mine  No. 
[ in  the  following  tables  shows  a preponderance  of  English,  Ameri- 
cans, Slovak,  Scotch,  Irish,  French,  and  Welsh  among  the  pick  miners; 
Mine  No.  II  exhibits  a large  number  of  South  Italians  along  with 
English-speaking  immigrants  in  the  same  occupation;  in  Mine  No.  Ill 
the  pick  miners  are  largely  South  Italians;  in  Mine  No.  IV  the  pick 
miners  are  largely  Slovaks,  the  next  largest  number  being  English. 

537 


538 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  290. — Occupation,  hy  race,  in  representative  mines  in  Community  B. 

MINE  I. 


Occupation. 


Blacksmith 

Blacksmith’s  helper. 
Boiler  room  helper... 

Brakeman 

Car  coupler 

Car  repairer 

Coal  hauler 

Ditcher 

Driver 

Dumper 

Electrician 

Engineer 

Engineer’s  helper. . . 

Fan  tender 

Fan-tender’s  helper. 

Fire  boss 

Fireman 

Foreman 

Inspector 

Motorman 

Oiler 

Painter 

Pick  miner 

Plane  man 

Pumper 

Rock  driver 

Rope  rider 

Shilter 

Siding  man 

Stable  boss 

Supply  tender 

Switch  boy 

Timberman 

Track  repairer 

Trapper 


22 


28 


16 


37 


£2 


22 


5 

3 

4 

576 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 
4 
2 
1 
1 
2 
18 
3 
2 


Total 103  6 115  1 22 

21 

34 

1 

8 

6 

4 

17 

2 

41 

60 

25  ; 

285 

750 

MINE  II. 

Occupation. 

American.  I 

English. 

French. 

German. 

1 Irish. 

I Lithuanian. 

I Polish. 

1 Scotch. 

j Slovak. 

1 Italian, 

1 South. 

j Swedish. 

1 Welsh. 

1 Total. 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 
1 
1 
1 

14 

2 

2 

2 

5 
9 

33 

2 

4 

8 

178 

2 

1 

7 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Foreman 

2 

1 

"i' 

2 

1 

3 

2 

.... 

2 

2 

"2 

1 

"i* 

AtTnrtVtlnA  Ir^orlAT  .... - - 

13 

1 

1 

5 

26 

1 

10 

1 

1 

1 

41 

2 

1 

9 

7 

Pick  miner 

7 

12 

11 

5 

5 

47 

3 

5 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

74 

61 

7 

13  1 14 

14 

14 

13 

11 

49 

4 

14 

288 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


539 


1“  ~ 

i'ABLE  290. — Occupation,  by  race,  in  representative  mines  in  Community  B — Continued. 


MINE  III. 


MINE  IV. 


• Occupation. 

j American. 

English. 

1 French. 

German. 

1 Irish. 

Italian, 

South. 

Lithuanian,  j 

Magyar. 

1 Polish. 

j Russian. 

1 Scotch. 

1 Slovak. 

1 Welsh. 

1 Not  report- 
1 ing  race. 

1 Total.  1 

noAVomi+Vi 

1 

1 

IroVamon 

1 

1 

2 

IniTnlor 

1 

1 

1 

1 

'oal  hauler 

1 

1 

)itcher  - 

1 

1 

2 

1 

15 

18 

luinper 

3 

3 

Engineer 

1 

1 

i'ireman  

2 

2 

nspector. 

1 

1 

T At  firm 

i 

1 

2 

^tlpr 

1 

1 

’ick  miner 

16 

20 

11 

3 

7 

2 

1 

4 

6 

13 

44 

5 

72 

204 

1 

1 

1 

1 

•hifter 

1 

1 

1 

1 

'im  V\prm  ^ n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

6 

rppc^irpr 

'mpppr 

1 

2 

3 

Ve^h  boss 

1 

1 

Total 

20 

29 

11 

3 

9 

2 

1 

4 

6 

13 

44 

5 

107 

254 

EARNINGS  OF  MINING  EMPLOYEES. 

I 

I As  regards  the  earnings  of  the  various  races,  a detailed  statement 
Is  submitted  showing,  by  race,  the  classified  wages  per  day  of  male 
employees  18  years  of  age  or  over.  The  highest  amounts  are  earned 
)y  the  native-born.  Sixty  out  of  a total  of  124,  or,  if  percentages  be 
computed,  48.4  per  cent,  of  the  whites  native-born  of  native  rather 
'eceive  $2.50  or  over  per  day.  Of  those  native-born  of  foreign  father 
11.5  per  cent  earn  $2.50  or  over  per  day,  while  19.1  per  cent  of  all 
lative-born  and  1 1 .7  per  cent  of  all  foreign-born  receive  $3  or  over 
ler  day.  Forty-three  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born 
iarn  between  $2  and  $2.50  per  day,  and  29.5  per  cent  earn  $2.50 
)r  over  per  day.  Among  the  foreign-born  there  seems  to  be  a 
ivell-marked  tendency  for  earnings  to  increase  with  number  of 


640 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


years  in  the  United  States.  Only  15.5  per  cent  of  those  reporting 
who  have  been  in  the  country  under  five  years  earn  $2.50  or  over 
per  day;  28.3  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
between  five  and  nine  years  earn  $2.50  or  over;  and  38.2  per  cent 
who  have  been  in  the  country  ten  years  or  over  are  in  the  same 
wage  class.  This  last-named  class  has  not  much  significance  in 
connection  with  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  however, 
because,  with  the  exception  of  the  Slovaks  and  Poles,  the  miners 
reporting  a residence  of  more  than  ten  years  are  mainly  from  Great 
Britain  and  northern  Europe. 

The  detailed  statement  as  to  earnings  is  presented  below: 


Table  2^\.— Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES). 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Ta?r  P 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 


Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun- 
try of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Beigium 

England 

France 

Gemrany 

Ireland 

Netherlands 

Russia 

Scotland 

Wales 


Total . 


Total  native-born . 


Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

Frencn 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

.\ustrian  (race  not  specified) . 
Swiss  (race  not  specified) — 


124 
1 ! 


S2.  39 

(a) 


131 


25G 


Total  foreign-born. 


Grand  total 


(a) 

(a) 

2.  37 

(a) 

2.  36 
2.  26 
(a) 

(a) 
2.13 
2.  72 


N umber  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per 
day. 


2. 33 


2.  36 


495 


751 


(a) 

(a) 

2.  38 
2.08 
2.07 
(a) 

2.13 

2.14 
1.97 
1.82 

(a) 

1.99 

(a) 

2.  27 
2.  00 
(a) 

2.  48 

(a) 

(a) 


2.10 


Under  $1. 

<o 

a 

j . 

3 w ' 

IM 

3 

; 

5^  < 

- 

a ^ 

o < 
N-O  ' 

^ < 

a 

■ 

CS^ 

Z>  ' 

O-Q  1 

351.76  ana  un- 
1 der  $2. 

3 

G . 

C3  ! 

N ' 

5^  ' 

352.50  ana  un- 

1 der  $3. 

353  ana  unaer 

1 353.50. 

353.50  ana  un- 

1 der  354. 

j 84  or  over.  | 

3 

3 

3 

3 

52 

1 

34 

23 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

23 

16 

1 

3 

4 

6 

1 

1 

‘4 

1 

1 

6 

12 

1 

1 

12 

3 

3 

4 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

6 

1 

2 

10 

5 

59 

32 

21 

1 

1 

3 

5 

13 

8 

111 

67 

44 

3 

1 

1 

1 

5 

7 

3 

"i' 

2 

1 

5 

31 

5 

12 

2 

24 

7 

5 

3 

1 

2 

"2 

16 

3 

2 

1 

4 

1 

"2 

1 

1 

1 

7 

8 

2 

1 

.... 

2 

3 

1 

3 

13 

5 

19 

10 

3 

40 

'if 

53 

1 

2 
2 
1 

1 

1 

10 

3 

'ie' 

I 
5 

II 

1 

3 

4 

2 

4 

17 

1 

9 

2 

"s' 

2 

1 

4 

1 

4 

2 

1 

6 

2 

20 

2 

1 

1 

2 

5 

1 



. 18 

15 

76 

26 

214 

88 

52 

5 

20 

89 

34 

325 

155 

96 

8 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  takeri  of  voluntary  1 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  m this  report  showing  annua 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  tfie  year, 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


541 


: The  percentage  of  persons  receiving  $2.50  or  over  per  day  for 
^ach  general  nativity  class,  is  as  follows:  Percent 

iJ^ative-born  of  native  father,  White 48.  4 

Native-born  of  foreign  father 41.  5 

|Foreign-born ^ 

I The  per  cents  in  each  general  nativity  class  receiving  $3  or  over 
I per  day  are: 

!“  Percent. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White : 21.  0 

The  following  table  shows  earnings  for  employees  14  and  under  18 
years  of  age: 

Table  292— Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per 
day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and  1 
under 
$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

.$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50 

$2.50 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun- 
try of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Rolainm 

17 

$1.59 

8 

1 

2 

3 

3 

7 

3 

13 

4 

4 

1 

6 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

1.51 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

2 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

i 

p]  T1  r| 

5 

1 

2 

5 

riormonTT 

1 

1 

Ireland 

T? iiooio 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Wales 

1 

Total 

41 

1.45 

3 

13 

13 

2 

7 

3 

Total  native-born 

58 

1.49 

3 

21 

1 

13 

4 

10 

6 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

fntViPr 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

(a)* 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

1 

WdildvilClll  V.vl'llCl  l/Xidrll  X J . . . . . 

nnfph 

1 

1 

Enplich 

1 

Erpnoh 

1 

Ttalifin  Rmitli 

1 

T.ithnnnifln 

1 

Polish 

1 

1 

Seotrh 

1 

1 

1 Rlovalr 

2 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

i - 

15 

1.5S 

4 

3 

3 

4 

1 

73 

1.51 

3 

25  j 4 

1 

4 

14 

7 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
) annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


MONEY  SENT  ABROAD. 


The  Italians  in  the  community  save  more  than  do  the  Slavic  races. 
The  greater  part  of  the  money  thus  accumulated  by  them  is  sent 
abroad.  The  accompanying  table,  which  is  taken  from  the  records 
of-the  borough  post-office,  shows  that  about  70  per  cent  of  the  money 


542 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


sent  abroad  during  the  year  ending  August  19,  1908,  was  sent  by 
Italians,  who  constitute  about  30  per  cent  of  the  foreign  population. 
The  Italian,  therefore,  sends  back  home  about  five  and  one-half 
times  as  much  money  per  cajiita  as  do  the  other  races  in  the  com- 
munity. The  table  showing  international  money  orders  issued  by 
the  local  post-office  during  the  period  from  August  20,  1907,  to 
August  19,  1908,  follows: 

Table  293  —International  post-office  money  orders  issued  at  Community  B from  August 
20,  1907,  to  August  19,  1908. 


Amounts  sent  to — 


Date. 

■ 

Austria- 

Hungary. 

Great  Brit- 

Italy. 

Russia. 

ain  and 
Ireland. 

France. 

Germany. 

1907. 

August,  20  to  31 

September 

Or*^r>hpr  

$1,152.00 

4,408.09 

3,821.30 

$316.  48 
673. 65 
281. 76 

$56. 66 
409. 23 
56. 17 

$114. 79 
141. 29 
224. 19 

$4.00 

228.00 

227.50 

$102.00 

36.00 

10.50 

N^nvPTnbpr  

4,812.09 

612.  48 

145. 76 

64.09 

8.20 

76.00 

December 

4, 442.  54 

439. 78 

1,460.97 

201.11 

43.00 

65.50 

190S. 

January 

2,772.00 

335. 00 

196. 24 

88.66 

431.00 

132.50 

February 

\t  arph  

3,868. 02 
1,464.00 

860. 92 
1,647.00 

305.  38 
16.47 

50.  57 
68.57 

40. 32 
24. 00 

53.00 

April 

May 

2,783.  75 

455.  36 

179.  98 

44.  35 

66.00 

47. 50 

2,313.40 
3,513.  84 

180. 00 

121.  96 

160.59 

8. 95 

20.00 

351.  86 

339.  88 

134.  79 

20.00 

July 

August,  1 to  19 

1,956.50 

640. 06 

113.  48 

80.47 

5.00 

2,223.00 

2,205.53 

157.  23 

48. 96 

8.00 

Total 

39,530.53 

8,999.88 

3, 559.  41 

1,422.43 

1,093.  97 

563.00 

Amounts  sent  to— 


Belgium. 

Switzer- 

land. 

Sweden. 

Turkey  in 
Asia. 

India. 

Total. 

1907. 

$1,745.93 

$110. 00 

%h.ob 

6,011.26 

16.00 

5. 00 

4,642.  42 

Nov6Tnl)6r 

6. 00 

$45. 00 

5,769.62 

11.00 

5.00 

6,668.90 

uyi  

1908. 

TonnorTT 

160. 00 

$20.  00 

$10. 00 

4,145.40 

1. 00 

5, 126. 21 

F6l)rii&ry 

2. 00 

5. 00 

3,280.04 

73. 00 

20. 00 

3,669.94 



1.00 

2,805.90 



21.00 

4,381.37 

Tnly 

2. 00 

2,797.51 

August,  1 to  19 

1.00 

10.00 

4,653.72 

Total 

400. 00 

52. 00 

45.00 

22.00 

10. 00 

55,698.22 

Chapter  XXII. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS. 

Vages  and  hours— Liability  to  accident  or  disease— Medical  or  hospital  service— 
Company  stores— Company  houses— Methods  of  securing  recent  immigrants— 
Relations  among  the  races  of  recent  immigrants— Organized  labor. 


WAGES  AND  HOURS. 

Under  normal  conditions  the  mines  in  the  community  operate  five 
lays  each  week.  The  coal  is  of  a high  grade  and  in  constant  demand. 
During  the  spring  and  summer  of  the  year  1908,  with  the  exception 
)f  one  large  company  which  is  engaged  in  supplying  coal  to  the 
transatlantic  carrying  trade,  the  mining  companies,  owing  to  the 
industrial  depression,  worked  only  half  time,  or  about  three  days 
3ach  week.  Wages  are  paid  twice  a month,  in  cash,  deductions  being 
made  from  the  pay  roll  for  rent  of  company  houses,  store  accounts, 
labor-union  fees,  blacksmithing,  powder  and  oil,  fuel,  and  car  checks. 
With  the  exception  of  the  outside  and  inside  labor,  and  the  executive 
forces  which  are  paid  so  much  per  month,  per  day,  or  per  hour,  the 
miners,  both  pick  and  machine,  are  paid  on  a piece  basis. 

LIABILITY  TO  ACCIDENT  OR  DISEASE. 

The  sanitary  conditions  are  good  and  the  mines  of  the  community 
well  ventilated  and  well  conducted.  There  seems  to  be  no  special 
liability  to  disease.  Asthma,  which  is  always  prevalent  among 
miners,  is  more  or  less  common  in  the  community,  but  the  extent 
of  this  ailment  is  said  to  be  decreasing  because  of  improved  ventila- 
tion of  the  mines.  There  were  no  serious  accidents  in  the  mines 
during  the  past  year.  Among  the  natives  the  feeling  is  strong  that 
the  chances  of  accident  are  greatly  multiplied  by  the  employment 
of  the  recent  immigrant  who  is  ignorant  of  the  language  and  does 
not  grasp  the  meaning  of  danger  signs  and  regulations. 

MEDICAL  OR  HOSPITAL  SERVICE. 

There  is  no  hospital  in  the  community  and  none  nearer  than  10 
miles  by  rail.  No  hospital  or  medical  service  is  furnished  by  the 
various  mining  companies,  all  such  treatment  being  paid  for  by 
the  employee.  If  he  is  too  poor,  the  burden  is  placed  upon  the 
county.  In  some  of  the  mines  the  operators  summon  physicians  in 
the  event  of  sickness  or  accident,  but  the  expense  is  borne  by  the 
employee.  Funeral  expenses  of  miners  killed  while  at  work  are  paid 
for  by  some  of  the  companies.  There  is  no  welfare  work  carried  on 
by  the  employers.  The  only  approach  to  welfare  work  is  the  action 
of  a few  of  the  mines  in  furnishing  coal  without  charge  to  some  of  the 
local  churches. 


643 


544 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


COMPANY  STORES. 

All  of  the  mining  companies  maintain  stores  in  connection  with 
their  mines,  either  directly  or  indirectly.  The  laws  of  the  State  pro- 
hibit mining  and  other  companies  from  conducting  stores,  but  the 
law  is  evaded,  in  this  as  well  as  other  communities,  by  conducting 
the  stores  under  the  name  of  a separate  corporation  in  which  the  com- 
panies or  their  officials  are  financially  interested.  In  Community  B 
the  relatives  of  the  owners  of  one  mining  corporation  conduct  a store ; 
another  mining  company  makes  deductions  from  the  pay  rolls  for 
the  accounts  of  a store  in  which  it  is  apparently  not  interested,  and 
other  companies  openly  acknowledge  that  they  are  operating  stores. 
One  of  the  largest  corporations  conducts  a store  whose  monthly 
business  averages  $12,000  to  $15,000.  This  store  is  located  within 
the  limits  of  the  town  itself,  and  other  stores  are  easily  accessible. 
Theoreticall}^,  the  employees  are  not  required  to  patronize  the  com- 
pany stores,  and  neither  in  the  town  itself  nor  in  the  semidetached 
mining  communities  are  there  open  requirements  as  to  patronage. 
Within  the  borough  proper  the  miners  seem  to  buy  where  they  please, 
but  in  the  outlying  communities  the  attitude  of  the  miners  would 
indicate  that  they  consider  it  good  policy  to  patronize  the  company 
stores,  although  no  cases  have  been  brought  to  light  where  employees 
have  been  coerced  in  any  way  into  giving  patronage  to  them.  In 
many  semidetached  localities,  however,  it  is  practically  necessary  to 
buy  from  the  company  store,  because  other  stores  are  located  at  a 
considerable  distance.  No  ‘‘scrip’’  or  checks  are  issued  by  the 
mining  companies  or  the  stores.  Credit  is  given  to  employees  and 
the  amount  of  the  account  deducted  each  month  from  the  sum  to  be 
placed  in  the  pay  envelopes.  In  order  to  obviate  the  technicalities 
of  the  law,  the  employee  when  purchasing  goods  signifies  his  agree- 
ment to  the  deduction  of  their  value  from  his  pay  by  the  company. 

COMPANY  HOUSES. 

None  of  the  mining  companies  conduct  quarters  where  board  and 
lodging  may  be  obtained  by  the  men.  All,  however,  own  houses 
immediately  surrounding  or  at  a short  distance  from  their  mines. 
These  houses  are  rented  to  their  employees,  the  rents  each  month 
being  deducted  from  the  wages  payable  by  the  company  to  the 
tenant.  The  rents  vary  from  $7.50  to  $9  per  month,  according  to 
the  number  of  rooms,  some  4-room  dwellings  renting  for  $7  and  some 
for  $8.  The  prevailing  rates  of  rent  are  based  upon  a charge  of 
$1.50  to  $2  per  room.  Some  houses  are  equipped  with  electric  lights, 
operated  from  the  power  plant  of  the  mining  company  at  a rate  of 
$1  per  month.  A number  of  the  operators  express  themselves  as 
being  unfavorable  to  owning  and  renting  the  miners’  houses,  main- 
taining that  they  were  forced  into  building  houses  by  the  fact 
that  there  were  no  facilities  at  hand  for  housing  the  miners  needed 
to  operate  the  mines.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  necessity  which 
led  to  the  erection  of  company  houses  about  the  mines,  it  is  probable 
that  they  have  been  and  still  are  an  exceedingly  profitable  invest- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


545 


ment.  Houses  which  rent  to  two  families  for  $16  per  month  ($8 
sach),  or  $192  a year,  are  stated  to  have  cost  when  new  $550  each. 
When  it  is  considered  that  the  rents  are  deducted  from  the  wages 
and  so  are  fairly  certain,  and  that  repairs  are  evidently  not  a fre- 
quent item,  together  with  the  fact  that  ownership  taxes  are  low,  it 
is  plain  that  this  gross  income  of  nearly  35  per  cent  represents  a 
large  net  return  upon  the  money  invested.  The  land  investment 
was  practically  nothing,  although  the  lots  have  a value  of  about  $100 
each  at  the  present  time.  It  is  also  true  that,  owing  to  the  higher 
cost  of  building  materials,  the  buildings  could  not  be  duplicated  at 
present  for  less  than  $800  or  $900.  This  does  not  affect,  however, 
the  high  rate  of  return  accruing  to  the  mining  companies  on  the 
basis  of  the  original  cost. 

METHODS  OF  SECURING  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

No  concerted  effort  has  been  made  at  any  time  to  bring  immigrants 
into  the  community,  except  that  when  there  has  been  an  urgent 
demand  for  labor  the  mine  foremen  have  communicated  the  situation 
to  the  immigrants  in  their  employ,  with  the  expectation  that  they 
would  send  for  their  relatives  and  friends.  The  growth  of  the 
immigrant  population  has  been  gradual.  The  Italian  and  Slavic 
people  first  came  to  the  locality  to  do  railroad  construction  and 
street  improvement  work,  and  when  this  work  was  completed  they 
applied  for  and  gradually  secured  employment  in  the  mines.  Subse- 
quent growth  in  the  foreign  population  arose  from  the  constant 
extension  of  mining  operations  with  the  resultant  demand  for  labor. 
When  the  older  mines  extended  their  operations,  they  secured 
additional  labor  from  the  immigrant  people  already  residing  in  the 
locality,  and  when  new  mines  were  opened  recent  immigrant  labor 
was  obtained  partly  from  the  resident  population,  partly  from 
abroad,  but  mainly  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States  after 
the  local  supply  was  exhausted.  It  is  estimated  that  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  Slavic  and  one-half  of  the  Italian  population  did  not 
come  to  the  community  directly  from  abroad,  but  from  other  sections 
of  the  United  States.  Almost  all  of  the  original  immigrants  to  the 
community  were  single  men  or  married  men  without  their  families. 

RELATIONS  AMONG  THE  RACES  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

In  the  outlying  districts  there  is  a well-marked  tendency  among 
different  races  to  live  apart  in  groups  or  colonies,  but  a great  deal  of 
racial  association  is  caused  by  the  close  proximity  of  the  houses  and 
the  fact  that  the  tenants  have  no  final  decision  regarding  the  house 
which  they  will  occupy.  Within  the  limits  of  the  borough  proper, 
the  Italians  live  in  colonies.  All  the  other  races  occupy  one  large 
colony  in  another  section  of  the  town.  The  Slovaks,  Ruthenians, 
and  Poles  are  more  closely  grouped  than  any  other  races  in  this 
section. 

In  the  mines  the  different  races  are  separated  at  their  own  request, 
because  they  naturally  seek  places  among  their  own  countrymen. 
The  Italians  work  together,  usually  not  from  their  own  choice  but 


546 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


because  they  are  inferior  miners  as  compared  with  other  races,  and 
for  that  reason  are  grouped  together  by  the  mine  foreman.  By  way 
of  illustration,  the  policy  of  one  company  which  operates  three  mines 
may  be  cited.  In  Mines  Nos.  I and  ill  there  are  no  Poles.  All  Poles 
are  in  Mine  No.  II.  On  the  other  hand,  all  of  the  Italians  are  in 
Mines  Nos.  I and  III.  Moreover,  it  should  be  noted  that  out  ot  the 
eiehtv  men  working  in  Mine  No.  Ill  only  two  are  Enghsh-speakmg, 
while  one-half  of  the  miners  in  Mine  No.  II  are  Enghsh-speakmg. 
The  Slovaks  are  most  numerous  in  Mines  Nos.  I and  ill.  I his  situa- 
tion shows  a practical  segregation  of  all  races  and  the  separation  or 
the  Slovaks  and  Italians  from  the  English-speaking  and  Polish  miners. 

The  policy  of  permitting  one  race  to  do  most  of  the  work  m a mine 
has  a peculiar  significance  when  compared  to  the  policy  pursued  in 
other  communities.  By  comparisoii  with  Community  A,  which  it 
will  be  recalled  is  only  10  miles  distant,  it  is  seen  that  m that 
community  the  mine  operators  follow  a constant  policy  of  mm^ 
the  races  employed  in  fixed  proportions  in  their  mines.  Ihe 
same  is  true  elsewhere  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  significance  of  the  situation  becomes  apparent  when  it  is  realized 
that  Community  B is  controlled  by  organized  labor,  while  the  other 
mining  localities  in  this  part  of  the  State  are  not.  The  existing 
situation  outside  of  Community  B seems  to  have  arisen  from  the 
efforts  of  the  operators  to  drive  out  organized  labor  m the  past  and 
to  prevent  any  organization  of  the  miners  in  the  future.  Members 
of  the  same  race  working  together  would  be  united  m syinpathy  and 
language  and  would  offer  a good  field  for  the  efforts  of  the  labor 
organizer.  At  the  same  time  unanimity  could  be  easily  secured  in 
presenting  grievances  to  the  employer.  On  the  other  hand,  by  mixing 
the  races  employed  the  barrier  of  language,  together  with  traditional 
enmities  and  prejudices,  prevents  concerted  action  among  the  miners 
and  renders  it  easy  for  the  operator  in  the  event  of  grievances  to  play 
one  race  against  another.  In  Community  B,  where  the  miners  are 
organized,  there  is  no  reason  for  mingling  the  various  races  unless  tne 
operators  should  wish  to  break  the  union  organization,  ^d  conse- 
quently the  most  natural  policy  of  securing  the  greatest  efficiency  is 
followed — that  of  confining  one  race  to  one  mine  or  to  one  special  line 
of  work.® 


ORGANIZED  LABOR. 


Communitv  B,  as  pointed  out  in  the  opening  paragraph,  is  a 
^ ‘union  town,”  possessing  in  this  respect  a unique  distinction, 
so  far  as  its  geographical  situation  is  concerned,  for  all  the-^- 
rounding  mining  territory  is  without  labor  organizations,  ine 
local  orlanization  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  .Ainerica.  has  a 
membership  of  about  1,400,  and  includes  under  its  lurisdiction  not 
only  the  mines  lying  within  the  borough  limits  but  also  those  m the 
outlying  districts.  All  the  recent  immigrants  employed  as  laborers 
or  miners  belong  to  the  organization  and  constitute  a considerable 
percentage  of  its  membership,  but  owing  to  their  inability  to  spea 
English  their  influence  is  small.  The  control  of  the  organization  is 


a In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted  that  the  organized  mines  in  other  sectionf 
of  the  country  bear  the  same  relation  as  Community  B does  to  Pennsylvania,  oe 
sections  dealing  with  Middle  West  and  Southwest. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


547 


In  the  hands  of  the  Americans  and  the  older  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
Ind  Welsh  immigrants.  They  instruct  the  recent  immigrants  in  the 
jenets  of  the  union  and  enforce  obedience  to  its  rules  and  policy. 
?he  new  arrival  must  join  the  union  if  he  wishes  to  secure  work  in  the 
nines  of  the  community,  and  after  affiliating  himself  with  the  organi- 
.ation,  whether  he  wishes  to  do  so  or  not,  he  is  compelled  to- work 
inder  the  conditions  enforced  by  the  union.  The  recent  immigrant, 
herefore,  because  of  his  inexperience,  is  inclined  at  first  to  consider 
he  union  initiation  fee  as  a sort  of  charge  for  his  employment,  but 
iter  a period  of  residence  he  is  inclined  to  regard  the  organization  as 
)eneficial  and  to  support  its  policy.  The  older  members  of  the  union 
ook  upon  the  recent  immigrant  as  a necessary  evil,  and  so  long  as  he 
Lbides  by  the  rules  of  the  organization  they  treat  him  with  indiffer- 
!nce,  but  any  infraction  is  promptly  met  by  a demand  for  conformity. 
The  union  scale  of  wages  prevails  in  all  mines.  The  dues  to  the  or- 
ganization, which  range  from  22  to  66  cents  every  two  weeks,  accord- 
ing to  the  character  of  work  done,  are  deducted  from  the  pay  roll  by 
he  employer  and  paid  to  the  treasurer  of  the  organization!  The 
imount  thus  secured  is  used  by  the  union  partly  for  benefits  to 
ndividual  workmen  and  partly  as  a defense  fund. 





■ • ■ , • ' ■ .‘  ■ . . 

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orit.ki<JtiiM«%i«Mn«  4iM»*«6'k^r  t^ifuanbj^ff 
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(Jwni  .'t«  Iwoifejni  bi 
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1 V V‘t  yy^iHi;>c.  . i:  ^ ,^.5^ v 

€j „, . 


Chapter  XXIII. 


INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  AND  EFFICIENCY. 

Relative  efficiency  of  immigrants  and  natives — Industriousness  and  effectiveness — 

Adaptability  and  supervision — Sobriety — Preferences  of  mining  operators  as 

regards  immigrant  labor — [Text  Table  294]. 

RELATIVE  EFFICIENCY  OF  IMMIGRANTS  AND  NATIVES. 

In  all  particulars  the  Americans,  English,  Welsh,  Scotch,  Irish, 
and  Germans  are  considered  better  miners  and  more  efficient  work- 
men than  are  recent  immigrants.  Of  the  races  of  southern  and 
eastern  Europe,  the  Slovak  is  generally  considered  the  best  miner  and 
workman.  The  Lithuanian,  who  is  more  intelligent  and  progressive, 
would  probably  rank  with  the  Slovak,  or  as  a close  second  to  the 
latter.  The  South  Italian  is  placed  in  the  lowest  industrial  rank. 

INDUSTRIOUSNESS  AND  EFFECTIVENESS. 

As  to  the  relative  industriousness  of  recent  immigrants,  there  is  a 
difference  of  opinion  among  employers,  some  holding  that  the>  Italian 
is  more  industrious  than  the  Slavic  races,  although  the  consensus  of 
opinion  seems  to  be  that  the  Slav  is  superior  to  the  Italian  in  this 
respect.  The  difference  of  attitude  is  probably  to  be  explained  by 
the  fact  that  the  Italian  tends  to  be  more  regular  in  his  work  than 
the  Slav.  It  seems  to  be  agreed  among  employers,  however,  that  the 
Slovaks  are  among  the  best  workers,  although  not  so  quick  as  the 
Lithuanians  and  Poles. 

The  effectiveness  of  all  the  Slavic  races  suffers  somewhat  in  compari- 
son with  that  of  the  Italians  on  account  of  the  greater  tendency  of  the 
Slavic  races  to  drink  excessively.  Notwithstanding  this  fact,  the 
Slavs  are  placed  above  the  Italians,  the  different  races  ranking  as  fol- 
lows: (1)  French,  (2)  Slovak,  (3)  Lithuanian,  (4)  Polish,  (5)  Ru- 
thenian,  and  (6)  Italian,  North  and  South. 

ADAPTABILITY  AND  SUPERVISION. 

The  Slovaks  are  the  most  versatile  of  the  races  employed  and  do 
many  more  kinds  of  work  about  the  mines  than  any  other  race  of 
recent  immigrants.  This  situation  is  probably  due  not  entirely  to 
the  superior  adaptability  of  the  race,  but  in  considerable  measure  to 
the  longer  period  of  their  experience  in  the  mining  work  of  the  com- 
munity. One  of  the  employers  considers  the  Italian  more  adaptable 
than  the  Slav,  but  the  general  opinion  would  grade  the  races  in  the 
mme  order  as  that  given  in  the  comparison  as  to  effectiveness,  in 
the  preceding  paragraph. 

I The  South  Italian  is  said  to  require  more  constant  supervision  than 
ithe  North  Italian.  The  Slovak  is  docile  and  more  easily  managed 
than  the  French  workman,  but  requires  closer  supervision. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 36 


549 


550  The  Immigration  Commission. 


SOBRIETY. 

The  Italians  are  the  most  sober  race.  They  drink  less  and  save 
more  than  the  other  races  employed  in  the  mines.  All  the  Slavic 
races  are  likely  to  drink  to  excess  and  this  tendency  is  strongest  ir 
the  Slovak.  This  characteristic  of  the  Slav  is  deplored  by  the  oper- 
ators, as  it  causes  loss  of  time  and  in  the  aggregate  diminishes  the 
output  for  the  mines.  The  mining  operators  would  grade  the  differ- 
ent races  as  follows  with  regard  to  sobriety:  (1)  Italian,  North  and 
South,  (2)  Belgian  French,  (3)  Lithuanian,  (4)  Polish,  (5)  Ruthe- 
nian,  and  (6)  Slovak. 

PREFERENCES  OF  MINING  OPERATORS  AS  REGARDS  IMMIGRANT  LABOR. 

The  coal-mining  operators  in  the  community  prefer  English-speak- 
ing workmen  when  obtainable.  All  the  ruining  companies,  except 
one,  state  that  there  is  no  discrimination  in  the  matter  of  renting 
their  houses.  One  company,  which  owns  four  double  ancl  two  single 
houses  near  its  mines,  has  followed  the  policy  of  renting  only  tc 
English-speaking  or  German  employees,  but  recently  this  policy  has 
been  abandoned  and  Italian  tenants  are  admitted.  The  operators  are 
a unit  in  asserting  that  they  would  employ  for  all  kinds  of  work  native 
Americans  or  the  older  class  of  immigrants  who  speak  Enghsh  (Irish 
Welsh,  Scotch,  English,  and  Germans)  rather  than  any  races  of  recent 
immigration,  but  they  say  they  are  forced  to  employ  the  recent 
immigrant  because  no  native  or  English-speaking  labor  in  consider- 
able quantity  has  been  available  during  the  past  eight  years.  Be- 
cause of  this  situation  the  foreign  miner  is  universally  recognized  as 
having  come  to  stay,  and  employers  are  not  attempting  to  discrimi- 
nate against  him  in  employing  labor.  In  securing  labor  from  amon^ 
recent  immigrants,  there  is  no  strong  aversion  to  the  employmeni 
of  any  particular  race.  It  is  true,  however,  that  the  South  Itahar 
is  considered  less  reliable,  and  for  all  occupations  both  North  anc 
South  Italians  are  less  desired  than  are  the  Slavic  races.  In  al 
administrative  and  responsible  positions,  no  races  other  than  th( 
American,  English,  Welsh,  Scotch,  Irish,  or  German  are  employed 
For  the  outside  work  of  the  mines  and  for  mining  itself,  the  following 
summary  statement  represents  roughly,  on  the  basis  of  the  existing 
labor  supply,  the  preference  of  the  employers  as  regards  the  various 
races : 

Table  294. — Races  'preferred  by  mining  operators  for  specified  occupations. 


Pick  miners. 

Fire  bosses. 

Engineers. 

Foremen. 

Stablemen, 

blacksmiths, 

etc. 

American. 

English. 

Welsh. 

Irish. 

German. 

French. 

Inthuanian. 

Polish. 

Slovak. 

Rnthenian. 

Belgian. 

Italian,  North, 
Italian,  South, 

American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

German, 

American. 

English. 

Irish. 

English. 

American. 

German. 

Irish. 

German. 

American, 

English. 

Welsh. 

Irish. 

Slovak. 

Chapter  X*XIV. 

HOUSING  CONDITIONS. 

Tendency  to  congregate  near  mines — Housing  of  Americans  compared  with  that  of 
recent  immigrants — Permanent  homes. 

TENDENCY  TO  CONGREGATE  NEAR  MINES. 

The  employees  at  the  various  mines,  and  especially  those  at  the 
greatest  distance  from  the  town,  tend  to  settle  about  the  mines  and 
form  the  semidetached  communities  already  described.  This  is 
due,  of  course,  to  the  greater  convenience  of  dwelling  near  the  mines 
and  leads  to  a considerable  mmgling  of  the  various  races  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  different  mines.  The  units  of  settlement  indicated  on 
the  map  ® are  industrial  rather  than  racial.  The  Italian  more  than 
any  other  race  of  recent  arrival  in  the  community  seerns  to  prefer  the 
life  of  the  town,  and  a larger  proportion  of  this  race  lives  within  the 
borough  limits. 

BOUSING  OF  AMERICANS  COMPARED  WITH  THAT  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

The  American  employees  residing  within  the  limits  of  the  town  have 
better  houses  than  those  living  in  the  outlying  districts.  In  the 
semidetached  communities,  the  Americans  and  the  recent  immi- 
grants seem  to  fare  ec^ually  well  or  ill  in  the  matter  of  dwellings.  By 
way  of  illustration,  m one  community,  where  the  houses  are  all 
owned  by  the  mining  company  and  are  of  the  same  general  type,  and 
where  the  native  Americans  and  the  naturalized  Irish,  English, 
Scotch,  and  Welsh  have  endeavored  to  hold  themselves  aloof  from 
the  recent  immigrant,  it  is  not  evident  that  the  American  section  is 
any  better  cared  for  or  more  habitable  in  general  than  that  occupied 
by  the  foreigners.  The  recent  immigrants  live  at  the  foot  of  the 
slope  upon  which  the  town  is  situated  and  along  the  railroad  tracks 
Qear  one  of  the  small  streams  which  pass  through  the  town;  the 
Americans,  as  well  as  the  Irish,  English,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  live 
higher  up  the  slope  of  the  mountains  in  a better  situation  and  are  less 
crowded.  The  immigrants,  largely  because  of  ignorance,  fail  to  obey 
the  local  ordinance  relative  to  housing;  and  in  matters  of  sanitation 
the  lack  of  care  of  dry  toilets  and  other  insanitary  conditions  have 
frequently  to  be  brought  to  their  attention. 

PERMANENT  HOMES. 

In  most  of  the  outlying  districts  it  is  impossible  for  the  immi- 
grant to  acquire  his  own  home,  because  the  houses  are  built  and 
owned  by  the  mining  companies,  which  will  rent  but  not  sell  to  their 
employees.  Wherever  it  is  possible,  however,  there  is  a well-marked 


oSee  map  opposite  p.  531. 


551 


552 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


tendency  on  the  part  of  the  Poles,  Ruthenians,  Slovaks,  anc 
Lithuanians  to  buy  lots  and  build  homes  of  their  own.  The  Italians 
seldom  acquire  property.  They  anticipate  returning  to  Italy,  anc 
they  live  very  cheaply,  drink  comparatively  little,  and  save  and  trans 
mit  abroad  more  money  than  do  the  other  races  of  recent  immi 
grants.  The  savings  of  the  Slavic  races  are  turned  toward  the 
purchase  of  homes.  Most  of  the  houses  in  the  detached  community 
situated  on  the  upper  slope  of  the  mountain  opposite  the  town  itself 
have  been  acquired  or  built  by  Poles  or  other  Slavic  peoples,  wm 
have  petitionecl  for  incorporation  within  the  town  limits.  Thed 
petition  has  not  been  granted,  since  it  would  increase  the  burden  o 
school  tax.  Within  the  town  proper  there  are  3 Italian,  3 Polish 
and  5 other  Slavic  property  holders. 


il 


ll 


Chapter  XXV. 

IMMIGRANT  INSTITUTIONS. 

Ihurch  facilities — Fraternal  organizations — Recent  immigrants  in  business — Employ- 
ment and  steamship  agency — Immigrant  boarding  houses. 

• CHURCH  FACILITIES. 

Four  English-speaking  Protestant  churches  and  one  English- 
peaking  Catholic  church  are  found  within  the  limits  of  the  town 
tself.  None  of  these  particularly  affects  the  immigrant  population, 
irhose  churches,  so  far  as  they  exist,  are  found  in  the  mining  com- 
aunities  surrounding  the  town.  Directly  across  one  of  the  small 
ivers  upon  which  the  town  is  situated,  the  Polish,  Lithuanian,  and 
)lovak  adherents  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  maintain  a church, 
'here  is  a resident  priest  and  a fair  degree  of  interest  is  manifested 
•y  the  parishioners.  The  Ruthenians  assist  in  supporting  a Greek 
'atholic  church  in  the  same  vicinity.  The  congregation  is  scat- 
ered  widely,  however,  the  members  living  in  the  towns  along  the 
aain  line  of  the  railroad  for  20  miles  in  each  direction.  The 
Cnglish-speaking  population  in  an  adjacent  mining  camp  have  a 
hurch  building  where  the  same  priest  who  officiates  in  the  town 
hurch  conducts  worship.  The  Italians  are  almost  entirely  without 
he  influence  of  any  church,  except  that  for  burials  and  the  various 
ites  of  the  church  they  go  to  the  priest  of  the  English-speaking 
loman  Catholic  church.  A branch  of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian 
Lssociation  formerly  existed  in  the  town,  but  it  failed  because  of 
ack  of  financial  support.  The  general  attitude  of  the  Americans 
nd  English-speaking  people  in  the  community  toward  the  religious 
welfare  of  the  recent  immigrant  is  one  of  indifference. 

FRATERNAL  ORGANIZATIONS. 

The  Americans,  Irish,  English,  and  Welsh  are  members  of  the  usual 
raternal  societies  and  also  patronize  industrial  and  other  insurance 
ompanies.  The  Irish  have  a branch  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians, 
vhich  does  not  differ  from  such  branches  elsewhere.  The  recent 
oimigrants  have  organized  benefit  societies  along  racial  lines,  and 
he  reason  for  this  is  readily  explained  by  two  facts:  (1)  The  natural 
nclination  of  a race  in  a new  country,  where  the  language  and 
Qstitutions  are  only  partly  understood,  is  to  segregate  itself  for 
>eneficial  and  protective  purposes;  and  (2)  the  absence  of  any 
adustrial  insurance  in  connection  with  the  mines  except  trade-union 
benefits,  as  well  as  the  absence  of  practically  all  forms  of  welfare  work 


554 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


or  aid  on  the  part  of  the  employers,  throws  the  employees  upon  their 
own  resources.  In  the  light  of  these  considerations,  the  Poles  rnain- 
tain  a benefit  society  for  members  of  their  own  race,  who  contribute 
50  cents  per  month  and  receive,  in  case  of  sickness  or  accident,  $5 
per  week.  Similar  organizations  are  maintained  by  the  Lithuanians 
and  by  the  Slovaks  and  Ruthenians  jointly. 

RECENT  IMMIGRANTS  IN  BUSINESS. 

As  soon  as  the  immigrants  learn  Enghsh  and  accumulate  a little 
capital,  it  is  possible  for  them  to  engage  in  business  in  a small  way 
within  the  community.  The  Italians  are  much  ahead  of  th^  othei 
races  in  estabhsliing  themselves  as  business  men,  despite  the  tact 
that  they  are  less  attached  to  the  locality  than  the  Slavic  races  and 
more  often  intend  to  return  to  the  home  country.  The  only  stores 
in  the  town  proper  under  the  control  of  recent  immigrants  are  twc 
general  grocery  stores  and  a fruit  store,  all  conducted  by  Italians. 
There  are  also  three  Itahan  barbers  and  three  Italian  cobblers.  The 
largest  Italian  mercantile  establishment  is  operated  in  connectior 
with  an  employment  and  steamship  agency . The  other  grocery 
store  is  managed  by  a resident  Italian  for  an  Italian  who  lives 
in  New  York  City.  These  stores  cater  especially  to  the  tastes  d 
Italian  customers,  importing  or  securing  imported  articles  of  van- 
ous  kinds,  but  at  the  same  time  they  do  a general  business  m th( 
community  at  large.  This  is  also  true  of  the  Italian  cobblers  anc 
barbers.  Their  interests,  of  course,  are  small,  but  their  general  busi- 
ness standing  is  good.  The  only  other  recent  immigrant  engaged  ir 
business,  either  within  or  without  the  town  proper,  is  a Phle,  whc 
conducts  a small  grocery  store  near  one  or  the  detached  mining 
camps.  The  mercantile  business  in  the  semidetached  communities 
is  controlled  by  the  different  mining  companies,  and  there  is  scarcel} 
any  opportunity  for  competition. 

EMPLOYMENT  AND  STEAMSHIP  AGENCY. 

An  Italian  conducts,  as  has  been  already  pointed  out,  a steamshh 
and  employment  agency  in  connection  with  a large  mercantff 
establishment.  His  employment  agency  is  quite  extensive,  and  h( 
has  numerous  connections  through  which  he  meets  the  demands  o 
contractors  in  various  States  for  unskilled  labor  to  be  used  on  rail 
road  and  other  construction  work.  He  keeps  in  close  touch  witl 
the  labor  situation  in  the  surrounding  territory,  and  assembles  th< 
unemployed  and  dissatisfied,  thus  acting  as  a clearing  house  m tht 
adjustment  of  the  fluctuating  supply  and  demand.  No  compensa 
tion,  it  is  claimed,  is  received  from  the  men  for  whom  he  secure 
work,  but  profits  are  secured  from  the  contractor  or  constructioi 
company  to  whom  the  labor  is  furnished.  In  return  for  the  right,  t* 
maintain  a commissary,  or  store,  and  collect  all  bills  for  supplies  an( 
lodging  through  the  construction  company’s  paymaster,  the  employ 
ment  agency  agrees  to  send  or  bring  to  the  scene  of  the  work  the  requi 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


555 


site  number  of  men  at  specified  wages  and  to  pay  the  contractor  or 
construction  company  5 per  cent  of  the  bills  collected  to  cover  the 
trouble  and  expense  of  collection.® 

IMMIGRANT  BOARDING  HOUSES. 

The  Italians,  as  compared  with  other  races  of  recent  immigration, 
rarely  acquire  property,  and  in  few  cases  have  families  with  them. 
There  are,  therefore,  more  single  men  or  boarders  among  them, 
and  in  general  their  standard  of  living  is  below  that  of  the  Slavs. 
The  system  of  living  which  prevails  among  the  Italians  and  the 
unmarried  men,  or  men  without  their  families,  of  all  races,  is  the 
30-called  “boarding-boss’'  plan.  Each  member  of  the  boarding 
^oup  pays  a specified  sum  for  his  lodging,  cooking,  and  washing,  and 
buys  his  own  food  independently  of  the  other  members  of  the  group. 
The  cost  of  lodging,  cooking,  and  washing  ranges  from  $1.50  to  $3 
monthly  for  each  individual.  The  monthly  food  cost  ranges  from  $7 
to  $9,  according  to  the  individual,  making  the  total  average  cost  of 
subsistence  not  more  than  $12  per  month. 

flSee  sample  of  this  form  of  contract  in  Immigrants  in  Industries:  The  Floating 
Immigrant  Labor  Supply.  Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission,  Vol.  XVIII. 
(S.  Doc.  No.  633,  pt.  22,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 


i 


Chapter  XXVI. 

SALIENT  CHARACTERISTICS. 

Criminality — Conjugal  condition  of  mine  workers — Literacy — Age  classification  of 
employees— [Text  Tables  295  to  301]. 

CRIMINALITY. 

The  foreign  population  supplies  very  much  more  than  its  share  of 
•.ases  to  the  justice  courts.  The  offenses  most  frequently  committed 
ire  assault,  drunkenness,  and  larceny.  The  Italians  are  the  most 
lot  blooded  and  quick  tempered,  and  the  Poles  and  Lithuanians  also 
ire  to  a certain  extent  given  to  crimes  of  passion.  The  Slovaks  are 
Le  most  peaceful  race. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION  OF  MINE  WORKERS. 

The  table  on  the  page  following  shows,  by  age  groups,  the  number  of 
nine  workers  in  Community  B 16  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  sin- 
gle, married,  and  widowed. 


557 


558 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

Total. 

•,.ox|31 

8 

5 

58 

1 

16 

27 

1 

4 

22 

15 

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Table  29^.— Conjugal  condi 

General  nativitj"  and  race. 

Native-born  of  native  father:  White 



Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

i 

2 ( 
’S  E 

c 

i. 

X 

i 

c 

f 

3 1 
3 "c 

■<  E 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Irish 

Polish 



Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


559 


A comparison  of  conjugal  condition  within  age  groups  shows  that 
of  the  68  native-born  persons  in  the  age  group  16  to  19  years,  65  are 
unmarried,  and  of  the  94  foreign-born  persons  in  the  same  age  group, 
90  are  unmarried.  Of  the  native-born  persons  who  are  20  to  29 
years  of  age,  50.5  per  cent  are  unmarried  as  compared  with  58.4  per 
cent  of  the  foreign-born  of  the  same  age  group.  In  the  age  group 
30  to  44  years,  16.9  per  cent  of  the  native-born  persons  are  unmarried 
as  compared  with  13.2  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born.  In  the  last 
^oup,  which  covers  persons  45  years  of  age  or  over,  none  of  the 
Dative-born  are  unmarried  as  compared  with  11.4  per  cent  of  the 
foreign-born.  The  numbers  in  the  various  groups  of  the  different 
races  will  be  found  interesting  for  detailed  study,  but  are  too  small 
to  admit  of  conclusions. 

Table  296. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition^ 

by  general  nativity. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity. 

1 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

1 

Per  cent  who  are— 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

134 

37. 3 

62.7 

0.0 

Native-born  of  foreign  father 

157 

53.5 

45.2 

1.3 

Total  native-born 

292 

46.2 

53.1 

.7 

Foreign-born  

510 

32.9 

65.5 

1.6 

Total 

802 

37.8 

61.0 

1.2 

Of  the  802  employees  included  in  the  table  above,  510,  or  63.6 
per  cent,  are  foreign-born,  and  292,  or  36.4  per  cent,  are  native-born. 
Of  all  native-born  persons,  134  are  white  native-born  of  native 
father,  and  157  are  native-born  of  foreign  father.  These  are  prin- 
cipally children  of  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German  fam- 
ilies of  older  immigration.  Of  the  134  white  persons  native-born  of 
Dative  father,  37.3  per  cent  are  single  and  62.7  per  cent  are  married, 
while  of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  53.5  per  cent  are 
single  and  45.2  per  cent  married.  Of  the  total  native-born,  46.2 
per  cent  are  single  and  53.1  per  cent  are  married.  Of  the  total 
foreign-born,  32.9  per  cent  are  single  and  65.5  per  cent  are  married, 
showing  a larger  per  cent  of  married  persons  among  the  foreign-born 
than  among  the  native-born. 

: The  proportion  of  wives  of  immigrant  employees  who  are  living 
■in  the  community,  as  compared  with  the  proportion  of  wives  who 
still  remain  abroad  and  have  not  joined  their  husbands  in  this 
country,  is  shown  in  the  tables  next  presented. 


560 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  2^1 —Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  by  race  of  husband. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

N umber  repor  tin  g wife— 

Race  of  husband. 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

1 

1 

7 

2 

5 

- 

65 

63 

2 

FrBncli 

17 

15 

2 

23 

23 

14 

14 

North 

4 

2 

2 

South 

27 

14 

13 

Lithu^niiiQ 

14 

10 

\f  {TV  9iT  - 

5 

4 

1 

Polish 

48 

38 

10 

R ussi3>ii 

3 

2 

1 

19 

19 

69 

57 

12 



12 

12 

A iio+rion  / riA't  CT^PPI  flpH  ^ 

1 

1 

Sa^ss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

1 

Total 

330 

278 

52 

Table  298. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
reporting 
wife 
abroad. 

65 

3.1 

23 

.C 

ItBiliB>ri  South 

27 

48.1 

48 

20.  J 

69 

17.4 

330 

15.  S 

The  significant  fact  exhibited  by  the  above  tables  is  that  most  of  the 
foreign-born  employees  who  are  married  have  their  wives  with  them 
in  the  community  and  are  living  in  a more  or  less  permanent  way. 
Only  15.8  per  cent  of  the  330  who  report  location  of  wife,  report  wife 
still  living  abroad.  Of  the  total  number  who  have  not  their  wives 
with  them  in  this  country,  the  races  reporting  a large  per  cent  of  wives 
abroad  are  South  Italian,  48.1  per  cent,  Polish,  20.8  per  cent,  and 
Slovak,  17.4  per  cent.  Of  the  7 Cr()atians,  5 report  wife  abroad,  and 
of  the  4 North  Italians,  2 report  wife  abroad.  Several  races  report 
all  wives  in  the  United  States,  among  them  being  the  German,  Irish, 
Scotch,  and  Welsh. 

LITERACY. 


As  regards  the  general  educational  situation  in  the  community 
the  table  following  affords  a detailed  presentation  of  literacy  among 
836  mine  employees. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania, 


561 


Table  299. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


f 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

[ative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

142 

139 

139 

1 

1 

1 

[ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

12 

10 

10 

5 

5 

5 

61 

59 

59 

1 

J 1 

1 

18 

18 

18 

30 

30 

30 

Netherlands 

1 

1 

1 

4 

4 

4 

25 

24 

24 

W ales 

18 

18 

18 

Total 

175 

170 

170 

Total  native-born 

318 

310 

310 

breign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

2 

2 

2 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

10 

5 

5 

Dutch 

2 

1 

1 

English 

86 

81 

81 

French 

26 

22 

22 

German 

25 

24 

24 

Greek  

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

24 

21 

21 

Italian,  North 

10 

7 

7 

Italian,  South 

46 

23 

22 

Lithuanian 

35 

21 

18 

Magyar 

5 

5 

5 

Polish 

84 

69 

67 

Russian 

5 

2 

1 

Scotch 

31 

31 

31 

Slovak 

106 

85 

84 

Slovenian 

1 

1 

1 

Syrian 

1 

1 

1 

Welsh 

12 

11 

11 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

4 

3 

3 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

1 

1 

‘ Total  foreign-born 

518 

418 

410 

Grand  total 

836 

728 

720 

t' 


i A comparison  of  the  native-born  with  foreign-born  persons  on  the 
:>asis  of  tne  above  showing  reveals  the  fact  that  there  is  only  2.8  per 
lent  of  illiteracy  among  the  native-born,  while  there  is  20.8  per  cent 
mong  the  foreign-born. 

Table  300. — Illiteracy  among  representative  foreign  races. 


Race. 

Per  cent 
unable  to 
read  and 
write. 

Race. 

Per  cent 
unable  to 
read  and 
write. 

nglish 

5.8 

15.4 
4.0 

12.5 
52.2 

Lithuanian  

48.6 

20.2 

20.8 

rench 

Polish 

erman 

Slovak 

Total  foreign-born 

alian.  South 

20.8 

562 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Among  the  foreign-born  races  represented  by  20  or  more  em- 
ployees, the  greatest  degree  of  illiteracy  is  exhibited  by  the  South. 
Italians,  52.2  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  this  race  being  unable’ 
to  read  and  write.  A considerable  degre^  of  illiteracy  among  the 
Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  is  also  evident. 

AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES. 

As  regards  the  age  classification  of  the  mine  workers  in  Community 
B,  the  following  table  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  number 
of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group: 

Table  ZOl— Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

to 

24. 

25 

to 

29. 

30 

to 

34. 

35 

to 

44. 

45 

to 

54. 

55 

to 

64.  ( 

65 
or  1 
Dver 

Native-born  of  native  fa- 
ther: 

White 

Negro 

142 

1 

1 

4 

3 

5 

5 

6 

6 

29 

28 

14 

22 

1 

14 

5 

Native-born  of  foreign  fa- 
ther, by  country  of  birth 
of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

12 

5 

61 

1 

18 

30 

1 

4 

25 

18 

1 

3 

2 

2 

5 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

14 

1 

1 

9 

1 

B6lgiuin. 

England 

Frtinc6 

1 

2 

4 

5 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

4 

2 

2 

8 

1 

4 

9 

Ireland 

NGtlxGrlcincls ........... 

2 

4 

1 

■ 

rtussici ................ 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

4 

4 

Scotland 

Wales 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Total 

175 

1 

4 

13 

12 

12 

12 

10 

27 

25 

22 

30 

6 

20 

1 

= 

Total  native-born — 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 

318 

2 

8 

16 

17 

17 

18 

16 

56 

53 

36 

53 

2 

1 

9 

2 

86 

26 

25 

1 

25 

10 

46 

35 

5 

81 

5 

31 

106 

1 

1 

13 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

Canadian  (other  than 

1 

....i 

FrGnch) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

n fpL 

1 

1 

’P'.np1i<;h 

4 

4 

2 

1 

3 

3 

11 

11 

13 

4 

4 

20 

2 

4 

27 

8 

9 

12 

4 

5 

9 

1 

French 

rjprmnn 

1 

1 

1 

i 

TricVi 

1 

3 

1 

6 

11 

1 

22 

1 

3 

22 

2 

5 
13 

8 

3 

11 

3 

6 

15 

6 

1 

7 

1 

11 

....i 

! 

Italian,  South 

J .itkinani-ATi 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 
3 

1 

6 

1 

6 

7 

....] 

ATq  €f\7C\V 

ividgy  di ................ 

Polish 

T?  nccian 

1 

4 

1 

17 

19 

■■■  1 

XV  LlOOlCliX 

Rpntf“h 

1 

2 

2 

3 

19 

1 

9 

33 

1 

2 

Slovak 

Sl0VGIli3,Il 

1 

2 

3 

1 

oyiiaii ................ 

WpIuVi 

2 

2 

2 

1 

5 

2 

2 

Austrian  (race  not 

QTkAClflPH  ^ 

1 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

1 

1 

Total 

516 

1 

2 

3 

2 

9 

11 

4 

81 

97 

97 

130 

63 

15 

Grand  total 

834 

3 

|10 

19 

19 

26 

29 

20 

137 

150 

133 

83 

21 

Chapter  XXVII. 


EFFECTS  OF  IMMIGRATION. 

)i8ease8  peculiar  to  immigrants  and  effect  on  public  health — Industrial  and  social 
effects  of  immigration  upon  the  community — [Text  Table  302]. 

•ISEASES  PECULIAR  TO  IMMIGRANTS  AND  EFFECT  ON  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 

The  immigrants  disregard  almost  all  hygienic  precautions  and 
^hen  attacked  by  disease  defer  medical  treatment  so  long  as  to 
reatly  reduce  probability  of  recovery.  They  are  increasingly  sub- 
3ct  to  syphilitic  and  other  venereal  diseases.  They  are  also  (the 
lavic  population  particularly)  subject  to  a very  infectious  kind  of 
kin  disease,  doubtless  attributable  to  their  uncleanly  manner  of  liv- 
ig.  ^ The  Italian,  according  to  the  statements  of  local  physicians,  is 
iferior  in  vitality  to  the  races  from  farther  north  and  succumbs  to 
isease  more  easily  than  do  the  Slavs.  Health  regulations  are  largely 
onexistent  in  the  outlying  foreign  sections,  and  so  far  as  they  exist 
ave  to  be  frequently  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  immigrant 
opulation. 

INDUSTRIAL  AND  SOCIAL  EFFECTS  OF  IMMIGRATION  UPON  THE 

COMMUNITY. 

Recent  immigrants  can  not  be  said  to  have  exerted  any  marked 
ifluence  upon  the  life  of  the  community,  for  the  community  ignores 
le  immigrant  to  as  large  an  extent  as  possible.  Neither  is  any  indus- 
:ial  effect  as  yet  apparent,  because  the  miners’  union  has  compelled 
le  alien  to^  comply  with  the  regulations  and  working  conditions 
^hich  were  in  force  before  his  arrival.  The  only  tendency  of  this 
irt  is  to  be  seen  in  the  employment  of  recent  immigrants  in  machine 
lining,  which  has  within  the  past  few  years  been  introduced  into 
weral  mines.  The  natives  and  older  races  refuse,  or  dislike,  to 
ork  with  the  machines  because  of  the  disagreeable  nature  of  the 
wk.  Since  the  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  were 
nriployed,  there  have  been  no  changes  in  hours  or  wages  which  are 
'aceable  to  their  employment.  None  of  the  older  races  employed 
1 the  mines  have  been  displaced  by  the  newcomers,  who  have  been 
iven  work  because  of  the  increased  demand  for  labor  growing  out 
P the  opening  of  new  mines  and  the  extension  of  old  ones.  On  the 
ther  hand,  and  probably  without  direct  connection  with  recent 
nmigration,  the  English-speaking  races  seem  to  leave  the  mines  as 
)on  as  they  accumulate  earnings,  and  to  enter  mercantile  pursuits 
r seek  more  remunerative  or  more  pleasant  work  of  other  kinds, 
he  greater  number  of  the  business  and  professional  men  in  the  town 
ere  formerly  mine  workers.  Among  the  labor-union  leaders  and  the 
ider  mine  workers  the  feeling  is  strong  that  the  employment  of  non- 
nglish-speaking  races  has  complicated  the  problem  of  safety  in  the 


563 


564 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


mines.  Many  of  the  recent  immigrants  are  unable  to  read  their  own 
language  as  well  as  English,  and  placards  of  warning  do  not  reach 

them.  . , . 1 

Data  showing  the  nationality  of  persons  killed  or  injured  m the  mines 
in  Community  B are  not  to  be  had  for  y;ears  prior  to  1900.  Foi 
two  companies  which  have  operated  continuously  throughout  this 
period  and  whose  operatives  have  gradually  increased  in  numbers,, 
from  450  in  1900  to  nearly  800  in  1907,  accidents  occurring  among 
employees  are  given,  by  years  and  according  to  nationality,  in  the 
followmg  tables: 


Table  2,^2 —Accidents  in  selected  mines  in.  Community  B,  1900  to  1907. 

FATAL. 


1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

'Pnicil 

i 1 

t 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

A detailed  description  of  these  accidents  follows: 


. FATAL. 


Year.j 

Nationality  and  occupation. 

Nature  of  accident. 

1 

1900.. 

1903.. 

1904.. 

1907.. 

American  miner 

Caught  by  fall  of  slate  which  should  have  been  taken  down. 
Caught  by  fall  of  coal;  accident  was  unavoidable. 

Slovak  miner 

minpr 

Neck  broken  by  fall  of  rock.  . 

Polish  miner  

Killed  in  mine  by  electric  shock  from  trolley  wire;  was  warned 
moment  before  accident  occurred  to  be  careful  of  wire. 

NONFATAL. 


1902.. 

1904.. 
1904.. 

1904.. 

1905.. 
1906  . 

English  driver 

American  driver 

Russian  miner 

Scotch  miner 

American  miner 

1906.. 

do 

1907 

(io  

1907 

do  

1907.. 

English  miner 

Injured  by  being  caught  between  cars. 

Tripped  and  fell  under  car;  leg  had  to  be  amputated. 

Leg  broken  by  fall  of  rock.  . ^ , ,i  , i 

Shoulder  blade  fractured  and  body  bruised  by  fall  of  rock. 

Thigh  broken  and  scalp  slightly  wounded  by  fall  of  rock. 

Legs  crushed  while  trying  to  jump  on  moving  dilly  trip  on  slope. 
Right  heel  crushed  while  trying  to  jump  on  moving  dilly  trip  o 
slope. 

Three  ribs  fractured  by  fall  of  coal. 

Leg  injured  by  mine  cars.  , . . 

Back  badly  injured  by  fall  of  draw  slate  under  which  he  was  pia. 
Ing  prop. 


The  presence  of  the  recent  immigrant  population,  although  if  ha 
made  possible  the  extension  of  mining  operations,  has  not  beei 
responsible  for  the  development  of  any  new  industries.  Outside  o 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania.  565 

1 

inining,  there  are  practically  no  industrial  enterprises  in  the  community 
‘xcept  a brewery,  which  has  recently  come  into  existence,  principally 
oecause  of  the  large  and  constant  demand  for  beer  on  the  part  of 
•ecent  immigrants.  So  far  as  the  methods  and  organization  in  the 
nining  industry  in  the  community  are  concerned,  no  changes  are  due 
,0  the  immigrant  miners.  Stated  in  summary  form,  the  employ- 
nent  of  recent  immigrants  seems  to  have  had  no  direct  effect  upon 
ormer  employees  in  the  mines,  because  the  newcomers  were  absorbed 
)y  the  industry  without  exerting  competitive  pressure  upon  old 
)peratives,  owing  to  the  coincident  expansion  of  the  industry.  At 
he  same  time,  the  labor  organizations  assimilated  the  recent  immi- 
;rants  and  forced  compliance  with  existing  working  conditions.  Up 

0 the  present  time  there  has  been,  therefore,  so  far  as  the  community 
inder  discussion  is  concerned,  no  direct  competition  of  former 
mployees  with  the  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe.  The 
lew  races  have  also  been  unable  to  affect  working  conditions  seri- 
►usly  because  of  the  presence  and  power  of  the  miners’  union.  The 
ecent  immigrants  have  entered  the  less  desirable  places,  while  the 
ormer  employees  have  retained  their  old  positions  or  secured  some 

1 if  the  more  pleasant  and  remunerative  work  arising  from  the  expan- 
lon  of  the  mining  industry  in  the  community.  In  this  respect 
herefore.  Community  B differs  significantly  from  Community  A, 
^^here  there  was,  it  is  true,  a large  expansion  in  mining  coincident 
7ith  immigration,  but  no  organization  among  the  former  workmen 
o insist  that  the  immigrant  should  work  under  proper  conditions, 
-he  situation  in  Community  B also  differs  widely  from  that  pro- 
[uced  by  immigrant  competition  seen  in  other  mining  communi- 
les  m Pennsylvania,  where  the  advent  of  the  recent  immigrant  was 
lot  coincident  with  the  extension  of  the  mining  operations  and  where, 
onsequently,  there  was  a strong  pressure  and  an  active  competition 
m the  part  of  the  immigrant  for  the  work  of  the  former  employees. 

48296°— VOL  6 — 11 37 


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Chaptee  XXVIII. 

GENERAL  PROGRESS  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  THE  COMMUNITY. 

Ability  to  speak  English — School  facilities  and  attendance — Citizenship — Ameri- 
canization— [Text  Tables  303  to  305]. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

The  first  of  the  two  tables  which  follow  shows  the  ability  of  foreign- 
born  persons  to  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  arrival  in  the  United 
States. 

Table  303. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

data. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

lohemian  and  Moravian 

2 

1 

2 

1 

roatian 

9 

5 

i 

)utch 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o 

0 

'rench 

26 

15 

19 

1 

6 

5 

20 

1ft 

10 

12 

1 

rerman 

25 

7 

7 

rreek 

1 

lo 

1 

talian,  North 

10 

8 

23 

22 

2 

2 

2 

X 

Q 

talian,  South 

46 

35 

3 

9 

o 

AQ 

6 

oi 

/ithuanian 

4 

A 

31 

K 

18 

9 

lagyar 

5 

‘olish 

81 

5 

38 

3 

4 

A 

cl 

77 

34 

Q 

Russian 

/ 4 
f: 

lovak 

105 

1 

57 

1 

4 

A 

cl 

1 fkl 

0 

53 

1 

lovenian 

lUi 

1 

yrian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

354 

198 

34 

31 

*5  on 

167 

^ Information  is  afforded  in  the  above  table  regarding  ability  to  speak 
Cnglish  for  354  employees,  34  of  whom  were  less  than  14  years  of  age 
/hen  they  came  to  the  United  States  and  320  of  whom  were  14  years 
If  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  arrival.  Of  the  total  number  who 
/ere  under  14  years  of  age  when  they  arrived  in  this  country,  more 
han  nine-tenths  are  able  to  speak  English,  while  of  the  total  number 
/ho  were  14  years  of  age  or  over  when  they  reached  this  country, 
nly  about  one-half  are  able  to  speak  English.  A comparison  of  the 
wo  groups  clearly  indicates  the  superior  tendency  toward  adaptation 
nd  Americanization  possessed  by  those  immigrants  who  come  when 


567 


568 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


children,  as  compared  with  those  who  come  at  a later  period  in  lift 
As  regards  the  different  races,  it  will  be  noticed  that  with  the  excep  - 
tion  of  one  Frenchman  one  South  Italian,  and  one  Croatian,  the  indi 
viduals  of  all  races  wIk)  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  c 
coming  to  the  United  States  are  able  to  speak  English.  Of  those  wh 
were  14  years  of  age  or  over  when  they  emigrated,  about  one-half  c 
the  South  Italians  and  Poles,  and  slightly  smaller  proportions  of  th 
Lithuanians  and  Slovaks,  report  that  they  are  not  able  to  spea 
English.  The  relative  representation  for  each  race  is  too  small  t 
admit  of  any  conclusion  as  to  racial  tendencies,  but  the  limited  shovs 
ing  made  furnishes  an  interesting  light  upon  the  general  tendencie 
which  are  operative.  In  addition  to  the  figures  regarding  the  reh 
tive  ability  to  speak  English  of  the  foreign-born  of  different  ages  8 
time  of  coming  to  this  country,  the  degree  of  progress  exhibited  b 
the  various  races  according  to  period  of  residence  in  this  country  ma 
be  noted.  With  this  purpose  in  view,  the  following  table  will  sho-f 
the  ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  employees  by  length  ( 
residence  in  the  United  States: 

Table  304. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  t 

United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


(Bv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  indue 
'■  ^ •'  only  non-English-speaking  races.) 


' 

Years  in  United  States. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

Number 

who 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Niunber. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Numb 

who 

speak 

Englis 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

2 

9 

2 

26 

1 

1 

1 

vian 

Croatian 

5 

2 

15 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Dutch 

5 

10 

5 

11 

German 

25 

1 

10 

19 

1 

8 

23 

2 

2 

10 

1 

5 

1 

13 

Greek 

Italian,  North 

4 

2 

10 

1 

18 

1 

13 

5 

Italian,  South 

46 

28 

Lithuanian 

35 

5 

81 

22 

2 

38 

16 

4 

11 

3 

10 

2 

8 

2 

Magyar 

Polish 

29 

7 

31 

15 

1 

21 

Russian 

5 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

40 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

105 

1 

1 

57 

1 

\ 

23 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

42 

22 

Syrian 

Total 

1 

354 

198 

115 

34 

1.34 

79 

105 

Of  the  354  employees  furnishing  information  for  the  above  tab) 
115  have  been  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  134  from  ff 
to  nine  years,  and  105  ten  years  or  over.  Upon  cornparing  the  nur 
ber  who  speak  English  in  each  of  these  groups,  it  is  seen  that  mo 
than  one-fourth  of  those  who  have  been  here  under  five  years,  mo 
than  one-half  of  those  who  have  been  here  from  five  to  nine  years,  ai 
more  than  four-fifths  of  those  who  have  been  here  ten  years  or  ovt 
can  speak  English,  the  proportion  increasing  with  the  increase 
the  number  of  years  of  their  residence  in  this  country.  The  rac 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


569 


idicating  the  greatest  tendency  to  acquire  a knowledge  of  English 
re  the  North  Italian  and  Lithuanian,  and  those  showing  the  least 
jndency  in  this  direction  are  the  South  Italian,  Polish,  and  Slovak 
ices. 


SCHOOL  FACILITIES  AND  ATTENDANCE. 

Very  few  children  of  recent  immigrants  are  in  the  public  schools 
E Community  B.  Within  the  town  itself,  of  875  enrolled,  there  are 
bout  60  foreign-born  children,  of  whom  25  are  Italians.  Prac- 
cally  all  children  of  recent  immigrants  are  found  in  the  primary 
rades,  few  if  any  being  in  the  grammar  or  high  schools.  This  is 
ue  to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  immigrant  children  are  young,  and 
) the  fact  that  parents  withdraw  their  children  from  the  schools 
efore  the  higher  grades  are  reached.  The  Slavic  races  are  more 
esirous  of  educational  advantages  for  their  children  than  are  the 
kalians,  the  larger  percentage  of  Italian  children  in  the  public  school 
eing  due  to  the  fact  that  two-thirds  of  the  Italian  population  live 
ithin  the  borough,  while  most  of  the  Slavic  people  have  settled  in 
le  semidetached  mining  communities.  The  small  communities  sur- 
)unding  the  town  proper  are  practically  without  schools  and  there  is 
[•eat  need  for  additional  schools  and  teachers.  In  the  largest  of  the 
etached  communities  there  is  a two-room  public  school  maintained 
Y the  township.  There  is  also  a parochial  school  of  two  rooms 
ader  the  control  of  the  English-spemdng  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
id  a one-room  Polish  school  maintained  by  the  Poles.  In  the  latter 
Lool  English  is  not  taught.  Under  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania  this 
lilure  to  teach  English  is  illegal,  but  is  permitted  by  the  authorities 
3cause  they  find  themselves  relieved  of  the  increased  expense  which 
ould  be  placed  upon  their  shoulders  were  they  to  provide  the  neces- 
iry  public-school  accommodations. 

Neither  in  the  town  itself  nor  in  the  outlying  districts  is  the  Penn- 
dvania  school  law  enforced.  The  local  superintendent  of  schools 
L the  borough  proper  states  that  the  school  buildings  would  be 
itirely  inadequate  were  the  compulsory  school  law  enforced, 
istead  of  attempting  to  secure  the  attendance  of  immigrant  chil- 
ren,  every  effort  is  made  by  the  borough  officials  to  prevent  them 
om  entering  the  schools.  If  present  conditions  continue  to  pre- 
ail,  the  children  of  immigrants  of  both  the  first  and  second  gener- 
dons  will  grow  up  without  even  the  opportunity  of  obtaining  a 
idimentary  education. 

The  borough  or  town  itself  is  practically  supported  b}^  the  coal 
idustry  there.  The  capital  invested  in  the  industry,  however,  is 
at  fully  taxable  by  the  town.  The  mining  rights  and  properties 
■ the  various  coal-mining  companies  extend  for  miles  into  the 
Ijacent  township  or  townships,  the  tipple  only  in  some  cases  being 
i5sessable  by  the  borough.  In  some  mines  the  actual  work  is  now 
i3ing  carried  on  some  3 miles  from  the  tipple.  But  it  is  upon  the 
)wn  that  the  principal  responsibility  of  providing  school  facilities 
'ists.  The  result  is  a school  tax  of  15  mills  and  an  indisposition 
1 the  part  of  the  citizens  to  provide  school  opportunities  for  any 
the  outlying  districts  or  to  insist  upon  the  attendance  at 
Iiool  of  all  children  of  the  town.  The  township,  moreover,  upon 
iWch  rests  the  responsibility  of  providing  school  advantages  for  all 


570 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


children  within  its  limits  and  outside  the  town  limits,  is  not  much 
concerned  about  the  foreign  settlements  surrounding  the  coal  mines  on 
the  outskirts  of  Community  B.  It  has  contented  itself  with  provid- 
ing the  two-room  school  referred  to  above,  which  is  entirely  inade- 
quate to  the  needs  of  the  mining  communities  of  the  neighborhood. 

The  general  situation  may  be  epitomized  in  the  statement  that  the 
existing  schools  are  adequate  only  for  the  children  of  English-speak- 
ing parents,  and,  since  the  admission  of  immigrant  children  would 
either  overcrowd  the  present  buildings  or  necessitate  an  outlay  to 
cover  the  erection  of  a new  building,  immigrant  children  are,  in  effect, 
practically  debarred  from  the  schools  and  no  effort  is  made  to 
provide  additional  buildings.  y 

CITIZENSHIP. 

One  hundred  and  sixty-nine  mine  employees  in  the  community 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were 
21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  arrival,  furnished  information 
regarding  citizenship.  Of  this  number  100  had  secured  neither  first 
nor  second  naturalization  papers,  46  were  fully  naturalized,  and  23 
had  signified  their  intention  of  becoming  citizens.  Of  the  46  miners 
who  were  citizens,  more  than  three-fifths  were  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  German. 

A total  of  86  had  been  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years, 
and  of  this  number  69  were  aliens.  Of  a total  of  83  who  had  been 
in  the  country  more  than  ten  years,  31  were  aliens.  The  table  show- 
ing the  political  condition  of  the  169  mine  employees  follows: 

Table  305. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  oj 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

1 

< 

Having  first  pa- 
pers only. 

Having  second  pa- 
pers. 

Total. 

Aliens.  I 

Having  first  pa- 
pers only. 

Having  second  pa- 
pers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first  pa- 
pers only. 

Having  second  pa- 
pers. 

Total. 

Croatian 

6 

2 

2 

3 

1 

4 

5 

1 

6 

English 

20 

2 

1 

2 

5 

14 

15 

3 

1 

16 

20 

French 

12 

4 

3 

7 

1 

4 

5 

5 

3 

4 

12 

German 

13 

7 

3 

10 

3 

3 

7 

3 

3 

13 

Irish 

11 

1 

1 

1 

4 

5 

10 

2 

4 

5 

11 

Italian,  North 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

13 

11 

2 

13 

11 

2 

13 

Lithuanian 

5 

2 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

5 

Magyar 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4 

Polish 

32 

19 

19 

io 

1 

2 

13 

29 

1 

2 

32 

Russian 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Scotch 

7 

2 

2 

1 

4 

5 

3 

4 

7 

Slovak 

40 

14 

3 

2 

19 

13 

5 

3 

21 

27 

8 

5 

40 

Welsh 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 

fied)  

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

169 

69 

11 

6 

86 

31 

12 

40 

83 

100 

23 

46 

169 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  Pennsylvania. 


571 


An  examination  of  the  poll  books  of  qualified  voters  in  the  town 
)roper  revealed  a voting  status  analagous  to  that  which  existed  with 
egard  to  citizenship.  Of  a total  of  about  800  qualified  voters,  the 
lumber  of  foreign-born  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  France, 
nd  Belgium  was  as  follows: 


lavic  races 12 

talian 8 

Belgian 7 

Yench 5 

lebrew,  Russian 3 

Total 35 


Since  the  bulk  of  the  foreign  population  lives  in  the  semidetached 
lining  communities  and  not  in  the  town  proper,  the  inferences  to  be 
[rawn  from  these  figures  are  limited  in  value.  No  records  of  these 
amps  could  be  obtained.  The  recent  immigrants  living  within 
he  town  itself,  as  is  shown  by  the  records  from  which  the  figures  are 
rawn,  are  few  in  number  and  are  usually  of  a more  extended  period 
f residence  in  the  United  States  than  are  the  immigrants  who  live 
dthout  the  town  limits. 


AMERICANIZATION. 

In  addition  to  the  tendencies  discussed  under  the  preceding  cap- 
ions,  it  may  be  said  in  general  that  progress  toward  Americanization 
r assimilation  is  very  slow  among  the  foreign-born  population  of  the 
ommunity.  The  factors  tending  to  familiarize  the  alien  with 
American  life  and  institutions  may  be  briefly  summarized  as  follows: 
%)  Casual  contact  with  English-speaking  people  and  limited  business 
nd  working  relations;  (b)  membership  and  participation  in  the  labor 
rganization  of  the  miners. 

The  obstacles  in  the  way  of  assimilation  are  stronger  than  in  the 
rdinary  mining  community  where  recent  immigrants  are  employed, 
’resented  in  summary  form,  they  are  as  follows:  (a)  Aloofness  and 
idifference  of  Americans  toward  the  immigrant  population;  (b)  the 
Imost  exclusive  character  of  the  foreign  settlements;  (c)  the  lack  of 
ny  public  means  for  assimilation,  such  as  libraries  and  reading  rooms, 
nd  most  important  of  all,  the  absence  of  school  facilities;  (d)  prac- 
Lcal  segregation  of  the  recent  immigrant  while  at  work. 


*Sp 


i'*'lf^b'^i  rt»>!*^ifl|»#  «*‘ORT  *C>*’  ylt.iyiit; 

. JP¥P'V!-u-  ^ ^ ‘^>  l 


. 7 M ^i4r^  aoi/r.«<s>Ui?*(T  ^ 

* ■ 5y  i/  M ^ f’^V'  • # ® % :1fetf\  ttfciij'ya^  f 


do  0 
..:n« 


•PART  III— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY 
IN  THE  MIDDLE  WEST. 


573 


PART  III.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

MIDDLE  WEST. 


Chapter  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 

[ouseholds  studied — Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured— Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured— [Text  Tables  306  to  310 
and  General  Tables  101  to  103]. 

HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  households 
tudied,  by  race  of  head  of  household:® 

Table  Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Households. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

itive-born  of  native  father.  White 

22 

51 

25 

50 

23 

12.9 

29.8 

14.6 

29.2 

13.5 

)reign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Grand  total 

171 

100. 0 

•tal  native-born 

22 

149 

12.9 

87.1 

•tal  foreign-bom 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  above  table  that  of  171  households  in  this 
cality,  information  was  secured  from  a smaller  proportion  of  native 
hite  households  than  of  those  of  any  other  race,  the  extent  of  the 
udy  being  limited  to^  a number  sufficient  for  comparative  pur- 
)ses.  The  North  Italian  and  Lithuanian  households,  constituting 
) per  cent  of  the  total  number  studied,  are  reported  in  about  equal 
•oportions. 


» The  households  studied  were  located  in  the  southern  Illinois  field.  Data  for  indi- 
tiual  employees  were  secured  from  all  sections  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois. 


576 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


MEMBERS  OF  HOUSEHOLDS 


FOR  WHOM  DETAILED  INFORMATION  WAS  i 
SECURED. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  persons  in  the 
households  studied,  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 

Table  307. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


.y 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Persons  in  house- 
holds. 

Persons  for  whom 
detailed  informa- 
tion was  secured. 

of  house- 
holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distri- 
bution. 

Native-born  nfi,tJvp.  father  White 

22 

79 

10.4 

79 

11.0 

Foreign-born: 

Italian  North  

51 

213 

28.1 

213 

29.7 

Italian  South  

25 

121 

16.0 

116 

16.2 

T-ithnanian  

50 

234 

30.9 

212 

29.6 

Pnlish  

23 

111 

14.6 

96 

13.4 

Grand  total 

171 

758 

100.0 

716 

100.0 

Total  native-born  

22 

79 

10.4 

79 

ii.o' 

Total  foreign-born 

149 

679 

89.6 

637 

89.0 

Of  the  758  persons  in  the  households  studied,  almost  the  entire 
number  are  in  liouseholds  whose  heads  are  foreign-bom.  Fifty-nine 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  persons  are  in  households  whose  heads 
are  of  the  North  Italian  or  Lithuanian  races.  Of  the  716  persons 
for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  89  per  cent  of  the  total 
including  males  and  females  were  in  foreign  households. 

The  relative  number  and  per  cent  of  males  and  females  of  each 
race  in  the  households  studied  are  shown  in  the  table  below : 


Table  308. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of  each  sex. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

43 

36 

79 

54.4 

45.6 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

106 

107 

213 

49.8 

50.2 

Italian,  South 

61 

55 

116 

52.6 

47.4 

Lithuanian 

111 

101 

212 

52.4 

47.6 

Polish 

52 

44 

96 

54.2 

45.8 

Grand  total 

373 

343 

716 

52.1 

47.9 

Total  native-born 

43 

36 

79 

54.4 

Total  foreign-born 

330 

307 

637 

51.8 

48.2 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  We^. 


577 


The  table  next  presented  shows  persons  in  the  households  studied 
for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual: 

Table  309. — Person's  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  hy  sex  and  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number. 

! Per  cent  distribution. 

1 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

'Jative-bom  of  native  father,  White . 

43 

39 

82 

11.5 

11.4 

11.5 

'Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father: 

Italian,  North 

48 

54 

102 

12.9 

15.7 

14.2 

Italian,  South 

20 

21 

41 

5.4 

6. 1 

5.7 

Lithuanian 

59 

46 

105 

15.8 

13.4 

14.7 

Polish 

22 

21 

43 

5.9 

6.1 

6.0 

?o»eign-born: 

Italian,  North 

58 

50 

108 

15.5 

14.6 

15. 1 

Italian,  South 

41 

34 

75 

11.0 

9.9 

10.5 

Lithuanian 

52 

55 

107 

13.9 

16.0 

14.9 

Polish 

30 

22 

52 

8.0 

6.4 

7.3 

Scotch 

1 

1 

.0 

.3 

Grand  total 

373 

343 

716 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

liT 

142 

291 

39.9 

41.4 

40.6 

!'otal  native-born 

192 

181 

373 

51.5 

52.8 

52. 1 

"otal  foreign-born 

181 

162 

343 

48.5 

47.2 

47.9 

Of  the  total  number  of  persons  reported  in  the  above  table,  it  will 
)e  seen  that  a slightly  larger  proportion  of  both  males  and  females  is 
lative-born  than  is  foreign-born.  Of  the  native-born,  by  far  the 
argest  proportion  is  born  of  foreign  father.  Of  the  males  and 
emales  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  Lithuanians  and  North 
talians  constitute  a much  larger  proportion  than  do  the  South  Ital- 
ans  and  Poles.  The  races  showing  the  largest  proportion  of  foreign- 
)orn  males  are  the  North  Italian,  Lithuanian,  and  South  Italian,  in 
he  order  mentioned,  while  the  Poles  are  represented  by  compara- 
ively  few  individuals,  and  the  Scotch  by  none  whatever. 


578 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


EMPLOYEES  FOR  WHOM  INFORMATION  WAS  SECURED. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  employ eef 
for  whom  detailed  information  was  received,  by  general  natmt} 
and  race: 

Table  310. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  am 

race. 

(study  op  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 


Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French. 
Canadian,  Other  . . 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 


sian) , 


Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

6,003 

32.0 

584 

3.1 

1 

(«) 

174 

.9 

10 

.1 

18 

.1 

5 

(“) 

590 

3.1 

67 

.4 

883 

4.7 

322 

1.7 

56 

.3 

2 

(a) 

4 

(a) 

57 

.3 

286 

1.5 

20 

.1 

10 

.1 

212 

1.1 

253 

1.4 

17 

.1 

11 

.1 

8 

(«) 

183 

1.0 

7 

(«)  , 

22 

.1 

812 

4.3  1 

29 

•2  1 

194 

1.0 

864 

4.6 

12 

.1 

2 

(«) 

General  nativity  and  race. 


Foreign-born,  by  race — Con. 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch,  Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  spe- 
cified)  

Austrian  (race  not  spe- 
cified)  

Belgian  (race  not  spe- 
cified)  

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 


Number. 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 


128 

1,716 

422 

4 

1,086 

648 

1 

33 

7 

823 

11 

377 

20 

350 

1 

24 

796 

99 

67 

8 

160 

1 

127 

102 


Per  cent 
distribu 
tion. 


18,737 


2,717 

9,304 


(a) 

(a) 

(“) 


(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 


100. 


a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


The  relative  importance  of  the  different  races  and  nativity  group 
employed  in  the  mines  of  the  Middle  West  may  be  quickly  seen  tror 
the  accompanying  chart,  v/hich  is  based  upon  the  figures  of  the  prc 
ceding  table. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


579 


I 

I 

I 


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Chapter  II. 

RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  the  Middle  West— Period  of  residence  in  the 
United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and  members  of  their  households— Racial 
classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time — Racial  movements  to  representative 
localities — Representative  communities  in  Illinois — Representative  communities 
in  Indiana— Representative  districts  in  Ohio— [Text  Tables  311  to  321  and  General 
Tables  104  and  105]. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COAL  FIELDS  OF  THE  MIDDLE  WEST. 

The  extraordinary  increase  in  the  production  of  coal  in  the  Middle 
West  during  the  past  fifty  years  has  already  been  pointed  out  in 
detail.®  The  remarkable  increase  in  the  number  of  persons  employed 
in  bituminous  coal  mining  in  this  section  has  also  been  noted, ^ tut 
in  the  present  connection  it  will  be  worth  while  to  put  forward  again 
the  number  of  men  employed  at  different  periods  in  the  mines  of 
3hio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois. 


Year. 

Ohio. 

Indiana. 

Illinois. 

Total. 

870 

7,567 

19,343 

1 369 

6 301 

889 

6^448 

23  934 

XOy ^Oi 

4.Q  79^ 

902 

25^963 
46, 833 

10  593 

36  617 

907 

21^022 

65  581 

4 Of  14  0 

lOOf  wO 

As  can  be  readily  seen  from  the  above  statement,  the  expansion  of 
he  coal  industry  brought  with  it  a rapid  increase  in  the  number  of 
employees,  the  working  force  being  more  than  trebled  during  the 
leriod  1870  to  1889,  and  more  than  doubled  during  the  following 
jighteen  years.  This  remarkable  increase  was  made  possible  by 
-he  arrival  of  increasing  numbers  of  immigrants  in  the  coal-mining 
■egions,  either  directly  from  abroad  or  from  other  coal-producing 
ireas  of  the  United  States.  A great  many  native  as  well  as  immi- 
grant miners  also  migrated  to  the  Middle  West  after  the  year  1890, 
IS  the  result  of  labor  disputes  in  the  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia 
;oal  fields. 

Racial  movernents  to  the  coal  fields  of  the  Middle  West  correspond  to 
he  general  periods  during  which  representative  races  of  immigrants 
lave  been  coming  to  the  United  States  since  1870,  as  well  as  to 
he  periods  of  most  rapid  extension  of  coal-mining  operations.  In 
l.'eneral,  it  may  be  said  that  the  pioneer  coal-mining  operatives 
n this  territory  were,  in  addition  to  Americans,  English,  Irish, 
scotch,  Welsh,  Germans,  and  a few  French  and  English  Canadians, 
^nd  Scandinavians.  There  are  no  available  statistics  of  nationalities 


« See  pp,  4 and  5.  b See  p.  5. 

48296°— VOL  6—11 38  581 


582 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


employed  prior  to  1890.  The  following  table,  however,  furnishes 
inforniation  as  to  the  country  of  birth  of  miners  m Illinois,  Indiana, 
and  Ohio  in  1890,  and  shows  conclusively  that  very  few  immigrants, 
with  the  exception  of  those  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  were  m 
the  coal  mines  of  these  States.  The  figures  include  persons  engaged 
in  all  forms  of  mining  in  the  three  Middle  Western  States,  conse- 
quently they  do  not  afford,  nor  are  they  put  forward  to  show,  a 
satisfactory  exhibit  as  to  the  actual  number  of  bituminous  coal 
miners,  but  they  do  indicate  the  general  nativity  of  the  coal-mmmg 
employees  in  the  year  1890,  which  is  the  mam  point  under  discussion 

at  present. 

Table  311. — Number  of  miners  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  by 

country  of  birth,  1890. 


[From  Eleventh  Census  of  the  United  States,  1890,  Population,  Part  11,  pp.  552,  554,  596.] 


Nativity. 

Illinois. 

Indiana.  I 

Ohio. 

Total. 

Native  white; 

4,744 

3,124 

11,597 

4,490 

19,465 

9,662 

4,175 

997 

8,919 

4,121 

16,087 

29,127 

12,720 

2,184 

7,770 

22,674 

1,306 

556 

172 

578 

22, 195 

' 6,477 

24,435 

53,107 

Foreign-born,  by  country  of  birth: 

78 

19 

56 

153 

7 

2 

4 

1,510 

4,642 

13 

4,640 

2,777 

353 

4,837 

1,312 

10, 791 

1,136 

184 

806 

2, 126 
770 

700 

33 

46 

706 

i /y 
4,174 

oWGQ6n.,  IN  or  Wdy  J aliu  x/ciiiiiai 

3,185 

281 

12,720 

2,184 

7,770 

22,676 

1 

— 

a Includes  persons  of  negro  descent,  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  civilized  Indians. 


During  the  next  ten  years  there  was  a change  m the  racial  com- 
position of  the  industry,  but  the  Americans,  English,  Irish,  bcotch, 
Welsh,  and  Germans  still  maintained  the  ascendancy,  constituting 
the  largest  proportion  of  the  total  working  forces.  Some  races  ol 
more  recent  immigration,  however,  including  the  Slovaks,  Magyars, 
Italians,  and  Poles,  had  already  begun  to  enter  the  field  in  considCT- 
able  numbers.  This  situation  is  clearly  shown  m the  following  sene, 
of  tables,  which  exhibits  the  country  of  birth  of  miners  employed  m 
Illinois  in  1899  and  in  the  Middle  West  in  the  year  1900. 

The  first  of  the  tables  shows  the  country  of  birth  of  mine  em- 
ployees in  Illinois  in  1899.  By  referring  to  the  preceding  table 
it  will  be  seen  that,  with  the  exception  of  3,185  persons  who  ar 
classified  under  “other  countries,”  all  the  persons  engaged  m mining 
in  1890  were  native-born  or  born  in  Great  Britain,  Canada,  bweden 
Norway,  Denmark,  or  Germany.  In  Table  312  the  changes  whicfi 
began  after  1890  are  set  forth.  Although  the  Americans,  English 
Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  still  constituted  75  per  cent  o 
the  total  number  of  persons  engaged  in  coal  mining,  it  is  seen  tna 
the  remaining  25  per  cent  were  largely  persons  born  in  yranc 
Italy,  Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Belgium.  The  Italians  in  189. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


583 


constituted  8.35  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  miners,  the  Poles 
5.90  per  cent,  and  the  employees  from  Austria-Hungary  4.84  per  cent. 
The  majority  of  these  recent  immigrants  had  entered  the  northern 
field  in  Illinois  because  the  southern  field  was  not  developed  until 
the  following  period  of  ten  years.  The  table  follows: 

Table  312. — Coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  nationality,  1899. 

Compiled  from  Illinois  report  for  1899.  This  table  does  not  include  861  employees  whose  nationality  was 

not  reported.] 


Race. 

Number. 

Per  cent  dis- 
tribution. 

\merican 

15,580 

43.12 

Snslish 

3,394 

9.40 

scotch 

1,412 

3.91 

Tish 

2,086 

5. 77 

kVelsh 

645 

1.79 

lerman 

4.138 

11.45 

French 

373 

1.03 

talian 

3,016 

8.35 

Race. 

Number. 

Per  cent  dis- 
tribution. 

Austrian  and  Bohemian . . . 

975 

2. 70 

Hungarian 

774 

2.14 

Polish 

2, 133 

5.90 

Belgian 

487 

1.35 

Russian 

498 

1.38 

Scandinavian 

619 

1.71 

Total 

36, 130 

100. 00 

In  order  to  show  the  distribution  of  nationalities  in  the  State,  the 
‘ollowing  table  is  given  showing  nationalities  for  mining  districts 
ind  countries: 


"able  Nationality  of  coal-faine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  district  and  county,  1899. 

[Compiled  from  Illinois  Coal  Report  for  1899.] 


District  and 
county. 

American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

1 Welsh. 

German. 

I French. 

Italian. 

Austrian  and 
Bohemian. 

Hungarian. 

Polish. 

Belgian. 

Russian.  j 

Scandinavian.! 

Not  reported. 

Total. 

irst  district: 
Grundy 

211 

468 

4 

553 

25 

553 

17 

329 

23 

230 

16 

254 

6 

305 

22 

126 

11 

89 

1 156 

3 

298 

1 

36 

”67 

1,020 

61 

161 

11 

151 

10 

262 

118 

114 

60 

2 

47 

3 

• 42 

128 

3,298 
210 
3, 576 
100 

Kankakee 

La  Salle 

534 

497 

10 

45 

20 

16 

Will 

Total 

752 

1,148 

598 

587 

226 

458 

103 

1,253 

423 

652 

621 

112 

87 

36 

128 

7,184 

jcond  district: 
Bureau 

258 

86 

104 

380 

79 

47 

291 

32 

14 

150 

24 

162 

6 

7 

37 

3 

194 

18 

3 

29 

2 

5 

47 

1 

1 

25 

3 

167 

39 

11 

780 

11 

504 

100 

5 

42 

116 

96 

33 

119 

7 

388 

”'4 

3,071 

283 

167 

790 

149 

52 

Henry 

Knox 

1 

Mercer 

27 

30 

10 

1 

9 

4 

Rock  Island. . 
Warren 

Total 

954 

90 

142 

817 

63 

49 

511 

70 

24 

77 

11 

31 

215 

23 

28 

22 

2 

19 

251 

19 

50 

14 

4 

IG 

77 

18 

8 

5 

263 

18 

63 

176 

12 

6 

15 

17 

780 

30 

57 

2 

22 

12 

113 

9 

12 

504 

15 

109 

2 

109 

”22 

42 

1 

50 

371 

392 

4,512 

314 

681 

1,133 

82 

442 

aird  district: 
Livingston. . . 

Marshall 

Peoria 

1 

2 

Stark 

Woodford 

Total 

2 

33 

18 

40 

192 

42 

1,161 

213 

94 

103 

33 

290 

5g| 

129 

125 

12 

318 

64 

51 

3 

2, 652 

)urth  district: 
Fulton. 

875 

25 

146 

58 

95 

145 

1 

99 

20 

37 

37 

24 

41 

31 

1 

5 

21 

20 

1,200 

26 

281 

387 

214 

Hancock 

McDonough . . 
McLean 

8 

15 

8 

16 

30 

16 

5 

4 

2 

7 

141 

”53 

5 

37 

51 

4 

4 

2 

19 

Tazewell . 
Total 1 

1,199 

302 

68 

86 

52 

119 

5 

9 

23 

19 

148 

78 

2,108 

584 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  313  —Nationality  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  district  and  county,  I 

i <§99— Continued. 


District  and 
county. 


Fifth  district: 

Edgar 

Macon 

Vermilion. . 


Total . 


Sixth  District: 

Brown 

Cass 

Logan 

Menard 

Sangamon  . . . 
Schuyler 


Total. 


Seventh  district: 

Calhoun 

Christian 

Greene 

Jersey 

Macoupin 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Scott 

Shelby 


Total . 


Eighth  district: 

Bond 

Madison 

St.  Clair 


Total. 


Ninth  district: 
Clinton . . . 
Franklin. . 
Jefferson.. 

Marion 

Perry 

Randolph. 
Washington.. 
Hamilton 


Total. 


Tenth  district: 

Gallatin 

Jackson 

Johnston.. . 

Saline 

Williamson. 


Total., 


American. 

English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 

Welsh. 

German. 

French. 

Italian. 

P A nctricin  nnH 

1 Bohemian. 

I Himgarian. 

Polish. 

j Belgian. 

1 Russian. 

1 Scandinavian. 

-d 

0 

P< 

S 

0 

[ 

36 

1,181 

19 

143 

14 

79 

26 

154 

2 

41 

34 

217 

68 

145 

180 

194  2 

102j 

48 

73 

181 

19 

1,217| 

162 

93 

180 

43 

251 

71 

132| 

48 

73 

334 

182 

181 

19 

217  : 

? 

9 

no 

294 

1,252 

35 

3 

1 

30 

51 

185 

2 

5 

5 

11 

58 

341 

5 

7 

5 

76 

2 

3 

5 

55 

86 

52 

339 

4 

4 

1 

20 

1 

10 

20 

116 

4i, 

69 

'"4 

3 

8 

42 

35 

..  4 

32 

0 

1,722 

272 

90 

420 

63 

481 

25 

73 

32 

6 

146 

4 

11 

42 

44 

9 

739 

32 

6 

831 

361 

8 

38 

94 

2 

20 

15 

1 

107 

14 

3 

10 

3 

31 

2 

6 

118 

20 

1 

3 

12 

"'3 

"32 

12 

6 

34 

1 

5 

674 

30 

16 

6^ 

4 

14 

2 

64 

13 

17 

5 

50 

37 

207 

3 

36 

7 

1 

37 

9 

1 

1 

5 

3 

6 

3 

11 

4 

29 

1 



2,118 

179 

98 

196 

52 

756 

31 

no 

218 

80 

1 

47 

2 

156 

485 

974 

87 

25C 

3 

20 

1 45 

4 

72 

, 46 

1 

32 

31 

10 

; 226 
1 684 

2 

21 

19 

124 
1,  43 

79 

1 

8 

13 

66 

4 

12 

3 

: 63 
; 7 



1,615 

342 

! 68 

1 122 

: 67 

' 920 

42 

ij  167 

80 

21 

7C 

1 15 

i 70 

182 

: 12 

! 8 

; 25 

249 

1 

4 

2 

67 

659 

1,016 

359 

43 

n 

’ 

1 19 

i 10( 

1 43 

! 3 

1 4 

) 26 

) n 

1 k 

1 ] 

i 5 

) 16 

L 29 

t 26 

1 

) 1( 

) ' 

4 

i 162 

Ij  77 

4 32 

29 

t . . . . 

! { 

' il 
! 6 

) 

1 

) 24 

2 68 

12 

12 

L 

) 

1 

; 1 
] 

. .... 

1 

1] 

[ .... 

L ...... 

2.331 

7 18: 

1 5! 

? 10( 

) 1’ 

7 55: 

5 2- 

7;  97 

1 ; 

L 3i 

i ... 

63 

, 1,08( 
2( 
15i 
, 1,17! 

? : 

) 3 

) : 

? 4 

T 

7 i: 

L ... 

3 

9 2; 

1 ... 

i 

6 

1 

7 ... 

. 12! 

c 

A 

5 

7 

i ; 

5 1, 

3 . . . 

^ 

5 2: 

3 r 

5 

i i3! 

5 ... 

J 

. 2,50; 
15, 581 

1 

5 8 

Oj  3,39 

1 3, 

4 1,41 

0 4 

2 2,08' 

1 15'  4’ 

6 645,  4,13: 

7 

8 37 

r 261 

3|  3,01: 

R 

5 ... 

1 

6 97 

5 77 

4 2,13 

i3  48 

17  49 

8 61 

9 861 

1,203 


3,431 


511 

13: 


173 ' 


181 

l,29f 

2,123' 


3,59t 


( 

81 

92; 

1,33( 

481 


3,4k 


7 

1,29: 

2 

17 

1,42' 


2,99 

36,99 


The  movements  exhibited  in  Illinois  during  the  period  1890 
were  representative  of  the  tendencies  at  work  throughout  the  JViiddlj 
West.  This  fact  is  shown  by  the  returns  of  the  census  of  1900,  whicJ 
are  presented  on  the  following  page.  By  reference^  to  this  table 
which  shows  the  country  of  birth  of  persons  engaged  in  the  occupa 
tion  of  mining,  it  is  seen  that  the  flow  of  immigrants  to  the 
fields  was  stronger  than  to  those  of  the  other  States,  but  tna 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West.  585 

„ _ _ — 

considerable  numbers  of  persons  from  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  Poland, 
md  Russia  were  engaged  in  mining  coal  in  Indiana  and  Ohio.® 

Fable  314. — Number  of  miners  and  quarry  men  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  Illinois,  Indiana, 
and  Ohio,  by  nativity,  1900. 


[From  Twelfth  Census,  United  States  1900,  Occupations,  pp.  204,  270,  302.] 


Nativity. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Oliio. 

Total. 

'lative  white: 

Native  parents 

9,778 
8 551 

7 534 

1 7 040 

34, 352 
16, 926 
51,278 
30, 143 

0 K/17 

Foreign  parents 

1 964 

It  y U^U 

0 411 

Total  native  white 

18! 329 
18, 487 

1 308 

9 498 

u,  4ii 

9*^  4fil 

'■'oreign  white 

2 678 

ZOy ^Oi 

k Q7k 

Colored  a 

Oy  Ul  0 

7fin 

oyy 

i oU 

Zy  o47 

Grand  total 

38, 184 

12, 575 

QQ  900 

83, 908 

00,  ZV\y 

’ersons  of  native  parentage 

11,138 

7 931 

17 

36, 885 

1 l y OlU 

’ersons  having  either  both  parents  born  as  specified  or  one 
parent  born  as  specified  and  one  parent  native: 
Austria-Hungarv  b 

2,709 
108 
30 
6,151 
6, 598 

316 

9 0*^0 

5, 004 

OHK 

Canada,  English  c 

28 

Zy  uoy 
70 

Canada,  French  c 

/ U 

zuo 

7n 

Germanv 

1 g(j7  j 

oi 

1 A £XnQ 

Great  Britain 

1,925  1 

0 , oyu 

^ 71 1 

iU,  61)8 

1 A 09  i 

Ireland 

2!  679 
2,915 
1, 442 

0,  / ii 

1 707 

14, Zo4 

4,929 

3,611 

1,938 

Italy 

iy  1 Zt 
^ 1 Q 

Poland 

Zoo 

9*^ 

•llo 

470 

Russia 

E241 

1,121 

1, 046 

Z6 

83 

At  0 
07 

Scandinavia 

60  i 

Zt 

70 

1, 351 

1 OC^i 

Other  countries  d 

ou  1 
9^0  1 

i,  404 

1 om 

ooy 

1,  yul 

Total 

26  046 

A 9Q7  i 

1 A 70Q 

45, 166 

OV  i 

14, tZo 

’ersons  of  mixed  foreign  parentage. . 

1,000 

247  j 

070 

1,917 

D/U 

Total  persons  having  one  or  both  parents  foreign 

27, 046 

4,  644 

15,393 

47,083 

a In  this  instance,  includes  only  persons  of  negro  descent. 
b Includes  Bohemia, 
c Includes  Newfoundland, 
d Includes  all  other  foreign  countries. 

After  the  year  1900,  the  movement  of  immigrant  races  of  southern 
nd  eastern  Europe  into  the  Middle  West  steadily  continued,  and  was 
specially  marked  during  the  period  1902  to  1907,  on  account  of  the 
xtraordinary  development  and  the  opening  of  new  fields.  The  ex- 
ension  of  coal-mining  operations  and  the  consequent  inflow  of  recent 
Miigrants  was  particularly  noticeable  in  Illinois  in  the  five  lower  dis- 
ricts  embracing  the  counties  of  Sangamon,  Christian,  Macoupin, 
lontgomery,  Madison,  St.  Clair,  Clinton,  Perry,  Franklin,  Randolph, 
ackson.  Saline,  and  Williamson.  In  the  State  of  Indiana,  Greene, 
.'ulhyan.  Vermilion,  and  Vigo  counties  absorbed  the  main  part  of  the 
nmigrants  to  the  coal  mines.  The  counties  of  Ohio  which  underwent 
tie  greatest  development  and  received  the  largest  number  of  inimi- 
rant  miners  were  Athens,  Belmont,  Guernsey,  Jefferson,  Perry,  and 
uscarawas.^ 


“The  census  figures  for  1900,  as  in  the  case  of  those  for  1890,  include  all  persons  en- 
iged  in  inining  of  any  description,  and  are  not  put  forward  with  the  purpose  of  show- 
ig  the  racial  composition  of  the  bituminous  coal -mining  forces  of  the  Middle  West  but 
'erely  to  indicate  the  racial  movements  to  the  industry. 

0 The  tendency  in  racial  movements  may  be  seen  from  the  comparative  number  of 
mmg  operatives  in  the  districts  of  Illinois,  and  the  coal-producing  counties  of  Ohio 
id  Indiana  in  1907,  as  compared  with  1899.  These  figures  are  compiled  from  the 
mual  reports  of  the  department  of  mines  of  the  respective  States. 


586 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  315.— iVumber  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Ohio,  by  county,  1899  and  1907. 
[Compiled  from  the  annual  reports  of  the  chief  inspector  of  mines  for  Ohio.] 


County. 

1899. 

1907. 

Athens 

2,926 

7,556 

Belmont  

2,096 

451 

7,365 

Carroll 

679 

ColumhinnH  

1,336 

1,262 

Coshoeton  

613 

659 

Qallea 

39 

93 

Guernsey 

2,199 

4,474 

Hcirrison 

103 

604 

T4r»r‘V:infr  

2,347 

2,337 

Holmes  

48 

56 

JOiCkson 

4,131 

3,019 

Jefferson 

1,337 

5,787 

621 

Btiwrence 

387 

Mohonin^  

237 

242 

Medino- 

337 

116 

542 

883 

County. 


M organ  

59 

613 

208 

2,930 

292 

19 
2,422 

302 

64 

1,748 

168 

20 
42 

Muskingum  

■fsJnhlp  

1 Pprrv  

Portage 

Rciotfi 

Rtfirk  

Summit 

Trurnhnll  

Tuscarawas  

V inton 

i A\  ashington  

Wayne 

Total  

28,028 

1899. 


1907. 


451 
772 
- 384 
4,679 
214 
54 
1,56£ 
37c 


2,618 

58? 

t 

41£ 


47,87( 


Table  ‘SIQ.— Number  oj  coal-mine  employees  in  Indiana,  by  county,  1899  and  1907. 
[Compiled  from  report  of  Indiana  mine  inspector.] 


County. 


1907. 


Clay 

Daviess . . 
Fountain. 
Gibson. . . 
Greene. . . 
Knox . . . 

Parke 

Perry 


2,196 

440 


County. 


93 

731 

108 

1,063 

61 


138 
79 
265 
3, 653 
576 
1, 164 
16 


Pike 

358 

814 

236 

463 

1,001 

152 

SullivBU  

■yr  anderhurg 

V e^milion 

Vipo  ..  

Wnrn^k  

Total 

7,791 

1907. 


81; 
4,  OK 
41 
1,92 
3,29' 
57 


19,00 


Table  317.— Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  district  and  county,  1899  am 


[Compiled  from  Illinois  coal  reports  for  1899  and  1907.] 


Counties.  j 1S99. 

i 

1907. 

In- 

crease. 

Counties. 

1899. 

1907. 

In- 

crease. 

First  district: 

Grundy 1 

Kankakee 

La  Salle ' 

Will 

Total - 

Second  district: 

Bureau 

Henry 

Knox 

Mercer 

Rock  Island 

3,298 

210 

3, 576 
100 

2,746 

85 

3, 641 
498 

Fourth  district: 

Fulton 

Hancock 

McDonough 

McLean 

Tazewell 

1,200 

26 

281 

387 

214 

3,042 

34 

280 

306 

383 

7,184 

6,970 

(°) 

Total 

2,108 

4,045 

1,9? 

3,071 

283 

167 

790 

149 

52 

4,312 

407 

1.57 

769 

134 

58 

1 

! 

Fifth  district: 

Edgar 

Macon 

Vermilion 

Total 

378 

2,825 

6 

534 

4,131 

Warren 

Total 

3,203 

4,671 

1,4( 

4,512 

5,837  ' 1,325 

Sixth  district: 

Brown 

Cass 

Logan 

j Menard 

Sangamon 

Schuyler 

1 Total 

30 

20 

261 

570 

2,507 

43 

2 

8 

677 

658 

6,347 

37 

Third  district: 

Livingston 

Marshall 

Peoria 

Putnam 

Stark 

Woodford 

314 

681 

1,133 

82 

442 

578 

953 

1,375 

559 

104 

388 

1 

Tot^l 

2,  ()52 

3,957 

1,305 

3,431 

7,729  1 4,2' 



Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


587 


Table  317. — Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Indiana,  by  district  and  county,  1899 

and  1907 — Continued. 


Counties. 

1899. 

1907. 

In- 

crease. 

Counties. 

1899. 

1907. 

In- 

crease. 

Seventh  district: 

Calhoun 

Christian 

Greene 

Jersey 

Macoupin 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Scott 

Shelby 

20 

879 

50 

20 

2,175 

511 

13 

53 

173 

18 

1,662 

32 

4 

4,507 

1,195 

9 

331 

Ninth  district: 

Clinton 

Franklin 

Jefferson 

Marion 

Perry 

Randolph 

Washington 

Hamilton 

White, . 

482 

85 

927 

1,336 

486 

87 

11 

1,350 

1,342 

50 

92 

2,250 

904 

132 

i4 

Total 

Eighth  district: 

Bond 

Crawford 

Total 

Tenth  district: 

Gallatin 

.Taekson 

3,894 

7,827 

3,929 

3,414 

6, 134 

3,806 

181 

239 

73 

1,295 

26 

173 

1,427 

163 

1,217 

13 

2,093 

5, 635 

Effingham 

■Tohnstnn 

Fayette 

Saline 

Jasper 

WilliRmsoTi 

Monroe 

Total 

Grand  total 

Madison 

St.  Clair 

Total 

1,295 
2, 123 

3,979  1 
5,125 

2,994 
36, 991 

9,121 
66, 716 

6,027 
29, 625 

3,599 

9,343 

5, 744 

1 

PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSEHOLDS. 


The  following  table,  showing  the  period  of  residence  in  this  country 
of  9,331  mine  workers  in  the  Middle  West,  from  whom  detailed  infor- 
mation was  received,  will  be  found  instructive  as  well  as  corrobo- 
rative of  the  history  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields.  The  showing 
IS  made  in  the  form  of  percentages. 


Fable  318.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total 
however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.]  ^ ’ 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent 

in  the  United  States  each  specified  num- 
ber of  years. 

complete 

data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

252 

35.7 
21.  5 

28.2 
AQ  7 

3.2 

IKK 

11.5 

21.4 
4.4 

58.4 

24.5 
49.9 
75. 2 

"roatian 

181 

796 

192 

856 

125 

English 

25.  5 

‘ly.  i 
19  1 

io.  0 
1.3 

A 0 

8.  8 

French 

22.  4 

IZ.  1 

OK  A 

2.  8 

lerman 

17  \ 

OO.  4 

1 9 A 

D.  0 

0 A 

11.  5 

rish 

9.  6 

lA.  ^ 

C A 

0.  U 

0 i 

17.  6 

talian,  North 

1,699 

419 

1,086 

632 

29!  1 

34.4 
21.9 
39. 7 

0.  U 
40  4 

Z.  4 

1 A A 

4.  8 

11  A 

talian,  South 

4Q  9 

iU.  4 1 
c c 

11.  0 

0 0 

8.  5 

4.3 

5.3 
5.5 

Lithuanian 

0.  0 
IQ  Q 

0.  0 

lagyar 

Ou.  4 
00  ^ 

lo.  0 

7 i 

14.  7 

’olish 

810 

30.  6 

00.  0 

7 

/ . 4 

1 A H 

8. 7 

lussian 

372 

346 

793 

96 

67 

159 

32^8 
19.  4 

Oi  . 1 

*iA  Q 

lU.  i) 

1 0 A 

11.  4 

9.  8 
6.2 
59.5 
24.8 
9.4 
59.7 
82.4 

Icotch 

04.  y 
19  7 

iz.  y 

1.7 

1 A 

13. 2 

llovak 

18.  0 

lA.  / 
97  4 

6.  6 
15.8 

'lovenian 

3L3 
7.5 
6. 9 

Z/ . 4 
AO  A 

14.  U 

Q 0 

Swedish 

4U.  0 
1*^  4 

0.  0 

A K 

10.  4 

•^clsh 

10.  4 

9 K 

4.  0 

Q 1 

I4. 9 

Z.  0 

0.  1 

5.  0 

Total 

9,331 

26.0 

31.1 

A 1 

22.6 

9.  i 

11, 1 

588 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Upon  examining  the  total  for  all  races  in  the  preceding  table,  it  is  jj 
seen  that  57.1  per  cent  have  been  in  this  country  less  than  ten  years, 
and  26  per  cent  less  than  five  years.  On  the  other  hand,  22.6  per  cent  ' 
have  been  in  the  United  States  more  than  twenty  years  and  20.2 
per  cent  between  ten  and  twenty  years.  Those  who  have  been 
in  this  country  more  than  twenty  years  include  races  from  Great : 
Britain  and  northern  Europe,  and  on  the  other  hand  those  who 
have  a period  of  residence  of  less  than  five  years  include  principally 
southern  and  eastern  European  races,  which  obviously  indicates 
that  new  employees  in  the  industry  are  being  secured  from  these 
sources.  In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  of  the  total 
number  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years,  154 
have  been  here  less  than  one  year  and  593  two  years  only.«  Conse- 
quently the  inference  is  plain  that  immigrants,  the  greater  numbers 
of  whom  have  had  no  experience  or  training  abroad^  in  mining,  are 
employed  in  the  industry  in  the  Middle  West  immediately  after  their 
arrival  in  this  country.  . 

As  regards  the  number  of  years  the  different  races  have  been  m 
the  United  States,  the  longest  period  of  residence  is  shown  by  races 
from  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe.  Of  the  races  of  southern 
and  eastern  Europe,  only  the  Slovak  shows  any  important  propor- 
tion which  has  been  in  the  country  a considerable  number  of  years, 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  reporting  a residence  longer 
than  ten  years,  and  24.8  per  cent  a residence  longer  than  twenty 
years.  Almost  60  per  cent  each  of  the  Scotch,  Swedes,  and  English, 
75.2  per  cent  of  the  Irish,  82.4  per  cent  of  the  Welsh,  and  49.9  per 
cent  of  the  Germans  employed  in  the  Middle  West  have  been  in  the 
United  States  more  than  twenty  years.  A considerable  number  of 
EnMish,  German,  and  Scotch  immigrants  are  still  entering  the  mines 
of  this  field,  but  very  few  Irish  and  Welsh,  as  evidenced  by  the  pro- 
portions of  these  races  which  have  a period  of  residence  of  less  than 
five  years.  This  is  partly  to  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  Eng- 
lish, German,  and  Scotch  immigrants  are  coming  to  the  fields  of  the 
Middle  West  from  other  mining  sections  of  tjie  United  States  as  well 
as  from  abroad.  The  small  number  of  recent  Welsh  arrivals  is  <^’ue  to 
the  comparatively  small  proportion  of  immigrants  of  this  race.  The 
lack  of  any  considerable  number  of  Irish  of  recent  arrival  arises  from 
the  falling  off  of  the  immigrants  of  this  race  as  well  as  from  the  fact 
that  the  Irish  of  older  immigration  are  leaving  the  coal-mmmg 
industry,  and  the  Irish  of  recent  arrival  are  finding  more  agreeable 
and  remunerative  work  outside  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry. 

The  races  which  have  been  coming  to  the  fields  of  the  Middle  M est 
in  greatest  numbers  during  the  past  four  years  are  the  Croatian,  North 
and  South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Polish,  Kussian,  and  Slovenian. 
Of  the  Croatians,  71.2  per  cent  have  been  in  the  United  States  less 
than  ten  years  and  21.5  per  cent  under  five  years,  as  compared  with 
28.7  per  cent  who  have  been  in  the  country  more  than  ten  years. 
Twenty-nine  and  one-tenth  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian  employees 
have  been  in  the  country  less  than  five  years  and  about  70  per  cent 
less  than  ten  years.  In  the  case  of  the  South  Italians,  a greater  pro- 


«See  General  Table  No.  104,  Vol.  II,  p.  430.  • i j j: 

b As  corroborative  of  this  statement  see  discussion  of  occupations  abroad  of  presen 
immigrant  mine  workers,  p.  622. 


589 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


)ortion  than  of  North  Italians  have  been  in  the  country  less  than  five 
j'ears,  and  more  than  80  per  cent  of  the  race  have  a residence  less 
|han  ten  years.  Sixty-one  and  one-tenth  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians 
Q the  coal  communities  of  the  Middle  West,  78.3  per  cent  of  the 
lagyars,  68.3  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  67.7  per  cent  of  the  Russians, 
^nd  71.9  per  cent  of  the  Slovenians  have  been  in  the  United  States  less 
han  ten  years.  This  showing  becomes  even  more  striking  when  in 
he  same  connection  it  is  also  noticed  that  more  than  30  per  cent  of  the 
dovenians,  Russians,  Poles,  and  South  Italians,  almost  30  per  cent  of 
North  Italians,  and  about  40  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  have  been  in  the 
ountry  less  than  five  years.  Considerable  numbers  of  the  same  races 
lave  a period  of  residence  of  less  than  one  year. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in 
he  households  studied  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  each 
pecified  number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual: 

"able  319. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 
years,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

3y  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting.  The 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  of  persons  in  United 
States  each  specified  num- 
ber of  years. 

Under  5. 

Under  10. 

Under  20. 

'talian.  North 

108 

75 

107 

52 

22.2 

32.0 

15.9 

44.2 

63.9 

81.3 

49.5 

75.0 

91.7 

100.0 

91.6 

92.3 

.alian,  South 

ithuanian 

olish 

Total 

343 

25.7 

64.7 

93.3 

Only  a very  small  proportion  of  the  individuals  in  this  locality 
rom  whom  information  was  obtained  have  been  in  the  United  States 
wenty  years  or  over,  while  very  nearly  65  per  cent  have  a residence 
i less  than  ten  years.  The  Poles  show  the  largest  and  the  Lithua- 
iiians  the  smallest  proportions  in  the  country  under  five  years.  Of 
Qiose  in  the  country  under  ten  years,  the  South  Italians  show  the 
argest  proportion,  followed  by  the  Poles,  North  Italians,  and  Lithua- 
iiians,  in  the  order  named.  The  South  Italians  report  no  individuals 
nth  a residence  of  twenty  years,  while  the  other  races  each  show  less 
han  10  per  cent. 

RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

No  statistics  are  available,  after  the  year  1900,  which  give  a com- 
pete census  of  mining  employees  in  the  Middle  West  by  race  or 
jountry  of  birth.  The  following  table,  however,  compiled  from  orig- 
jaal  data  secured  from  individuals  working  in  the  field,  and  showing 
■eneral  nativity  and  race  of  employees,  indicates  in  a striking  way 
he  complete  change  in  the  racial  composition  of  the  force  employed 
:t  the  present  time  as  compared  with  the  past  periods.  A total  of 
8,737  coal-mining  employees  were  studied  in  detail  and  the  relative 
• umber  and  per  cent  of  each  race  appear  in  the  table  on  the  following 
•age. 


590 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  320  — 1/a^e  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race\ 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race,  j 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. . 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu' 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

(),003 

584 

32.0 

Foreign-born,  by  race — Con- 
tinued. 

128 

3.1 

Irish 

0. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father : 

Italian,  North 

1,716 

9. 

Italian  South  

422 

2. 

1 

(a) 

Italian  (not  specified) 

4 

(a) 

174 

10 

.9 

Lithuanian 

1,086 

5. 

. 1 

Magyar 

648 

3. 

18 

.1 

Mexican 

1 

(a) 

T AJTI  TYI  O T*  It 

5 

(a) 

3. 1 

Montenegrin 

33 

590 

Norwegian 

7 

(a)  ■ 



France 

67 

.4 

Polish 

823 

4. 

883 

322 

56 

2 

4.  7 

Roumanian 

11 

1.  7 

Russian 

377 

i 

.3 

Ruthenian 

20 

X''  , ^ 1 1 , 

(a) 

(a) 

.3 

Scotch 

350 

i. 

^ 6tn.6ricincis 

4 

Scotch-Irish 

1 

(a) 

57 

286 

Servian 

24 

XvUoold>.  - 

1.5 

Slovak 

796 

4’. 

oCUllclIlU  - 

20 

. 1 

Slovenian 

99 

Switzerland 

10 

212 

. 1 

Swedish 

67 

1 f'S 

1.1 

Syrian 

8 

(a) 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . 

Welsh  

160 

2.53 

17 

1.4 
. 1 

Australian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

1 

(a) 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

11 

.1 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 

127 

8 

(a) 

1.0 

fied) 

Croatian  

183 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 

102 

7 

“■bi 

fied) 

(a)  ■ 

Dutch 

22 

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

8 

* F.npljsh  

812 

4.3 

18,737 

100. 

Finnish 

29 

2 

Grand  total 

French  

194 

LO 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

German  

864 

4.6 

2,717 

14. 

12 

.1 

father 

Hebrew  (other  than  llus- 

Tot?ll  VP-k>nrn  

9,304 

49. 

2 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

9,433 

50. 

SI  ) 

a Less  than  O.Oo  per  cent. 


The  total  number  of  second  generation  immigrants  at  work  in  th 
mines  is  a])out  14  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  employees,  making 
with  the  persons  native-born  of  native  father,  a proportion  equal  t< 
about  one-half  of  the  total  number  of  persons  employed.  Obviously 
therefore,  the  foreign-born  miners  constitute  about  one-half  ot  th 
total  number  of  mine  workers  furnishing  information,  which  is  als( 
about  the  exact  proportion  of  the  foreign-born  miners  in  the  fields  o 
the  Middle  West.  The  total  for  the  second  generation  of  mine  worker 
is  composed  chiefly  of  the  older  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Germai 
immigrants,  the  largest  number  being  born  of  German  fathers. 

As  regards  the  races  of  foreign  birth,  2,508,  or  13.4  per  cent  of  th 
total  number  furnishing  information,  are  from  Great  Britain,  Ireland 
Germany,  and  France.  This  proportion  of  foreign-born,  if  combmet 
with  the  second  generation  of  the  same  races,  indicates  that  the  En 
glish,  German,  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Scotch  races,  either  of  the  first  o 
second  generation,  form  about  one-fourth  of  the  total  employees  ii 
and  about  the  mines  of  the  Middle  West.  i u 

Of  the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  the  North  Italiai 
appears  in -the  largest  proportion,  the  representatives  of  this  rac 
aggregating  about  one-tenth  of  the  total  number  of  persons  wh 
furnish  information.  The  Lithuanian  in  point  of  numbers  rank 
second,  and  is  followed  by  the  Polish,  Slovak,  Magyar,  South  Italian 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


591 


nd  Russian  races,  in  the  order  named.  These  seven  races  constitute 
le  great  majority  of  immigrant  employees  from  southern  and  eastern 
urope,  and  combined  form  a total  which  is  equivalent  to  more.than 
xree-tenths  of  the  total  number  of  mine  workers. 

The  situation  at  present,  therefore^  as  regards  the  racial  classification 
f mining  employees,  is  in  strong  contrast  to  that  in  previous  periods. 
) is  evident  that  since  the  year  1890  there  has  been  a constant  and 
icreasing  influx  of  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  until  at 
le  present  time  they  constitute  about  33  per  cent  of  the  mine-work- 
ig  forces  and,  together  with  the  employees  born  in  Great  Britain  and 
orthern  Europe,  make  up  about  50  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
nployed. 

RACIAL  MOVEMENTS  TO  REPRESENTATIVE  LOCALITIES. 

In  order  to  give  a more  detailed  and  local  application  to  the  general 
istory  of  immigration  to  the  coal-mining  fields  of  the  Middle  West,  it 
ill  be  valuable,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing  general  discussion,  to 
resent  the  racial  movements  to  certain  localities  in  Illinois,  Indiana, 
id  Ohio.  In  selecting  representative  districts  in  order  to  localize, 
) to  speak,  the  racial  movements  and  their  effects,  two  classes  of 
)wns  in  Indiana  and  Illinois  have  been  included:  (1)  Towns  which 
ive  come  into  existence  during  the  past  ten  years  as  a result  of  the 
lening  of  new  mines  or  the  development  of  old  ones,  and  (2)  towns 
hich  have  been  established  for  a period  of  years;  but  the  population 
: which  has  steadily  or  suddenly  increased  because  of  an  expansion 
L coal-mining  operations.  Towns  of  the  first  class  have  been  estab- 
5hed  by  an  influx  of  races  of  recent  immigration,  and  at  present  are 
)mposed  largely  of  people  of  this  character.  Those  of  the  second 
ass  show  that  practically  all  additions  to  the  population  have 
)me  from  immigrant  races  of  recent  arrival  in  the  United  States. 
1 the  case  of  Ohio,  the  same  presentation  may  be  made  in  a general 
ay  according  to  counties  or  districts  including  two  or  more  counties. 

REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITIES  IN  ILLINOIS. 

In  presenting  the  history  of  immigration  to  representative  corn- 
unities  in  Illinois,  the  towns  are  put  forward  according  to  the 
visions  of  the  State  observed  by  the  Illinois  state  mining  depart- 
ent  for  purposes  of  inspection  and  preparation  of  reports.  ^This 
'apartment,  by  grouping  adjacent  counties  together,  has  formed  ten 
stricts,  which  divide  the  State  into  sections  which  are  almost  hori- 
)ntal.  District  No.  1 being  in  the  extreme  north  and  District 
o.  10  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  State.  By  referring  to  these  dis- 
icts,  therefore,  the  general  location  of  the  community  under  dis- 
ission  may  be  ascertained.  The  grouping  according  to  districts 
ill  also  be  valuable  in  showing  at  a glance  the  geographical  distri- 
ition  of  recent  immigrants,  as  well  as  racial  movements  from  one 
ction  of  the  State  to  another.  With  this  explanation,  the  detailed 
■esentation  of  communities  follows,  each  community  being  desig- 
ited  by  an  Arabic  numeral  in  regular  order. 


I 


592 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Community  No.  1. 

This  community  is  a typical  bituminous  coal-mining  town  oi 
northern  Illinois,  of  mushroom  growth,  located  in  the  second  district, 
It  was  founded  in  1889  and  within  two  years  had  a population  ol 
2,500.  At  the  present  time  its  total  population  is  approximate!} 
what  it  was  at  the  end  of  its  second  year.  Its  racial  composition  is 
estimated  as  follows: 


Native-born  of  native  father 1,  40C 

Old  immigration; 

English 3C 

Irish 3C 

Scotch 4C 

Scandinavian 2£ 

Recent  immigration; 

Italian,  North 90C 

Italian,  South IOC 

Lithuanian  and  Polish 3C 

Other  races 12C 


Total 2,67f 


The  introduction  of  the  different  racial  elements  into  the  commu- 
mity  has  occurred  in  the  following  way:  In  the  year  1889,  when  the 
coal  mines  were  first  opened,  there  were  about  100  each  of  English, 
Welsh,  Scotch,  and  Irish  in  the  community.  All  of  the  1,400  Ameri- 
cans came  in  later  and  not  all  by  any  means  entered  the  mines,  as  the 
town  was  a trading  point,  and  many  of  the  Americans  engaged  in 
business  of  various  kinds.  Practically  all  of  the  English,  Welsh. 
Scotch,  and  Irish,  however,  obtained  employment  in  the  mines. 
There  has  been  no  influx  of  any  of  the  English-speaking  races  since 
1890,  but  during  that  period  there  has  been  a decrease  in  the  numbei 
of  natives  and  older  English-speaking  immigrants  employed  in  the 
mines. 

In  the  year  1890  the  first  North  Italians  came  to  the  locality. 
They  were  employed  because  of  the  fact  that  they  were  more  easily 
controlled  than  the  English-speaking  peoples.  These  Italians  com- 
municated with  their  friends  abroad,  and  soon  all  of  the  vacancies  in 
the  mines  were  being  supplied  with  North  Italian  labor.  By  the  yeai 
1893  there  was  a North  Italian  population  of  more  than  900.  The 
Lithuanians  and  Poles  were  introduced  into  the  mines  in  1895  because 
of  the  scarcity  of  labor  existing  at  that  time,  but  they  have  nevei 
gained  a strong  foothold  and  their  representation  is  but  slightly  above 
the  number  of  first  arrivals.  Immigrants  of  other  races  have  drifted 
in  from  time  to  time,  and  on  finding  vacancies  have  applied  for  work 
and  have  been  engaged.  Their  numbers  are  so  small,  however,  that 
they  are  scarcely  noticeable  as  distinct  races. 

Community  No.  2. 

This  community  is  a coal-mining  town  in  the  second  district,  about 
100  miles  west  and  slightly  south  of  Chicago.  Coal  was  first  mined 
in  the  locality  in  the  year  1884.  The  town  grew  rapidly  and  had  a 
population  of  about  5,000  two  years  after  the  first  coal  mines  were 
opened.  The  racial  composition  of  the  total  population  of  the  town 
in  the  year  1886,  as  nearly  as  could  be  ascertained,  is  given  on  the 
following  page. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


593 


i Native-born  of  native  father 
i)ld  immigration: 

I English 

i Irish 

Scotch 

Welsh... 

lecent  immigration: 

Belgian 

Italian 

Polish 


1,200 

800 

1,000 

500 

500 

1 

4 

8 


Total 


4,013 


Americans  came  to  the  community  for  the  most  part  during  the 
)eriod  1884  to  1886.  They  were  experienced  coal  miners  from  other 
oal-mining  sections  of  Illinois  and  from  the  bituminous  and  anthra- 
ite  regions  of  Indiana  and  Pennsylvania.  The  majority  of  the 
iGnglish  came  during  the  same  years.  Almost  all  of  the  English 
ame  from  the  Braidwood  field  of  Illinois,  which  was  almost  exhausted 
t the  time.  The  Welsh  came  to  the  community  during  the  same 
ears  as  the  Americans  and  English.  They  too  were  all  experienced 
liners  from  different  parts  of  Illinois.  The  Irish  also  arrived  in  the 
own  at  its  very  beginning  in  1884.  They  came  from  different  parts 
f Illinois  and  Indiana,  and  almost  all  of  them  were  experienced 
liners.  The  Poles  also  came  in  1884.  All  of  these  spoke  English  and 
^ere  engaged  in  the  mines.  During  this  same  period,  1884  to  1886, 
few  Belgians  and  Italians  drifted  into  the  community,  which  was 
ien  a mining  camp,  and  engaged  in  the  liquor  business.  In  the 
ear  1886  a Belgian  saloon  keeper  made  an  agreement  with  the 
perators  to  furnish  them  with  some  Belgian  miners,  and,  as  a result, 
bout  200  miners  came  to  the  community  direct  from  the  coal  fields 
f Belgium.  These  miners  proved  very  satisfactory  to  the  coal  com- 
any  because  they  were  more  tractable  than  the  English,  Welsh, 
cotch,  Irish,  and  Americans.  Two  years  later  one  of  the  Italian 
iloon  keepers  brought  in  about  200  Northern  Italians.  These 
len  were  soon  placed,  but  not  without  dissatisfaction  among 
\e  English-speaking  miners.  Shortly  after  the  introduction  of  the 
orth  Italians  the  management  of  the  local  coal  company  entered 
pon  a settled  policy  of  employing  immigrant  labor.  Immigrants 
ime  to  the  town  during  the  next  three  years  in  large  numbers,  the 
rger  proportion  being  Poles,  Lithuanians,  and  North  Italians.  By 
^89  there  was  a very  strong  feeling  against  the  company  and  the 
!cent  immigrants  on  the  part  of  the  older  English-speaking  miners, 
he  pioneer  employees  finally  called  a strike,  which  lasted  eight 
onths.  At  the  end  of  that  time  almost  all  the  English-speaking 
iners  had  either  stopped  working  in  the  mines  voluntarily  or  had 
len  displaced.  Since  the  years  1889  and  1890  the  Italians,  Poles, 
id  Lithuanians  have  controlled  the  situation.  A comparison  of  the 
-cial  composition  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  community  in  the  year 
^86  with  that  of  the  present  population  shows  an  English-speaking 
ipulation  of  99  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  in 
>86  as  compared  with  less  than  20  per  cent  of  this  class  in  1900. 


594 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  present  racial  composition  of  the  community  follows. 


Older  immigration:  i , 

Native-born  of  native  father  and  races  ot  older 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh  and  German 

Recent  immigration: 

Belgian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Syrian 


immigration,  including 
«1,60( 


20( 
3,00( 
10( 
2,50( 
1,  20( 
10( 


Total 


8,  70( 


Community  No.  3. 

Proceeding  farther  south  to  the  seventh  district,  a representative 
mining  locality  of  recent  growth  is  found  in  a group  of  three  smal 
towns  which  are  located  within  a distance  of  1 or  2 miles  of  each  othei 
- but  which  practically  form  one  community,  which  may  be  designatec 
as  Community  No.  3.  The  oldest  town  in  the  locality  for  many  yean 
formed  only  a small  trading  center  for  the  surrounding  agricultura 
region,  but  within  the  past  five  or  six  years,  owing  to  the  opening  of  coa 
mines,  has  had  a very  rapid  growth  in  population.  Both  of  the  othe; 
towns  have  sprung  into  existence  during  the  past  six  years  because  o 
the  starting  of  coal-mining  operations.  Four  mines  furnish  employ 
ment  to  the  residents  of  the  towns.  These  mines  have  a depth  belov 
the  surface  ranging  from  320  to  350  feet,  and  are  taking  coal  fron 
geological  seam  No.  VI,  which  is  from  7 to  8 feet  thick.  Altogethe 
about  1,800  men  are  employed  in  this  operation.  Unlike  the  north 
ern  communities,  mining  is  here  done  by  machine.  The  population  o 
the  three  towns,  or  of  the  whole  community,  is  somewhat  above  6,000 
Two  of  the  towns  have  a population  of  about  2,500  each,  and  th 
other  a population  of  1,000.  One  of  the  larger  towns  is  the  home  o 
the  greater  part  of  the  English-speaking  and  German  elements  o 
the  community,  while  the  other  two  are  peopled  almost  entirely 
recent  immigrants. 

The  population  is  made  up  exclusively  of  white  races  and  embrace 
native-born  Americans,  and  native  a^nd  foreign-born  English,  Irish 
Scotch,  Welsh,  Germans,  and  foreign-born  Italians,  Ruthenians 
Poles,  Slovaks,  Lithuanians,  and  a small  number  of  Hebrews.  Thes 
races  form  three  more  or  less  clearly  defined  groups.  The  natives 
together  with  the  British  and  German  races,  make  up  the  first  grou 
and  constitute  about  one-half  of  the  population.  The  Italians  stan 
about  midway  between  the  other  two  groups  in  point  of  Americaniza 
tion,  and  are  said  to  furnish  nearly  30  per  cent  of  the  population.  Th 
Lithuanian  and  the  Slavic  races  forin  the  third  group,  comprisin, 
approximately  one-fifth  of  the  combined  population  of  the  thre 

towns.  . . 

The  peoples  from  the  British  Isles  and  Germany  m the  communit 
are  closely  associated  both  in  business  and  social  relations^  wit 
natives,  and  are  not  usually  had  in  mind  when  'foreigners”  ar 
referred  to  by  natives.  There  is  difficulty,  therefore,  in  arriving  a 


a Because  of  the  coalition  of  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  wit 
the  native  Americans,  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  relative  number  of  each  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West.  595 


icts  in  regard  to  the  percentage  of  these  races  in  the  total  population. 
. IS  estimated,  however,  that  the  British  and  Germans  together  form 
ooiit  one-fourth  of  the  total  population,  and  that  the  British  alone 
cmcipally  Scotch  and  English,  form  one-fifth  of  the  total.  Accord- 
igto  this  estimate  the  native  population  is  1,500:  the  British,  1 200* 
id  the  Germans,  300.  ' 

The  North  Italians  and  Tyrolese  are  very  closely  affiliated  with 
ich  other  and  together  form  nearly  the  whole  of  what  is  spoken  of 
j?  the  Italian  element  of  the  population.  South  Italians  number 
)t  more  than  10  to  15,  most  of  whom  are  single  men,  or  married  men 
hose  families  are  elsewhere.  The  Tyrolese  are  from  one-third  to 
le-half  as  numerous  as  the  North  Italians,  and  the  two  races  have  a 
ale  population  of  working  age  in  the  community  of  about  600.  Two 
indred  and  fifty  or  more  of  these  people  are  married  men  who  have 
leir  families  with  them. 

Ruthenians,  Slovaks,  and  Poles  are  the  races  making  up  the  bulk  of 
le  Slavic  population,  aggregating  about  850.  The  Ruthenians  by 
r outnumber  the  others  and  have  a population  of  about  500,  includ- 
g 150  to  175  adult  males  and  75  or  more  families.  The  Slovaks 
imber  somewhat  under  300  and  have  a male  population  of  working 
(;e  of  100  or  more,  about  40  of  whom  are  married  men  with  families 
lere  are  about  10  Polish  families,  and  25  adult  Polish  males. 

The  total  Lithuanian  population  in  the  community  numbers  about 
'0.  The  males  of  working  age  among  these  people  number  about 
'0,  and  there  are  said  to  be  from  50  to  60  Lithuanian  families  in  the 
wns  under  consideration.  The  Lithuanians  seem  to  be  identified 
th  the  Slays  in  the  popular  mind,  because  the  degree  to  which 
nericamzation  has  gone  on  among  them  is  about  the  same  as  the 
^^lopment  among  the  Slavs.  As  a matter  of  fact,  however,  the 
thuanians  hold  themselves  aloof  from  the  Slavic  races,  with  the 
ceptwn  of  Kussian  Poles.  Aside  from  the  races  mentioned  above 
few  Hebrew  business  men  are  living  in  the  community. 

'^^e  bulk  of  the  immigration  to  the  community  has  taken  place 
thin  the  past  five  years  and  has  come  largely  from  other  sections 
the  United  States.  Germans  in  small  numbers  have  been  eno-ao-ed 
farming  in  the  surrounding  territory  during  the  past  forty  years, 
lese  people  have  entered  mining  occupations  as  the  demand  for  mine 
irkers  has  increased,  and  within  the  past  four  or  five  years  Germans 
ye  aiso  been  coming  from  Europe  and  from  various  sections  of  the 
iited  States.  English  and  Scotch  were,  however,  the  pioneer  miners 
the  community,  and  during  the  past  five  or  six  years  these  races, 
th  smaller  numbers  of  Irish  and  Welsh,  have  come  in  large 
mbem  from  sections  in  Iowa  where  a large  portion  of  the  coal 
nes  have  been  abandoned.  North  Italians  and  Tyrolese  had 
gun  to  arrive  in  large  numbers  about  five  years  ago,  chiefly  from 
ler  sections  of  the  United  States,  and  since  that  time  have  grad- 
; ly  increased  their  numbers  by  drawing  in  their  friends  and  relatives 
th  from  other  localities  m the  United  States  and  from  Europe 
[e  lew  South  Italians  form  largely  a floating  element.  Practically 
The  other  races  in  the  community  have  arrived,  as  already  stated 
ting  the  past  four  years  and  have  come  chiefly  from  neighboring 
^(Is  and  from  other  mining  regions  of  this  country. 


596 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  marked  contrast  to  the  region  described  above  is  a mininilj 
district  formed  by  a group  of  mining  cominunities  m the  seventl  .• 
district  situated  to  the  north  and  east  of  St.  Louis.  These  locahtie  i 
had  been  established  for  a considerable  number  of  years  and  hac 
attained  some  size  before  there  was  an  influx  of  immigrants  resultm: 
from  the  comparatively  recent  expansion  of  the  coal  industry  in  th 
locality. 

Community  No.  4. 


This  community  is  located  in  the  seventh  district,  about  28  mile 
northeast  of  St.  Louis,  and  is  the  center  of  population  and  residenc 
of  the  employees  in  the  neighboring  mines.  Transportation  lacilitie 
are  furnished  by  a transcontinental  railroad  and  a large  tractio: 
system.  Seven  mines  are  in  operation  in  the  vicinity,  ranging  i; 
depth  from  284  to  320  feet,  and  are  taking  coal  from  geological  vei; 
No  VI,  the  work  being  done  by  machines.  The  population  c 
the  community  as  given  by  the  Twelfth  Census  was  2,786.  It  is  noi 
estimated,  including  some  outlying  mining  camps,  to  be  b, 000. 

The  races  living  in  the  community  are,  with  the  exception  ol  one  o 
two  Chinese,  all  white.  It  is  roughly  estimated  that  the  populatio 
is  made  up  racially  according  to  the  following  proportions.  percen 

Native  white,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  W elsh ^ 

NS^ltalian'and  TyVoiese,’  together  with  a few  South  Italian  « ^ 

Slavic  races,  principally  from  Austria 

This  estimate,  however,  does  not  seein  to  give  an  adequate  i^a  of  th 
preponderance  of  Germans.  In  addition  to  the  fact  that  the  aboT 
estimate  places  the  Germans  born  in  this  country  apart  from  the  poi 
tion  of  the  population  made  up  of  Germans,  it  is  also  probably  tru 
that  many  of  the  German  immigrants  of  long  periods  ot  residenc 
were  regarded  as  native  by  persons  furnishing  estimates.  A visit  t 
the  town  leaves  a strong  impression  made  that  it  is  m large  measui 

a German  community.  j tt  u f 

Aside  from  the  races  already  named,  Greeks  and  Hebrews  form 

very  small  portion  of  the  population.  ^ i • + 

English,  Irish,  wScotch,  and  Welsh  immigrants  have  been  coming  t 
the  community  and  to  the  surrounding  region  for  more  than  thirt 
years.  They  have  gone  into  the  various  mining  occupations,  and  ha^ 
in  most  cases  remained  at  work  in  the  mines,  where  they  are  now  hllir 
many  of  the  more  responsible  positions.  These  people  are  so  close) 
identified  with  Americans  that  it  is  difficult  to  secure  information  i 
regard  to  their  exact  numbers.  The  most  common  estimates  are  the 
the  male  population  of  working  age  among  these  races  combined  nun 
bers  about  100,  and  that  there  are  about  60  families  among  then 
Germans  have  been  immigrating  to  this  bcahty  for  upward  of  hit 
years,  and  in  larger  numbers  than  previously  for  the  past  twenty- 
or  twenty-three  years.  A considerable  portion  of  the  pcDpulation  < 
the  community  is  made  up  of  the  children  of  German  immigrants,  ar 
the  Germans  as  a whole  by  far  exceed  any  other  single  racial 
in  the  population.  It  is  variously  estimated  that  the  Germans  lor 
from  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  the  coal-minmg  population. 

a This  division  includes  two  adjacent  mining  camps  the  population  of  which 
largely  North  Italian. 


597 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


’ Germans  are,  in  a large  measure,  in  control  of  the  business  and  indus- 
trial, as  well  as  the  political  and  administrative,  affairs  of  the  com- 
munity. The  mayor,  the  postmaster,  the  bankers,  and  the  mine 
'superintendents  are  Germans.  Germans  are  also  at  work  in  all  the 
mining  occupations,  where  they  constitute  from  one-fourth  to  one- 
third  of  the  total  force  of  mine  workers  employed. 

Small  numbers  of  the  Tyrolese  and  North  Italians  have  been  in  the 
community  for  twenty  years,  and  a few  from  twenty-five  to  thirty 
■years,  but  the  great  bulk  of  these  peoples,  as  well  as  of  the  South 
Italians  m the  locality,  have  come  in  during  the  past  ten  years. 
Many  of  them,  however,  came  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States, 
and  seem  to  adopt  American  customs  more  rapidly  and  to  associ- 
ate more  freely  with  natives  than  do  any  of  the  other  non-English- 
speaking  races  except  the  Germans.  In  their  business  and  social 
institutions  the  Tyrolese  and  North  Italians  associate  freely  with  each 
other.  In  this  community  also  these  peoples  seem  to  show  a more 
generous  and  friendly  spirit  toward  the  South  Italians  than  is  usually 
found  displayed  by  the  North  Italians  for  the  South  Italians  in  other 
sections.  The  male  population  of  working  age  among  the  North  and 
!)Outh  Italians  and  Tyrolese  living  in  the  community  proper  numbers 
about  200,  but  150  more  are  found  in  two  mining  camps  immediately 
adjoining  the  town,  and  together  with  those  living  at  another  mining 
3amp  only  about  3 miles  distant,  make  a grand  total  for  the  com- 
nunity  of  the  males  of  working  age  of  400  to  450  North  Italians 
5outh  Italians,  and  Tyrolese.  About  65  per  cent  of  these  are  North 
Ltahans,  more  than  20  per  cent  are  Tyrolese,  and  the  South  Italians 
nake  up  somewhat  less  than  15  per  cent.  It  is  estimated  that  one- 
axth  of  the  total  number  of  persons  are  married  men  having  their 
amihes  with  them  in  the  community.  Estimates  given  for  the  Tyro- 
ese  indicate  that  exactly  one-sixth  of  the  men  among  them  have 
^^arnihes  with  them;  while  the  percentage  of  families  among  the  North 
tahans  is  said  to  run  somewhat  above,  and  for  the  South  Italians 
lomewhat  below  the  figure  given  for  the  Tyrolese. 

Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Croatians,  Slovenians,  Poles,  and  Ruth- 
mans  have  immigrated  to  the  community  in  very  small  numbers 
md  seem  to  be  more  or  less  confused  in  the  popular  mind  the  Bohe- 
Qians  and  Moravians  with  the  Germans,  the  Croatians  with  the  Slo- 
vaks, the  Ruthenians  with  the  Poles.  Of  the  total  Slavic  males  of 
i^orkmg  age,  it  is  estimated  that  the  Slovaks  make  up  from  40  to  50 
»er  cent,  the  Croatians  about  33  per  cent,  Poles  about  12  per  cent, 
nd  Ivreiners  somewhat  less  than  8 per  cent.  The  Slovenians  have 
•een  coming  to  the  community  during  the  past  20  years,  and  small 
umbers  of  the  other  races  have  been  here  for  the  same  period 
ut  the  great  bulk  of  these  races  have  arrived  during  the  past 
sn  years  and  most  of  them  have  come  from  other  sections  of  the 
imted  States.  The  Slovaks  have  come  largely  from  another  minino* 
ommumty  only  a few  miles  distant,  where  about  twenty-five  years 
go  they  formed,  and  still  maintain,  a colony.  About  one-third  of 
le  men  among  the  Slavic  races,  taken  as  a whole,  are  said  to  be 
larried  men  having  families  with  them.  About  one-half  of  the  Poles 
48296°— VOL  6—11 39 


598 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


have  their  families  with  them,  followed  by  the  Slovenians,  Slovaks, 
and  the  Croatians,  in  the  order  named.  •*  u 

There  are  also  between  15  and  20  Greeks  m the  community,  who 
have  come  in  during  the  past  four  of  five  years  None  of  them  have 
families  with  them.  They  are  at  work  as  unskilled  laborers  m section  ; 
and  gravel-pit  gangs  on  an  electric  railroad,  and  live  in  box  cars. 

No  other  races  are  found  in  the  community  proper,  but  there  is  a 
colony  of  Lithuanians  at  a mining  camp  about  3 miles  to  the  south- 
east which  has  been  built  up  within  the  past  four  years.  These 
people  liave  formed  the  population  of  the  camp  during  the  past  three 
years  and  haye  come  largely  from  other  coal  fields  m the  United  States. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  about  130  Lithuanian  males  of  working 
age  in  the  camp,  and  that  about  35  of  these  are  married  men  haying 
families  with  them.  The  Lithuanians  operate  three  saloons  m the 
camp,  giving  emplormient  to  6 of  their  men.  Moreover,  the  camp 
or  tmTO  marshalls  a Lithuanian.  Aside  from  these  men,  the  males 
of  working  age  among  the  Lithuanians  are  mine  employees  found  not 
only  in  the  occupations  of  digging  and  loading,  but  also  as  cagers 
and  timbermen,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  less  skilled  occupations. 

Coal  mining  has  been  carried  on  in  the  community  proper  for  more 
than  forty  years.  The  enlargement  of  old  inmes  and  the  sinking  of 
new  shafts,  which  was  given  added  impetus  by  the  anthracite  sti  ike 
of  1902  have  gone  on  rapidly  during  the  past  ten  years.  At  the 
beo-innino-  of  that  period,  there  were  only  three  coal  mines  m opera- 
tion, whereas  there  are  now  seven  in  the  community  and  the  nearby 
camps.  The  daily  capacity  of  the  mines  m this  locality  ten  years 
ago  was  only  2,000  to  3,000  tons  as  compared  with  a present  daily 

seien  mhies^now^ operating  under  normal  industrial  conditions 
give  employmient  to  about  2,300  men.  This  force  is  estimated  as 
being  racially  made  up  as  follows : 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Old  immigration;  , i 115 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 

German 

Recent  immigration;  285 

Italian,  North 7q 

Italian,  South 

Tyrolese X35 

Croatian 35 

Slovenian 55 

Polish 225 

Slovak ; 25 

Bohemian,  Moravian,  and  Ruthenian 

Lithuanian 

^ , 2,315 

Six  hundred  or  more  of  these  mine  workers  live  in  the  semidetached 

mining  camps  or  villages  and  the  reinainder  m the  urban  center  of 

the  community.  A part  of  those  living  m the  town  proper  use  an 
electric  road  to  go  out  each  day  to  the  more  distant  mines. 

Community  No.  5, 

Community  No.  5 is  also  situated  in  the  seventh  district  about  6 
miles  from  Community  No.  4,  and  54  miles  northeast  ot  bt.  l^oui 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


599 


wo  steam  railroads,  together  with  an  electric  traction  system,  afford 
)od  transportation.  There  are  two  coal  companies  in  the  town 
)erating  four  mines  and  employing  about  1,100  men.  The  seam 
med  IS  geological  seam  No.  VI,  7 to  8 feet  in  thickness,  and  lying 
?0  to  435  feet  below  the  surface.  Machines  have  been  used  in  the 
cal  mines  for  the  past  twenty  years  and  the  new  mines  which  have 
ien  opened  during  this  period  have  also  been  operated  with  machines. 
The  town  proper,  together  with  a mining  camp  less  than  2 miles 
stant,  has  a population  at  present  somewhat  above  4,000,  as  com- 
ired  with  about  3,000  shown  by  the  census  of  1900.  This  popula- 
3n  IS  made  up  entirely  of  white  races,  Americans,  English,  Irish, 
•otch,  Welsh,  Germans,  Croatians,  Servians,  Bohemians,  Slovaks, 
lies.  North  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Lithuanians  being  the  only 
‘oples  found  in  any  considerable  numbers.  Natives,  English- 
eaking  foreigners,  and  Germans  make  up  more  than  half  of  the  popu- 
bion.  Germans  are  probably  as  numerous  as  the  natives  and 
^hsh-speakmg  peoples  combined,  and  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
d vVelsh  together  are  said  to  be  only  about  half  as  numerous  as 
nerican  whites.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  population  is  com- 
chiefly  of  Croatians,  Servians,  and  Slovaks.  Servians,  together 
th  people  from  Montenegro,  have  entered  the  community  in  small 
mbers  only  and  seem  to  be  closely  affiliated  with  the  Croatians. 
le  males  of  working  age  among  the  Croatians,  Servians  and  the 
mtenegrms,  are  estimated  to  number  from  200  to  225,  of  whom  60 
more  are  married  men  having  families  with  them.  The  Slovaks, 
^ether  with  small  numbers  of  Bohemians,  are  said  to  about  equal 
B Croatians  and  Servians  in  number  of  men  of  working  age.  About 
of  the  Slovaks  are  married  men  with  families  resident  in  the 
‘ahty.  Polish  males  of  working  age  in  the  community  number  about 
and  have  10  married  men  with  families  among  them.  North  Ital- 
is,  Magyars,  and  Lithuanians  together  compose  not  much  more  than 
oer  cent  of  the  male  population  of  working  age,  and  a still  smaller 
^portion  of  the  total  population.  Only  about  20  per  cent  of  the 
igyars  have  families  in  the  community.  Between  25  and  40  per 
it  of  the  Italians  and  Lithuanians  are  married  men  with  families. 

1 nor  to  thirty  years  ago,  Germans  and  English-speaking  people 
re  the  only  immigrants  found  in  the  community.  The  Germans 
1 at  that  time  been  immigrating  to  the  locality  in  considerable 
tor  fifteen  years  or  more,  and  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and 
dsh  had  been  coming  in  gradually  for  about  ten  years.  Since  the 
number  of  the  English-speaking  peoples  leaving  the 
ality  has  exceeded  the  new  arrivals.  Germans  have  been  arriving 
small  numbers  more  or  less  steadily  during  the  past  thirty  years, 

0 their  increase  has  been  somewhat  offset  by  the  departure  of 
ae  of  those  already  in  the  community. 

)f  the  races  which  have  immigrated  during  the  past  thirty  years, 

1>  olovaks  and  North  Italians  are  the  leaders  and  began  the  inward 
vement.  The  Italians  never  came  in  large  numbers  and  many  of 
'se  who  did  come  soon  moved  on  to  localities  where  larger  colonies 
4ieir  own  people  were  to  be  found,  but  the  Slovaks  formed  a large 

1 which  has  steadily  served  to  draw  in  Slovak  immigrants, 

I has  become  somewhat  of  a center  of  distribution  to  other  mining 
ilities.  The  Poles  have  formed  a floating  element  in  the  popula- 
1 ot  the  community  for  the  past  twenty-five  years.  Croatians 


600 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


have  been  arriving  for  the  past  twenty  years  and  the  immigration 
among  them  has  been  more  rapid  during  the  past  ten  years  than  it 
had  been  previous  to  that  time.  Magyars  have  been  immigrating 
during  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years  but  have  never  formed  any 
consicferable  element  in  the  populat  on.  The  Servians  and  Monte- 
neo-rins  are  the  newest  comers.  They  have  been  present  in  the 
community  only  during  the  past  three  or  four  years  and  seem  to 

form  a part  of  the  Croatian  colony.  . . ^ 

The  employees  of  all  races  are  principally  mine  workers.  Two 
coal  companies  operating  four  mines,  furnish  em^oyment  under 
normal  industrial  conditions  to  nearly  1,100  men.  The  numbers  of 
the  different  races  are  estimated  to  be  as  follows: 

n • 185 

Native-born  of  native  father,  

Old  immigration:  , , ttt  i u 90 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  ^ elsh ^75 

German 

Recent  immigi’ation : 220 

Croatian  and  Servian 220 

Slovak  and  Bohemian 2^ 

Polish 20 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian  and  Magyar 

^ , 1,090 

The  Americans,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  have 
control  of  the  bulk  of  the  business  enterprises  and  of  the  administra- 
tive affairs  of  the  town.  They  also  dominate  in  the  more  responsible 
occuS^s  in  the  mines,  ashuperintendents,  foremen  examiners 

envi^ers,  electricians,  blacksmiths,  and  carpenters,  and  are  found 
in  considerable  numbers  throughout  the  mining  occupations 

The  Slovaks  operate  two  saloons  and  a grocery,  the  Croatians  liav( 
three  saloons,  the  Bohemians  have  two  saloons  and  a grocery,  anc 
the  Italians  conduct  one  saloon.  Perhaps  25  men  find  employmen 
m these  business  enterprises.  Aside  from  those  C, 

men  among  all  the  more  recent  immigrant  races  look  to  the  mines  to. 
work.  Loading  coal  is  the  occupation  at  which  practically  all  of  then 
beo-in  work.  This  occupation  does  not  require  as  free  a use  of 
lisfi  as  is  necessary  in  most  of  the  other  occupations,  and  at  the  sam 
time  can  be  made  to  pay  a better  wage  than  is  paid  m most  of  th. 
oc“unations  for  day  ln4.  There  js,  therefore,  no  great  financia 

stimulus  to  the  immigrant  in  the  mine  to  °or  da* 

dom  in  the  use  of  English  which  would  qualify  him  for  shift  or  da 
work.  The  course  commonly  chosen  by  the  immigrant  is  to  ®ndeavo 
To  increase  his  earning  capacity  as  loader  rather  than  to  concern  hiin 
self  to  secure  work  in  other  occupations.  iLmno-b  th 

The  second  generation,  however,  is  found  y®‘'.'^i'^yyhTtXnn  am 
occupations  other  than  loading  coal.  The  foreign-born  Italian  an. 
Lithuanian  immigrants  are  beginning  to  be  more  ™ "r®  „ 

employed  in  such  occupations  as  machine  running,  g?  & . 

and  trick  laving.  Magyars,  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Q-oatians  are  a o 
smaller  measure  following  the  lead  set  by  the  It^rhans  Md  Lithua 
nians.  Occasionally  members  of  the  1^^'“  race  are  found  as  exam 
filers  and  sometimes  as  straw  bosses,  but  the  standa  p 

among  all  the  more  recent  immigrants  is  loading  or  mining. 


601 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


Community  No.  6. 

This  town  is  located  120  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis  and  is  one  of  a 
;roup  of  coal  communities  which  are  representative  of  racial  move- 
nents  in  the  tenth  or  most  southern  district  of  Illinois.  It  is  the 
■•enter  of  a coal  region  in  a county  which  has  had  a remarkable  devel- 
)pment  during  the  past  ten  years.  During  the  ten  years  preceding 
lie  financial  depression  of  1907  the  annual  coal  output  of  this  county 
vas  increased  more  than  fivefold,  or  from  less  than  1 ,000,000  to  more 
han  5,000,000  tons.  Since  the  year  1900  this  county  has  also  ad- 
vanced from  the  rank  of  ninth  among  the  Illinois  coal  counties  to  the 
irst  place  among  the  coal-producing  counties  of  the  State,  for  the 
vear  ending  July  1,  1907.  This  increase  was  most  marked  during  the 
leriod  immediately  following  the  anthracite  strike  of  1902,  which  made 
tself  felt  not  only  in  the  increased  demand  for  soft  coal,  but  also  in 
L large  increase  in  the  number  of  immigrant  mine  workers.  The  ex- 
lansion  of  tlie  coal  industry  has  drawn  in  immigrants  from  fields  im- 
nediately  to  the  west  and  from  other  sections.  In  1907  the  county 
mployed  about  one-twelfth  ® of  all  the  mine  workers  in  the  State, 
md  produced  about  one-ninth^  of  the  coal  mined  in  the  55  coal 
ounties  of  tlie  State. 

There  are  now  four  coal  companies  operating  six  mines  in  tlie  im- 
nediate  vicinity  of  the  community,  which  normally  employ  about  1,300 
aen,  and  there  are  other  outlying  mines  of  which  the  force  is  supplied 
)artly  by  men  from  the  community.  Altogether  tlie  mine  workers 
a the  community  and  its  surrounding  camps  number  about  1,500 
aen,  and  are  classified  racially  as  follows: 


Fative-born  of  native  father: 

White 730 

Negro 30 

lative-born  of  foreign  father 115 

>ld  immigration: 

, English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 200 

French  and  German 25 

lecent  immigration: 

Italian,  South 340 

Polish 45 

Other  races ” _ * 15 


Total 1^500 


As  can  be  readily  seen  from  the  foregoing  table,  the  native  whites 
nd  negroes,  the  Scotch,  English,  Irish,  Welsh,  South  Italians,  and  Poles 
lake  up  the  bulk  of  the  community’s  population.  French  and  Ger- 
lans  are  found  in  smaller  numbers,  and  Jews,  Slovenians,  Lithu- 
nians,  and  Chinese  constitute  a very  slight  portion  of  the  inhabit- 
nts.  The  racial  elements  of  the  total  population  are  estimated  as 
illows: 

ative-born  of  native  or  foreign  father : 

White t 

Negro 

Id  immigration : 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh. 

French  and  German 


“Aggregate  number  in  State,  66,714;  number  in  county,  5,635  (Illinois  Coal 
-eport,  1907). 

^Aggregate  amount  in  State,  47,798,621  tons;  amount  in  county,  5,266,452  tons 
llinois  Coal  Report,  1907). 


5,  300 
600 

I,  000 
100 


602 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Recent  immigration : 
Italian,  South... 

Polish 

hVench- Belgian. 
Other  races 


70( 

15( 

10( 

5( 


Peoples  from  Great  Britain  have  been  in  this  community  in  smal 
numbers  for  more  than  twenty-five  years,  but  the  majority  o 
those  now  residing  there  have  come  during  the  past  twelve  or  fifteei 
vears  In  numbers,  the  Scotch  exceed  the  other  races  from  Grea' 
Britain;  the  English  rank  next,  and  the  Welsh  outnumber  the  Irish 
A small  proportion  of  each  of  these  peoples  is  to  be  found  in  varioui 
business  enterprises  in  the  town  and  at  work  in  the  building  trades 
but  the  majoritv  of  them  are  employed  in  the  coal  mines,  where  the] 
ore  found  in  all  the  mining  occupations  both  on  the  surface  and  under 
crround.  The  larger  number,  however,  are  found  in  the  more  skillec 
and  more  responsible  occupations.  The  English  and  Scotch  als( 
largely  make  up  the  force  of  foremen  and  superintendents. 

AVTth  the  exception  of  about  35  persons,  including  8 to  10  mei 
and  7 families  from  Basilicata,  who  are  unwilling  to^  be  classed  a?' 
South  Italians,  all  the  Italians  are  South  Italians.  The  total  adul 
male  Italian  population  of  the  community  and  surrounding  colomer 
is  estimated  to  be  about  350  men,  of  whom  not  more  than  75  to  8( 
have  their  families  with  them.  The  Italians  have  been  immigratmc 
to  this  locality  for  the  past  ten  or  eleven  years,  and  have  m all  case; 
gone  to  work  in  tlie  coal  mines,  principally  as  diggers  and  loaders 
Gradually  they  have  become  scattered  through  the  less  skilled  occu 
pations.  Occasionally  one  of  their  number  quits  the  mines  to  ente 
business.  They  now  have  two  merchants  and  one  steamship  agent 
an  extensive  proper  tv  owner  and  business  man. 

The  Poles  in  the  locality  are  largely  Kussian  Poles  who  have  com< 
in  during  the  past  four  years  and  settled  principally  in  a colony  a 
the  north  of  the  town  proper.  The  adult  male  population  of  tni 
race  is  estimated  to  be  45,  about  25  of  whom  have  families  witi 
them.  The  Poles  have  come  to  the  community  chiefly  from  othe 
coal  fields,  the  majority  of  them  from  Pennsylvania.  Practically  ai 
the  men  of  their  number  are  at  work  in  the  coal  mines  as  diggers  o 
loaders.  Only  about  a half  dozen  of  these  men  can  speak  English 
so  that  most  of  the  Poles  are  shut  out  from  the  other  occupations 
all  of  which  rec^uire  a greater  knowledge  of  English  than  does  tlr 
work  of  digging  and  loading  coal.  Small  numbers  of  them  ar^.hov 
ever,  securing  work  in  such  occupations  as  caging  and  t^bering 
where  strength  and  endurance  are  the  chief  requisites.  The  ^^^1 
male  Belgians  in  the  community  are  estimated  to  number  25,  abou 
15  of  whom  have  families  with  them.  They  have  come  to  the  localit: 
during  the  past  three  to  five  years  and  most  of  them  live  in  a minin' 
camp  at  the  northwest  of  the  town  proper.  Practically  all  the  mei 
among  these  people  are  at  work  in  the  mines  digging  and  loading  coa 
The  majority  of  the  negro  inhabitants  have  been  born  and  rearei 
in  the  community.  Others  have  come  from  neighboring  minin 
localities  to  which  they  had  been  shipped  as  strike  breakers  a nuni 
ber  of  years  ago.  The  terms  on  which  the  property  of  two  of  tn 
largest  mines  in  the  community  is  leased  forbid  the  employmen 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


603 


1 — 

of  negroes  in  these  mines.  At  the  other  mines  they  are  found  in 
[;  small  numbers,  usually  as  loaders  and  diggers.  Others  are  working 
r as  unskilled  laborers  in  various  small  jobs  offering  work  from  time  to 
time.  The  majority  of  the  negro  workers,  however,  are  employed  in 
a railroad-tie  creosoting  plant  in  the  town  proper,  where  they  make 
up  the  greater  part  of  the  force. 

Many  of  the  American  whites  in  the  community  are  people  who 
have  come  from  the  mountainous  regions  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 
Most  of  them  are  at  work  in  the  mines. 

Community  No.  7. 

This  community,  which  is  10  miles  northwest  of  Community  No. 
6,  is  the  most  important  town  in  the  county  in  which  both  of  these 
communities  are  located.  Twenty -five  hundred  employees  are  found 
in  its  mines,  and  its  population  has  increased  from  1,559  in  1900  to 
8,000  at  the  present  time.  As  in  Community  No.  6,  the  growth  of 
the  coal  industry  has  been  the  important  factor  in  bringing  about 
the  employment  of  immigrants.  The  development  of  the  local 
mines  has  been  very  rapid.  The  first  shaft  was  sunk  in  1897,  and 
the  community  now  has  11  coal  companies  operating  15  coal  mines. 
Three  of  these  mines  are  too  far  away  to  draw  their  working  force 
from  the  town  proper  and  another  is  at  a camp  which  is  3 miles  dis- 
tant, but  which  is  owned  entirely  by  one  of  the  coal  companies  of 
the  town.  Eleven  of  the  mines  are  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
town  itself,  and  these  11  mines,  together  with  the  mine  at  the  neigh- 
boring camp,  employ,  under  normal  conditions,  an  average  force  of 
about  2,500,  which  is  estimated  to  be  made  up  of  races  as  follows: 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White 1, 175 

Native-born  of  foreign  father  « 225 

Old  immigration: 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 150 

French 30 

German 15 

Recent  immigration: 

Italian,  North 580 

Italian,  South 25 

Lithuanian 160 

Magyar 20 

Polish 90 

Syrian 10 

Other  races 20 


Total.... 2,  5G0 


Other  towns  and  mining  camps  in  the  surrounding  locality  increase 
the  total  number  of  mine  workers  in  and  around  the  community  to 
more  than  4,000  men.  The  racial  composition  of  the  working  forces 
of  these  detached  camps  and  localities  is  practically  the  same  as  in 
Community  No.  7,  with  the  exception  of  two  camps,  in  one  of  which 
the  native  whites  born  of  native  father  predominate,  and  in  the 
other,  negroes  and  South  Italians.  The  beginning  and  the  growth 
of  the  community  have  been  contingent  upon  the  development 

a Principally  of  British,  French,  German,  and  North  Italian  parentage.  About 
75  per  cent  of  British  father,  15  per  cent  of  German,  4 per  cent  of  French,  2 per  cent 
of  North  Italian,  and  some  of  Bohemian,  Lithuanian,  Polish,  and  Swedish  father. 


604 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  the  coal  industry,  which  has  covered  a period  of  only  about  twelve  - 
years.  The  town  proper,  together  with  surrounding  mining  camps, 
is  estimated  to  have  a population  at  present  of  8,000  to  10,000.  The  I 
foreign  population  constitutes  from  one-third  to  two-fifths  of  the  : 
totah  and  an  even  greater  part  of  the  working  population.  North 
Italians  make  up  a majority  of  all  the  immigrants,  and  Lithuanians 
come  next  in  numbers,  being  about  one-fourth  as  numerous  as  the  i 
Italians.  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  combined  are  fewer 
than  the  Lithuanians.  Poles  come  next  and,  together  with  races 
already  named,  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  immigrant  population. 
French,  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Germans,  and  Syrians  are  found 
in  small  numbers,  and  Hebrews,  Finns,  Slovaks,  Bulgarians,  Greeks, 
Ruthenians,  Swedes  and  Chinese  have  representatives  among  the 
population. 

English,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Irish  immigrants  have  been  coming  to 
the  locality  for  the  past  twelve  years.  The  adult  male  population 
among  them  now  numbers  about  150,  of  whom,  probably,  somewhat 
less  than  half  are  married  men  with  families.  The  English  by  far 
outnumber  the  others  of  these  races.  The  Scotch  and  Welsh  are 
found  in  about  equal  numbers,  and  there  are  very  few  Irish.  The 
majority  of  the  men  among  these  races  are  to  be  found  in  the  mines 
distributed  throughout  the  various  occupations.  The  English,  Scotch, 
and  Welsh  have  dominated  the  more  responsible  positions  in  the 
town.  Small  numbers  of  them  are  engaged  in  business  and  in  the 
building  trades  and  clerical  positions  connected  with  the  railroads 
and  other  business  enterprises  in  the  town.  These  people  have  come 
to  the  community  usually  from  adjacent  coal  fields,  and  from  other 
sections  of  the  United  States. 

North  Italians  have  been  coming  to  the  community  steadily  for  the 
past  eleven  or  twelve  years.  The  adult  population  among  them  now 
numbers  about  650,  of  whom  nearly  300  are  married  men  with  families. 
At  the  start,  practically  all  of  the  men  obtained  work  in  the  mines  as 
diggers  and  loaders  of  coal,  and  the  greater  number  are  still  to  be 
found  in  these  occupations.  They  are,  however,  gradually  becoming 
distributed  throughout  all  the  less  responsible  mining  occupations. 

The  Lithuanians  have  all  entered  the  community  during  the  past 
seven  years,  and  most  of  them  have  come  within  the  past  four  years. 
There  are  now  175  or  more  adult  males  among  them,  and  about  75  or 
80  of  these  are  married  men  with  families.  They  have  come  in  most 
instances  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States.  All  of  the 
men  have  obtained  employment  in  the  mines  as  coal  diggers  and 
loaders,  but  some  of  them  are  beginning  to  secure  work  as  timber- 
men  and  cagers,  and  to  be  distributed  somewhat  in  the  other  occupa- 
tions. Some  of  their  men  have  left  the  mines  and  gone  into  farming 
or  business  enterprises,  such  as  stores,  butcher  shops,  and  saloons. 
About  30  Lithuanians  are  home  owners,  and  about  an  equal  number 
are  voters. 

Most  of  the  Poles  in  the  locality  live  at  a mining  camp  about  3 
miles  from  the  town  proper,  which  is  owned  by  one  of  the  coal  com- 
panies. They  are  chiefly  Russian  Poles,  and  have  come  to  the  com- 
munity during  the  past  three  years,  most  of  them  from  other  sections 
of  the  United  States.  The  adult  male  population  of  this  race  num- 
bers about  90,  but  only  about  20  are  married  men  with  families. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


605 


Vside  from  one  merchant  among  them  operating  a small  store,  the 
nen  are  all  at  work  in  the  mines.  Nearly  all  of  them  are  engaged 
n the  occupations  of  loading  and  digging  coal. 

The  Germans  in  the  community  are  principally  those  who  have 
noved  in  from  farms  in  the  surrounding  section.  They  have  been 
n the  locality  twenty-five  years  or  more.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
Ldult  males  among  them  do  not  number  more  than  15.  French  and 
Belgians  also  have  been  immigrating  to  the  community  during  the 
)ast  hve  years  and  have  an  adult  male  population  in  the  locality  of 
, T^*T  mining  camps  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town  proper 
)Outh  Italians  are  found  to  the  extent  of  an  adult  male  population 
I about  25,  all  of  whom  have  arrived  during  the  past  five  years 
here  are  also  about  20  adult  male  Magyars  in  the  locality  who  have 
ome  during  the  past  five  years.  The  remaining  races  found  in  the 
ommunity  taken  together  about  equal  the  Magyars  in  numbers. 

Community  No.  8. 


This  community,  which  is  situated  6 miles  north  of  Community 
;o.  6,  IS  another  mining  center  of  the  same  county.  The  working 
onditions  are  the  same  as  in  Community  No.  6.  The  community 
as  had^  a remarkable  growth  in  population,  increasing  from  787 
ersons  in  1900  to  about  four  times  that  number  in  1909  At  the 
resent  tme  the  town  is  estimated  to  have  a population  ranging 
etween  3,000  and  3,500.  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  North 
nd  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Croatians,  and  Slovaks  are  the  prin- 
pal  races  constituting  the  immigrant  population.  French  and  Uer- 
lans  are  found  in  smaller  numbers,  and  Poles,  Slovenians,  and 
ebrews  make  up  a small  portion  of  the  population.  Three  mining 
ittlements  within  a few  miles  of  the  town  have  a combined  popula- 
on  of  about  1,000,  including  representatives  of  each  of  the  races 
.entioned  above. 

The  expansion  of  the  coal  industry  has  made  the  employment  of 
rge  numbers  of  immigrants  possible.  The  development  of  coal 
ining  in  the  community  has  covered  a period  of  less  than  fifteen 
lars,  and  there  are  now  five  shipping  mines  employing  under  normal 
■nditions  on  an  average  about  1,150  men.  The  force  of  workers  in 
ese  mines  is  estimated  to  be  made  up  by  races  as  follows : 


itive-born  of  native  father: 

WTiite 

'itiye-born  of  foreign  father  a 

d immigration : 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 

French 

German 

cent  immigration : 

Croatian 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Slovak 

Polish  and  Slovenian 


300 

70 

175 

25 

15 

75 

120 

135 

175 

50 

10 


Total 


...  1,150 


I English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German,  60 
1 Lithuanian,  40  per  cent. 


per  cent;  French,  North  Italian, 


606 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Endish,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  have  been  coming  to  the  locality 
for  the  past  fifteen  years,  and  in  greater  numbers  during  the  past  five 
vears  There  are  now  from  175  to  200  adult  males  among  these  people 
in  the  community,  about  100  of  whom  are  married  men  haying  fam- 
ilies with  them.  The  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Irish  are  present  in  equal 
proportions,  and  the  English  are  estimated  to  be  as  numerous  as 
theL  others  taken  together.  Small  numbers  of  these  peoples  are 
found  outside  of  the  mines,  in  business  enterprises  and  in  the  build- 
ing trades,  but  a large  majority  of  the  men  among  them  are  at  woik 
aUhe  coal  mines.  They  are  found  in  all  the  mining  occupations  and 
show  a tendency  to  dominate  the  more  responsible  positions,  as  of 
foremen,  examiners,  and  superintendents.  -.ah 

There  are  about  15  German  families  in  the  community.  A small 
number  of  these  people  have  come  to  the  locality  during  the  past  five 
years  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States,  but  most  of  them  have 
blm  living  on  farms  in  the  surrounding  territory  during  a period  of 
twenty  years.  About  three-fourths  of  the  nien  work  m the  coal  mines 
and  are  scattered  generally  throughout  all  the  occupations.  The 
remaining  one-fourth  are  engaged  in  business  and  m clerical  work  m 
the  town  The  North  Italians  have  come  to  the  community  during 
the  past  ten  years  usually  from  neighboring 

sections  of  the  United  States.  There  are  now  from  40  to  50  North 
Italian  families  in  the  locality,  with  a male  population  of  working  age 
of  about  140.  Aside  from  the  four  who  are  merchants,  all  of  the  men 
among  the  North  Italians  are  mine  workers.  In  the  mines  they  are 
engaged  chiefly  in  digging  and  loading  coal,  but  are  gradually  advanc- 
in^  to  the  more  responsible  occupations.  t ^ 

There  are  about  150  South  Italian  men  in  the  community,  froin 
25  to  35  of  them  being  married  men  with  families.  These  peop 
have  come  to  the  locality  largely  from  other  sections  of  the  Unitd 
States,  during  the  past  eight  or  ten  years,  and  have  to™ed  oolon^^^^^ 
in  the  town  proper  and  at  a mining  camp  one  mile  distant,  lire 
total  number  has  maintained  a gradual  and  steady  mcrense,  hut 
individuals  among  them  are  regarded  in  large  measure  as  a floating 
eCent  in  the  p^lation.  With  the  fception  of  the 
and  employees  of  the  several  stores  and  barber  shops,  the  South  Ital 
ians  are^ at  work  in  the  coal  mines,  where  they  are  found  as  di^ge  - 

“ThrFrench  have  a male  adult  population  in  the  community  of  3C 
or  40,  most  of  them  having  come  during  the  past  four  or  h' e year 
from  other  sections  of  the  Umte^d  States.  About  ’0  ttem  are 
in  clerical  positions,  or  are  day  laborers  doing  occasional  work  ic 
the  town.  Other  men  are  at  work  in  the  coal  mines  as  diggers  and 
loaders  largely,  but  somewhat  distributed  in  all  the  less  resp 

™ Lithuaiflans  have  been  coming  to  the  community  for  th^ast  sever 
years,  but  the  majority  have  arrived  within  P^SL^le  popu- 
years  chiefly  from  other  coal  regions  of  this  country.  The  male  popu 
lation  of  working  age  among  them  now  is  estimated  to  n"r  05 
50  to  75  of  whom  are  married  men  with  famihes.  Th 
Lithuanian  business  men  who  operate  one  general  stole  and  a 
theater.  The  rest  of  the  men  work  m the  coal  mines  as  diggers  an 
loaders  and,  in  smaller  numbers,  as  cagers  and  timbermen. 


607 


r Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


Ijj^ /I^ere  are  about  75  adult  male  Croatians  in  the  community 
probably  30  of  whom  are  married  men  with  families.  They  have 
come  to  the  locality  during  the  past  five  years,  most  of  them  from 
mining  towns  in  other  sections  of  the  United  States.  All  of  the  men 
are  at  work  in  the  coal  mines,  where  they  are  employed  as  diggers  and 
loaders.  The  Slovaks  have  entered  the  community  during  the  past 
hve  years,  the  majority  of  them  from  other  mining  sections  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  now  15  Slovak  families 
with  a total  adult  male  population  of  more  than  50.  The  Slovaks  are 
all  mine  workers  and  most  of  them  are  loaders  and  diggers  of  coal. 

Small  numbers  of  Poles  and  Slovenians  have  come  to  the  com- 
munity during  the  past  three  or  four  years.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  are  fewer  than  15  men,  and  not  more  than  five  or  six  families 
in  both  of  these  races  combined.  Practically  all  of  the  men  of  these 
races  work  as  loaders  and  diggers  in  the  coal  mines.  Races  other 
than  those  already  enumerated  make  up  only  a very  slight  portion 
dI  the  town’s  population. 

Community  No.  9. 

pother  interesting  illustration  of  a remarkable  increase  in  popu- 
ation  and  of  the  influx  of  recent  immigrants  arising  from  coal 
mnmg  development  in  recent  years  is  seen  in  this  community.  It 
s located  20  miles  southeast  of  Community  No.  6 and  is  in  the  most 
iouthern  mining  district  of  Illinois,  being  over  300  miles  south  of 
diicago,  and  about  70  miles  northeast  of  Cairo.  It  is  the  county 
eat  and  its  population,  owing  to  the  extension  of  coal-mining  opera- 
ions,  has  trebled  within  the  past  nine  years. 

Shipping  mines  have  been  operated  about  fifteen  years  ® in  the 
ounly  in  which  the  community  is  situated.  The  annual  output  of 
:I1  the  county’s  mines,  however,  prior  to  the  year  ending  July  1,  1906 
lad  never  reached  500,000  tons.  In  1905  the  output  was  only  about 
50,000  tons.  In  1908  the  output  was  about  2,500,000  tons,  of  which 
ne  company  produced  more  than  2,000,000  tons.  Wlien  this  com- 
any  took  charge  of  the  mines  in  1905  it  was  giving  employment  to 
my  600  to  700  men.  This  working  force  has  now  increased  to  almost 
,000  men,  the  percentage  of  each  race  employed  being  as  follows: 


ative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

atiye-born  of  foreign  father 

Id  immigration: 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 

German 

ecent  immigration: 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Magyar 

I Slovak 


Per  cent 
of  total 
force. 
40 
1 

10 

15 

1 

23 

2 

7 

1 


The  population  of  the  town  itself  is  made  up  principally  of  native 
lutes,  negroes,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  Lithuanians,  and 
>les.  Uermans  are  found  in  small  numbers,  and  other  races  make 

« Illinois  Coal  Report,  1907,  State  Bureau  of  Labor  Stati^^^ 


608 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


up  a very  slight  proportion  of  the  population.  Considerable  num- 
bers of  Slovaks  and  Magyars  also  live  in  mining  camps  only  a few 
miles  distant  from  the  towm.  Negroes  are  estimated  to  make  up 
somewhat  less  than  5 per  cent  of  the  population  and  have  largely  been 
born  and  reared  in  the  community.  The  immigrants,  except  the 
English-speaking  peoples  and  Germans,  have  come  to  the  locality 
during  the  past  three  years,  usually  from  other  mining  sections  of  the 

United  States.  t-i_o  4. 

Representatives  of  the  Germans  and  of  the  English,  Uish,  Scotch, 
and  Welsh  races  have  been  in  the  community  for  more  than  twenty 
years  The  majority  of  the  British  peoples,  however,  have  come  in 
during  the  past  seven  years,  but  these  races  and  the  Germans  seem 
to  be  thoroughlv  identihed  with  the  natives  and  to  compete  mth 
them  on  an  equal  footing  both  for  employment  and  in  business,  the 
British  are  found  principally  in  the  mines,  and  are  there  employed 

in  all  occupations.  , n ^ ^ 

The  Lithuanians  by  far  outnumber  all  the  other  races  ot  recent 
immigrants  in  the  county.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
to  1 000  adult  male  Lithuanians  now  in  the  county  and  that  trom  .^00 
to  225  of  these  are  married  men  who  have  come  to  the  county  during 
the  past  three  vears  from  other  mining  sections  of  the  United  States. 
Considerably  less  than  half  of  the  lithuanians  in  the  county,  however, 
or  about  450  males  of  working  age,  representing  60  to  75  families,  Ipe 
in  the  town  proper.  At  a mining  camp  which  has  grown  up  hurmg 
the  past  feAV  years,  4 miles  south  of  the  town  proper,  the  majority  ot  the 
inhabitants  are  Lithuanians.  There  are  about  450  men  of  working 
age  among  the  Lithuanians  in  the  camp,  and  from  140  to  150  ot  these 
men  have  families  wdth  them.  The  Lithuanians  m the  community 
operate  11  stores,  1 barber  shop,  and  1 tailor  shop,  which  together 
give  employment  to  about  25  of  their  own  race.  There  are  8 or 
10  carpenters  also  among  the  Lithuanians,  and  one  ot  their 
ber  conducts  a real  estate  and  labor  agency.  Practically  all  ot  the 
other  men  of  this  race  are  mine  workers.  Eight  or  ten  ot  them  are 
employed  as  blacksmiths,  some  as  cagers  and  timbermen,  and  many 
as  machine  runners,  but  most  of  them  work  at  loading  coal. 

The  Poles  in  the  county  have  come  in  during  the  past  t^ee  years, 
most  of  them  from  other  mining  sections  of  this  country.  They  have 
settled  in  and  around  the  community  and  have  a population 
embracing  70  or  more  adult  males,  of  whom  25  are  married  men  with 
families  The  Poles  have  1 merchant,  2 tailors,  and  1 carpenter 
among  them.  Aside  from  these,  the  men  are  at  work  m the  mines 
principally  as  loaders.  There  are  a few  mine  blacksmiths  and 
machine  runners  among  them,  and  very  small  numbers  of  them  are 
beginning  to  be  employed  in  the  less  responsible  occupations  as  day 
laborers  or  in  caging,  timbering,  track  laying,  and  drivii^.  , , 

The  Slovaks  have  been  coming  into  tne  county  for  the  past  two 
years,  principally  from  other  mining  localities  of  the  United  states. 
They  now  number  about  12  families,  with  35  or  more  adult  males, 
all  living  in  the  mining  camps  of  the  community.  I be  Slovaks  are 
mine  workers  and  are  engaged  principally  m loading  coal,  in 
community’s  mining  camps  there  are  also  about  25  Magyar  tamihes, 
including  70  or  more  males  of  working  age.  These  people  have  come 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


609 


to  the  community  during  the  past  two  years,  and  most  of  them  have 
come  from  other  mining  sections  of  the  United  States.  Practically 
all  of  the  men  are  at  work  in  the  mines  loading  coal. 

Community  No.  10. 

Another  locality  to  which  immigration  has  been  significant  is  found 
in  the  county  seat  of  the  county  adjoining  that  in  which  Community 
No.  9 is  situated.  Three  railroads  making  connections  with  all  parts 
of  the  country  run  into  the  town.  Although  coal  mining  is  the  pre- 
dominant industry,  employment  is  furnished  to  about  600  persons  by 
local  enterprises,  including  a brewery,  shoe  factory,  and  railroad  shops, 
rhe  Twelfth  Census  gave  to  the  locality  a total  population  of  6,463 
persons.  The  present  population  is  estimated  to  be  between  10,000 
md  11,000,  made  up  principally  of  native  whites,  negroes,  Scotch, 
English,  Welsh,  Irish,  Germans,  North  Italians,  and  South  Italians. 
French,  Norwegians,  Swedes,  Bohemians,  Poles,  and  Chinese  are 
bund  in  very  small  numbers.  The  town  has  4 coal  companies,  oper- 
iting  8 mines,  which  give  employment  to  about  800  men.  The  races 
'.omprising  this  force  are  approximately  as  follows: 


'Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 370 

Negro 90 

'Native-born  of  foreign  father 135 

)ld  immigration : 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh 50 

German 20 

lecent  immigration : 

Italian,  North 55 

Italian,  South 70 

Other  races 10 


Germans  were  the  first  immigrants  to  the  locality.  They  have  been 
oming  into  this  region  from  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  and  from  Europe 
ince  about  1860.  At  the  start  many  of  these  people  went  to  the  farms 
ind  have  been  in  a large  measure  responsible  for  the  introduction  of 
tnproved  farming  methods  and  the  development  of  agriculture  in  the 
urrounding  territory.  In  addition  to  constituting  a large  part  of  the 
ountyb  fanning  population,  the  German  people  have  gradually 
)ranched  out  in  other  pursuits  and  are  now  to  be  found  among  the  most 
•rominent  men  in  all  the  business  and  industrial  enterprises  carried 
n in  and  around  the  community.  These  immigrants,  however,  have 
i^ever  entered  the  mining  industry  in  any  considerable  numbers.  The 
lerman  immigrants  and  their  children  are  estimated  to  number  not 
auch  above  50  of  the  800  mine  workers  in  the  community,  which  is 
1'  proportion  much  smaller  than  their  percentage  of  the  total  popu- 
ition.  Those  who  have  gone  into  the  mines  are  found  in  all  the 
lining  occupations,  though  more  are  engaged  as  engineers,  black- 
miths,  firemen,  and  top  laborers  than  as  miners. 

During  the  period  from  1870  to  1880,  Scotch  and  English  in  consid- 
rable  numbers,  and  Welsh  and  Irish  in  smaller  numbers,  came  to 
be  community,  and  during  the  greater  part  of  this  period  constituted 
be  bulk  of  the  mining  population.  They  are  regarded  as  the  most 
apable  and  adaptable  mine  workers  and  are  found  in  all  the  mining 
ccupations.  They  predominate  in  the  more  responsible  positions, 
uch  as  foremen,  superintendents,  and  examiners.  They  have  not. 


610 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


however,  confined  themselves  to  mine  vfork,  but  are  engaged  in  the 
various  occupations  in  all  the  industries  offering  employment  to  the 
residents  of  the  community.  Some  of  their  number  also  occupy 
prominent  business  and  industrial  positions.  As  new  and  more  ex- 
tensive coal  fields  in  neighboring  counties  have  been  opened  up,  these 
people  in  common  with  more  recent  immigrants  have  gone  in  large 
nurnbers  to  the  newer  fields,  in  many  cases  becoming  foremen  and 
superintendents  at  the  new  mines. 

There  are  about  65  adult  male  North  Italians  in  the  community, 
and  about  20  of  these  are  married  men  who  have  their  families  with 
them.  The  first  of  these  people  arrived  about  twenty-five  years  ago, 
and  nearly  all  of  them  came  before  the  year  1900.  Since  that  time 
their  number  has  tended  to  decrease  rather  than  to  increase,  because 
many  of  them  have  moved  to  the  more  recently  developed  coal  com- 
munities of  the  State.  Twelve  of  their  number  are  business  men 
in  the  community,  either  owning  or  acting  as  clerks  in  saloons,  gro- 
ceries, or  butcher  shops.  The  remainder  are  engaged  in  the  mining 
occupations,  principally  as  loaders  and  diggers,  but  are  occasionally 
found  as  shift  workers  in  such  occupations  as  caging  and  timbering. 

The  adult  male  South  Italians  in  the  community  number  about 
75,  of  whom  about  15  are  married  men  having  families  with  them. 
These  people  have  come  to  the  locality  during  the  past  twenty  years, 
and  the  majority  of  them  have  been  in  the  community  for  more  than 
ten  years.  Practically  all  of  the  men  among  them  are  mine  workers 
and  are  employed  chiefly  as  loaders  and  diggers.  They  do  not 
occupy  positions  of  responsibility,  such  as  foremen  and  examiners, 
and  are  rarely  found  among  the  force  of  shift  or  day  workers. 

During  the  decade  1880  to  1890  negroes  in  considerable  numbers 
from  States  to  the  east  and  south  were  brought  to  the  community. 
At  fu’st  they  were  employed  in  the  mines,  and  a large  number  are 
still  to  be  found  in  the  various  mining  occupations.  Greater  pro- 
portions of  them,  however,  are  engaged  as  loaders  and  diggers  than 
are  in  the  other  occupations.  Some  also  are  employed  in  the  other 
local  industries  and  as  street  workers,  railroad  laborers,  or  day  laborers 
on  occasional  work  of  various  kinds.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
now  more  than  600  negroes,  including  100  to  150  adult  males,  in  the 
community. 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITIES  IN  INDIANA. 

The  history  of  immigration  to  coal-mining  communities  follows  the 
same  general  trend  in  Indiana  as  in  Illinois.  In  putting  forward 
localities  to  exhibit  in  detail  the  history  of  immigration,  one  town 
or  community  from  the  Indiana  block-coal  field  has  been  selected 
and  is  presented  along  with  those  from  the  ordinary  bituminous 
regions.  The  detailed  account  of  the  history  of  immigration  to  the 
different  localities  follows: 


Community  No.  1. 

This  town  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and  is  situated  in 
the  heaviest  coal-producing  region  in  the  State.  The  seams  of  coal 
worked  are  geological  veins  Nos.  IV  and  VI.  The  depth  of  the  nnnes 
from  the  surface  varies  from  55  to  307  feet,  and  the  thickness  of  the 
seams  is  from  4 feet  6 inches  to  5 feet  6 inches. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


611 


The  population  of  the  town  in  1900  was  3,071,  made  up  of  2,401 
^T  78.2  per  cent  native  whites,  435  or  14.2  per  cent  second  genera- 
ion  foreign  whites,  234  or  7.6  per  cent  immigrant  whites.  Since 
900  the  population  has  increased  to  a point  ranging  between  10  000 
nd  12,000.  ’ 

Native  whites,  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish,  and  small  numbers  of 
lermans,  compose  about  three-fourths  of  the  present  population  of 
he  community.  From  15  to  20  per  cent  of  the  inhabitants  are  French 
nd  French-Belgians.  Swedes,  North  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Slo- 
, aks,  and  Syrians  are  found  in  small  numbers  in  the  town’s  popula- 
iion.  The  numbers  of  Magyars,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  are  increased 
jdien  mining  camps  lying  at  a distance  of  5 miles  or  more  from  the 
own  are  considered.  Lithuanians  are  also  found  in  these  outlying 
lining  camps.  ^ 

The  English-speaking  peoples  and  the  Germans  have  been  in  this 
icality  m considerable  numbers  during  the-  past  twenty-five  years, 
he  small  representation  of  Swedes  is  also  made  up  of  persons  who 
lave  been  in  the  United  States  for  a long  period.  All  these  races  are 
) a great  extent  identified  with  the  natives.  French  and  French- 
lelgians  have  been  entering  the  locality  for  a period  of  about  twenty 
oars,  and  during  the  past  ten  years  have  been  coming  in  much 
rger  numbers  than  previously.  The  North  Italian  and  Magyar 
Qinigration  to  the  locality  has  taken  place  within  the  past  five  or 
X years.  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Lithuanians  have  arrived  in  greatest 
ambers  since  the  year  1905. 

Community  No.  2. 

Tins  community  is  situated  in  the  block  coal  district  of  Indiana, 
lie  block  coal  mines  of  the  State  as  a whole  give  employment  under 
irmal  industrial  conditions  to  somewhat  above  1,500  persons  on  the 
■erage  Of  this  number,  about  1,200  are  in  or  around  community 
0.  2.  I he  geological  seams  of  coal  from  which  the  Indiana  block 
"al  IS  mined  are  Nos.  Ill  and  IV , which  lie  at  a depth  from  the 
:rface  varying  from  42  to  215  feet,  and  range  from  3 to  5 feet  in 
nckness. 

The  population  in  the  block  coal  region  has  been  on  the  decline  for 
|e  past  ten  years  or  more,  but  during  the  past  nine  years  there  has 
I en  a constantly  increasing  concentmtion  of  this  population  around 
mmumty  No.  2.  The  town  with  its  immediate  environs  now  has 
wOO  or  more  inhabitants,  or  about  4 times  as  many  people  as  lived 
the  same  re^on  in  1900. 

This  population  is  made  up  of  native  whites,  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
'elsh.  North  Italians  and  Tyrolese,  and  Slovaks,  together  with  a 
•lall  number  of  Poles.  An  estimate  of  the  number  of  males  1 6 years 
age  or  over  and  of  families  in  the  community  is  as  follows: 


Race. 

Adult  males. 

Families. 

Ive-born  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Welsh 

140 

ton.  North  and  Tyrolese. . . 

1 cn 

50 

and  Polish 

luU 

1 KA 

90 

— 

lot) 

90 

612 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  English-speaking  peoples  of  foreign  birth  have  been  in  the  com 
munity  during  the  past  thirty-five  years  and  are  at  present  closeh 
associated  with  the  native-born.  Slovaks  have  been  in  the  locality 
in  small  numbers  for  twenty-five  years.  The  majority  of  the  Slovaks 
however,  as  well  as  practically  all  of  the  Italians,  Tyrolese,  and  Eole 
now  in  the  locality,  have  arrived  vdthin  the  past  fifteen  years.  1 hesi 
races  have  come  principally  from  Europe,  and  this  field  has  servei 
as  a base  from  which  immigrants  have  gone  out  into  tovuis  of  th' 
bituminous  fields. 

Community  No.  3. 

This  town  is  near  the  western  border  and  somewhat  south  of  th 
center  of  the  State.  Mining  is  the  chief  industry,  and  the  town  i 
the  coal  center  of  the  county  in  which  it  is  located.  The  region  ovei 
lies  part  of  the  northeastern  margin  of  the  Ilhnois-Indiana  cnal  belt 
The  veins  worked  are  geologically  known  as  Nos.  VI  and  Vli,  am 
have  a thickness  of  from  4 feet  8 inches  to  6 feet  6 inches,  lying  at 
depth  from  the  surface  of  from  110  to  340  feet. 

The  population  of  the  community  in  1900  was  2,918,  made  up  c 
1 966  native  whites,  465  second-generation  foreign  whites,  433  foreigr 
born  whites,  51  negroes,  and  3 Chinese.  Since  the  year  1900,  the  pof 
ulation  has  increased  to  about  6,500,  and  a large  share  of  this  increas 
has  been  due  to  the  influx  of  immigrants.  English,  Scotcb,  Welst 
Irish  and  Germans,  in  considerable  numbers,  together  with  Danes  an 
Swedes  in  smaller  numbers,  have  been  in  the  community  for  a Ion 
period  and  have  become  in  great  measure  identified  with  native: 
North  Italians,  together  with  Tyrolese,  however,  make  up  a large 
proportion  of  the  recent  immigrant  population  than  any  other  rac« 
Lithuanians,  Finns,  and  Magyars,  are  also  present  m considerabi 
numbers.  Poles,  Slovaks,  Slovenians,  Bulgarians,  and  Roumanian! 
taken  together,  constitute  another  important  element  of  the  popuh 
tion.  South  Italians  and  Hebrews  have  come  in  in  small  number: 
and  there  are  a few  Chinese  in  the  town. 

Estimates  of  the  number  of  males  of  working  age  (16  years  old  an 
over),  and  of  families,  among  the  various  races  of  recent  immigrj 
tion  are  given  in  the  following  statement : 


Race. 

Adult  males. 

Families 

550 

150 

60 

75 

1 300 

1 

J 

40 

1, 175 

L 

Aside  from  the  immigration  of  English-speaking  peoples,  German 
Swedes,  and  Danes,  practically  all  of  the  immigration  to  the  communil 
has  taken  place  within  the  past  fifteen  years.  North  Italians  beg^ 
to  arrive  in  small  numbers  as  early  as  the  year  1886  and  have  be( 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


613 


coming  more  or  less  steadily  since  1896.  Lithuanians,  Finns,  Mag- 
yars, Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Slovenians  all  began  to  come  to  this  com- 
munity from  twelve  to  fifteen  years  ago.  The  period  of  heaviest 
immigration  among  all  these  races,  howxver,  as  is  evidenced  by  the 
large  increase  in  the  town's  population,  has  been  since  1900,  and  during 
this  period  a large  part  of  the  immigration  has  come  from  other  sec- 
tions of  the  United  States.  Prior  to  the  year  1900  the  greater  part 
cf  the  immigration  was  direct  from  Europe. 

Community  No.  4. 

This  community  is  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State**  and  is 
dtuated  in  the  same  county  as  Community  No.  1.  Coal  mining  is 
extensively  engaged  in  and  is  the  sole  industry  of  the  town.  Seven 
nines  are  in  operation  in  the  locality,  giving  employment  under 
lormal  industrial  conditions  to  about  1,000  men.  The  geological 
5eams  of  coal  worked  are  Nos.  Ill  and  IV,  which  lie  at  a depth  from 
ifie  surface  varying  from  43  to  153  feet.  The  thickness  of  these 
^eins  varies  from  5 feet  to  7 feet  6 inches. 

The  town  has  grown  up  almost  .entirely  within  the  past  eight 
/ears.  In  the  year  1900  there  were  only  110  inhabitants.  Shortly 
ifterwards  a railroad  was  constructed  through  the  region,  and  coal 
nining  developed  extensively.  The  population  has  now  increased 
0 more  than  3,000  people.  Living  quarters  and  accommodations, 
)wing  to  the  rapid  growth,  were  at  first  crude,  and  developments 
dong  this  line  did  not  go  forward  rapidly  enough  to  furnish  ade- 
quate housing  facilities  for  the  steadily  increasing  numbers  of  em- 
)loyees  needed  in  the  mines.  Under  these  conditions  it  was  difficult 
0 secure  native  and  English-speaking  mine  workers.  Consequently, 
ecourse  was  had  to  races  of  immigrants  who  were  not  so  exactino- 
;i,s  to  living  and  housing  facilities.  ^ 

Magyars  were  the  first  among  the  races  of  recent  immigrants  to 
ettle  in  the  community,  and  they  arrived  in  larger  numbers  than  did 
he  other  races.  Poles  and  Slovaks,  together  with  small  numbers 
•f  Lithuanians,  followed  the  Magyars,  and  these  races  now  constitute 
he  greater  proportion  of  alien  immigration.  The  number  of  adult 
aales  among  the  Magyars  finally  reached  about  125,  among  the 
’oles  about  100,  and  among  the  Slovaks  about  75. 

A few  years  after  the  town  was  established  the  number  of  homes 
uitable^  for  natives  and  English-speaking  peoples  became  sufficient 
or  an  increased  population,  and  natives  and  allied  races  became 
lore  firmly  established  in  the  mines,  in  a measure  displacing  the 
aces  of  recent  immigration.  During  the  past  three  years  there 
as  been  a more  or  less  constant,  although  gradual,  egyess  of  Magyars, 
'oles,  and  Slovaks,  who  have  sought  employment  in  other  mining 
)cahties.  About  the  middle  of  March,  1909,  all  of  the  remaining 
lagyars  were  forcibly  driven  out  of  the  town,  and  many  of  the 
oles  and  Slovaks  left  the  community  as  a result  of  a riot  between 
ae  natives  and  Magyars.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  now  not 
lore  than  40  Polish  and  25  Slovak  men  of  working  age  left  in  the 
3wn. 

[ 48296°— VOL  6—11 40 


614 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Community  No.  5. 


This  community  is  located  in  one  of  the  heaviest  coal-producing 
sections  in  the  bituminous  district  in  Indiana.  The  vein  of  coa 
principally  worked  is  geological  seam  No.  IV,  which  here  lies 
depth  from  the  surface  varying  from  50  feet  to  120  feet.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  coal  ranges  from  6 feet  to  7 feet  4 inches.  The  mines  n 
the  vicinity  sive  employment  under  normal  industrial  conditions  t( 
more  than  1,400  men.  Of  this  number  from  400  to  500  are  emoloyee:' 
who  live  in  the  town,  which  forms  the  center  of  population  tor  th( 

commUto^^  itself  is  now  estimated  to  have  a population  of  fron 
1 200  to  1,500,  as  compared  with  129  inhabitants  m the  year  1900 
A large  part  of  this  rapid  increase  of  population  has  been  due  to  th 
influx  of  recent  immigrants  who  have  come  to  this  locality  m mos 
cases  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States,  particularly  fron 

Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia.  t -.u  • .mPc 

The  recent  immigrants  found  m the  town  are  Lithuanians,  ^lojaks 
and  South  Italians,  together  with  small  numbers  of  Poles  and  Kuth 
enians  An  estimate  of  the  number  of  men  of  working  age  (16  year 
old  or  over)  and  of  families  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration  is  a 
follows : 


Race. 

Adult  males. 

Families 

200 

45 

45 

The  community,  therefore,  furnishes  a first-class  illustration  of 
minino-  locality  which  has  developed  during  the  past  tour  or  in 
years.  The  bulk  of  immigration  to  the  locality  on  the  part  ol  eac 
of  the  races  of  recent  immigrants  took  place  between  the  years  190 
and  1907.  Practically  all  the  races  of  recent  immigration  have  com 
to  the  community  within  the  past  eight  years. 


REPRESENTATIVE  DISTRICTS  IN  OHIO. 


In  submitting  a somewhat  detailed  account  of  the  racial  moV( 
ments  to  the  Ohio  coal  fields,  individual  communities  or  towns  ai 
not  presented,  but  divisions  based  upon  county  lines  and  upc 
accepted  designations  of  the  different  fields  have  been  observe. 
This  method  of  presentation  has  the  advantage  of  giving  a ^ener 
conception  of  the  history  of  immigration  to  the  coal  names  ot  t 
State  as  well  as  a detailed  application  to  oftam  districts  11 
divisions  are  as  follows:  (a)  The  Massillon  field  (Stark  Countj 

(6)  Tuscarawas  County,  (c)  Belmont-JeffersomHarrison  fie  d ( 
mont,  Jefferson,  and  Harrison  counties),  (d)  the  Hocking  fie 
Hocking,  and  Perry  counties),  (e)  the  Jackson  field  (Jackson  Count} 
if)  the  Guernsey  field  (Guernsey  County). 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


615 


The  table  following  shows  by  principal  coal-producing  counties  the 
otal  number  of  mining  employees  in  Ohio  in  1908: 

Table  321. — Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Ohio,  by  county,  1908. 

[From  Ohio  Coal  Report,  1908.] 


County. 


tark 

uscarawas 

■ehnont 

^fferson 

arrison 

thens 

ocking 

erry 


Total 
number 
of  miners. 


51.3 

2,573 

8,502 

6,322 

667 

8,389 

2,352 

4,213 


County. 

1 Total 
number 
of  miners. 

Jackson 

2,605 

4,923 

1,311 

1,148 

1,461 

Guernsey 

Columbiana 

Meigs 

Wayne 

Total 

44, 979 

By  ref  erring  to  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  in  the  divisions  under 
onsideration  approximately  45,000  men  are  employed.  The  table 
:lso  shows  the  three  counties  having  each  more  than  1,000  miners 
Inch  ^e  not  included  in  the  discussion.  In  several  other  counties 
t the  State  some  coal  is  mined,  but  the  output  is  small  and  the 
umber  of  employees  of  foreign  birth  in  the  industry  of  no  conse- 
uence. 

The  mine^  in  Jackson  County  were  opened  about  the  year  1880 
he  original  miners  were  Welsh,  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  native 
mericans,  with  the  Welsh  predominant  in  point  of  numbers.  The 
tees  mentioned  above  had  been  immigrating  to  the  county  for  a 
,3riod  of  sixty  years  prior  to  the  opening  of  these  mines.  Conse- 
Jently  many  so-called  Welsh,  English,  Irish,  and  Scotch  were  really 
le  second  or  third  generation  of  these  races.  No  later  immio*rants 
ive  ever  been  employed,  because  the  operators  decided  that  they 
Tterred  Enghslvspeakmg  miners  and  have  adhered  strictly  to  this 
e termination.  The  mines  at  present  are  almost  exhausted  Pro- 
uction  IS  rapidly  declining,  and  while  other  seams  of  coal  may  be 
.sveloped  It  IS  very  evident  that  now  and  for  some  years  to  come 
ere  will  be  none  of  the  races  of  more  recent  immigrants  employed 
1 the  mining  industry  in  this  field. 

Although  sorne  mining  had  been  done  in  the  Guernsey  County 
Isld  before  1840,  the  operations  did  not  assume  any  commercial 
uportance  until  about  the  year  1880.  During  the  period  1880  to 
8-  a tew  Slovaks  and  Magyars  arrived  in  this  field  and  foiinfl 
:iployment.  In  the  two  years  1884  and  1885  one  or  two  large  mines 
(ire  opened,  and  additional  Slovaks  and  Magyars  were  secured, 
^ace  that  time  Slovak,  Lithuanian,  Polish,  Magyar,  and  BeDian 
Miners  have  been  employed  in  the  mines  throughout  this  couSty 
the  present  time  the  mining  employees  are  as  follows,  by  race : 

Hive-born  of  native  and  foreign  fathers. . q 

.1  immigration:  o, 

. Welsh... 

• cent  immigration:  

Slovak 

Lithuanian 

Polish 1*^^ 

Magvar  1^^ 

Belgian.;.;:;;;:::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;;;;-  ““ 


616 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  great  majority  of  the  Slovak  and  practically  all  theLithuamani 
Polish  and  Belgian  miners  have  immigrated  to  the  county  within  t n 
past  six  to  eight  years,  this  period  mariang  the  expansion  of  tin 
minino'  industry  in  Guernsey  County.  The  Welsh  are  much  olde 
immigrants,  and  came  in  individually  during  the  previous  forty  o 

^The  M^assillon  district,  in  which  mines  were  opened  sixty  years  ago 
is  the  oldest  field  in  the  State  which  has  been  developed  on  a arg. 
scale  The  greatest  expansion  of  the  industry  occuiied  about  18/0 
Up  to  this  time  there  had  been  a constant  and  general  in^igration 
the  men  arriving  individually  rather  than  in  groups.  Those  wh. 
came  to  the  region  at  that  time  were  Welsh,  English,  a,nd  Geimans 
The  niaiority  of  these  people  entered  agricultural  pursuits,  and  somi 
sought  Employment  in  thimines. . With  the  expansion  of  the  indus 
try  following  1870,  immigration  increased,  particularly  that  of  th 
Welsh  miners.  This  movement  was  steadily  maintained  until  i 
was  checked  by  the  panic  and  general  industrial  depression  of  189.i 
At  the  present  time  probably  90  per  cent  of  all  the  miners  m thi 
district  are  American,  or  the  second  S®u®ration  of  the  races  rnentione 
above.  About  eighteen  years  ago  a few  North  Italians  drifted  mt 
the  region.  The  movement  never  assumed  any  importance,  bu 
these  North  Italians  and  their  children  have  remained  in  the  mdustn 
and  at  present  constitute  probably  8 per  cent  of  the  miners.  Afte 
the  years  1893  and  1894,  however,  practically  no  more  Noith  Italian 
caml  into  the  district.  During  the,  year  1899  a tew  Bohemians  an 
Slovaks  arrived,  and  are  still  working  in  a few  mines,  but  these  lace 

have  never  assumed  any  importance.  * i , ,.  cff,,  ,.00, 

Some  mines  w'ere  opened  in  Tuscarawas  County  forty  or  fifty  yeai 
ago,  but  the  industry  did  not  assume  much  importance  until  moi 

ricent  years.  Up  to  the  year  1894,  the  small  number  of  minei 

employed  were  ciiiefly  Irish,  with  some  Welsh  “d  Scotch  In  th 
year  1892  there  was  a strike  in  this  region,  during  which  a Jew  Nort 
and  South  Italians  were  employed.  Since  that  date  many  oHhe  lath 
have  continued  coming,  though  their  immigration  was  checked  by  th 
industrial  depression  of  1907.  At  present  the  miners  of  this  regio 
constitute  ap^oximately  the  following  numbers  of  different  races. 

Native-born  a and  races  of  older  immigration,  including  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  ^ ^ 

Welsh,  and  German ’ 

Recent  immigration:  y 

Italian,  North g 

Italian,  South 2 

Tyrolese 2' 

Magyar li 

Slovak,  Polish,  and  other  races 

The  Tyroleans  came  to  the  district  from  1901  to  1906,  the  Magya 
between'^1902  and  1907,  and  the  Slovak,  Polish,  and  miscellaneoi 
races  have  come  individually  since  the  year  1901. 

In  the  Belmont-Jefferson-Harrison  field, 
on  in  Jefferson  and  Belmont  counties  along  the  Ohio  Kiver  in  rat 
a small  way  for  more  than  sixty  years.  The  miners  have  be 
Americans,  English,  Welsh,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Germans.  During  tl 

a Includes  second  generation  of  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West.  617 


wo  years  1889  and  1890  several  large  mines  were  opened  in  Jefferson 
/ounty.  Owing  to  the  absence  of  sufficient  English-speaking  miners 

0 operate  them,  about  300  Magyars  and  South  Italians  were  brought 
rom  the  neighboring  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia  fields.  Before 
his  development  proceeded  much  further,  however,  the  panic  of  1893 
nd  the  resultant  depression  checked  it.  Five  years  later  the  develop- 
lent  of  this  field  was  revived  on  a large  scale,  starting  more  especially 

1 Belmont  County,  and  this  expansion  marked  the  beginning  of  the 
irge  immigration.^  Local  labor  was  not  adequate  to  work  the  mines 
nd  numbers  of  immigrants  of  various  races  were  secured  from 
Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  and  New  York  City.  As  early  as  1896, 

few  Bohemians,  South  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Poles  had  been  drift- 
ig  into  the  region,  but  since  1899  and  up  to  1907,  the  immigration 
jito  these  counties  has  been  in  direct  relation  to  the  development  of 
fie  coal  mines. 

At  present -the  operating  force  is  racially  made  up  as  follows: 


ative-borna 

ecent  immigration : 

Italian,  North... 
; Italian,  South... 

! Magyar 

I Bohemian 

' Slovak 

Polish 

Lithuanian 

Hervat 

Montenegrin 


3,  000 

800 
2,  200 
1,  800 
1,  300 
3,  500 
1,  700 
500 
500 
200 


In  the  Hocking  district,  mining  has  been  carried  on  for  fifty  years, 
he  miners  employed  prior  to  the  year  1875  were  all  American, 
nglish,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  German,  with  a large  percentage  of 
Ylsh.  It  is  impossible  to  state  the  numbers  of  the  above  races 
)ming  to  this  region  during  that  time,  but  their  immigration  had 
,3clined  since  1875,  and  had  practically  stopped  by  1893.  In  the 
'ars  1881  and  1882  about  300  German  miners  immigrated  to  the 
strict,  the  occasion  of  their  coming  being  the  scarcitv  of  other 
bor.  In  1888  a few  Magyars  arrived  and  were  soon  followed  by 
oles,  Slovaks,  and  Italians.  In  1890  a few  Finns  also  came.  With 
le  panic  of  1893  further  imniigration  of  these  races  was  checked 
itil about  1897  and  1898.  Since  that  time,  however,  their  immigra- 
on  has  not  been  large,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  production  of  this 
strict  has  reached  its  maximum  and  will  probably  not  increase  to 
ay  considerable  extent. 

At  the  present  time  the  miners  of  this  region  are  approximately 
: follows : .1  jr  j 


; aive-born  & 

• 'Cent  immigration : 

Magyars 

Italian,  North... 
Italian,  South... 

Polish 

Slovak 

Finnish 


12,  000 

1,000 

100 

400 

000 

800 

100 


I Includes  second  generation  of  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans 
0 Includes  second  generation  of  English,  Irish,  Welsh  and  Germans. 


i 

I 


Chapter  III. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied — Principal 
occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  States — General 
occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied — General  occupa- 
tion of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied — Daily  earnings — Rela- 
tion between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability — Annual  earnings  of  male  heads 
of  families  studied — Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  house- 
holds studied — Annual  family  income — Wives  at  work— Relation  between  the 
earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers — 
Sources  of  family  income— Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family 
income — [Text  Tables  322  to  342  and  General  Tables  106  to  117]. 

INDUSTRIAL  CONDITION  ABROAD  OF  MEMBERS  OF  IMMIGRANT  HOUSE- 
HOLDS STUDIED. 


Before  entering  into  a detailed  discussion  of  the  economic  condition 
of  the  immigrant  mine  worker  in  the  Middle  West  at  the  present 
time,  it  will  be  worth  while  to  consider  the  industrial  status  of  the 
immigrant  mining  employees  and  their  families  before  they  came  to 
this  country.  With  this  object  in  view,  the  following  series  of  tab- 
ulations has  been  prepared,  showing  the  general  industrial  training 
and  experience  abroad,  as  well  as  the  specific  occupations  in  which 
the  foreign-born  persons  of  bituminous  localities  in  the  Middle  West 
were  engaged  before  coming  to  this  country.  This  information  rela- 
tive to  female  members  of  the  households  of  foreign  birth  is  first  pre- 
sented, followed  by  a like  presentation  of  foreign-born  males.  The 
first  two  of  the  series  of  tables  are  submitted  below  and  show  the 
general  industrial  condition  as  well  as  the  principal  occupations  of 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  arrival  in 
the  United  States,  by  race  of  individual. 

Table  322. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

talian.  North. . 

42 

14 

26 

2 

33. 3 

61, 9 

4 ft 

fi  f\ 

talian,  South 

21 

19 

1 

1 

90.  5 

4 8 

o 

4 ft 

u.  u 
n 

Lithuanian 

43 

34 

7 

2 

79h 

O 

16. 3 

4.7 

• u 
.0 

Total 

120 

78 

35 

7 

65.0 

29.2 

5.8 

.0 

619 


620 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  ^23. —Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  whc 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[TMs  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom, 


Num- 

Per 

cent 

with- 

out 

occu- 

pa- 

tion. 

Per  cent  working  for 
wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Race  of  individual. 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Farm 

labor- 

ers. 

In  do- 
mes- 
tic 
and 
per- 
sonal 
serv- 
ice. 

In  all 
other 
occu- 
pa- 
tions. 

Total. 

Farm 

labor- 

ers. 

In  all 
other 
occu- 
pa- 
tions. 

Total. 

Per 
cent 
work- 
ing foi 
profit 

1 

ItdllTTl  ^nrth  

42 

33.3 

0.0 

7.1 

54.8 

G1.9 

4.8 

0.0 

4.8 

0.* 

Italian  South 

21 

90.5 

.0 

.0 

4.8 

4.8 

4.8 

.0 

4.8 

Lithuanian 

4:1 

79.1 

14.0 

2.3 

.0 

16.3 

4.7 

.0 

4.7 

Total 

I 120  1 (;5.0 

5.8 

3.3 

20.0 

29.2 

5.8 

.0 

5.8 

As  can  be  readily  seen  in  the  above  tables,  65  per  cent  of  the  femalei 
were  without  occupation  abroad,  29.2  per  cent  were  working  fo 
wages,  5.8  per  cent  were  working  without  wages,  and  none  were  work 
ino’*^for  profit.  Proceeding  further  with  the  analysis  of  the  four  in 
dustrial  groups  it  is  seen  that  5.8  per  cent  of  the  total  number  wen 
farm  laborers  working  for  wages  and  3.3  per  cent  were  in  domestic  o^; 
personal  service.  All  of  those  working  without  wages  were  farn 
laborers.  The  exhibit  for  specific  races  shows  also  a wide  variation  ii 
the  industrial  condition  abroad  of  the  North  and  South  Italian  women 
90.5  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians  were  without  occupation,  in  contrasi 
with  33.3  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian  women,  and  61.9  per  cent  o 
the  North  Italian  women  worked  for  wages  before  coming  to  thr 
country,  while  only  4.8  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  females  wen 
working  for  wages  abroad.  It  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  18.7  pe 
cent  of  the  Lithuanian  women  were  working  abroad  as  farm  laborers 
14  per  cent  for  wages  and  4.7  per  cent  without  wages.  ^ 

As  regards  the  mining  employees  of  foreign  birth  m the  Midda 
West  at  the  present  time  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  tmi( 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  the  following  table  shows  the  gen 
eral  industrial  condition  abroad  of  the  comparatively  small  numbe 
in  the  households  studied: 

Table  324. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  male 
who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom. 


Race  of  individual. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Number— 

Per  cent — 

With- 

out 

occu- 

pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 

out 

occu- 

pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

with- 

out 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit 

Italian,  North 

47 

1 

33 

9 

4 

2.1 

70.2 

19.1 

8. 

QA 

Italian  South  

23 

14 

2 

7 

.0 

60.9 

8. 7 

OU- 

Lithuanian 

46 

16 

19 

11 

.0 

34.8 

41.3 

22. 

Total 

135 

1 

67 

38 

29 

.7 

49.6 

28.1 

21. 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West.  621 

The  foregoing  table  shows  that  49.6  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
)f  persons  reporting  had  been  working  abroad  for  wages,  28.1  per 
•ent  had  been  worfing  without  wages,  and  21.5  per  cent  had  been 
vorking  for  profit.  Only  0.7  per  cent  of  the  total  number  were  with- 
»ut  any  occupation  before  they  came  to  this  country.  The  North 
talians  had  the  largest  proportion  working  for  wages  and  the  smallest 
)roportion  working  for  profit.  The  South  Italians,  on  the  other  hand, 
lad  a larger  percentage  working  for  profit  than  any  other  race  for 
v^hich  information  is  shown.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  41.3  per 
ent  of  the  Lithuanian  males  had  been  working  abroad  without  wages. 

Continuing  the  analysis  a step  further,  the  table  next  submitted 
xhibits  the  principal  occupations  followed  by  the  persons  in  the 
;eneral  industrial  groups: 

'able  325. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males  who  were 
16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^  by  race  of  individual . 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Phis  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.J 


Race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

i Per  cent  without  occu- 
pation. 

Per  cent  working  for  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
for  profit. 

Farm  laborers. 

Laborers. 

Miners. 

In  hand  trades. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

alian.  North.. 

47 

2.1 

14.9 

23.4 

0.0 

6.4 

25.5 

70.2 

19.1 

0.0 

19.1 

8.5 

0.0 

8.5 

alian.  South. . 

23 

.0 

2(:.  1 

4.3 

4.3 

13.0 

13.0 

60.9 

8.7 

.0 

8.7 

30.4 

.0 

30.4 

ithuanian..... 

46 

.0 

28.3 

.0 

2.2  j 

2.2 

2.2 

34.8 

41.3 

'.0 

41.3 

23.9 

.0 

23.9 

Total 

135 

.7 

19.3 

9.6 

1-5  1 

6.7 

12.6 

49.6 

28.1 

.0 

28.1 

21.5 

.0  j 

21.5 

The  most  interesting  showing  made  by  the  above  table  is  that  the 
ccupations  of  the  present  immigrant  mine  workers  when  abroad  were, 
1 practically  all  cases,  not  of  a kind  to  afford  any  experience  or  train- 
ig  for  industrial  life  in  this  country.  Only  1.5  per  cent  of  the  135 
lales  reporting  had  been  engaged  in  mining  before  coming  to  the 
Inited  States.  Of  the  several  races,  the  South  Italian  has  the  largest 
roportion  of  males  who  had  worked  as  miners  abroad.  Farming 
ppears  to  have  been  the  chief  occupation  in  which  the  male  immi- 
rants  were  engaged.  Of  the  total  number,  1 9.3  per  cent  had  worked 
3 farm  laborers  for  wages  and  28.1  per  cent  as  farm  laborers  without 
ages,  while  21.5  per  cent  were  farmers  for  profit.  Of  the  races 
lecified,  the  Lithuanians  had  the  largest  relative  proportion  of  farm 
iborers,  both  in  the  class  working  for  wages  and  in  the  class  working 
Ithout  wages.  The  South  Italians,  however,  show  a relatively 
igher  proportion  of  males  who  had  been  engaged  abroad  in  farming 


I 


622 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


PRINCIPAL  OCCUPATION  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  BEFORE  CX)MING 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Of  more  value  than  the  results  of  the  household  study  for  thi^ 
particular  inquiry  is  the  information  obtained  from  7,676  miners  as  i 
result  of  the  individual  investigation.  These  data  are  put  forward  ii 
the  following  table: 


Table  326. — Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  befon 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  KMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  onl}’-  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom. 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in — 

Mining. 

Farming 
or  farm 
labor. 

General 

labor. 

Manufac- 

turing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

196 

72.4 

10.7 

5.6 

1.0 

8.7 

1. 

Croatian 

155 

7.1 

81.3 

4.5 

3.2 

1.3 

2. 

English 

547 

87.8 

1.5 

2.0 

1.3 

3. 1 

4. 

German 

575 

59.7 

17.6 

5.4 

1.9 

9.9 

5. 

Italian,  North 

1,551 

22.8 

52.0 

5.9 

4.1 

9.0 

6. 

Italian,  South 

361 

23.3 

62.6 

6.6 

.0 

5.  5 

1. 

Lithuanian 

1,023 

3.6 

79.7 

9.7 

1.6 

4. 5 

l.t 

Magyar 

581 

17.7 

69.7 

3.1 

1.4 

6. 4 

1. 

Polish 

741 

14.2 

70.9 

4.2 

2.0 

6.3 

2. 

Russian 

344 

7.3 

86.9 

.9 

.3 

3.8 

Scotch 

237 

92.4 

1.3 

3.0 

.0 

.4 

3. 

Slovak 

684 

15.1 

75.3 

2.3 

1.9 

3.9 

1. 

Slovenian 

86 

34.8 

45.3 

4.7 

1.2 

12.8 

1. 

Welsh 

92 

91.3 

1.1 

3.3 

.0 

.0 

4. 

Total 

7,676 

30.5 

53.2 

5.0 

2.0 

6.1 

3. 

The  preceding  table  shows  that  only  30.5  per  cent  of  the  total  num 
her  reporting  were  miners  abroad,  the  greater  part,  53.2  per  cent 
having  been  farmers  or  farm  laborers.  By  a separation  of  the  oldei 
from  the  more  recent  immigrants  it  appears  that  the  races  of  south- 
ern and  eastern  Europe,  which  constitute  the  principal  source  of  min- 
ing labor  at  present,  report  only  13.8  per  cent  as  having  had  any  ex- 
perience or  training  in  mining  abroad. 

Five  per  cent  of  the  total  number  reporting  were  employed  prior  tc 
their  arrival  in  the  United  States  as  common  laborers;  6.1  per  cent  wen 
in  hand  trades;  2 per  cent  were  in  manufacturing  industries;  and  3.^ 
per  cent  had  occupations  not  specified.  The  two  principal  groups 
farming  and  mining,  comprise  upward  of  three-fourths  of  each  of  th( 
leading  races.  In  the  case  of  the  Russians,  94.2  per  cent  were  engager 
in  farming  or  mining.  The  five  races  showing  the  highest  percentagee 
of  farmers  are  the  five  reporting  the  smallest  proportion  of  miners,  anc 
vice  versa. 

The  Russians  were  most  largely  engaged  in  farming,  86.9  per  ceni 
of  them  being  thus  reported.  The  Croatians  follow  with  81.3  pei 
cent,  the  Lithuanians  with  79.7  per  cent,  and  the  Slovaks  with  75.^ 
per  cent.  Other  races  with  considerably  more  than  one-half  of  theii 
number  reported  in  this  class  are  the  Poles,  Magyars,  and  South  Italians 
The  Welsh,  Scotch,  and  English  had  the  fewest  farmers,  the  nuinbei 
in  each  case  being  less  than  2 per  cent  of  the  whole.  The  Bohemians 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West.  623 


and  Moravians  show  10.7  percent,  and  the  Germans  17.6  percent,  as 
farmers  or  farm  laborers. 

The  highest  percentage,  or  9.7,  of  laborers  in  industries  other  than 
farming  is  reported  by  the  Lithuanians,  followed  by  6.6  per  cent  of 
the  South  Italians,  5.9  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  5.6  per  cent  of 
the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  and  5 .4  per  cent  of  the  Germans.  Less 
than  1 per  cent  of  the  Russians  were  laborers  in  other  industries  than 
farming,  and  the  English,  Slovak,  Scotch,  and  Magyar  races  report  but 
2 or  3 per  cent. 

Of  the  total  of  7,676,  the  153  males  who  were  connected  with 
nanufacturing  industries  abroad  comprise  the  smallest  group  and 
ire  but  2 per  cent  of  the  whole  number  furnishing  data.  The  North 
[talians  show  the  greatest  number  engaged  in  manufacturing,  their 
percentage  being  4.1;  the  Croatians,  with  3.2  per  cent,  rank  second, 
ind  the  Poles,  with  2 per  cent,  third.  No  South  Italians  and  no 
scotch  are  reported,  and  only  one  of  all  the  Russians  appears  in  this 
dassification. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  hand  trades  gave  employment  abroad  to 
nore  than  three  times  as  many  males  as  did  manufacturing.  The 
lermans  stand  first,  with  9.9  per  cent,  the  North  Italians  second, 
vith  9 per  cent,  and  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  third,  with  8.7  per 
ent.  The  Magyars  and  Poles  report  6.4  per  cent  and  6.3  per  cent, 
espectively,  working  at  hand  trades.  All  other  races  fall  below  the 
;eneral  average  of  6.1  per  cent,  the  Scotch  showing  the  smallest  pro- 
(ortion,  with  one  man  only  out  of  237,  or  0.4  per  cent. 

As  regards  the  proportions  of  the  different  races  engaged  in  mining 
-broad,  the  Scotch  exhibit  92.4  per  cent,  the  Welsh  91.3  per  cent, 
he  English  87.8  per  cent,  the  Bohemian  and  Moravian  72.4  per  cent, 
nd  the  German  59.7  per  cent,  engaged  in  the  mining  industry  before 
ommg  to  this  country.  Only  22.8  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  23.3 
ler  cent  of  the  South  Italians,  17.7  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  15.1 
er  cent  of  the  Slovaks,  and  14.2  per  cent  of  the  Poles  were  miners 
nor  to  their  immigration  to  the  United  States.  The  Lithuanians 
nth  3.6  per  cent,  Croatians  with  7.1  per  cent,  and  Russians  wdth 
.3  per  cent,  show  the  smallest  percentages  of  persons  with  previous 
xperience  in  the  work  in  which  they  are  now  engaged  in  this  country. 

ENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  WOMEN  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

With  the  above  showing  in  mind  as  to  the  industrial  condition  of 
le  different  races  of  the  old  and  new  immigration  in  their  native 
inds,  a question  naturally  arises  as  to  the  industrial  condition  of 
nmigrant  women  in  this  country,  as  well  as  the  extent  to  which  the 
tales  enter  the  mining  industry,  the  kind  of  work  within  the  industry 
men  they  first  secure,  and  the  positions  to  which  they  have  at- 
imed  up  to  the  present  time.  The  table  immediately  following 
lows  the  general  occupation  of  females  16  years  or  over  for  whom 
iformation  was  received  in  studying  the  households  in  mining 
caJities  in  the  Middle  West. 


624 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  327  .—General  occupation  of females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  an 

race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent— 

Employed. 

At  home. 

At  school 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

25 

, 0.0 

100. 0 

0. 

Foreign-boni: 

Italian,  North 

47 

.0 

100. 0 

Italian , South 

24 

.0 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

49 

.0 

100.0 

Grand  total 

17G 

.0 

98.3 

1. 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

11 

(“) 

(«) 

==» 

(a) 

Total  native-born 

36 

.0 

91.  7 

8. 

Total  foreign-born 

140 

.0 

100.0 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  above  table  discloses  the  significant  fact  that  all  the  women  o 
foreign  birth  are  at  home.  On  the  other  hand,  91.7  per  cent  of  th 
native-born  females  are  at  home,  while  the  remaining  8.3  per  cen 
are  at  school,  indicating  a greater  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  native 
born  women  16  years  of  age  or  over  than  of  the  foreign-born  to  attenc 
school. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  MALES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THl 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  general  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  ove 
in  the  households  studied  in  the  Middle  West,  the  following  tabli 
gives  the  data  obtained,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual 

Table  323.— General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  an 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  wuth  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races. 


Number 

Per  cent— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

In  bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

25 

92.0 

0.0 

8. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

53 

100.0 

.0 

i 

Italian,  South 

30 

90.0 

6.7 

Lithuanian 

51 

100.0 

.0 

Polish 

23 

100.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

187 

95.7 

1.1 

3. 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Total  native-born 

30 

83.3 

.0 

16. 

Total  foreign-bom 

157 

98.1 

1.3 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


625 


Upon  referring  to  the  preceding  table,  it  is  seen  that  92  per  cent  of 
the  native  whites  born  of  native  father,  83.3  per  cent  of  the  total 
Qative-born,  and  98.1  per  cent  of  the  total  foreign-born,  are  at  work 
in  the  mines.  Eight  per  cent  of  the  native  whites  of  native  father,  16.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  native-born,  and  only  six-tenths  of  1 per  cent  of 
the  total  foreign-born  are  at  school.  The  fact  of  greatest  import  in 
the  present  connection  is  that  almost  all  of  the  foreign-born  males  are 
at  work  in  or  around  the  mines,  as  contrasted  with  a much  smaller 
proportion  of  native-born.  The  striking  conclusion,  therefore,  to  be 
drawn  from  the  series  of  tables  showing  industrial  condition  of  the 
foreign-born  workers  both  in  this  country  and  abroad  is  that  without 
any  training  or  experience  in  mining  abroad  the  recent  immigrants 
snter  the  mines  of  this  country.® 

Practically  all  of  the  foreign-born  employees  in  the  mines  of  the 
Middle  West  who  come  to  the  mining  regions  directly  from  abroad 
mter  the  mines  as  loaders  after  the  machines,  or  in  some  other  un- 
skilled occupation.  The  immediate  employment  of  the  untrained 
.mmigrant  within  the  mines  is  made  possible  by  the  use  of  machine 
nethods.^  A considerable  number  of  employees  of  foreign  birth 
vho  are  found  in  the  mines  of  the  Middle  West  have  had  experience 
n mining  in  Pennsylvania,  Yfest  Virginia,  or  other  mining  localities. 
These  persons  are  able  to  secure  positions  as  hand  or  pick  miners,  or 
o enter  some  day  or  shift  occupations,  sucli  as  cagers,  timbermen,  and 
.rack  layers.  The  great  majority  of  immigrants  from  Great  Britain 
lave  had  a knowledge  of  mining  before  coming  to  this  country  or  to 
he  Middle  West,  and  are,  consequently,  able  to  take  up  occupations 
•equiring  experience  and  training  and  calling  for  the  exercise  of 
ntelligent  judgment. 

As  regards  the  occupations  originally  entered  and  at  present  held 
n the  mining  industry,  it  may  be  said  in  general  that  partly  because 
he  work  in  these  occupations  can  be  made  to  yield  a larger  income 
ban  the  average  return  to  be  had  from  other  mining  occupations,  and 
lartly  because  their  lack  of  knowledge  of  English  and  their  unfamil- 
arity  with  American  customs  and  institutions  render  the  immigrants 
ess  adaptable  to  the  mining  occupations  in  general  than  natives  and 
English-speaking  peoples,  races  of  recent  immigration  are  still  in  a 
arge  measure  restricted  to  the  occupations  of  diggers  and  loaders,  in 
vliich  they  began  work.  This  general  tendency,  however,  is  by  no 
neans  without  exception.  The  Slovaks,  North  Italians,  French  Bel- 
gians, Tyrolese,  and  Lithuanians  are  manifesting  a disposition  to  dis- 
ribute  themselves  throughout  all  but  the  more  responsible  of  the  min- 
ng  occupations  and  are  not  uncommonly  found  at  such  work  as  cag- 
ng,  timbering,  track  laying,  and  machine  mining.  N atives  and  English- 
peaking  peoples  have  control  in  a large  measure  of  the  more  responsi- 
ve positions  in  the  mines,  as  those  of  superintendents,  and  are  also 
ound  generally  distributed  throughout  all  the  mining  occupations. 

The  table  which  is  next  presented  shows  the  present  occupation  of 
lale  employees  under  18  years  of  age,  by  age,  general  nativity,  and 
ace. 

“The  short  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  the  present  mine  workers 
lows  that  the  immigrant  comes  practically  direct  from  the  port  of  entry  to  the 
lines.  Seep.  587.  r .r 

^See  p.  650. 


Table  S29.— Present  occupation  of  males  under  18  years  of  age,  by  age  and  general  nativity  and  race. 


626 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


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General  nativity, race, 
and  age. 

Native-born  of  native 
father. 

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14  years 

15  years 

16  years 

17  years 

Total 

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14  years 

15  years 

16  years 

17  years 

Total 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father. 

Austria-Hungary: 

14  years 

15  years 

16  years 

17  years 

Total 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


627 


Table  2,2%.— Present  occupation  of  males  under  ISjears  of  age,  by  age  and  general  nativity  ai^  race  Continued 


628 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


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Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


629 


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48296° — VOL  6 — 11 41 


ocmpalion  of  males  under  18  years  of  age,  by  age  and  general  nativity  and  race- 


630 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


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Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


631 


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Total.. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  V/est. 


633 


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634 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


The  foregoing  table  is  subdivided  so  as  to  show  the  occupatior 
engaged  in  by  persons  native-born  of  native  father ; by  persons  nativ< 
born  of  foreion father,  classified  hy  country  of  birth  of  father,  and  b 
foreivn-born  persons,  classified  by  race.  The  totals  of  the  table  sho' 
that '’information  concerning  their  occupation  in  the  coal  and  cok 
industry  of  the  Middle  West  was  secured  from  761  persons  who  wei 
umlei  is  years  of  age.  Of  the  total  number  reporting,  370  are  coi 
miners  204  are  trappers,  32  are  mine  laborers,  28  are  pick  miners,  an 
the  res’t  are  engaged  in  smaller  numbers  in  the  vanous  occupatioi 
around  the  mines.  The  division  according  to  age  is  as  follows;  Te 
were  14  48  were  15,  265  were  16,  and  438  were  17  years  of  age,  shov 
ing  that  the  number  of  very  young  boys  working  m 
58  reporting  their  age  to  he  14  or  5,  as  compared  with  703  who  we 
16  or  17  years  old.  Of  the  10  who  reported  their  age  as  14  6 ai 
native-born  of  native  father,  2 are  native-born  of  English  father 
native-born  of  Welsh  father,  and  1 is  native-born  of  German  fathe 
The  48  reporting  their  age  as  15  years  are  also  native-born.  A ii. 
of  the  occiiiiations  entered  shows  that  743  individuals  out  of 
her  reporting  are  engaged  in  underground  work,  as  compared  with  1 
who  X emploved  on  top  or  outside  the  mine;  413  are  pieceworker 
being  paid  according  to  the  amount  of  coal  produced,  and  348  recen 

TiwbtJeir’to  explain  the  four  occupations  which  the  greate 
number  of  persons  shown  in  the  above  table  have  entered.  In  co 
minino-  it  is  the  universal  custom  for  two  miners  to  occupy  one  roo 
o working  place.  Often  a father  or  older  brother  will  take  son 
younger  member  of  the  family  as  a working  mate  to  do  the  loadii 
and  such  work  as  requires  no  particular  skill.  This  accounts  for  tl 
large  number  in  the  above  table  shown  as  coal  miners.  In  order 
insure  perfect  ventilation  in  the  mines,  certain  doors  are  necessary 
the  entries  and  haulage  ways  to  control  the  currents  of  air.  fl 
duties  of  a trapper  are  to  open  these  doors  to 

trips  to  pass,  and  to  see  that  they  are  properly  closed.  Thu  work 
very  light  and,  in  consequence,  the  position  is  nearly 
a boy,  as  the  wage  paid  for  this  work  is  not  suificient  to  attract  old 
men  Those  shown  in  the  table  as  mine  laborers  are  general  labore. 
having  no  designated  occupation,  and  are  moved  from  one  niece 
work  to  another  as  their  services  may  be  required. 
that  of  the  32  engaged  in  this  occupation,  24  are  17  yeais  old,  ana 
are  16.  This  work  is  harder  than  that  of  a trapper  and,  m cone 
quence,  no  very  young  boys  are  employ ed.  In  the  inajority  o 
in  the  Middle  West,  the  coal  is  mined  by  machinery  but  in  ^rta 
mines,  on  account  of  adverse  conditions,  it  is  impossible  to  us®  minr 
machinery,  and  consequently  mining  has  to  be  done  by  Pi®k  , 
A pick  miner  receives  a higher  rate  of  pay  than  one  who  shoots  a 
loads  after  a machine,  as  the  position  demands  a higher  degree  ot  sk 
For  this  reason  many  of  the  older  miners  take  f^eir  younger  so 
into  the  mine  to  act  as  assistants  or  apprentices,  which  accounts 
the  number  of  young  men  and  boys  found  in  this  occupation. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


635 


DAILY  EARNINGS. 

The  next  step  toward  a complete  understanding  of  the  economic 
tatus  of  the  immigrant  mine  workers  lies  in  the  consideration  of  the 
arning  capacity  of  the  males,  both  heads  of  households  and  unmar- 
ied,  as  well  as  the  family  income  and  its  sources,  of  the  different  races 
f recent  and  past  immigration.  An  exhibit  of  the  same  facts 
elative  to  persons  native-born  of  native  father  and  native-born  of 
oreign  father  will  also  be  of  value  in  reaching  a conclusion  as  to  the 
omparative  status  of  the  immigrant  and  of  the  immigrant  families. 

In  entering  upon  discussion  of  the  earnings  of  the  mine  workers, 
he  table  first  submitted  shows  the  percentage  of  mining  employees 
8 years  of  age  or  over  who  are  earning  specified  amounts  per  day, 
ccording  to  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

ABLE  330. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(study  of  employees.) 

?his  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

earnings 
per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

ative-born  of  native  father; 
’Vhite 

4,868 

$2. 46 

95.8 

94.8 

87.2 

60.5 

25.1 

9.0 

Negro 

533 

2.43 

95.3 

94.4 

83.9 

61.7 

32.5 

6.0 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-  Hungary 

126 

2.  51 

96.8 

95.2 

88.1 

61.9 

26.2 

11.1 

England 

479 

2. 67 

96.9 

96.0 

90.2 

71.4 

34.7 

15.9 

Germany 

784 

2.  73 

97.8 

97.4 

93.4 

71.4 

38.6 

17.2 

Ireland 

254 

2.  56 

95.7 

95.3 

87.0 

70.1 

25.2 

12.6 

Scotland 

227 

2.74 

95.6 

95.6 

89.9 

74.0 

38.3 

22.5 

Wales 

165 

2.  .54 

9.3.3 

93.3 

88.5 

69.1 

30.3 

9.7 

areign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

237 

2.  65 

96.6 

95.4 

89.0 

64.6 

44.3 

17.7 

Croatian 

176 

2. 89 

98.3 

98.3 

94.3 

85.8 

69.9 

18.8 

English 

715 

2.  78 

98.5 

98.3 

92.0 

73.4 

41.7 

23.1 

French 

177 

2. 30 

96.6 

94.4 

80.2 

50.3 

19.8 

5.6 

German 

803 

2.  75 

97.9 

97.6 

92.4 

74.  6 

46.3 

16.6 

Irish 

96 

2.51 

92.7 

91.7 

83.3 

64.  6 

31.3 

18.8 

Italian,  North 

1,538 

2.  42 

95.6 

94.5 

84.2 

49.5 

31.9 

11.1 

Italian,  South.. 

382 

2.  53 

98.4 

97.4 

90.8 

66.2 

45.0 

4.5 

Lithuanian 

994 

2.  27 

96.7 

96.2 

73.8 

47.0 

21.4 

6.5 

Magyar 

509 

1.98 

91.4 

87.2 

63.9 

26.5 

9.8 

2.6 

Polish 

682 

2.14 

96.8 

95.3 

74.5 

32.6 

15.8 

2.6 

Russian 

359 

2.  73 

99.2 

98.6 

9.5.0 

64.3 

37.9 

22.0 

Scotch 

312 

2.68 

95.8 

95.2 

89.1 

70.8 

36.9 

17.0 

Slovak 

721 

2.41 

94.7 

93.5 

80.3 

52.0 

26.2 

14.1 

Slovenian 

84 

2. 13 

89.3 

88.1 

71.4 

36.9 

22.6 

3.6 

Welsh 

135 

2.53 

97.0 

95.6 

86.7 

60.0 

27.4 

13.3 

j Grand  total 

16,001 

2.  49 

96.1 

95.2 

85.3 

58.6 

29.6 

11.2 

otal  native-born  of  foreign 
lather 

2.221 

2.  65 

96.5 

96.0 

90.3 

69.6 

33.5 

15.8 

i)tal  native-born 

7,622 

2.  52 

95.9 

95.1 

87.9 

63.2 

28.0 

10.7 

j)tal  foreign-born 

8,379 

2.  45 

96.3 

95.2 

83.1 

54.5 

31.0 

11.7 

j*  This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
|5t  time  or  lost  time  from  shut-downs  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
inual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Upon  referring  to  the  totals  in  the  foregoing  table  it  is  seen  that  87.2 
Br  cent  of  the  native  white  persons  born  of  native  father  earn  $2  or 
^er  per  day,  that  about  27  per  cent  earn  between  $2  and  $2.50, 
id  that  35  per  cent  earn  between  $2.50  and  $3,  while  16  per  cent 
‘ceive  a total  wage  between  $3  and  $3.50.  Of  the  native  negroes, 


636 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


83.9  per  cent  are  receiving  more  than  $2  per  day,  about  22  per  cenr 
between  $2  and  $2.50,  29  per  cent  between  $2.50  and  $3,  and  2( 

per  cent  between  $3  and  $3.50.  . ^ ^ xt. 

As  regards  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  or  the  seconc 
generation,  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany  stand  hrs 
among  ah  races  in  the  proportion  of  their  number  earning  $2  or  ove; 
per  dav,  followed  by  those  with  fathers  born  in  England,  Scotland 
and  Wales,  in  the  order  named.  Among  the  mine  worke^  of  th. 
second  generation  who  are  earning  $3  or  more  per  day  the  German- 
still  stand  first,  the  Scotch  second,  English  third,  and  Welsh  fourth 
Among  those  earning  $3.50  or  more  per  day  the  Scotch  have  a rnucl 
laro'er  proportion  than  any  other  class  of  employees. 

As  recrards  the  races  of  foreign  birth,  the  proportions  earning  $! 
or  mo  reaper  dav  appear  in  the  following  order:  Russian,  Croatian 
German,  English,  South  Italian,  Scotch,  Bohemian  and  Moravian 
Welsh  North  Italian,  Irish,  Slovak,  French,  Polish,  Lithuanian 
Slovenian,  and  Magvar.  The  relative  ranking  according  to  percent 
ao-es  of  different  races  earning  $2.50  or  more  per  day  is  Croatian 
Gherman,  English,  Scotch,  South  Italian,  Bohemian  and  Moravian 
Irish  Russian,  Welsh,  Slovak,  French,  North  Italian,  Lithuanian 
Slovenian,  Polish,  and  Magyar.  Eighty-three  and  one-tenth  per  cen 
of  the  total  foreign-born  are  earning  $2  or  over  per  day.  In  adaitioi 
to  the  exhibit  as  to  earnings  for  the  adult  males,  the  table  next  pre 
sen  ted  shows  the  per  cent  of  males  14  but  under  18  years  of  age  wh 
are  earning  specified  amounts  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

Table  331.— cent  of  male  employees  U and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  spec, 
fied  amount  per  day,  hy  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  in^s  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

’ Average 
earnings 
X)er  day. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

SI  or 
over. 

SI. 25  or 
over. 

SI. 50  or 
over. 

S2  or 
over. 

S2.50  Cl- 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White  

304 

42 

41 

42 

SI.  63 

1.G3 

1.8G 

1.80 

97.7 

100.0 

95.1 

100.0 

51.6 

^9 

59.5 

47.0 

52.4 

61.0 

59.5 

32.9 

38.1 

41.5 

38.1 

17. 

9. 

26. 

19. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father; 
Austria-Hungary 

Emglnnrl  

Germanv 

Grand  total 

G59 

1.G8 

97.7 

56.4 

51.4 

37.6 

17 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

223 

540 

119 

1.72 

1.G6 

1.76 

98.2 
97.6 

98.3 

61.0 
55.  4 
61.3 

55. 6 

50.6 
55.5 

40.4 

35.6 

47.1 

16. 

16. 

21 

T'-'tal  ni^tivp-bnrn  

Total  foreign-born 

*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no 
time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Upon  examining  the  foregoing  table,  the  comparatively  srnall  nuir 
ber  of  foreign-born  mining  employees  under  18  years  of  age  is  at  one 
apparent.  Out  of  a total  of  659  of  this  age  period  only  119  were  c 
foreign  birth.  This  situation  is  due  to  the  comparatively  small  nun 
ber  of  immigrant  youths  between  the  ages  of  14  and  18  years,  an 
is  not  to  be  ascribed  to  any  greater  tendency  among  the  for^gn-bor 
to  attend  school  or  to  seek  employment  in  industries  other  than  nui 


637 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


ng  than  among  the  native-born  of  native  father  or  with  the  second 
generation. 

The  numbers  of  the  different  races  of  foreign  birth  are  too  small  to 
idmit  of  a showing  by  percentages  as  to  proportions  earning  desig- 
lated  amounts.  Upon  comparing  the  total  foreign-born  with  the 
totals  for  the  persons  native-born  attention  is  at  once  attracted  by 
he  fact  that  a larger  proportion  of  the  foreign-born  appears  in  all 
vage  groups,  and  is  especially  noticeable  in  the  groups  earning  $2 
>r  more  than  $2  per  day.  This  condition  of  affairs  is  probably  due 
,0  two  causes:  (1)  The  higher  average  age  of  the  foreign-born  in  this 
;roup;  (2)  the  tendency  of  the  foreign-born  youths  to  work  in  the  occu- 
)ations,  such  as  loading,  in  which  foreign-born  adults  are  engaged. 
Phe  same  tendency  is  exhibited  by  the  second  generation.  In  con- 
lection  with  the  second  generation,  it  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  per- 
ons  of  English  descent  show  the  largest  proportions  in  all  wage  groups 
.bove  the  group  comprising  persons  earning  $1  or  over  per  day. 

DELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY. 

The  following  tables  show  the  comparative  earnings  of  foreign- 
•orn  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence 
a the  United  States  : 

'able  332  — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  em,ployees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  * 


(study  op  employees.) 


)y  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 


Race  and  years  in 
United  States. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
ov^er. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

ohemian  and  Moravian: 

Under  5 

8.3 

97.6 

96.4 

90.4 

68.7 

49.4 

21.7 

5 to  9 

68 

97.1 

95.6 

88.2 

72.1 

54.4 

16.2 

10  or  over 

aglish: 

86 

95.3 

94.2 

88.4 

54.7 

31.4 

15.1 

Under  5 

190 

100.0 

100.0 

97.9 

81.1 

53.7 

27.9 

5 to  9 

84 

97.6 

97.6 

91.7 

75.0 

42.9 

23.8 

10  or  over 

irman: 

441 

98.0 

97.7 

89.6 

69.8 

36.3 

20.9 

Under  5 

134 

99.3 

97.8 

93.3 

78.4 

53.7 

12.7 

5 to  9 

98 

95.9 

95.9 

92.9 

79.6 

50.0 

22  4 

10  or  over 

Ilian,  North: 

571 

97.9 

97.9 

92.1 

72.9 

44.0 

U5 

Under  5 

439 

95.4 

94.1 

82.9 

42.1 

28.7 

11.2 

5 to  9. 

612 

96.2 

95.3 

84.3 

47.1 

28.3 

8.3 

10  or  over 

Ilian,  South: 

487 

94.9 

94.0 

85.2 

59.1 

39.4 

14.4 

Under  5 

127 

96.9 

94.5 

84.3 

55.9 

35.4 

.0 

5 to  9 

188 

98.9 

98.4 

93.6 

70.7 

49.5 

3.7 

10  or  over 

jthuanian: 

67 

100.0 

100.0 

95.5 

73.1 

50.7 

14.9 

Under  5 

212 

96.7 

95.8 

67.5 

37.3 

15.6 

5.2 

5 to  9 

381 

96.6 

95.8 

76.1 

48.3 

23.  6 

6.3 

10  or  over 

igyar: 

401 

96.8 

96.8 

75.1 

50.9 

22.4 

7.5 

Under  5 

206 

92.2 

88.3 

56.3 

15.5 

4.9 

1.0 

5 to  9 

204 

90.7 

86.3 

71.1 

31.9 

10.8 

3.4 

10  or  over 

Ibh:  

99 

90.9 

86.9 

64.6 

38.4 

18.2 

4.0 

Under  5 

205 

97.1 

96.6 

79.0 

36.6 

15.6 

.0 

5 to  9 - . . _ _ 

249 

97.6 

96.0 

71.5 

30.1 

15.3 

4. 0 

10  or  over 

228  1 

95.6 

93.4  I 

73.7 

31.6 

16.7 

3.5 

earnings  for  Uie  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
uual  earnmgs  allowance  is  made  for  lost  time  during  the  year.  ^ “ 


1 


638 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  332. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  ea 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States — Cont’d. 


Race  and  years  in 

United  States. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3,50  6 
over. 

Russian: 

46.2 

12.8 

Under  5 

117 

99.1 

98.3 

93.2 

2! 

5 to  9 

127 

99.2 

98.4 

96.1 

70.3 

42.5 

10  or  over 

115 

99.1 

99.1 

95.7 

76.5 

58.3 

3. 

Scotch: 

Under  5 

64 

100.0 

100.0 

95.3 

78.1 

37.5 

! 

5 to  9 

42 

88.1 

88.1 

83.3 

64.3 

38.1 

1 

10  or  over 

206 

96.1 

95.1 

88.3 

69.9 

36.4 

2( 

Slovak: 

39.8 

13.0 

Under  5 

123 

88.6 

87.8 

74.0 

5 to  9 

198 

96.0 

95.5 

81.8 

54.5 

28.3 

1; 

i; 

10  or  over 

400 

96.0 

94.3 

81.5 

54.5 

29.3 

Table  333 —Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  feyreign-hom  male  employees  18  years  of  a 
or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States.* 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  indue 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  LESS  THAN  5 YEARS. 


Number 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

.$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  ( 
over 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

83 

97.6 

96.4 

90.4 

68.7 

49.4 

2 

English 

190 

100.0 

100.0 

97.9 

81.1 

53.7 

2 

German 

134 

99.3 

97.8 

93.3 

78.4 

53.7 

1: 

Italian,  North 

439 

95.4 

94.1 

82.9 

42.1 

28.7 

1 

Italian  South  

127 

96.9 

94.5 

84.3 

55.9 

35.4 

T,if.hna.nin.n  

212 

96.7 

95.8 

67.5 

37.3 

15.6 

Magyar  

206 

92.2 

88.3 

56.3 

15.5 

4.9 

Polish  

205 

97.1 

96.6 

79.0 

36.6 

15. 6 

Russian 

117 

99.1 

98.3 

93.2 

46.2 

12.8 

Scotch 

64 

100.0 

100.0 

95.3 

78.1 

37. 5 

' 

Slovak 

123 

88.6 

87.8 

74.0 

39.8 

13.0 

IN  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

68 

English 

84 

German  

98 

Italian,  North 

612 

Italian,  South 

188 

Lithuanian 

381 

Magyar 

204 

Polish  

249 

Russian 

127 

Scotch  

42 

Slovak 

198 

97.1 

95.6 

88.2 

72.1 

54.4 

97.6 

97.6 

91.7 

75.0 

42.9 

95.9 

95.9 

92.9 

79.6 

50.0 

96.2 

95.3 

84.3 

47.1 

28.3 

98.9 

98.4 

93.6 

70.7 

49.5 

96.6 

95.8 

76.1 

48.3 

23.6 

90.7 

86.3 

71.1 

31.9 

10.8 

97.6 

96.0 

71.5 

30.1 

15.3 

99.2 

98.4 

96.1 

70.3 

42.5 

88.1 

88.1 

83.3 

64.3 

38.1 

96.0 

95.5 

81.8 

54.5 

28.3 

b 

2: 

2: 


IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

86 

95.3 

94.2 

88.4 

54.7 

31.4 

1 

English 

441 

75.3 

75.1 

89.6 

69.8 

36.3 

2 

1 

German 

571 

97.9 

97.9 

92.1 

72.9 

44.0 

Italian,  North 

487 

94.9 

94.0 

85.2 

59.1 

39.4 

1 

Italian  j South 

67 

100.0 

100.0 

95.5 

73.1 

50.7 

Lithuanian  

401 

96.8 

96.8 

75.1 

50.9 

22.4 

Magyar 

99 

90.9 

86.9 

64.6 

38.4 

18.2 

Polish 

228 

95.6 

93.4 

73.7 

31.6 

16.7 

58.3 

Russian  

115 

99.1 

99.1 

95.7 

76. 5 

3 

Scotch  

206 

96.1 

95.1 

88.3 

69.9 

36.  4 

2 

1 

Slovak 

400 

96.0 

94.3 

81.5 

54.5 

29.3 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  jolu^- 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shut-downs  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  snow, 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


639 


From  the  figures  shown  for  the  various  races  in  the  foregoing 
babies,  there  appears  a tendency  among  the  races  of  recent  immigra- 
tion for  the  earning  ability  to  increase  as  the  length  of  residence  in  the 
United  States  increases.  For  example,  95.5  per  cent  of  the  South 
Italians  in  the  United  States  as  long  as  ten  years  earn  |2  or  more 
per  day,  as  compared  to  93.6  per  cent  of  those  here  from  five  to  nine 
J^ears  and  84.3  per  cent  of  those  of  less  than  five  years^  residence, 
riiough  none  of  the  South  Italians  who  have  arrived  within  the  past 
Ive  years  are  earning  as  much  as  $3.50  per  day,  14.9  per  cent  of  those 
m this  country  ten  years  or  more  are  earning  that  amount.  The 
Russians  appear  creditably  in  the  higher  wage  groups,  and  the  pro- 
aortions  increase  steadily  with  length  of  residence.  The  proportions 
3arnin^  as  much  as  $3.50  a day  are  5.1  per  cent  of  those  less  than  five 
^ears  in  the  United  States,  25.2  per  cent  of  those  here  from  five  to 
line  years,  and  35.7  per  cent  of  those  here  at  least  ten  years,  the  last 
igure  being  the  highest  shown  for  any  race  in  this  wage  group. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  earnings  of  the  races  of  older  immigration 
lecrease  as  the  length  of  residence  increases.  All  of  the  English  in 
he  United  States  less  than  five  years  earn  at  least  $1.50  a day, 
vhereas  2 per  cent  of  those  here  ten  years  or  more  are  earning  less 
4ian  $1.25  a day;  27.9  per  cent  of  those  here  less  than  five  years  earn 
it  least  $3.50  a day,  in  contrast  with  20.9  per  cent  of  those  here  ten 
;^ears  or  more.  This  does  not  imply  that  the  races  of  recent  immi- 
gration become  better  mine  workers  than  do  those  of  older  immigra- 
don;  as  has  been  stated,  the  recent  immigrants  remain  in  the  mining 
ndustry,  whereas  a large  majority  of  those  of  older  immigration  take 
jp  more  remunerative  employment,  leaving,  in  most  instances,  the 
ess  efficient  of  their  races  to  represent  them  in  the  mines. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALE  HEADS  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

In  addition  to  the  study  of  individual  employees,  an  investigation 
vas  made  of  163  families  whose  heads  were  of  native  or  foreign  birth 
ind  who  were  employed  in  or  around  the  bituminous  mines  of  the 
diddle  West.  The  results  of  this  family  study,  so  far  as  they  relate 
0 the  earnings  of  the  husband,  the  family  income  and  its  sources, 
ind  the  general  economic  condition  of  the  families,  are  presented  in 
he  next  series  of  tabulations. 

The  extent  to  which  the  heads  of  families  are  regularly  employed 
las  an  important  bearing  upon  the  economic  condition  of  the  family 
ind  tends  to  show  the  relative  industriousness  of  the  different  heads, 
[n  this  connection  the  table  following  shows  the  number  of  husbands, 
lusbands  at  work,  and  per  cent  of  husbands  at  work  of  the  families 
itudied  in  the  Middle  West. 


1 


040  The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  334— Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  of 
families. 

Number  of 
husbands. 

N umber  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Per  cent  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Average 
yearly 
earnings  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Native-born  of  native  father  W^hite 

18 

18 

18 

(a) 

$690 

Foreign-bom: 

Italian  North.. 

50 

50 

50 

100.0 

542 

ItB'lid'H  Soutti.  

24 

24 

24 

100.0 

399 

422 

324 

Littiusnidn 

49 

49 

49 

100.0 

Polish 

22 

22 

22 

100.0 

Grand  total 

1G3 

163 

163 

100.0 

470 

al  niif  i \70-V>nrT1  

iT 

18 

18 

(a) 

690 

T'rkfol  fnroip’Tl-l'lorn 

145 

145 

145 

100.0 

442 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


No  comment  upon  the  above  table  is  necessary.  It  is  apparent 
at  a glance  that  the  number  of  husbands  equals  the  number  of  fami- 
lies and  that  all  the  husbands,  both  of  native  and  foreign  birth  are 
reported  at  work.  The  figures  of  the  table,  therefore,  speak  wel  tor 
the  industry  of  all  employees  having  family  responsibilities  and  for 
their  ability  to  secure  and  retain  work. 

The  table  immediately  preceding  also  shows  the  average  annual 
earnings  of  the  heads  of  families,  but  the  discussion  of  this  column 
may  be  considered  in  a more  satisfactory  way  by  comparing  it  with 
the  range  of  earnings  of  the  heads  of  families.  Such  a comparison 
is  furnished  by  the  table  showing  the  average  earnings  of  the  heads 
of  families,  together  with  the  number  and  per  cent  earning  specihed 
amounts  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

Table  335. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativity  and  race  oj 

individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.0 


— 

Num- 
ber 
work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Number  earning— 

Per  cent  earning — 

General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Under  $100. 

Under  $200. 

Under  $400.  | 

1 Under  $600.  j 

1 Under  $800. 

Under  $1,000. 

Under  $100. 

Under  $200. 

Under  $400, 

Under  $600. 

Under  $800. 

Under  $1,000. 

Native-born  of  native 

•Fo +Vi  rvT* 

18 

$690 

2 

4 . 

14 

17 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

Tfalion  ^ATtbl 

50 

542 

4 

36 

50 

50 

0.0 

0.0 

8.0 

72.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

iiii 

J.  \jdHxo>u.f  '-'1  tii.  .... 

ItHliTTl  pmith 

24 

399 

11 

22 

24 

24 

.0 

.0 

45.8 

91.7 

T •i+'hnQ'niQTl 

49 

422 

14 

49 

49 

49 

.0 

.0 

28.6 

100.  0 

Polish 

22 

324 

18 

22 

22 

22 

.0 

.0 

81.8 

100.0 

Grand  total 

163 

472 

49 

133 

159 

162 

.0 

.0 

30.1 

81.6 

97.5 

99.  t 

Tot^il  Ti 

18 

690 

2 

4 

14 

17 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

100.0 

(a) 
100.  ( 

Tot?ll  fcippl  orn-y^om 

145 

444 

47 

129 

145 

145 

.0 

.0 

32.4 

89.0 

1 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


. Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West, 


641 


The  average  yearly  earnings  as  shown  by  the  foregoing  table,  based 
pon  163  male  heads  of  families  furnishing  information,  is  $472.  Of 
his  number  18  native  whites  report  average  earnings  of  $690  and 
45  foreign-born  an  average  of  $444.  In  comparing  the  annual 
arnings  of  foreign-born  it  is  seen  that  32.4  per  cent  earn  less  than 
400  per  year,  and  none  earn  over  $800. 

As  regards  the  heads  of  families  of  foreign  birth,  the  North  Italians 
eport  only  8 per  cent  of  their  number  receiving  less  than  $400  annu- 
ity, as  compared  with  28.6  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  45.8  per  cent 
f the  South  Italians,  and  81.8  per  cent  of  the  Poles.  This  compari- 
on  is  significant  not  only  in  sliowing  the  comparative  advancement 
f the  North  Italians  in  earning  ability,  but  also  for  the  reason  that 
} indicates  that  the  North  Italians  and  Lithuanians,  the  two  races  of 
)ngest  residence  in  the  field,  have  held  their  own  with  the  more 
ecent  arrivals,  the  South  Italians  and  Poles.  Although  the  South 
talians  report  8.3  per  cent  of  their  number  earning  annually  more 
ban  $600,  the  Lithuanians  report  71.4  per  cent  earning  between  $400 
iid  $600,  while  the  South  Italians  report  only  45.9  per  cent  with 
verage  earnings  within  these  limits.  The  Poles  have  no  representa- 
ive  earning  more  than  $600.  The  North  Italians,  by  way  of  contrast, 
bow  28  per  cent  with  annual  earnings  over  $600. 

NNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

In  addition  to  the  heads  of  the  selected  families  studied,  informa- 
lon  was  also  received  as  to  the  annual  earnings  of  all  male  members 
f the  households  investigated  in  the  Middle  West.  These  data  are 
mbodied  in  the  table  next  presented,  which  shows  the  average 
rmual  earnings,  together  with  the  number  and  per  cent  earning 
Decified  amounts  each  year,  of  all  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 
y general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

ABLE  336. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


jeneral  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Niomber 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  earning — 

Per  cent  earning— 

Un- 

der 

S200. 

Un- 

der 

$400. 

Un- 

der 

$600. 

Un- 

der 

$1,000. 

Un- 

der 

$200. 

Un- 

der 

$400. 

Un- 

der 

$600. 

Un- 

der 

$1,000. 

ative-born  of  native  father, 

White 

20 

1696 

2 

4 

19 

0.  0 

10.0 

20.  0 

95.0 

ative-bom  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father,  Polish 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Dreign-born; 

Italian,  North 

52 

539 

5 

38 

52 

.0 

9.  6 

73. 1 

100.  0 

Italian,  South 

27 

404 

12 

25 

27 

.0 

44.  4 

92.  6 

100.  0 

Lithuanian 

50 

423 

13 

50 

50 

.0 

26.  0 

100.  0 

100.  0 

Polish 

23 

330 

18 

23 

23 

.0 

78.3 

100.0 

ioo!o 

Grand  total 

173 

473 

51 

141 

172 

.0 

29.5 

81.5 

99.4 

5tal  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

1 

(■«) 

1 

1 

1 

fa) 

jtal  native-born 

21 

677 

3 

5 

20 

\ j 

.0 

\ / 
14.  3 

23.  8 

95  2 

)tal  foreign-born 

152 

445 

48 

136 

152 

.0 

31.6 

89.5 

100.0 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved, 


642 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


That  the  average  yearly  earnings  of  the  mining  employees  of  native 
birth  are  greater  than  those  of  the  foreign-born,  is  again  apparent. 
The  average  annual  earnings  of  the  21  miners  of  native  birth  furnish- 
ing inforniation  are  52.1  per  cent  greater  than  the  average  annua 
earnings  of  the  152  foreign-bom  mine  workers.  In  the  same  conneo- 
don  if  is  noteworthy  that  76.2  per  cent  o the  natije-born 
more  than  $600  each  year,  as  compared  with  10.5  per  cent  ot  ttie 

^°In'’comparing  the  earning  capacity  of  the  races 

it  is  seen  that  the  North  Italians,  represented  in  the  table  by  52  mdi- 
viduals,  show  average  yearly  earmngs  of  $539,  and  the  Lithuanians 
represented  by  50  m the  table,  earn  an  average  of  $423  a year 
The  South  Italians  and  Poles  have  average  annual  earnings  less  thai 
those  of  the  North  Italians.  The  North  Italians,  although  well  aheai 
of  other  races  of  foreign  birth  as  to  earning  capacity,  fall  consider 
ably  behind  persons  native-born  of  native  father.  Pursuing  this  lim 
of  Comparison  further,  it  is  noticeable  that  two  of  the  mmigran 
races,  the  Lithuanians  and  Poles,  although  representing  28.9  am 
13  3 per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  173  individuals  on  which  th 
table  IS  based,  do  not  furmsh  a single  case  of  a mine  wker  earninj 
as  much  as  $600  a year.  Moreover,  only  14  of  the  52  North  Italian 
and  2 of  the  27  South  Italians  earn  $600  or  oyer  per  year,  as  con 
trasted  with  16  of  the  20  persons  native-born  of  native  lather. 


ANNUAL  FAMILY  INCOME. 

As  reo-ards  the  total  family  incomes  of  the  households  studied,  th 
table  which  is  submitted  below  shows  the  average  family  income  an 
the  per  cent  of  families  having  a specified  income,  by  general  nativit 

and  race. 


Table  337. — 


Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  inconie  of  each  specified  amount,  I 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  racei 


Number 

Average 

family 

income. 

Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  income— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

of  select* 
ed  fami- 
lies.® 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Undet 

$1,.500. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

50 

$569 

2.0 

32.0 

83.3 

46.9 

63.6 

90.0 

95.8 

98.0 

Qc;  ft 

100 

IOC 

IOC 

IOC 

Italian,  South 

24 

443 

16.7 

yO.  o 
Oft  n 

Lithuanian 

49 

504 

6.1 

89.  8 
90.9 

yo.  u 
on  Q 

Polish 

22 

473 

9.1 

yu.  y 

Grand  total 

163 

532 

6.7 

46.6 

87.7 

96.3 

IOC 

Tot^l  Tlrl  

18 

(&) 

(«>) 

(«>) 

91.0 

(&) 

ipr 

10( 

Total  foreign-born 

145 

509 

6.9 

3 

yo.  D 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved 


Among  the  foreign-born  families  the  best  showing  is  made  by  tl 
North  Italians.  Thirty-two  per  cent  of  the  families  of  this  ra. 
have  an  income  under  $500,  while  83.3  per  cent  of  the  South  Italia, 
have  an  inconie  of  less  than  $500. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


643 


WIVES  AT  WORK. 

li 

The  next  question  to  present  itself  is  the  sources  of  the  family 
icome  and  what  measures  are  adopted  to  supplement  the  earnings 
f the  head  of  the  household. 

The  number  of  families  studied  and  the  number  of  wives  are  the 
ame.  None  of  the  wives  are  engaged  in  gainful  occupations,  the 
eeping  of  boarders  or  lodgers  not  being  considered  a gainful  occu- 
ation  for  purposes  of  this  study. 

Other  things  equal,  the  percentage  of  the  married  women  of  a given 
roup  of  families  who  work  outside  their  homes  usually  depends  upon 
VO  general  factors — the  availability  of  work  and  the  approval  on  the 
art  of  the  members  of  the  family  group  of  the  outside  employment 
f married  women.  One  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  coal -mining 
idustry  is  the  fact  that  in  the  great  majority  of  instances  the 
inployees  are  compelled  by  the  very  nature  of  their  work  to  live  in 
nail  and  isolated  communities.  Coal  mines  are  seldom  located  in 
r near  large  towns  or  cities.  Mining  work  can  be  done  only  by  men. 
he  manufacturing  establishments  of  the  cities  and  towns  which 
nploy  such  large  numbers  of  immigrant  women  are  too  far  distant 
) be  accessible  to  the  wives  of  the  mine  workers.  To  remain  at 
ome  or  enter  domestic  service  are,  therefore,  in  general  the  only 
Iternatives  to  the  women  of  households  in  mining  communities. 

All  of  the  data  upon  this  subject  secured  in  the  Middle  West  were 
om  communities  of  the  general  type  described.  In  one  or  two 
icalities,  small  factories  have  been  opened  in  which  foreign-born 
omen  find  employment  as  operatives,  but  the  conditions  described 
re  believed  to  be  typical  of  the  industry.  Moreover,  since  the 
Lct  that  none  of  the  married  women  reported  are  employed  is 
ue  in  all  probability  to  the  lack  of  available  employment,  it  would 
ppear  unsafe  to  attempt  to  base  upon  the  data  secured  any  deduc- 
ons  as  to  the  tendency  of  the  different  races  to  permit  or  encourage 
le  employment  of  wives  outside  their  homes.  The  important  fact 
) note  is  that  none  of  the  foreign-born  women  are  working  outside 
■ their  own  homes.  In  no  family  studied  in  the  Middle  West  was 
le  ydfe  employed  in  any  way  except  in  caring  for  the  home  or  in 
3eping  boarders  or  lodgers. 

ELATION  BETWEEN  THE  EARNINGS  OF  HUSBANDS  AND  THE  PRACTICE 
OF  WIVES  KEEPING  BOARDERS  OR  LODGERS. 

As  regards  the  relation  between  the  earnings  of  the  husband  and 
le  employment  of  the  wife,  the  tables  which  are  next  presented 
low  the  number  of  families  in  which  the  wife  has  employment  or 
^eps  boarders  or  lodgers  and  compares  the  number  of  such  wives 
ith  the  number  of  husbands  earning  a specified  amount.  The  sec- 
id  table  makes  the  same  showing  by  means  of  percentages. 


644 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  338  -Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  hoarders  or  lodgers 
^ by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 


Nath-e-born  of  native  father,  White 
Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


Grand  total. 

Total  native-born . 
Total  foreign-born. 


1 

Number  of  wives  hai 

Number 
of  wives 
having 

ing  employment  c 

Number 

Number  of  husbands 
earning— 

keeping  boarders  c 
lodgers  where  hu: 
band’s  earnings  pf 

employ- 

vear are — 

of  se- 
lected 
families.® 

ment  or 
keeping 
boarders 

1 

$400 

and 

under 

$000. 

$400 

Under 

.S400. 

$600  or 
over. 

or 

lodgers. 

Under 

$400. 

and 

under 

$000. 

$600  0 
over. 

■ “ 

9 

2 

14 

18 

QO 

14 

.■M) 

24 

4 ' 
11 

o- 

11 

2 

3 

1 

i 

14 

18 

35 

10 

5 

5 

oo 

4 

1 

5 

4 

1 

.Zw 

1 

1G3 

49 

84 

1 30 

1 

10 

7 

1^ 

145 

V 

9 

1 14 

47 

82 

1 

18 

10 

7 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284. 


Tablk  339.— Per  cent  of  families  in  which  mife  has  employment  or 

by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


husband  and  wife  present  appear  in  this  table.]  


Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  where  hi 
band’s  earnings  are— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Under 

$400. 

$400  and 
under 
$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Total 

Foreign-born: 

(a) 

9.1 

35.7 

22.2 

0.0 

9.1 

14.3 

(a) 

0.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

( 

1! 

2( 

2; 

20.4 

8.3 

3.3 

1 

(a) 

1 21.3 

1 

(a)  (a) 

8.5  6.3 

r 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


On  account  of  the  limited  number  of  families  studied  in  the  Midd 
West,  the  data  are  not  so  satisfactory  for  studying  the  tendencies  ai 
forces  which  are  operative  in  the  case  of  a single  race  as  are  tno 
furnished  by  a larger  number  of  families  reported  m the  Wbles 
other  sections  of  the  country.  In  the  case  of  the  Lithuaniai 
35.7  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  heads  earning  less  than  !J.4UU  kc 
boarders  or  lodgers  or  have  employment,  as  compared  with  only 
per  cent  whose  husbands  earn  between  $400  and  $600.  The  JNor 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


645 


[talians  stand  out  prominently  as  regards  the  greater  earnings  of  the 
iiusbands  and  the  fact  that  none  of  the  wives  have  employment  or 
keep  boarders  and  lodgers.  If  the  total  number  of  foreign-born  fam- 
hes  be  considered,  the  tendency  of  the  wife  to  work  or  keep  board- 
ers or  lodgers  decreases  as  the  earnings  of  the  husband  increase. 
More  than  one-fifth  of  the  total  number  of  wives  whose  husbands 
^arn  less  than  $400  a year  are  at  work  or  have  boarders  or  lodo-ers  as 
compared  with  about  one-twelfth  whose  husbands’  annual  earnings 
ire  between  $400  and  $600,  and  about  one-sixteenth  of  the  wives 
vhose  husbands  earn  more  than  $600  a year. 

SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 

The  extent  to  which  the  wives  of  the  different  races  contribute  to 
he  household  funds  having  been  discussed,  the  following  table  will 
how  the  extent  to  which  the  family  income  is  made  up  from  all 
ources : 

of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife 
famil^^  dodgers,  and  other  sources^  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rhis  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


eneral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

Number 
of  se- 
lected 
families.a 

Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  from — 

Earnings  of— 

1 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

sources. 

Husband. 

Wife. 

oreign-born: 

Italian,  North... 

Italian,  South. . . 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Grand  total 

)tal  native-born . . . 

)tal  foreign-born 

50 

24 

49 

22 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.0 

4.2 

4.1 

4.5 

0.0 

12.5 

20.4 

22.7 

8.0 

4.2 

2.0 

4.5 

1G3 

100.0 

.0 

3.7 

11.0 

5.5 

18 

145 

(&) 

100.0 

(b) 

.0 

3.4 

12.4 

(b) 

4.8 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  h Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  table  shows  that  all  of  the  families  for  which  information  was 
‘Cured  have  an  income  from  the  earnings  of  the  husband,  and  that 
one  receive  income  from  the  earnings  of  the  wife.  The  payments 
om  boarders  and  lodgers  constitute  a source  of  income  for  a larger 
roportion  of  all  the  families  studied  than  do  either  the  contributions 
ceived  from  children  or  from  sources  not  specified.  Of  all  foreign- 
prn  fainilies  studied,  the  Poles  show  the  largest  proportion  of  fam- 
l^es  having  an  income  from  the  payments  of  boarders  or  lodgers.  The 
ithuamans  show  the  second  largest  proportion,  which  is  only  slightly 
Qaller,  while  the  South  Italians  are  third.  None  of  the  North  Italian 
inihes  studied  derive  income  from  this  source.  Families  having  an 
come  from  the  contributions  of  children  are  small  proportionately 
each  of  the  four  races  studied.  The  Poles  show  the  highest  pro- 
)rtion,  followed  by  the  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and  North 
alians,  m the  order  named. 

48296° — VOL  6 — 11 12 


1 


646 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family,  the  extent  to  which  the  families  studied  depend 
exclusively  upon  certain  specified  sources  of  income: 

Table  341. Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from— 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  family. 

Number  of  selected 
lies,  a 

Husband. 

Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  chil- 
dren. 

Husband,  wife,  and 
children. 

H usband  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Wife. 

Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders 

or  lodgers. 

Children. 

Children  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combina- 

tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

50 

24 

49 

22 

90.0 

83.3 

75.5 

68.2 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.0 

.0 

2.0 

4.5 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

12.5 

18.4 

22.7 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

8.( 

4.: 

4.1 

4.f 

Grand  total 

1G3 

81.0 

.0 

2.5 

.0 

10.4 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

(&) 

.0 

.0 

6.1 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

18  1 (6) 
145  1 80.7 

(&) 

.0 

(«>) 

2.1 

(&) 

.0 

11.7 

(f)  1 (^) 

.0  .0 

(^) 

(b) 

.0 

To" 

.0 

"IT 

5.1 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


From  the  above  table,  it  will  be  seen  that,  of  a total  of  163  families 
81  per  cent  derive  their  entire  income  from  the  husband,  2.5  per  ceni 
from  the  husband  and  children  jointly,  10.4  per  cent  from  husbanc 
and  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  6.1  per  cent  from  sources  or  combinatior 
of  sources  not  before  specified. 

Comparing  the  foreign-born,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  largest  propor- 
tion, or  90  per  cent,  having  their  income  solely  from  husband  s earn 
ings  is  shown  by  the  North  Italians,  while  the  lowest,  or  68.2  per  cent 
is  shown  by  the  Poles.  Of  those  having  their  income  solely  fron 
husband  and  children,  the  North  Italians  and  Lithuanians  each  shew 
2 per  cent,  as  compared  with  4.5  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Poles.  ln< 


z per  cenr,  as  cumuaxeu.  witu 

largest  proportions  having  their  income  from  husband  and  boarder, 
or  lodgers  are  shown  by  the  Poles,  Lithuanians,  and  South  Italians 
with  22.7  per  cent,  18.4  per  cent,  and  12.5  per  cent,  respectively.  I 
certain  proportion  is  shown  by  each  race  as  having  their  mcomi 
solely  from  a source  or  combination  of  sources  not  before  specine 
these  proportions  ranging  from  8 per  cent  as  shown  by  the  JNortl 
Italians  to  4.1  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Lithuanians. 


RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  SOURCES  OF  FAMILY 

INCOME. 

The  table  next  presented  exhibits  the  relative  importance  of  th 
contributions  of  husbands,  wives,  and  children,  an^d  payments  o 
boarders  and  lodgers,  by  showing  the  per  cent  of  the  total  amoun 
of  family  income  which  is  derived  from  each  specified  source. 


647 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


ABLE  M2.— Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife,  children, 
hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


‘his  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

Number 
of  selected 
fami- 
lies.® 

Per  cent  of  total  income  from— 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

sources. 

Husband. 

Wife. 

)reign-bom: 

Italian,  North 

50 

24 

49 

22 

95.2 

90.0 

83.8 

68.6 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

2.5 

8.8 

3.0 

2.9 

0.0 

.7 

12.9 

26.7 

2.4 

.6 

.3 

1.9 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Grand  total 

163 

88.4 

.0 

3.1 

6.9 

1.6 

ital  native-born 

18 

145 

(^) 

86.9 

(^) 

.0 

(^)  ■ 
3.6 

(b) 

8.1 

d) 

1.4 

ital  foreign-born 

1 For  selection  of  families,  see  Vol.  II,  p.  284.  b Not  computed,  owing  to  small  nmnber  involved. 


The  above  table  makes  it  clear  that  the  bulk  (88.4  per  cent)  of  the 
'tal  family  income  for  all  races  is  derived  from  the  earnings  of  the 
>ad  of  the  household.  Of  the  income  from  sources  other  than  earn- 
gs  of  husbands,  the  largest  source  for  all  races  is  payments  of  boarders 
id  lodgers.  The  immigrant  households  receive  8.1  per  cent  of  their 
come  from  this  source,  while  the  children  of  immigrant  families 
rnish  3.6  per  cent  of  the  family  funds. 

As  regards  the  foreign-born  families  the  South  Italian,  as  opposed 
the  showing  made  in  other  sections,  does  not  receive  any  appre- 
ible  amount  from  boarders  or  lodgers,  but  secures,  on  the  other  hand, 
S ^r  cent  of  the  family  income  from  contributions  of  children! 
le  roles  afford  an  unusual  showing  as  compared  with  other  races 
that  the  families  of  this  race  depend  upon  boarders  and  lodgers 
r 26.7  per  cent  of  their  income.  The  Lithuanians  also  receive  12.9 
r cent  of  the  family  funds  from  the  same  source. 


Chapter  IV. 


WOEKIHG  CONDITIONS. 

Hours^  worked  per  day  and  per  week— Regularity  of  employment— Methods  of 
mining— Methods  of  wage  payments— The  company-store  system  and  company 

houses  Liability  to  accident  and  disease — The  supply  of  immigrant  labor 

Relations  among  races  employed — The  immigrant  and  organized  labor — Reasons 
for  employing  immigrants— [Text  Tables  343  and  344,  and  General  Table  118]. 

HOURS  WORKED  PER  DAY  AND  PER  WEEK. 


Throughout  the  Middle  West  the  eight-hour  day  prevails,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  practically  every  shipping  mine  is  operated  under  a 
union  agreement  providing  for  eight  hours  work  per  day.  Work 
is  fairly  steady  at  these  mines,  the  average  for  the  normal  year  1907 
being  two  hundred  and  five  days  in  active  operation. 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

As  regards  regularity  of  work,  the  following  table,  containing 
information  from  22  native-born  and  153  foreign-born  miners,  is 
intended  to  show  to  what  extent  the  different  races  avail  themselves 
if  the  opportunity  to  secure  employment.  It  is  possible  that  in  the 
listrict  from  which  this  example  was  taken  the  natives  were  given 
lihe  preference,  when  it  came  to  a choice  between  the  natives  and  the 
mmigrants,  but  such  is  not  known  to  be  the  case,  and  all  comparisons 
ire  made  on  the  supposition  that  conditions  of  employment  were 
lormal,  and  that  the  largest  number  of  months  worked  by  some  races 
s due  to  the  industriousness  of  those  races,  rather  than  to  the  inability 
)f  the  others  to  secure  employment. 

Table  Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or  over 

employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual . 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

■pp'nnrti'n  o* 

Per  cent  working — 

complete 

data. 

12 

months. 

9 months 
or  over. 

6 months 
or  over. 

3 months 
or  over. 

ative-bom  of  native  father.  White  . . . 

20 

52 

27 

51 

23 

20.0 

.0 

7.4 

.0 

70.0 

100.0 

QA  O 

inn  n 

oreign-bom: 

Italian,  North. . 

iUU.  u 

1 nn  n 

Italian.  South 

(O.  y 
11  1 

yo.  4 

CC  Q 

100.  U 

1 nn  n 

Lithuanian 

ii»  i 

7 

oo.  y ; 
1 nn  n 

IUU.  U 

1 nn  n 

Polish 

.0 

0.4.  i 

A Q 

lUU.  u 

1 nn  n 

IUU.  U 

lUU.  U 

100. 0 

Grand  total 

175 

3.4 

pio  n 

97.1 

otal  native-born  of  foreiem  father 

04.  U 

100. 0 

2 

(«) 

18. 2 

(a) 

Rfi  0 

G) 

1 nn  n 

(a) 

otal  native-born . 

22 

153 

otal  foreign-bom 

I’s 

Uo.  4 
Ad  7 

lUU.  U 
HD  7 

100. 0 

. 

yu.  7 

100.0 

“Not  computed, owing  to  small  number  involved. 

649 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


650 


It  is  seen  in  the  preceding  table  that  20  per  cent  of  the  white 
native-born  of  native  father  worked  the  entire  year,  while  only  shghtly 
over  1 per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  worked  the  same  length  o 
time  All  the  native-born  have  worked  at  least  six  months,  while  oi 
the  foreign-born  there  is  a small  proportion  who 
even  six  months.  Applying  these  same  comparisons  to  the  diSeren 
foreio-n  races  it  is  seen  that  the  North  Italians  appear^  to  be  tlw 
n^ost^industrious.  Although  they  show  no  individual  having  worker 
the  entire  year,  slightly  over  75  per  cent  of  entire  number  report- 
ino-  in.this  race  have  worked  at  least  nine  months.  The  Lithuanian, 
make  the  nearest  approach  to  the  North  Italians  m this  ''espect 
having  a proportion  of  62.7  per  cent  who  worked  nine  months  o 
ovir  luring  tL  year,  while  all  the  employees  of  this  race  worker 
IvM  six  mSnths.  The  South  Italians  are  the  only,  race  of  foreigi 
birth  furnishing  an  illustration  of  individuals  having  worked  tin 
entire  year. 


METHODS  OF  MINING. 


Coal  is  mined  both  by  pick  and  by  machine  For  a number  o 
years  there  has  been  a growmg  tendency  toward  the  use  of  machine. 
Lking  a recent  period  as  an  illustration,  there  were  mmed  m lOh 
in  the  Middle  West  71,717,469  short  tons  of  bituminous  coal.  0 
this  amount,  24,708.081  tons,  or  34.5  per  ® X m 

use  of  machines.  In  1908  the  total  output  was  86,24o,219  shor 
tons,  40,138,236  tons,  or  46.5  per  cent,  of  which  was  mined  by  the  us 
of  machines.®  It  will  be  noticed  that,  while  the  total  output  wa 
increased  only  20.3  per  cent  during  this  period,  the  total  amount  mine 
by  the  use  of  machines  was  increased  62.7  per  cent.  These  figures  ar 
significant  when  taken  in  connection  with  the  einployment  of  th 
recent  immigrant.  The  operators  claim  that,  owing  to  the  larg 
percentage  of  immigrants  at  work  m the  mines  who  are  unskilloc 
Uiey  are  forced  to  use  machines  m order  to  mamtain  a pod  qiialit 
of  Joal,  because  where  no  machines  are  used  the  recent  immipan 
‘ ‘ shoot  the  coal  off  the  solid  ’ ’ instead  of  properly  undercutting  it,  an 
with  excessive  charges  of  powder,  they  thus  ^ 

percentage  of  slack  coal  than  is  produced  when  undercutting  is  dor 
with  the  machines  or  by  hand. 


METHODS  OF  WAGE  PAYMENTS. 


Almost  without  exception  wage  payments  are  made  semimonthl 
in  cash.  The  matter  of  wage  payments  is  usually  covered  by  a 
agreement  between  the  labor  unions  and  the  operators. 


THE  COMPANY-STORE  SYSTEM  AND  COMPANY  HOUSES. 


Another  method  of  payment,  or  rather  part  jipmmt  met  wfi 
throughout  the  Middle  West  mmmg  regions  is  payment  m sto. 
orders.”  This  is  simply  a system  by  which  an  employee  may  receiv 
at  any  time  during  the  month,  his  wages  to  date  ™ ^®y™ 
order  on  a store.  In  some  cases  the  company,  or  at  least  mcmb 


a Production  of  Coal  in  1903,  Edward  W.  Parker,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


651 


of  the  company,  are  interested  in  the  store  either  in  a direct  or 
in  an  indirect  way.  If  they  are  not,  the  orders  are  accepted 
in  payment  for  goods  by  some  store  in  the  community  with  which 
an  agreement  has  previously  been  made,  and  are  then  cashed  by  the 
company  at  a certain  per  cent  of  discount.  Practically  none  of  the 
companies  furnish  board,  although  it  is  quite  common  for  mining 
operators  to  own  a number  of  houses  which  they  rent  to  their  em- 
ployees. While  these  houses  are  a source  of  revenue  to  the  company, 
yielding  large  returns  for  the  capital  invested,  they  are  also  a matter 
of  great  convenience  to  some  of  the  miners.  Most  of  them  rent  for 
about  $2  per  month  per  room.  Moreover,  they  are  generally  in  close 
proximity  to  the  mine  and  are  desirable  on  this  account,  more  espe- 
cially when  the  mine  is  in  an  isolated  locality  or  when  it  is  located  at 
some  distance  from  a town.  Most  of  the  houses  are  small,  square 
or  oblong  structures  of  a temporary  nature,  having  three  or  four 
rooms,  and  cost  originally  $300  or  $400  each.  Usually  they  have  no 
cellars  and  are  set  upon  wooden  or  brick  pillars  about  12  or  16  inches 
above  the  ground.  No  fixed  rule,  however,  can  be  said  to  exist 
relative  to  the  construction  of  company  houses,  as  it  varies  accord- 
ing to  companies  and  localities. 

LIABILITY  TO  ACCIDENT  AND  DISEASE. 

Liability  to  accident  seems  to  go  hand  in  hand  with  carelessness  on 
the  part  of  the  English-speaking  employees.  They  also  exhibit  a 
desire  for  large  earnings  which  leads  them  to  neglect  their  own  safety. 
The  non-English-speaking  or  recent  immigrant  miners,  failing  often 
to  understand  the  orders  given  them  relative  to  their  work  are  thus 
liable  to  accident.  The  following  descriptive  extracts  from  the  re- 
port of  the  state  mine  inspector  of  Indiana  for  1907  are  instructive 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  they,  in  a measure,  are  representative  of  the 
causes  of  a majority  of  the  fatal  and  nonfat al  accidents  occurring 
in  the  Middle  West  among  American  and  immigrant  miners:® 

June  22,  Hiram  Miller,  American,  loader,  aged  64  years,  leaving  a dependent  wife, 
was  fatally  injured  by  falling  slate  in  * * * County.  At  about  12.45  o’clock 
noon,  decedent  was  preparing  some  dummies  for  the  purpose  of  tamping  a shot,  and 
whde  so  engaged  he  was  sitting  directly  under  the  slate  which  caused  his  death  and 
which  he  knew  to  be  loose.  Suddenly,  without  warning,  the  slate  gave  way  and  a 
arge  piece,  measuring  10  feet  in  length,  5 feet  wide,  and  6 inches  thick,  fell  on  him, 
crushing  his  chest  and  breaking  both  legs  in  several  places.  His  injuries  were  so 
serious  that  he  died  ten  minutes  later.  There  were  a number  of  props  and  cap  pieces 
available  near  the  scene  of  the  accident,  and  considering  the  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness of  the  slate,  two  or  more  oUhem  should  have  been  set  under  it.  Had  this  been 
lone  the  accident  in  all  probability  would  not  have  occurred. 

^ July^24  Joso  Bieam,  minep  34  years  of  age,  Auspian,  was  killed  by  falling  slate  in 
County.  From  evidence  elicited  at  the  investigation  and  an  inspection  of 
lececlent  s working  place  it  was  learned  that  the  mine  boss  had  visited  Bieam  on  the 
morning  of  the  above  date,  and  had  noticed  some  very  loose  draw  slate,  which  he 
ordered  him  to  timber  and  which  Bieam  agreed  to  do,  after  which  the  boss  continued 
on  nis  way  through  the  mine.  This  conversation  occurred  about  8.30  a.  m.,  and  was 
ne  last  seen  of  Bieam  by  the  mine  boss  until  his  death.  About  11.30  a.  m.,  while  he 
ivas  loading  a car  a piece  of  the  slate  6 feet  long,  6 feet  wide,  and  5 inches  thick  fell 
)n  nim  and  killed  him  instantly.  ^ At  the  time  of  the  accident  Luke  Surlos,  Austrian, 
was  wOTKing  with  him.  An  examination  of  the  room  where  the  accident  occurred  was 
nade  by  Assistant  O’Connor,  and  it  was  found  to  be  very  poorly  timbered.  The 
props  were  not  set  closer  than  within  30  feet  of  the  face,  except  those  which  had  been 

“For  full  discussion  of  immigrants  in  accidents  in  coal  mines,  see  pp.  209-241. 


652 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


set  under  the  edge  of  the  slate  which  fell,  and  those  which  were  set  in  many  instances 
had  no  cap  pieces  over  them,  indicating  that  deceased  was  not  a practical  miner  nor 
timberman.  This  fact  was  also  evidently  noticed  by  the  mine  boss,  and  knowing  this 
and  that  neither  the  decedent  nor  his  buddy  could  understand  but  very  little  Eng- 
lish, probably  did  not  understand  his  order  to  set  thfe  timbers,  he  (the  mine  boss) 
was  negligent  in  not  remaining  with  them  until  he  knew  the  place  was  made  safe, 
or  he  should  have  ordered  them  out  of  the  place  and  caused  it  to  be  timbered  by  one 
of  the  regular  timbermen. 

In  Indiana,  Illinois, “ and  Ohio,  during  the  year  1908  there  were  341 
fatal  accidents.  Of  this  number  205,  or  60.1  per  cent,  were  due  to 
‘ ' falls  of  roof  or  coal.’’  There  were  also  2,247  nonfatal  accidents,  and 
of  this  number  889,  or  39.6  per  cent,  were  due  to  the  same  cause.^ 

The  American  and  English-speaking  miners  throughout  the  dis- 
trict express  an  opinion  that  in  any  mine  where  recent  immigrants 
are  found  in  considerable  numbers  there  is  a liability  to  accident 
not  found  in  other  mines,  where  recent  immigrants  are  few.  They 
claim  that  this  liability  to  accident  arises  from  three  causes : 

1.  The  fact  that  many  of  the  recent  immigrant  employees  are  not 
practical  miners  and,  therefore,  do  not  realize  that  any  neglect  on 
their  part  endangers  not  only  their  lives  but  also  the  lives  of  the 
other  employees  in  the  mine. 

2.  The  desire  on  the  part  of  the  recent  immigrants  for  large  earn- 
ings, which  leads  them  to  neglect  to  take  the  proper  measures,  even 
when  they  realize  that  they  are  necessary,  relative  to  timbering  and 
other  precautions,  for  the  reason  that  these  measures  require  a loss 
of  time  from  their  productive  work  and  a consequent  decrease  in 
earnings. 

3.  The  fact  that  a large  majority  of  the  recent  immigrants  can  not 

speak  or  understand  the  English  language  and,  consequently,  dc 
not  understand  or  correctly  interpret  the  instructions  and  orders 
given  them  by  mine  bosses,  face  bosses,  foremen,  and  others  in  charge 
of  the  work.  . . . , 

Practically  all  mining  companies  furnish  first  aid  to  injured  em- 
ployees. All  other  expenses  incurred  through  illness  are  borne  by 
the  individual.  Aside  from  rheumatism  and  a certain  pulmonary 
trouble,  physicians  residing  in  the  various  coal-mining  towns  of  the 
district  state  that  there  is  no  special  liability  to  disease  arising  from 
working  in  the  mines.  Throughout  the  field,  sanitary  conditions  ir 
the  mines  have  been  constantly  improving  for  the  past  nineteer 
years.  Certain  measures  regarding  ventilation  and  pumping  systems 
have  been  agreed  upon  by  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  and 
the  operators,  and  have  been  passed  as  laws  in  the  various  state  legis- 
latures, and,  as  a result,  sanitation  throughout  the  district  is  good. 

THE  SUPPLY  OF  IMMIGRANT  LABOR. 

As  a rule  the  supply  of  labor  in  the  coal-mining  towns  throughout 
this  district  exceeds  the  demand.  In  the  event  of  a shortage  of  laboi 
at  any  place,  the  operators  are  at  liberty  to  hire  whom  they  please 
provided  such  employees  become  members  of  the  union  before  they  gc 
to  work.  No  discrimination  as  to  wages  for  or  against  immigrants 


a The  figures  for  Illinois  are  for  the  fiscal  year. 

6 Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  Edward  W.  Parker,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


653 


exists,  because  the  scale  of  wages  and  prices  agreed  upon  by  the 
mine  workers’  union  and  the  operators  is  adhered  to  strictly.  English- 
speaking  miners  assert,  however,  that  in  some  instances  operators 
discriminate  against  them  during  times  when  work  is  slack,  because 
recent  immigrants  are  more  easily  controlled  and  will  work  under 
worse  conditions,  thus  lessening  the  cost  of  production. 

RELATIONS  AMONG  RACES  EMPLOYED. 

In  the  southern  Illinois  coal  held,  the  natives  and  foreign-born 
smployees  as  a rule  are  not  segregated  at  work,  while  in  the  northern 
[Ihnois  held  the  reverse  is  true.  This  applies  only  to  the  races  from 
southern  and  eastern  Europe.  In  no  instances  are  Americans,  Eng- 
dsh,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  segregated  while  at  work. 

In  boarding  and  lodging  places  and  in  housing  throughout  the 
mtire  district,  the  southern  and  eastern  European  races  are  segre- 
gated not  only  from  Americans,  English,  Scotch,  and  Yfelsh,  but 
Tom  one  another.  In  one  mining  camp  in  southern  Illinois,  which 
nay  be  cited  by  way  of  illustration,  the  Italians  were  living  in  one 
section;  the  Lithuanians,  Slovaks,  and  Poles  in  another;  the  negroes, 
vhen  employed,  in  a third;  and  American  whites,  English,  Scotch, 
ind  Welsh  in  still  another  section.  This  arrangement  is  general 
hroughout  the  coal  fields  of  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  northern  and  south- 
irn  Illinois.  The  English,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  (where  Ger- 
nans  are  found)  associate  freely  with  each  other  and  with  native 
vhites,  but  rarely  with  the  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 
Che  South  Italians,  to  some  extent,  associate  with  the  Lithuanians, 
dovaks,  and  Poles,  but  as  a general  rule  their  social  intercourse  is 
jonfined  to  their  own  race.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Slovaks,  Poles, 
ind  Lithuanians  associate  freely  with  one  another.  In  one  or  two 
ocalities  North  Italians  associate  more  or  less  with  native  whites,  and 
)Ccasionally  there  are  marriages  between  this  race  and  Americans. 

Although  there  is  no  open  friction  between  the  races  employed  at 
he  mines,  a pronounced  antipathy  exists  on  the  part  of  the  native 
mites  and  other  English-speaking  races  toward  South  Italians.  A 
imilar  antipathy,  but  to  a less  extent,  is  noticeable  in  the  attitude 
>1  the  Americans  and  older  immigrants  toward  the  Poles. 


654 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


THE  IMMIGRANT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR. 

The  extent  to  wliich  the  immigrant  mining  employee  holds  mem 
bership  in  the  labor  organizations  of  the  mine  workers  is  apparen 
from  a glance  at  the  following  table: 

Table  344  —Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  worhin 
for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Affiliated  with  trade 
unions. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

20 

20 

100. 

Native-Dorn  OI  native  ^vuitc  

. . 1.  . Ktr  ror'a  nf  ffiinPr  rOllSn  ..  

1 

1 

(a) 

Native-born  ol  loreign  lainer,  uy  lace  ui  idtxici,  x 

Foreign-born: 

51 

51 

100 

26 

17 

65 

51 

50 

98 

23 

23 

100 

172 

162 

94 

1 

1 

(a) 

Total  native-Dom  oi  luiei^u  latuci 

21 

21 

100 

151 

141 

93 

' 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved . 


The  large  percentage  of  immigrant  employees  in  the  names  wh 
belong  to  trade  unions,  as  indicated  by  the  above  table,  is  due  to  tli 
fact  already  pointed  out,  that  the  mines  m Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Oln 
are  practically  all  unionized,  and  it  is  necessary  for  the  immigrar 
to  become  a member  of  the  organization  before  he  can  secure  worl 
The  tendency  is,  therefore,  for  the  immigrant  at  first  to  regard  tli 
membership  fee  in  the  union  as  the  price  paid  for  his  job  and  t 
enter  the  union  without  any  real  sympathy  with  the  work  ol  tli 
organization.  He  is,  however,  as  far  as  possible,  made  to  conlori 
to  the  regulations  established  by  the  older  members  of  the  organ 
zation,  and  gradually  comes  to  regard  the  union  as  of  benefit  to  mn 
\mong  recent  immigrants  the  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  an 
French-Belgians  lead  the  other  races  in  developing  enthusiasm  1( 
the  organization,  and  the  belief  is  often  expressed  that,  m case  c 
disputes  with  the  operators,  these  races  are  more  nrrn  and  hold  oi 
for  a longer  period  than  many  of  the  natives.  The  other  races  grac 
ually  absorb  more  and  more  of  the  spirit  of  the  organization  an 
stand  about  on  a level  with  one  another  as  regards  the  interes 

shown  in  unionism.  , ^ ^ 

It  is  claimed  by  many  of  the  native  labor  leaders  that  the  igm 
ranee  of  many  of  the  immigrants  and  the  conditions  under  wnic 
they  had  been  accustomed  to  work  in  large  measure  account  K 
the  readiness  with  which  they  secure  employment  m the  coal  imne 
They  are  tractable,  slow  to  demand  an  enforcement  ol  the  stipuii 
tions  of  the  agreement  between  the  operators  and  the  labor  organ 
zations,  and  may  be  assigned  extra  work  without  remuneration,  sue 
as  clearing  fallen  slate,  laying  track,  timbering,  handling  co 

unnecessarily.  They  are  also  more  willing,  as  already  stated,  8 
are  the  natives  to  work  under  dangerous  and  insanitary  condition 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


655 


[n  case  of  injuries,  the  older  employees  assert,  the  immigrants  rarely 
sue  for  damages.  The  recent  immigrants  are  said  to  be  more  ready 
and  extensive  renters  of  company  houses  in  the  villages  than  are  the 
aatives.  Members  of  the  unions  also  claim  that  in  some  cases  the 
immigrant  fraudulently  obtains  his  membership  card  from  some  con- 
cern which  has  taken  advantage  of  him  and  of  the  union,  or  secures 

as  a present  from  some  friend  who  is  leaving  the  community. 

In  many  localities,  however,  the  immigrants  are  enthusiastic  in 
:he  work  of  the  labor  organization  and  the  native  members  have  a 
ligh  regard  for  the  immigrants  as  union  men.  There  is  a feeling  in 
he  majority  of  the  localities  in  the  Middle  West  that  the  mining 
)Ccupations  are  greatly  overcrowded  and  that  there  are  too  many 
mmigrants  in  the  field,  but  the  immigrants  in  the  block-coal  dis- 
rict  of  Indiana  have  in  most  instances  been  there  for  a long  period 
md  are  regarded  as  thoroughgoing  labor  unionists.  The  greater 
imount  of  enthusiasm  shown  by  immigrants  in  the  work  of  the  local 
unions  in  this  district  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  immigra- 
ion  to  the  block-coal  mining  localities  is  of  longer  standing  than  that 
n most  naming  communities  and  has  responded  in  great  measure  to 
\.mericanizing  influences. 

A condition  of  racial  segregation  exists  in  the  membership  of  the 
ocal  unions  in  some  localities  of  the  block-coal  district.  There  is 
i Slavic  local,  an  Italian  local,  and  an  American  local.  The  Poles 
Liid  Slovaks  are  associated  in  the  first,  Italians  and  Tyrolese  in  the 
lecond,  and  Americans  and  older  immigrants  in  the  third.  The 
legregation  of  these  races  in  the  locals,  however,  is  not  absolute, 
mcation  of  meeting  place  or  other  consideration  may  serve  to 
)lace  a native  in  the  Italian  local  or  an  Englishman  in  the  Slavic 
union,  but  the  separation  of  the  races,' as  above  outlined,  is  substan- 
ially  maintained.  Such  separation  is  now,  however,  more  or  less  a 
uryival  of  the  time  when  the  local  labor  leaders  felt  that  it  was  inex- 
)edient  to  attempt  to  have  the  recent  immigrants  mix  with  the 
latives  in  the  same  organization.  At  the  time  when  the  labor  organi- 
liations  were  established  in  this  community  this  feeling  led  the  local 
eaders  to  petition  the  authorities  for  separate  charters  for  the 
mmigrants. 

In  the  Illinois  coal  fields  a peculiar  situation  has  developed,  in 
■onnection  with  the  qualifications  imposed  upon  miners  entering 
he  State,  which  is  radically  different  from  the  conditions  desired 
uy  the  labor  leaders  who  framed  the  rules.  The  general  initiation 
|ee  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  is  $10.  The  require- 
ments as  to  the  amount  of  experience  a man  shall  have  before  he 
uecomes  a '^practical  miner”  varies  in  different  States.  The  policy 
|>f  the  Illinois  branch  of  the  organization  has  been  to  require  a long 
)eriod  of  apprenticeship  and  to  demand  an  increased  initiation  fee 
rqm  those  who  wish  to  shorten  the  required  period  of  apprentice- 
hip.  The  Illinois  man  who  has  never  worked  m the  coal  mines  and 
3 not  a miner’s  son  must  pay  the  normal  fee  and  work  six  years  in 
he  mines  or  pay  an  initiation  fee  of  $50  and  work  in  the  mines  for 
our  years  and  then  stand  an  examination  before  some  miners’ 
xamining  board  in  the  State  in  order  to  become  a '‘practical  miner.” 
"he  six  years’  course  includes  two  years  at  top  labor,  two  years  at 
►ottom  day  labor,  and  two  years  as  miner’s  helper.  The  four-year 


656 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


course  eliminates  the  two  years  as  top  laborer.  On  the  other  hand 
the  miner  coming  from  outside  of  the  State  of  Illinois  may  be  put  t' 
work  as  a practical  miner  at  once,  provided  he  can  fulfill  the  require 
ments  of  the  state  laws  by  passing  an  examination  before  some  miners 
examining  board  where,  among  other  things,  he  must  swear  that  h 
has  had  two  years’  experience  at  mining  coal.  If  he  comes  with  ^ 
union  card  stating  that  he  is  a ‘‘practical  miner”  and  passes  the  exami 
nation  he  may  secure  work  as  a mmer  without  additional  fees  o 
requirements.  If  the  prospective  miner  is  an  immigrant  who  ca 
not  speak  English  and  has  an  interpreter,  neither  of  the  two  bein, 
troubled  by  scruples,  it  is  possible  for  him  to  secure  work  as  a prac 
tical  miner  within  a week  after  landing  in  the  Enited  States,  althoug 
he  may  never  have  seen  a coal  mine  in  his  native  land. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  at  the  start  the  reception  of  th 
immigrant  by  the  labor  organizations  seems  to  be  regarded  by  th 
unions  as  an  action  to  be  taken  chiefly  because  of  necessity.  I 
their  efforts  to  protect  themselves  against  a lowering  of  the  stand 
ards  of  sanitation  and  safety,  and  against  the  cheapening  of  the  prc 
duction  of  coal,  however,  the  unions  exercise  a considerable  Amer; 
canizing  influence  upon  the  immigrants,  and  regard  them  as  objec 
tionable  only  as  they  tend  to  displace  American  workmen. 

REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYING  IMMIGRANTS. 

The  primary  reason  for  the  employment  of  the  recent  immigrar 
in  the  Middle  West  has  been  the  remarkable  expansion  of  coal  niir 
ing  in  this  area  during  the  past  forty  years.  This  expansion  ha 
brought  with  it  a constantly  increasing  demand  for  labor  at  the  sam 
time  that  other  mining  sections  have  been  bidding  in  the  labor  markt 
for  labor  to  develop  their  coal  resources.  In  the  face  of  this  situatioi 
the  factor  which  has  made  possible  the  employment  of  immigrant 
in  large  numbers  has  been  the  increase  in  machine  mining  throughor 
the  Middle  West,  and  especially  in  Illinois.  The  tendency  to  sut 
stitute  machine  for  hand  mining  is  still  going  on,  in  spite  of  the  tac 
that  the  Illinois  scale  of  prices  for  machine  mining  places  the  Illmo 
operators  at  a disadvantage  in  comparison  with  operators  u^ng  rut 
chines  in  other  States.  Throughout  Illinois,  except  m the  Danvili 
district,  where  the  differential  between  pick  and  machine  naming  is 
cents  per  ton,  the  operator  receives  only  7 cents  per  ton  for  the  us 
of  his  machine  in  comparison  with  10  to  12J  cents  per  ton  receive 
by  the  operators  in  Indiana  and  Ohio.  i • 

The  significance  of  the  use  of  machines  is  that  it  reduces  the  rniner 
occupation  to  that  of  an  unskilled  laborer,  loading  and  cleaning  u 
the  coal  after  the  machine.  A description  of  this  method  ot 
may  be  valuable  in  explaining  the  situation.  Incidental  to  the  to 
lowing  explanation  it  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  as  ^arl^  as  189 
the  recent  immigrants  were  used  in  connection  with  machines. 

As  a rule,  the  cheapest  mining  in  Illinois  is  done  by  coal-cutting  machines. 

The  disadvantages  of  machine  mining  are:  First,  waste  of  coal;  second,  large  tirst 
of  the  plant;  third,  necessity  of  a thick  seam;  fourth,  necessity  of  careful  and 
supervision.  On  the  other  hand,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  machine  mining  decrea^' 
the  number  of  strikes,  as  each  man  is  working  for  his  own  interest,  inere 
standing  shots  to  delay  the  miner;  skilled  labor  is  necessary  only  in  a lew  places;  a 
with  the  machine  the  mine  is  necessarily  developed  more  systematically  and  a steam 
output  can  be  relied  upon.  * * * 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


657 


A machine  mines  from  30  to  60  tons  per  day,  the  amount  depending  very  largely 
ipon  the  thickness  of  the  seam.  As  a general  thing  they  are  run  in  double  shifts  of 
en  hours  each.  In  one  case  15  mining  machines  of  the  best  types,  running  double 
hifts,  and  in  hard  mining  coal,  deliver  on  the  railroad  cars  1,200  tons  of  lump  coal  in 
en  hours,  the  coal  being  screened  over  a shaking  screen  which  takes  out  about  30  per 
ent  of  fine.  In  most  machine  mines  the  double-entry  system,  or  room-and-pillar 
7ork,  is  used,  one  machine  being  used  in  each  entry. 

The  great  majority  of  the  laborers  in  machine  mines  are  Germans,  Russians,  Italians 
r Hungarians;  but  little  skilled  labor  is  required.  Usually  there  is  one  shooter  and 
ne  timberman  in  each  entry,  and  for  these  positions  experienced  men  are  necessary 
Speaking  generally,  a machine  mine  can  turn  out  the  same  quantity  of  coal  as  a 
and  mine  with  only  about  60  per  cent  as  many  men  and  at  about  10  cents  a ton  less 
ost.  In  one  mine  where  an  output  of  1,200  tons  is  made  daily  with  machines  the 
Me  number  of  men  employed  is  300.  * * * 

Naturally  machines  are  most  successful  where  mining  is  hard.  One  runner  and 
ae  laborer  are  necessary  for  each  machine,  and  in  most  mines  one  shooter  and  one 
mberman,  who  lays  the  roads,  besides  doing  the  timber  work,  work  after  each 
lachme.  These  and  the  machine  runner  are  the  only  skilled  men  required  in  a 
lachine  mine.  From  4 to  8 loaders,  who  are  laborers  and  not  skilled  men  work 
tter  a machine  and  are  paid  by  the  ton.  The  pay  of  machine  runners  varies 
1 some  cases  they  are  paid  by  the  amount  of  coal  produced  and  in  other  cases  by  the 
umber  of  square  feet  undercut  at  the  usual  rate  of  20  to  35  cents  per  ton,  or  1 to  1^ 
3nt8  per  square  foot.  An  average  day’s  work  would  be  250  to  275  square  feet  of 
udercuttmg.  Shooters  and  timbermen  are  sometimes  paid  by  the  day,  but  the 
.ore  general  practice  is  to  pay  them  on  the  same  basis  as  the  runner,  thus  making 
1 the  men  mutually  interested  in  the  progress  of  the  work.  In  many  mines  where 
achines  are  used,  air  drills  are  employed  to  drill  the  holes  used  in  blasting  the 
)al  down,  and  in  such  cases  the  labor  and  expense  are  much  lessened. a 

The  outcome  of  the  use  of  machines  as  regards  the  type  of  opera- 
tes to  be  used  had  become,  however,  evident  as  early  as  the  year 
S88.  In  that  year  the  Illinois  bureau  of  labor  statistics  summed 
p the  situation  as  follows: 

A mining  machine  not  only  reverses  the  methods  of  work,  but  it  equally  changes 
e system  of  wages.  The  coal  miner  proper  takes  his  own  tools  into  the  pit  and 
idertakes  to  deliver  from  the  wall  of  mineral  before  him  certain  tons  of  coal  ready 
'ery  morning  for  a certain  sum  per  ton.  He  mines  and  drills  and  blasts  and  loads 
s own  coal,  timbers  his  own  roof,  takes  care  of  his  own  tools,  and  is  responsible 
amly  to  himself  for  his  personal  safety  and  the  amount  of  his  output. 

In  the  machine  mine  it  takes  7 or  8 men  to  perform  these  various  functions,  and  in 
e mine,  as  in  the  mill,  the  machine  is  the  master  and  the  men  are  its  servitors;  the 
•erator  and  the  mechanism  simply  directs  its  energies  when  the  motive  power  is 
ven  to  It  and  the  coal  is  undercut  or  mined.  A blaster  follows  with  tools  and 
plosives,  loosening  the  mass;  the  loaders  reduce  it  and  shovel  it  into  pit  cars-  the 
nbermen  follow  and  prop  the  roof,  which  no  longer  has  the  mineral  to  rest  upon 
iborers  assist  in  every  process,  and  a machinist  is  retained  for  repairs.  Each  one 
'68  his  certain  portion  of  the  work  and  no  more,  and  doubtless  does  it  better 
well  as  faster,  by  reason  of  his  greater  skill  thus  acquired.  Herein  lies  the  chief 
lue  of  the  machine  to  the  mine  owner.  It  relieves  him  for  the  most  part  of  skilled 
3or  and  of  all  the  restraints  which  that  implies.  It  opens  to  him  the  whole  labor 
irket  from  which  to  recruit  his  force;  it  enables  him  to  concentrate  the  work  of  the 
ne  at  given  points,  and  it  admits  of  the  graduation  of  wages  to  specific  work  and 
yment  of  wages  by  the  day. 

******* 

The  results  of  this  introduction  of  machinery  consist  not  only  in  the  greater  execu- 
n of  the  machine,  but  in  the  subdivision  of  labor  which  it  involves,  and  the  greater 
r capita  efficiency  of  the  force  thus  secured.  The  gain  is  consequently  to  the 
iployer  rather  than  to  the  men.  The  mining  machine  is  in  fact  the  natural  enemy 
the  coal  miner;  it  destroys  the  value  of  his  skill  and  experience,  obliterates  his 
cle,  and  reduces  him  to  the  rank  of  a common  laborer  or  machine  driver  if  he  remains 
I ere  it  is.  & 


I'The  Mineral  Industry,  Richard  P.  Rothwell,  1895,  pp.  188-189 
/ Iveport  of  the  Illinois  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  1899,  p.  338. 
)ort  of  the  United  States  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  p.  399. 


Quoted  in  the 


1 


658 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  use  of  machines,  therefore,  rendered  unnecessary  the  securing 
of  experienced  miners  in  h rge  numbers  and  to  a large  extent  obviater 
the  necessity  for  a long  or  short  period  of  apprenticeship  among  new 
empwSs  in  the  industry.  In  other  words,  it  was  possible  ti 
emplorunskilled  and  inexperienced  labor  to  meet  demands  arismf 
from  the  rapidly  increasing  expansion  m coal  mining  and,  unde 
these  conditions,  more  and  more  reliance  was  placed  upon  the  immi 
grant  seeking  work  in  this  country.  In  the  mines  and  mining  local 
fties  where  hand  mining  still  continued  because  of  the  nature  of  thi 
occmrence  of  the  coal,  or  because  of  the  preference  of  the  operatms 
company  for  this  method,  experienced  miners  of  native  and  loreigi 
S from  other  countries,  otWr  States,  or  the  former  hand-ininmj 
Actions  of  the  Middle  West,  were  secured  to  meet  the  constantl; 
inweasing  demand  for  labor.  The  inexperienced  immigrant  wa 
more  and  more  used  to  follow  the  machines  where  machine  minin! 
could  be  employed  and  to  do  the  rough  and  unskilled  work  m hand 

^^The'’  operation  of  nonunion  mines  in  other  States,  especially  i. 
West  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  is  regarded  as  anothp  cause  tend 
ing  to  increase  the  proportion  of  recent  immigrants  m the  Middl 
West  The  immigrants  are  said  to  realize  sooner  or  later  that  the. 
can  not  work  and  live  in  a satisfactory  way  under  the  condition 
existing  in  the  nonunion  mines.  While  there,  however,  they  hav 
gained  the  experience  necessary  to  become  “p  , 

less  time  than  would  have  been  necessary  m oriler  to  get  ^he  neede 
experience  in  union  mines.  As  they  become  dissatisfied  F* 
conditions  of  employment  they  gradually  go  m search 
join  the  unions,  and  secure  work  m union  mines.  The  lack  of 
cooperative  spirit  between  the  operators  and  the  older  ^ 

seems  to  explain  somewhat  the  increase  m the  number  of  recet 
immigrants  at  the  mines.  With  the  increased  numbers  of  workei 
at  till  individual  mines,  there  seems  to  have  arisen  a growing  spir 
of  antagonism  and  lack  of  sympathy  between  operators  and  emp  oye 
due  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  personal  co^^^^ct  between  employe 
and  Employees  has  necessarily  become  more  casual  or  has  entirely  di. 
aSeare'd  L the  industry  expanded,  and  partly  to  the  frong  ho 
obtained  by  trade  unionism  and  the  effort  of  the  unions  to  iipho 
their  men  in  disputes  with  the  operators.  The  “ 

tendents  allege  that  the  native  rniners  of  the  younger  g 
much  more  contentious,  less  satisfactory  workers,  and  mu  . 
to  treat  or  reason  with  than  are  the  older  native  and  British  i 
The  employers  also  argue  that  the  immigrant  is  more  regular  ar 

'"^n^thTother  hand,  it  is  contended  by  the  old  employees  that  or 
of  the  primary  reasons  for  the  employment  of  the  recent  imm  g 
lies  in  his  tractability.  This  is  largely  attributed  to  his  ignoranc 
but  the  assertion  is  generally  made  by  the  older  miners  that  - 
immigrant  is  easily  controlled,  will  work  under  insanitary  g 

ous  conditions,  and  will  allow  extra  work  to  be  imposed  upon 


oSee 


table  showing  occupations  of  immigrants  within  the  industry,  p.  626. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West, 


659 


hese  tendencies  on  the  part  of  the  immigrants,  it  is  asserted,  ren- 
>r  him  a more  desirable  employee  in  the  eyes  of  the  foreman  or 
)erator  and  lead  to  his  employment  in  increasing  numbers.  In 
lis  connection,  it  is  also  alleged  that  the  operator  is  more  favorable 
. the  employment  of  the  immigrant  than"  the  native  because  the 
imigrant  tends  to  accept  without  protest  the  company  house,  the 
-called  company-store  system,  and  the  general  living  conditions 
isolated  mining  communities. 

The  immigrants  are  also  generally  said  to  manifest  much  greater 
Tseverance  in  their  endeavors  to  secure  work  than  is  shown  by 
itives.  An  American  who  applies  for  work  when  told  that  there  is 
)ne  available  lets  the  matter  drop.  On  the  other  hand,  the  immigrant 
10  IS  refused  employment  on  one  day  goes  back  the  next  and  besieges 
e employer  until  cause  is  shown  why  there  is  no  work  or  a place  is 
cured.  The  same  general  disposition  marks  the  immigrant's  efforts 
secure  work  for  his  fellows.  The  native  will  go  so  far  as  to  intro- 
ice  his  friend  to  the  foreman,  but  the  immigrant  does  not  stop  at 
IS  point.  ^ He  pleads  with  the  foreman  and  assumes  responsibility 
’ the  satisfactory  working  qualities  of  his  fellow  countryman. 

The  complaint  is  commonly  made  by  native  miners  in  Illinois  that 
e recent  immigrant  often  secures  work  because  of  his  willing- 
ss  to  buy  jobs,  or  in  other  words,  to  pay  a certain  sum  to  the  fore- 
m for  the  privilege  of  working.  Fraudulent  methods  of  obtaining 
ion  cards  are  also  charged  against  recent  immigrants. 

Ill  Indiana^there  is  no  state  law  such  as  is  in  force  in  Illinois  requir- 
;two  years’  experience  at  mining  before  a man  is  allowed  to  become 
practical  miner.”  The  regulations  of  the  United  Mine  Workers 
ich  obtain  in  Indiana  are  also  less  exacting  than  those  prevailing 
Illinois  in  their  effect  on  the  man  who  is  taking  up  work  in  the 
ties  for  the  first  time.  It  would  seem,  therefore,  at  the  outset,  other 
i^s  being  equal,  to  be  much  easier  for  the  immigrant  to  get  work 
the  Indiana  mines  than  in  those  of  Illinois.  The  state  law  and  the 
ited  Mine  Workers’  regulations  operative  in  Illinois,  however 
7e  produced  an  effect  contrary  to  the  intentions  of  the  framers' 

1 instead  of  curtailing  tend  to  increase  the  number  of  recent 
nigrant  employees  as  compared  with  the  number  of  native-born, 
t may  be  stated  in  conclusion  that  the  main  reason  for  theemploy- 
nt  of  the  immigrant  in  the  past  has  been  the  increasing  demand  for 
or  on  account  of  the  expansion  of  coal  mining.  Some  form  of  labor 
5 needed,  and  the  immigrant,  usually  ignorant  and  inexperienced, 
istituted  practically  the  only  available  supply.  His  employment 
finally,  therefore,  was  largely  the  result  of  necessity.  Other  factors, 
Llready  mentioned,  have  also  led  the  operator  to  prefer  him.  More- 
r,  it  has^  also  been  true  that  steady,  satisfactory  work  on  the  part 
Fe  immigrants,  especially  the  Slovaks,  North  Italians,  andLithu- 
ans,  has  also  been  a factor  that  in  some  measure  accounts  for  their 
sence  m large  numbers  in  the  coal  mines. 


1 


i 


Chapter  V. 

INDUSTRIAL  EFFECTS  OF  IMMIGRATION. 

Recent  immigrants  have  made  possible  the  development  of  the  industry— Effect  of 
machine  methods  of  mining  upon  wages— Displacement  of  old  employees  by  recent 
immigrants— Subsequent  history  of  old  employees— Surplus  labor  supply  of  recent 
immigrants  and^  its  effects — Increase  in  the  chances  of  accidents — Deterioration  of 

working  conditions  and  methods  caused  by  employment  of  recent  immigrants 

[Text  Tables  345  to  351]. 

RECENT  IMMIGRANTS  HAVE  MADE  POSSIBLE  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF 

THE  INDUSTRY. 

^ In  considering  the  effects  of  immigration,  the  conclusion  is  irre- 
sistible that  the  employment  of  iininigrant  labor  has  made  possible 
the  remarkable  expansion  of  coal  mining  in  the  Middle  West.  What- 
3ver  may  have  been  the  other  effects  of  the  coming  of  the  recent 
immigrant  to  the  bituminous  fields  of  the  Middle  West,  it  is  clear 
./hat  the  increase  in  the  output  of  coal  within  a comparatively  short 
Deriod  would  not  have  been  possible  without  resort  to  this  source  of 
abor  supply.  The  operators  would  not  have  been  able  to  secure 
nmers  or  laborers  to  develop  the  territory,  and  to  the  employment  of 
•ecent  immigrants  the  rapid  growth  of  the  industry  is  to  be  attrib- 
ited.  This  fact  is  at  once  made  evident  by  a comparison  of  the 
ncrease  in  output  and  in  number  of  employees  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
Jlinois  during  recent  years. 

By  referring  to  figures  already  given,®  it  will  be  noted  that  the  out- 
)ut  of  coal  m Ohio  has  increased  from  2,527,285  tons  in  1870  to  32,142,- 
49  m 1907,  while  the  number  of  employees  has  increased  from  7,567  in 
870  to  46,833  in  1907.  In  Illinois  the  annual  production  has 
ncreased  from  2,624,163  tons  in  1870  to  51,317,146  tons  in  1907,  and 
he  operating  force  from  6,301  in  1870  to  65,581  in  1907.  In  Indiana 
he  annual  output  m 1870  was  437,870  tons,  while  in  1907  it  was 
3,985,713  tons,  and  the  number  of  wage-earners  in  1870  was  1,369 
compared  with  21,022  in  1907.  This  remarkable  increase  in  pro- 
luction  m the  Middle  West,  and  the  resultant  increase  in  operating 
orce,  IS  principally  due  to  the  availability  of  the  immigrant  labor 
upply. 

EFFECT  OF  MACHINE  METHODS  OF  MINING  UPON  WAGES. 

As  regards  the  general  effects  of  the  employment  of  recent  immi- 
rants  upon  the  former  mine  workers  in  the  Middle  West,  the  situation 
lay  be  explained  within  a brief  compass.  The  introduction  of 
lachmery  m the  mines  opened  the  way  for  the  employment  of 
Qskilled  and  inexperienced  labor  and  brought  about  conditions 
'Bcessitatmg  the  elimination  of  a large  number  of  skilled  or  trained 


662 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


pick  miners.  As  cheap  In  borers  in  machine  mines,  negroes  and  recen 
immigrants  lowered  the  wages  paid  to  miners  and  tended  to  displace 
former  employees,  especially  m the  occupations  of  mining,  ih. 
decade  1880  to  1890  was  marked  by  many  strikes  and  labor  disturb 
ances  in  the  Middle  West,  which  were  largely  the  result  of  the  malad 
iustments  arising  from  the  use  of  maclnnery,  and  which  were  i^ualb 
followed  by  an  exodus  of  old  employees  from  the  localities  aftecte( 
and  the  employment  of  large  numbers  of  recent  immigrants  or  negroe 
in  their  place.  The  extent  to  which  the  introduction  of  machine 
lowered  wages  may  be  seen  from  the  following  tables  and  th 
remarks  thereon,  taken  from  the  report  of  the  United  States  Indus 
trial  Commission : 

Table  345. — Average  daily  earnings,  establishment  X,®  Macoupin  County,  III.,  by 

occupation. 


TFroni  rpDort  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  p.  400,  quoting  Illinois  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistic 
1890.  Percentages  shown  by  report  of  Industrial  Commission  have  been  recomputed.] 


Occupation. 


Miners 

Laborers. . 
All  others. 


Total  and  average. 


Number 
of  men. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Averag 

daily 

earning 

205 

58. 74 

$1. 

74 

21.20 

1. 

70 

20.06 

1. 

349 

100. 00 

1. 

oPonditions-  Denth  of  shaft,  420  feet;  thickness  of  coal,  8 feet;  working  places,  dry;  system  of  worku 
pmSr-an^rom-  XU  done  ’by  hand;  price  of  mining,  50  cents  a ton  for  screened  coal;  seam  level  a 

uniform. 


Table  346. — Average  daily  earnings,  establishment  XI, Madison  County,  III.,  by 

occupation. 


[From  report  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  p.  400  quoting  Illinois  Bumau  of  Labor  Statisti, 
1890.  Percentages  showm  by  report  of  Industrial  Commission  have  been  recomputed.] 


Occupation. 


Cutters 

Blasters 

Timbermen. 


Helpers. 

Loaders. 


All  others. 


Total  and  average. 


Number 
of  men. 


Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


31 

109 


47 


214 


3.74 
4. 21 
4. 67 


12. 62 


14.49 

50.93 


65. 42 


21.96 


100.  00 


Avera 

dailj 

earnin. 


.Conditions:  Depth  ot  shaft,  108  feet;  thickness  of  coal,  7 w»>-Wng 
pillar-and-room;  mining  done  with  machmes;  operatives  paid  from  $1.25  to  $2.50  a aay,  seam 

unifoim. 


An  examination  of  the  foregoing  table  shows  that  the  average 
in  the  hand  mine  are  $1.81  per  day  and  of  all  employees  in  the  ^ 

$1.77.  It  also  shows  that  the  wages  of  loaders,  laborers  helpers,  and  ah  others 
about  equal  in  both  mines,  viz,  $1.63  to  $1.75  in  the  hand  mine  and  $1.63  to 


o Report  of  U.  S.  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  pp.  400,  401. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West, 


663 


Jie  machine  mine.  On  the  other  hand,  it  shows  that  the  miners  or  skilled  laborers 

iho  recSveltl  22  are  displaced  by  cutters  and  blasters. 

Who  receive  |2.22  to  $2.25  per  day,  an  increase  of  about  22  per  cent  in  wages.  But 

he  cutters  and  blasters  who  take  the  places  of  the  miners  are  only  8 per  cent  of  the 
otal  number  employed  in  the  machine  mine,  whereas  the  displaced  miners  were 
,0  per  cent  of  the  total  number  employed  in  the  hand  mine 

m“ikrctdMors.“  Lasalle  County 

Pable  347.--Avemffe  daily  earnings  establishments  IV,  VI,  and  V,  Lasalle  County 

lit..,  hy  occupation. 

ESTABLISHMENT  IV.o 


Occupation. 

Number 
of  men. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Average 

daily 

earnings. 

iners 

453 

71.2 

$3.  21 

31 

4.  9 

1.74 

Total 

152 

23.  9 

1.90 



1 

636 

100.  00 

1 

3.00 

establishment  VI.& 


iners 

589 

61 

191 

70. 04 
7. 25 
22.71 

.$2.  72 
1.75 
1.72 

Total 

841 

100.  00 

2.37 

ESTABLISHMENT  V.c 


ichine  foremen. 


tters 

isters 

nbermen. 


Ipers. 

aders. 


trymen.... 
ad  miners 
others 


Total. 


4 

0.77 

26 

5 

4. 98 
.96 

18 

3.45 

9.39 

38 

7.28 

174 

33.33 

40.  61 

44 

8.  43 

108 

20.69 

105 

20.11 

522 

100.  00 

12.  36 

d2.  41 
d2.  30 
d2. 12 


1.75 

1.73 


2. 01 
2.  53 
1.78 


1.97 


ar-and-room;  mming  dS'chledv  with  ^ working  places,  wet;  system  of  working, 

A.verage  daily  earnings  for  these  three  occupations  is  $2.28. 

SSsI^Ik  ^‘‘and"*?  b®i  earnings  per  day  in  the 

'3  ll  pe^U  and  fn  C VT^b^d™  TJ®  P®’'  '"i*  wages 

':e  of  $2  72  pw  dav  ^On  thb^ mining)  they  were  70.04  percent,  with  an  average 
outtL  bWprt^ordd  c ^ B Establishment  No.  V (machine  mininl) 

iverale  of  $2  2^^^^^  were  9.39  per  cent  of  the  employees  and  received 

ge  ot  $2.28  per  day.  In  other  words,  the  hand  miners  in  Establishment  No.  IV 


664 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


• j /<A  Q mnrp  than  the  average  wage  of  cutters,  blasters,  and  timbermeri 

Zni2  per  afone  in  the  rnachine  mine  Establishmen 

and  dd.  z J;  1 Q s ner  cent  higher  for  the  hand  miners  than  for  the  cutters  an 

No.  yi  per  cent  than  for  the  cutters  alone.  Eve 

th?hand  miners  in  the  same  mine  where  machinery  was  used  showed 

S$2.53  per  day  as  against  $2.41  for  the  cutters,  or  a wage  of  5 per  cent  higher  in  favG 

of  the  hand  method.  ^ ^ <•  i tt  v 

This  State  of  affairs  continued 

Mine  Workers  of  America  became  established  m the  field  and  exerte 
a powerful  influence  in  the  prices  paid  for  machine  mining, 
remarkable  increase  in  wages  in  the  Illinois  mines  is  discussed  by  th 
Industrial  Commission  as  follows . 

Table  MS.— Earnings  of  Illinois  coal  miners  before  and  after  organization,  by  distric; 
[From  report  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  p.  408,  quoting  Illinois  Coal  Report,  1896  a^id^ 


1 

District. 

Average 
number 
tons 
mined 
per  man 
per  day, 
1896. 

Average 
amount 
earned 
each  day. 

1 

Increase.  , 

Average  yearly 
wages. 

1896. 

1899. 

1896. 

1899. 

2. 70 

$1. 90 

$2. 01 

Per  cent. 
5.8 

$299. 29 

OQO  QQ 

$378. 00 
415. 31 

2.69 

1.68 

1.96 

16. 7 

/O^.  oo 
OQH  QA 

288. 96 

Thirrl  

3.04 

1.78 

1.90 

6. 7 

ZoU. 

1 OOA  09 

465. 06 

4. 22 

1.53 

2.31 

51. 0 

0^* 

! OQO  01 

416.  49 

Uiffh  

5.69 

/1. 97 

1 2. 15 

9. 1 

1 doo. yi 

1 090  Af^ 

436. 37 

4.44 

1.72 

1 2.30 

33.7 

O^y*  t)0 

1 ooK  ni 

388. 98 

5.53 

1.58 

I 2.40 

51. 9 

j ^oo*  Ui 

Total 

3.53 

1.77 

2.20 

24.3 

318. 65 

406. 98 

Increas' 


Per  cert 


Going  a step  further  and  comparing  the  prices  on  hand  mining 
sc^^of  prices  agreed  upon  by  conference  of  miners  and  operators  in  1900  and  1901 1 

have  the  following  increase: 


Table  S49.-Increase  in  wages  of  coal  miners  in  Illinois  as  result  of  strikes  of  1897,  by  cii 


City. 


Wilmington. 

Peoria 

Danville 

Springfield . 

Pana 

Belleville.. - 
Duquoin . . . 


Before 

strike, 

1897. 

Scale  for 
1900. 

Cents. 

67.5 
40 

30 

31.9 

25.9 
25 

25.5 

Cents. 

81 

56 

49 

49.7 

49 

49 

45 

Increa' 


Per  ce'i 
2 
4 
6- 
5' 


It  will  be  seen  in  examining  the  two  preceding  tables  wher^s^^^ 
of  1897  the  average  daily  earnings  in  the  southern  districts  are  35  to  40  cen 

ern  districts,  yet  since  the  strike  the  e^nings  in  the  f in  pr^es  in  su- 

per  day  above  those  in  the  northern  districts,  and  been^76  5 to  96  ]• 

southern  districts  as  Pana,  Belleville,  and  Duquoin,  ^ ’ districts  are  20  to  40  p 

cent  above  the  prices  of  1896,  but  the  increases  in  northern  districts  are  zu  to  i 

^^Tlie  greatest  average  gain  over  former  prices  was  island^  where ^hl" 

State,  where  prices  had  been  less;  the  least,  m the  Dland  fie^ 

had  been  less  complaint  of  prices.  This  average  for  the  Rock  Island 

for  all  the  men  involved,  including  those  who  received  no  advance. 

obtained  a gain  received  about  5 per  cent  over  former  prices.  < advance  of  substr 

field,  Danville,  and  Streator  fields  fared  about  equally  well  , . , advaU 

tially  20  per  cent.  The  Belleville  and  Duquoin  miners  are  credited  with  an  adva 


665 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


in  round  numbers  of  50  per  cent,  and  the  Pana,  Mount  Olive,  and  Virden  men  with  a 
rain  of  25  per  cent.  In  a more  general  way  it  may  be  said  that  the  advance  in  the 
Peoria  field  was  10  per  cent,  and  in  the  Braidwood-La  Salle  field  15  per  cent.  For  the 
State  at  large,  reducing  all  percentages  to  1,  the  gain  was  26.42  per  cent.  (Illinois 
Coal  Keport,  1897,  p.  184.) 

The  figures  referred  to  in  the  last  paragraph  quoted  are  presented 
in  the  table  next  submitted,  which  shows,  by  district,  the  number 
of  Illinois  coal  miners  involved  in  the  strike  of  1897,  the  average 
iuration  of  the  strike,  the  prices  paid  per  ton  mined,  before  and 
after  the  strike,  and  the  increase  in  wages.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
he  average  gain  for  machine  miners  was  36.3  per  cent,  whereas  that 
for  all  miners,  including  machine,  was  26.4  per  cent. 

Table  350. — Increase  in  wages  of  coal  miners  in  Illinois  as  result  of  the  strike  of  1897,  in 

each  specified  coal  field. 


[Compiled  from  Illinois  Coal  Report  of  1897.] 


Field. 

Number 

1 

! 

Average 

Prices  per  gross  ton. 

of  men 
involved. 

duration 
per  man. 

Before 

strike. 

After 

strike. 

Increase. 

Northern 

/ 9,280 

\ 1,909 

893 
1,500 
1,645 
2,394 
3,556 
1,749 
1,354 
2,374 
2,007 

Days. 
130.  85 

Cents. 

} 51.5 

45.3 

40 

30 

31.9 

25.9 

25 

25.5 
27. 2 

Cents. 

59. 2 

Per  cent, 
j 13. 97 

lock  Island 

134.  48 
71.  74 
45.  20 
88.  23 
79.60 
106.  33 
59.  45 
31.  86 

46.6 
44. 38 

\ 19. 68 

9 OA 

’eoria 

yo 

1 n 07 

Danville 

36!  43 
37 

lU.  VI 
91  AfK 

.pringfield 

dl.  40 
IQ  IQ 

’ana,  Mount  Olive,  and  Virden 

32.14 

ly.  io 
24. 12 

t^A  7e: 

lelleville 

Duquoin 

oo.  uo 
d 

04.  ( 0 

A1 

lig  Muddy 

oo.  ^ 

37.15 

29.41 

OU.  01 

36.6 

OA  Q 

lachine  mines 

91.00 

2L95 

oO.  o 

Total 

28,721 

99.  88 

31.53 

39. 93 

9 A AO 

ZO.  4Z 

To  quote  the  Industrial  Commission  further: 

The  effect  of  labor  organization  on  the  prices  and  earnings  of  machine  miners  is 
5own  in  even  more  striking  form  by  the  following  table.  This  gives  the  scale  of  prices 
Dr  hand  mining  and  machine  mining  as  agreed  upon  in  the  interstate  conferences  of 
900  and  1901  for  the  basing  districts  of  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illinois, 
t will  be  seen  that  in  Illinois,  where  the  union  is  especially  strong,  the  machine  price 
Dr  the  basing  district,  Danville,  which  is  fixed  by  the  interstate  conferences,  is  10 
ents  below  the  hand  price,  but  for  the  other  districts  of  the  State,  where  the  prices 
re  fixed  by  the  state  organization,  the  differential  is  only  7 cents.  On  the  other  hand, 
Dr  the  State  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  where  the  unions  have  developed  less  strength’ 
be  differential  is  19.2  cents.  These  discriminations  in  the  differentials  against 
Ihnois  account  for  the  fact  * * * that  the  adoption  of  mining  machinery  in 
llmois  has  not  progressed  as  rapidly  as  in  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 

■'able  351. — Comparative  prices  for  pick  and  machine  mining  {per  ton),  1900  and  1901. 


[From  report  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  vol.  15,  p.  404.] 


Illinois. 

Indiana, 

Ohio, 

Hocking 

Valley. 

1 

Pennsyl- 

vania. 

Danville 

district. 

Outside 

Danville. 

bitumi- 

nous. 

ick 

Cents. 

49 

Cents. 

4Q 

Cents. 

ACk 

Cents. 

Cents. 

K7 

achine 

39 

4y 

49 

4y 

9A  c; 

oi 

07  Q 

57 

ifferential 

10 

4.^ 

7 

oO.  0 

1 9 ^ 

O/  . O 

1 Q 9 

37. 8 

1 Q 9 

1^.  0 

ly.  ^ 

ly.  z 

0f)6  The  Immigration  Commission. 


DISPLACEMENT  OF  OLD  EMPLOYEES  BY  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

After  the  mine  workers  had  been  organized  into  unions  and  had 
succeeded  in  securing  a readjustment  of  wages,  the  tendency  toward 
tiie  displacement  of  old  employees  still  continued,  in  a less  marked 
degree,  for  several  reasons:  (1)  Recent  imniigrants,  largely  because 
of  ignorance  and  inexperience,  seemed  willing  to  work  under  insani- 
tary conditions  and  in  wet  places  and  under  imperfectly  timbered 
roofs,  and  to  submit  to  such  extra  work  as  clearing  away  falling  slate 
and  timbering  dangerous  places  without  compensation;  (2)  b}^  then 
tractability,  their  submission  to  being  driven,  and  by  consenting 
to  be  used  as  strike  breakers  they  often  continued  m control  ol 
the  mines  at  the  conclusion  of  a strike,  and  tended  to  lessen  the 
amount  of  consideration  shown  to  employees,  both  in  general 
treatment  and  in  matters  of  discipline;  and  (3)  recent  immigrants 
at  first  accepted  the  labor  organization  of  the  miners  as  a necessary/ 
preliminary  to  securing  work  and  did  not  manifest  any  interest  ir 
its  tenets  or  display  any  enthusiasm  in  adhering  to,  or  securing 
adherence  to,  its  principles.  The  result  was  a deterioration  of  con- 
ditions under  which  all  underground  employees  worked.  A part  ol 
the  old  employees,  after  a change  from  hand  to  machine  mining  hac 
been  made,  were  enabled  to  secure  some  of  the  proportionately  smallei 
numbers  of  skilled  places  resulting  from  the  change  and  remained  ir 
the  mines.  Other  pick  miners,  being  unwilling  to  work  under  th( 
conditions  brought  about  by  the  introduction  of  the  iinmigrant 
entered  the  positions  not  invaded  by  the  immigrant,  being  known  a^ 
shift  or  day  men,  and  compensated  at  a fixed  rate  by  the  day  oi 
month.  The  earnings  from  these  occupations  in  the  majority  o 
cases  were  not  as  large  as  from  digging  coal,  but  those  engaged  ii 
them  were  removed  from  contact  and  competition  with  the  immi 
grant.  The  larger  part  of  the  old  employees,  however,  left  the  com 
munities  where  they  first  felt  the  competition  of  the  imrnigrant  anc 
souo-ht  work  in  other  localities  where  hand  mining  was  still  followed 
or  where  there  was  an  active  demand  for  experienced  miners  becaus( 
of  the  rapid  development  of  the  coal  industry.  The  changes  o 
racial  distribution  in  this  respect  are  evident  from  a comparisoi 
of  the  present  composition  of  the  mines  of  southern  and  northeri 
Illinois  with  the  racial  make-up  of  the  operating  forces  ten  or  fifteei 
years  ago.  The  same  movement  may  also  be  observed  by  comparing 
the  present  racial  composition  of  the  old  mining  localities  with  th 
population  of  past  periods,  or  by  comparing  the  older  localities  witl 
mining  communities  which  have  come  into  existence  during  the  pas 

five  or  ten  years.  . . . , . . ^ i . • 

The  same  tendencies  in  a constantly  diminishing  importance  obtaii 
at  the  present  day.  The  complaint  is  made  in  all  sections  of  tin 
Middle  West  that  the  recent  immigrant,  by  his  willingness  to  wor 
in  dangerous  places  and  to  increase  the  danger  of  accidents  to  mmsel 
and  his  fellow- workmen,  by  his  acceptance  without  protest  of  exti. 
work  without  compensation,  by  his  importunity  in  securing  worl 
for  himself  and  his  fellow-countrymen,  by  his  evasion  of  and  failur 
to  adhere  to  the  regulations  of  the  labor  organizations,  and  by  con 
senting  to  the  so-called  company-store  system  and  the  occupancy  o 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


667 


undesirable  company  houses,  tends  to  bring  about  working  conditions 
svhich  are  unsatisfactory  to  the  native  or  old  employee  and  to  develop 
a standard  of  living  with  which  the  old  employee  can  not  compete. 
These  complaints  come  from  all  sections  of  Illinois  and  Indiana.  In 
southern  Illinois  especially  they  are  strong  and  general.  In  Indiana 
and  northern  Illinois  they  are  less  intense,  though  quite  marked  and 
general.  In  Ohio  the  situation  is  even  more  marked  because  of  the 
strength  of  the  competition  arising  from  the  decreasing  amount  of 
employment  available  due  to  the  exhaustion  of  the  coal  in  certain 
localities. 

Another  fact  worthy  of  notice  in  this  connection  is  that  the  old 
employee  has  not  only  had  to  suffer  the  maladjustment  of  industry 
arising  from  a change  of  methods  and  bad  and  often  dangerous  work- 
ing conditions,  resulting  from  the  employment  of  ignorant  and 
Inexperienced  miners,  but  he  has  also  had  to  meet  the  competition 
)f  trained  and  experienced  miners  from  foreign  countries  and  from 
)ther  sections  of  the  United  States.  A considerable  number  of  recent 
mmigrants  employed  in  the  Middle  West,  notably  Germans,  North 
[talians,  and  English,  have  had  previous  experience  in  the  mines  of 
Iieir  home  countries.  Moreover,  as  the  result  of  labor  disturbances  in 
Aest  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  especially  during  and  since  the  Penn- 
sylvania anthracite  strike  of  1902,  many  native  and  foreign  miners 
vith  experience  in  coal  mining  have  migrated  to  the  Middle  West 
n search  of  work  and  better  conditions  of  employment.  The  result 
las  been  an  increasing  pressure  upon  the  old  employee  in  the  Middle 
Vest  and  a tendency  toward  his  displacement.  The  practice 
imong  recent  immigrants,  especially  in  Illinois,  of  transferring  union 
*ards  fraudulently  or  of  obtaining  certificates  as  miners  by  misrep- 
■esentations  has  had  the  effect  of  displacing  the  old  employee. 

The  general  result  of  all  these  forces  and  conditions  which  are  still 
)perative,  though  in  a less  degree  than  formerly,  is  the  displacement 
)!  the  former  miners  and  a deterioration  of  their  conditions  of  emplo}^- 
nent.  Many  of  the  older  employees,  it  is  true,  have  ascended  in  the 
ndustrial  scale  because  of  the  greater  range  of  opportunities  opened 
)y  the  expansion  of  the  industry.  The  majority,  however,  have  been 
orced  into  day  or  shift  work  at  a lower  rate  of  pay  than  in  digging 
ioal,  have  been  compelled  to  migrate  to  other  localities,  or  have 
fielded  to  the  existing  conditions  under  penalty  of  being  eliminated 
rom  the  industry.  There  is  a well-marked  tendency  in  Illinois  of 
he  older  employees  to  retreat  from  the  North  to  the  South  and  to 
he  Southwest  in  the  face  of  the  increasing  number  of  immigrants. 

The  saving  factor  in  the  situation  from  the  standpoint  of  the  native 
md  original  employees  has  been  the  counteracting  influence  exerted 
)y  the  labor  organizations.  The  labor  leaders  have  recognized  the 
)otency  of  this  factor  and  have  at  all  times  sought  to  impress  the 
ecent  immigrant  with  the  tenets  of  trade  unionism  while  they  have 
constantly  endeavored  to  arouse  in  him  an  enthusiastic  adherence 
o its  regulations.  As  their  period  of  residence  has  lengthened,  the 
mmigrant  workers  have  to  a greater  and  greater  extent  learned  the 
ise  of  English  and  familiarized  tliemselves  with  the  requirements 
md  regulations  of  the  unions  and  have  taken  a more  active  interest 
n the  affairs  of  the  organization  until  the  situation,  from  the  view 


668 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


j 


point  of  the  trade-unionist,  has  become  more  encouraging.  Thii 
change  is  especially  marked  among  the  North  and  South  Italians 
who  were  formerly  considered  the  worst  offenders.  In  some  localities 
in  Illinois  the  North  Italian  is  now  regarded  as  having  practically  nc 
bad  effects  upon  the  conditions  under  which  mine  employees  work 
In  other  localities,  the  South  Italian  is  considered  to  be  making  fan 
prot^ress  in  the  same  direction.  The  Lithuanian  is  usually  con 
kde^red  in  the  same  light  as  the  North  Italian.  Some  employer: 
even  assert  that  the  NoVth  Italian  and  Lithuanian  are  more  difficul 
to  deal  with  and  more  insistent  upon  their  rights  than  the  immigrants 
of  past  periods,  such  as  the  English  and  Irish.  The  general  feelm^ 
among  the  older  immigrants  and  employees  is  one  of  dissatistactioi 
with  conditions  produced  by  the  races  of  recent  immigration  and  th< 
constant  effort  is  being  made  to  bring  them  up  to  the  standards  pu 
forward  by  the  labor  organization. 


SUBSEQUENT  HISTORY  OF  OLD  EMPLOYEES. 

No  extensive  data  are  available  as  to  the  subsequent  history  of  th 
pioneer  miners  in  the  Middle  West  who  were  displaced  by  the  recen 
immigrant.  It  is  well  known,  and  has  already  been  pointed  out,  tha 
many"’  of  them  advanced  in  the  industrial  scale,  becoming  foremei 
and  attaining  other  responsible  positions.  It  has  also  been  men 
tioned  that  a large  number  abandoned  the  occupation  of  miner  fo 
positions  as  day  or  shift  men.  Many  also  migrated  and  located  n 
other  sections  of  the  Middle  West  where  hand  mining  contmued  t. 
be  followed,  and  many  also  moved  to  other  coal  fields,  principally  t. 
Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  in  the  Southwest.  The  reports  from  seyera 
communities  also  show  that  many  of  the  former  miners  who  left  th 
industry  entirely  because  of  change  in  methods  or  the  employmen 
of  immigrants  entered  mercantile,  clerical,  mechanical,  and  othe 
lines  of  work.  The  reports  further  unite  in  the  statement,  howeyei 
that  the  displaced  employees  did  not  better  their  economic  condition 


SURPLUS  LABOR  SUPPLY  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS  AND  ITS  EFFECTS 


Another  effect  of  recent  immigration,  which  seems  to  be  well  estab 
lished,  is  the  decrease  of  the  average  number  of  working  days  annual! 
available  to  the  older  employee.  The  fluctuating  demand  for  coal 
as  is  well  known,  produces  recurrent  periods  of  idleness  in  coal  mining 
This  fact,  considered  in  connection  with  the  rapid  expansion  of  coa 
mining  in  the  Middle  West,  is  significant,  because  tlie  remarkab! 
rapid  increase  in  the  coal  output  of  this  area  brought  to  its  mines  a 
unusually  large  force  of  men.  Consequently,  in  times  of  slackness  c 
demand  or  industrial  depression,  there  is  a large  surplus  of  unem 
ployed  men.  As  a result,  the  natives  and  older  immigrants  insert 
they  are  subject  to  unfriendly  discrimination  in  the  selection  of  me 
for  employment,  and  consequently  their  aggregate  working  time  i 
reduced. 

During  times  of  slackness  of  work  this  condition  of  affairs  ofte 
reaches  an  acute  stage.  Many  instances  of  this  kind  were  observabl 
during  the  recent  industrial  depression. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


669 


In  the  southern  Illinois  mining  communities  it  seems  to  be  the 
reneral  consensus  of  opinion  among  the  older  workers  that,  during 
he  early  years  of  the  past  decade,  the  sinking  of  new  shafts  and  the 
expansion  of  the  coal  industry  went  on  far  too  rapidly  to  be  perma- 
lent  or  to  render  steady  work  possible  for  the  numbers  of  men  that 
vere  then  employed  in  the  mines.  The  older  miners  allege  that  a 
condition  has  now  been  reached  in  and  throughout  Illinois  where,  even 
inder  normal  industrial  conditions,  there  are  two  miners  for  every 
)lace  that  offers  steady  work  for  one  miner.  T^en  the  mines  are  at 
vork  the  crowding  of  men  in  the  mines  renders  it  impossible  for  each 
aan  to  get  the  number  of  cars  to  load  which  will  give  him  steady 
inployment  for  the  day,  and  the  aggregate  yearly  earnings  for  all 
ainers  in  the  State  do  not  constitute  more  than  enough  to  fairly 
ompensate  one-half  of  the  miners  for  steady  work. 

Under  such  conditions,  the  presence  of  immigrants  where  it  is  thus 
elt  that  they  are  not  needed,  together  with  the  conviction  on  the 
'art  of  natives  that  a preference  is  shown  for  the  immigrants  in  the 
istribution  of  work  and  that  the  immigrants  do  not  always  obtain 
beir  work  by  fair  means,  as  well  as  the  noisiness  of  immigrants  in 
beir  celebrations  and  festivities  and  their  low  standards  of  living, 
srved  to  stir  up  a feeling  of  antagonism  against  recent  comers  in 
eneral. 

In  this  same  connection,  another  complaint  against  the  recent 
nmigrant  is  made  by  the  older  employee  to  the  effect  that  the  recent 
nmigrants  being  largely  unmarried  and,  at  the  same  time,  migratory 
1 their  habits,  move  readily  from  one  locality  to  another,  always 
lekmg  the  community  where  there  is  a demand  for  labor  and  thus 
iuse,  in  numerous  instances,  an  oversupply  of  labor,  which  reacts 
) the  injury  of  the  employees  permanently  working  and  living  in  the 
>cahty  affected. 

INCREASE  IN  THE  CHANCES  OF  ACCIDENTS. 

Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  increased  liability  to  acci- 
3nt  because  of  the  einployment  of  immigrant  workmen.®  The 
der  miners  assert  that  injudiciousness  on  the  part  of  recent  immi- 
'ants,  and  the  ignorance  of  those  who  are  suspected  of  having 
itamed  their  places  without  having  had  the  required  experience  as 
liners,  have  tended  to  increase  the  accidents  resulting  from  explo- 
ons  and  in  this  way  render  the  mines  less  safe. 

STERIORATION  OF  WORKING  CONDITIONS  AND  METHODS  CAUSED  BY 
EMPLOYMENT  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

In  many  localities  of  Indiana  and  Illinois,  it  is  asserted  that  the 
Qploympt  of  immigrants  has  lowered  the  general  standard  of  work- 
anship  m the  mines.  Coal  is  ‘^shot  off  the  solid''  instead  of  being 
undercut  as  formerly,  and  the  complaint  is  made  that  too  much 
)wder  IS  used  and  too  nauch  slack  coal  produced.  The  operators 
'ntend  that  this  situation  is  due  to  the  action  of  the  unions  in  uphold- 
g their  members  in  careless  methods  of  work.  On  the  other  hand. 


“See  Chap.  IV,  p 651. 


670 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  miners  and  union  officials  assert  that  the  condition  is  attributable^ 
to  the  operators,  who,  to  fill  abnormal  demands  for  coal,  employed 
inexperienced  immigrants  in  such  large  numbers  that  it  was  impos- 
sible to  teach  them  to  mine  by  approved  methods;  that  they  were 
permitted  to  shoot  the  coal  instead  of  mining  it;  and  that  powdei 
has  been  allowed  to  do  the  work  that  formerly  required  skdl.  The 
statement  is  then  made  by  the  old  employee  that  this  state  of  attain 
not  only  increases  accidents  but  leads  to  the  introduction  of  machines 
for  the  purpose  of  undercutting  the  coal  and  lessening  the  slack  coa 

in  the  output.  . , . . .1  m-  • 

This  state  of  opinion  is  especially  noticeable  m southern  iilmois 
In  the  thick  coal  seams  in  this  section,  when  machines  are  not  usee 
the  coal  is  shot  off  the  solid  and  not  undercut  by  picks  before  th( 
shooting  is  done.  The  old  methods  are  becoming  largely  obsolete 
Whether  due,  as  the  operators  claim,  to  the  disposition  of  the  uniom 
to  uphold  their  members  in  disputes  arising  out  of  poor  methods  0 
work,  or,  as  the  unions  claim,  to  the  operators  in  employing  immi 
grants  in  such  large  numbers  that  they  could  not  be  taught  prope: 
mining  methods  and  resorted  to  excessive  use  of  powder,  the  condi 
tion  is  generally  conceded  to  exist  and  to  be  a cause  for  the  rnulti 
plication  of  mining  accidents  and  for  the  production  of  coal  containing 
a much  larger  percentage  of  slack”  than  formerly.  All  mining  11 
the  vState  is  paid  for  on  the  ''mine  run”  basis  and  no  restramin< 
influence  in  the  use  of  powder  is  exerted  by  the  use  of  screens.  T( 
lessen  the  loss  of  life  in  mine  accidents  the  State  enacted  laws  requir 
ing  "shot  firers”  to  be  employed  in  mines  where  large  charges  0 
powder  were  used.  The  operators  urge,  however,  that  the  ruir^r 
grew  less  careful  in  preparing  their  charges  when  they  realized  tha 
they  were  not  to  do  the  firing  for  themselves,  that  the  accident 
arising  from  excessive  use  of  powder  were  not  elirninated,  and  tha 
the  proportion  of  slack  coal  in  the  output  has  continued  to  increase 
Except  where  local  conditions,  such  as  frail  roofs,  prevent  the  use  0 
machines  and  where  mining  superintendents  are  averse  to  usin; 
machines  on  the  ground  that  they  deteriorate  standards  of  work 
manship,  the  general  tendency,  therefore,  is  to  introduce  machines  ii 
order  to  prevent  the  excessive  use  of  powder  and  decrease  the  amoun 

of  slack  coal  produced.  . p a/t-  1 

A situation  unusual,  as  compared  with  other  sections  ot  the  Mia 
die  West,  obtains  in  the  Hocking  Valley  district  in  Ohio.  In  thi 
region  the  presence  of  the  alien  races  has  resulted  in  some  American 
leaving  the  mines,  but  not  to  such  an  extent  as  in  districts  wher 
the  percentage  of  the  foreigners  is  considerably  larger.  In  this  nek 
probably  70  to  80  per  cent  of  the  miners  are  American  or  Englisb 
speaking,  and  it  seems  likely  that  this  percentage  will  not  chang 
greatly  in  the  near  future,  because  as  production  in  this  region  decline 
the  foreign  laborers  are  dismissed,  providing  there  are  sufficient  Am^ 
icans  available  for  the  work,  and  at  present  the  tendency  of  tn 
Americans  and  their  sons  to  remain  in  the  mines  indicates  that  the 
will  hold  their  own.  The  same  situation  is  found  in  the  Massillo 
district  in  Ohio.  This  is  noteworthy,  since  in  almost  all  otl^r  co[ 
districts  the  second  generation  of  natives  and  English,  Irish,  Scotcl 
and  Welsh  seek  other  kinds  of  work  than  mining. 


Chapter  VI. 

HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

lent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living— Boarders  and  lodgers— Size  of  apartments 
oTne^al^Mles  n9  studied— Congestion— [Text  Tables  352  to  361  and 

RENT  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 

A majority  of  the  families  investigated  in  the  Middle  West  own 
iieir  homes.  Seventy-nine  out  of  a total  of  171,  however,  rent  their 
ouses,  and  the  average  rent  paid  by  these  households  per  apartment 
er  room,  and  per  person  is  sliov/n  in  the  following  table: 

ABLE  352.~Average  rent  per  month,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

The  totals,  however,  are  for  all 


his  table  includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting 

races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Number  of 
households 

Average  rent  per— 

paying  rent 
and  report- 
ing amount. 

Apartment. 

Room. 

Person. 

itive-born  of  native  father.  White  . 

14 

1 K 

$2. 24 

S2.81 

reign-born: 

Italian,  North.. 

^y. 

er 

Italian,  South 

10 

1 f; 

0. 97 

1. 95 

1.90 

Lithuanian 

10 

QO 

6.  23 

1. 95 

1.53 

Grand  total. . 

OZ 

7. 16 

2. 14 

1.44 

70 

2.09 

1.  74 

tal  native-born. . 

/y 

7. 13 

1 i 

2. 24 
2. 05 

tal  foreign-born.. 

9. 43 

00 

6.  G3 

1 

1.56 

The  above  table  exhibits  the  fact  that  the  households  whose  heads 
ire  toreign-born  pay  an  average  rent  per  apartment  which  is  29  7 
T cent  less  than  the  average  rent  paid  by  all  households  whose 
ads  are  native-born  of  native  father.  The  Americans  usually  live 
len  possible,  in  town  or  urban  centers  where  housing  conditions  are 
■od  and  rents  higher.  On  the  other  hand,  the  disposition  of  the 
imigra,nt  is  to  bye  in  the  outlying  or  detached  communities  which 
aster  immediately  around  the  mines,  or,  when  living  within  the 
til  the  within  a section  which  is  inferior  as  compared 

iAs  regard^s  rent  payments  per  room,  it  is  noticeable  that  the  North 
ju  bouth  Italians  pay  below  the  average  and  the  Lithuanians  pay 
! ^ average.  The  rent  per  room  paid  by  each  of  these 

igrant  races,  however,  varies  only  slightly  above  or  below  $2. 
le  reason  tor  this  showing  is  obvious  when  the  tendency  of  the  immi- 
int  tohve  in  company  houses  is  recalled,  together  with  the  fact  that 

companies  for  houses  is  about  $2  per 
.L  foreign-born  races,  the  Lithuanians  pay  the  high- 

1 r^nt  both  per  room  and  per  apartment. 


671 


672 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  eac 
specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  rac 
of  head  of  household: 

Table  353  — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartmen 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  £ 
*■  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  paying— 

Under  85. 

Under 

87.50. 

Under 

810. 

Undei 

812.50. 

Foreign-born,  Lithuanian 

32 

57.16 

0.0 

71.9 

100.0 

IOC 

Grand  total 

79 

7.13 

10.1 

60.8 

91. 1 

97 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

14 

G5 

9.43 

G.G3 

(a) 

12.3 

(a) 

72.3 

(a) 

98.5 

(«) 

lOf 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  total  of  79  households  studied  in  the  above  table,  10.1  p( 
cent  pay  under  $5,  60.8  per  cent  pay  under  $7.50,  91.1  per  cent  pa 
under  $10,  and  97.5  per  cent  pay  under  $12.50  rent  per  month  pt 

apartment.  . , . , ^ • i 

Of  the  65  households  the  heads  of  which  are  foreign-born,  none  pa 
as  hio-h  as  $12.50,  and  of  the  32  households  the  heads  of  which  a: 
Lithuanians,  none  pay  either  as  low  as  $5  or  as  high  as  $10  rent  p< 
month  per  apartment.  . 

Owing  to  the  limited  number  of  households  paying  rent,  as  well  i 
the  limited  number  of  households  studied  in  the  Middle  West,  tl 
numbers  are  so  small  for  most  of  the  individual  races  as  not  to  adm 
of  comparison  by  percentages.  The  larger  part  of  Amerman  hous' 
holds  are  paying  a monthly  rent  per  room  which  ranges  between  t 
and  $3,  while  about  50  per  cent  of  all  households  of  recent  inimigr. 
tion  pay  a monthly  room  rent  within  the  same  limits. 

The  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  the  general  uniformity  of  ayera< 
rents  per  apartment  and  per  room  is  not  that  the  races  of  mcent  imra 
gration  have  about  the  same  general  standard  of  living,  but  that  tl 
houses  occupied  by  the  miners  in  the  mining  communities  are  ot 
similar  type  and  are  intended  to  rent  for  a uniform  price  per  rooi 
the  rent  for  the  entire  apartment  varying  with  the  number  of  room 
The  tendency  on  the  part  of  many  races  of  recent  immigration  is 
crowd  the  houses  with  boarders  or  lodgers,  or  to  divide  the  house  wil 
one  or  more  families,  in  order  to  decrease  the  per  capita  or  per  hous 
hold  outlay  for  rent.  Where  the  families  are  not  occupying  a cor 
pany  house  or  where  a home  is  being  purchased,  the  sarne  tencmnci 
prevail.  This  is  well  exemplified  in  Table  352  by  the  fact  that 
the  case  of  the  Lithuanians  the  average  rent  per  room  is  $2.14,  wm 
the  average  rent  per  person  is  only  $1.44.  Owing  to  these  and  simil 
facts,  it  is  plain  that  in  treating  rent  as  an  index  of  standard  ot  livii 
the  only  satisfactory  basis  for  discussion  is  rent  per  person. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


673 


Upon  a comparison  of  the  average  rent  per  person  paid  by  indi- 
iduals  native-born  of  native  father  with  the  average  paid  by  foreign- 
orn  persons,  the  average  rent  per  person  for  the  65  immigrant  house- 
olds  reporting  is  44.5  per  cent  lower  than  the  average  rent  per  person 
3r  the  14  American  households.  The  Lithuanian  race,  which  has  the 
ighest  standing  on  the  basis  of  rent  per  household  and  apartment, 
lakes  the  lowest  showing  among  the  foreign  races  when  judged  by 
be  standard  of  average  rent  per  person. 


BOARDERS  AND  LODGERS. 


As  bearing  upon  the  living  conditions  in  the  Middle  West,  the 
illowing  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping 
oarders  or  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household : 

A.BLE  354. — Number  and  'per  cent  of  households  beeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

iformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Households  keeping 
Total  boarders  or  lodgers. 

number  of  

households. 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


itive-born  of  native  father,  White 
ireign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


22 

51 

25 

50 

23 


3 

10 

6 


0.0 

.0 

12.0 

20.0 

26.1 


Grand  total. 

'tal  native-born . 
'tal  foreign-born 


171 


22 

149 


19 


11.1 


.0 

12.8 


Based  upon  information  received  from  171  households,  the  above 
ble  shows  that  11.1  per  cent  keep  boarders  or  lodgers.  None  of  the 
Itive-born  households  keep  boarders  or  lodgers.  Of  the  149  house- 
)lds  whose  heads  are  foreign-born,  12.8  per  cent  keep  boarders  or 
dgers.  There  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  above  presentation,  except 
lat  the  Poles  show  a larger  proportion  than  the  Lithuanians  or  South 
alians  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  proportion  of  Poles  amounting 
' over  one-fourth  of  their  number,  as  compared  with  one-fifth  of  the 
ithuanians  and  a fraction  less  than  one-eighth  of  the  South  Italians. 
The  table  next  presented  shows  the  average  number  of  boarders  or 
dgers  per  household,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
fid. 


674 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  355. — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by  general  nativit 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons 


only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  th 
who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


Average  number  of 
boarders  or  lodger 
per  household— 


General  nativity  anvd  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 


Total 

number  of  ; 
households. 


Number 
of  house- 
; holds  keep- 
ing boarders 
or  lodgers. 


N umber 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 


Based  on 
total  num- 
ber of 

households. 


Based  on 
number  olj 
household: 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White 
Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


22 


51 

25 

50 

23 


5 

22 

15 


0. 20  (o) 

.44 

. 05  (a) 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born. 
Total  foreign-born 


22 


149 


19 


42 


.25 


.28 


2.2 


2.2 


2.2 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


From  information  secured  it  will  be  seen  that,  based  on  the  numbe 
of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  average  number  of  sucl 
boarders  or  lodgers  per  household  is  2.21,  while  the  average  number 
based  on  the  total  number  of  households,  is  but  0.25. 


SIZE  OF  APARTMENTS  OCCUPIED. 

As  regards  the  size  of  the  apartments  occupied  by  the  household 
studied  in  the  Mddle  West,  the  table  below  presents  in  detail  the  pe 
cent  of  households  by  general  nativity  and  race  which  occupy  apart 
ments  of  a specified  number  of  rooms: 

Table  366.— Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  o 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  jace  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 

num- 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments 
specified  number  of  rooms. 

of  eac 

ber  of 
house- 
holds. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native 
father,  White 

22 

4. 45 

0.0 

0.0 

18.2 

50.0 

13.6 

9.1 

9. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

51 

3.98 

.0 

13.7 

11.8 

41.2 

29.4 

3.9 

Italian,  South 

25 

3.48 

.0 

12.0 

36.0 

44.0 

8.0 

.0 

-1 

Lithuanian 

50 

3.  44 

.0 

2.0 

58.0 

34.0 

6.0 

.0 

Polish 

23 

3.09 

.0 

.0 

91.3 

8.7 

.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

171 

3.69 

.0 

6.4 

40.4 

36.3 

13.5 

2.3 

1.. 

Total  native-born 

22 

4. 45 

.0 

.0 

18.2 

50.0 

l’3  . 6 

9.1 

9. 

Total  foreign-born 

149 

3.58 

.0 

7.4 

43.6 

34.2 

13.4 

1.3 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


675 


Upon  examination  of  the  preceding  table  it  is  seen  that  18.2  per 
ent  or  the  Ainerican  households  occupy  homes  of  three  rooms  and  50 
er  cent  live  m apartments  of  four  rooms.  The  greater  number  of 
nmigrant  families  are  housed  in  three  and  four  room  apartments, 
3,6  per  cent  of  the  total  living  in  apartments  of  the  former  size  and 
4-  ™ l^.tter.  Seven  and  four-tenths  per  cent  of  the 

oiisenolds  or  foreign  birth  have  two-room  apartments.  None  of  the 
.merican  or  immigrant  households  occupy  one-room  apartments. 

As  regards  the  different  immigrant  races,  the  greatest  tendency  to 
ve  in  small  apartments  is  noticeable  among  the  South  Italians 
oles,  and  Lithuanians.  More  than  90  per  cent  of  the  Polish  house- 
olds  occupy  three-room  apartments  and  the  remainder  have  four 
)oms  each  Thirty-six  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households  are 
oused  in  three-room  apartments,  12  per  cent  have  two  rooms,  and, 

f thp  occupying  five-room  apartments, 

other  households  of  this  race  have  four-room  apartments! 
ractically  all  of  the  Lithuanian  households  have  three  and  tour  room 
lartment^  The  most  favorable  showing  is  made  by  the  North 
.alians.  Thirteen  and  seven-tenths  per  cent  of  the  households  of  this 
ice  are  found  in  apartments  of  two  rooms,  11.8  per  cent  have  three 
loms  41.2  per  cent  have  four  rooms,  29.4  per  cent  have  five  rooms, 
Id  3.9  per  cent  have  six;  none,  however,  live  in  apartments  of  seven 
more  rooms.  The  Aorth  Italians  are  far  in  advance  of  any  of  the 
.her  races  of  foreign  birth  in  the  tendency  to  live  in  apartments  of  a 
•eater  number  of  rooms. 

The  size  of  the  apartments  occupied  by  households  of  different 
ces  m mining  localities  may  be  said  to  be  a criterion  of  racial  ten- 
■ncies  only  within  certain  limitations.  The  mining  employees 
pecially  in  detached  communities,  are  forced  to  live  in  company 
usually,  as  alr^dy  pointed  out,  standardized  struc- 

,!ll  ^ number  of  larger-sized  houses  is 

lall  and  the  races  occupying  them  may  be  said  to  exhibit  a tend- 
cy  toward  better  living  conditions.  On  the  other  hand,  races  which 
Qd  toward  congestion  will  occupy  the  smaller  apartments  which 
ry  be  available.  This  situation  exists  in  the  Middle  West  as  in 

idenHe?'iLT'f“®’  any  conclusion  as  to  racial 

idencies  the  fact  must,  therefore,  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  is 

t comparatively  small  range  for  selection  as  to  size  of  houses  and 
inclinaLon  toward  crowded  living  conditions  is  best  exemplified 
the  division  of  houses  by  households  and  the  number  of  persons 
r household  and  per  room.  ^ 


SIZE  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

outlined,  the  tables  following  are  presented.  The 
!>t  table  shows  the  number  of  households  of  each  specified  number 

'.^nnmK  """1  i*®  j '’"“SS  forward  in  a summary  form 

rrtm^mfnf  i'onseholds,  together  with  the  number  of  persons  in 
irtments  of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 


676 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  ‘657.— Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  naHvit 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  house- 
hold. 

Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  o: 
mor 

Native-born  of  na- 
tive father,  White. 
Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North.. 
Italian,  South.. 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

22 

51 

25 

50 

23 

3.59 

4.18 

4.84 

4.68 

4.83 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

31.8 

15.7 

16.0 

8.0 

17.4 

31.8 

27.5 

16.0 

16.0 

13.0 

13.6 

19.6 
12.0 

24.0 

13.0 

4.5 

19.6 

16.0 

26.0 

30.4 

9.1 

5.9 

20.0 

16.0 

4.3 

4.5 

3.9 

8.0 

4.0 

4.3 

4.5 

5.9 

8.0 

2.0 

8.7 

0.0 

2.0 

4.0 

2.0 
8.7 

0. 

2. 

Grand  total. . 

Total  native-born.. 
Total  foreign-born.. 

171 

4.43 

.0 

15.8 

21.1 

18.1 

20.5 

11.1 

4.7 

5.3 

2.9 

22 

149 

3.59 

4.56 

.0 

.0 

31.8 

13.4 

31.8 

19.5 

13.6 

18.8 

4.5 

22.8 

9.1 

11.4 

4.5 

4.7 

4.5 

5.4 

.0 

3.4 

An  examination  of  the  foregoing  table  exhibits  the  fact  that  th 
average  household  whose  head  is  of  native  birth  has  fewer  person 
than  the  average  household  whose  head  is  foreign-born,  bixty-tipe 
and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  the  households  whose  heads  are  native 
born  are  of  three  persons  or  less,  as  compared  with  32.9  per  cent  c 
the  households  of  the  foreign-born.  Moreover,  77.2  per  cent  of  th 
native  households  have  four  persons  or  less,  while  only  51.7  per  cer 
of  the  foreign  households  are  so  reported.  It  follows,  obviously,  ths 
slightly  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  native  households  and  almoe 
one-half  of  the  households  of  the  foreign-bom  are  composed  of  ii\ 
or  more  persons.  Only  a very  small  proportion  of  the  households  ( 
persons  native-born  of  native  father  are  composed  of  five,  six  sevei 
and  eight  persons  each,  as  contrasted  with  the  fact  that  22.8  p( 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  immigrant  households  have  five  persoi 
each,  11.4  per  cent  have  six  persons  each,  and  14.2  per  cent  ha^ 

seven  persons  or  more.  i ii 

From  the  preceding  data  the  inference  is  therefore  plain  that  U 
households  whose  heads  are  of  native  birth  and  native  father  as 
rule  occupy  apartments  of  a larger  number  of  rooms  than  do  those 
recent  immigration  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  average  America 
household  is  one  of  a smaller  number  of  persons  than  the  avera^ 
immigrant  household;  or,  in  other  words,  the  immigrant  househol 
consists  of  a larger  number  of  persons  occupying  a smaller  apartmen 
than  does  the  American  household.  The  question,  therefore,  a 
the  relative  congestion  in  living  and  sleeping  rooms  and  the  cor 
parative  effect  upon  household  arrangements  at  once  presents  itsej 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


677 


CONGESTION. 


The  relative  extent  to  which  American  and  immigrant  households 
ccupy  apartments  of  a specified  size,  together  with  the  relative  extent 
t congestion,  having  been  examined,  the  situation  as  regards  racial 
3ndencies  in  the  Middle  West  may  be  presented  in  a summary  form 
y a series  of  averages.  With  this  object  in  view,  the  table  below 
aowmg  the  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room  and 
er  sleeping  room,  is  submitted  : 


ABLE  Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average  number  of  persons 
per— 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Sleeping 

room. 

itive-born  of  native  father.  White 

22 

51 

25 

50 

23 

3. 59 

4. 18 
4. 84 
4.68 
4.83 

0.81 

1.05 

1.39 

1.36 

1.56 

2.14 

2. 32 
2. 75 
2.  46 
2.71 

ireign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Grand  total 

171 

4.43 

1.20 

2.45 

tSfl  113-ti  v6*born 

tal  foreign-born 

149 

3.59 
4.  56 

1.27 

2.14 

2.50 

The  table  above  shows  that  the  average  number  of  persons  per 
)artment  m households  whose  heads  are  native-born  of  native  fathers 
rule,  about  one  person  less  per  apartment  than  the  average 
r the  total  number  of  households  of  foreign  birth.  The  North 
alians,  while  not  making  as  good  a showing  as  the  Americans,  are 
mewhat  m advance  of  the  other  races  of  recent  immigration  the 
yrage  number  of  persons  per  apartment  reported  by  households  of 
IS  race  being  below  the  average  number  reported  by  all  immigrant 
•useholds.  Ihe  Lithuanian  households  stand  next  to  the  North 
alian  m the  average  number  of  persons  they  report. 

Upon  examination  of  the  average  number  of  persons  per  room  it  is 
parent  that  there  is  less  tendency^  toward  crowding  in  the  Middle 
est,  both  among  Americans  and  immigrants,  than  in  other  coal- 
inmg  sections.  The  households  of  the  native-born  average  less  than 
e person  per  room,  while  the  immigrant  households  have  an  average 
room.  As  in  the  case  of  persons  per  apartment, 
e IS  orth  Italian  average  indicates  less  crowding  per  room,  and  the 
utn  Italian  and  Polish  the  greatest  degree  of  congestion 
As  regards  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room,  prac- 
ally  the  same  tendencies  are  exhibited.  The  American  households 
ve  on  an  average  slightly  more  than  two  persons  per  sleeping  room 

une-half  persons  per  sleeping  room  for  all 
useholds  of  foreign  birth.  Of  the  different  immigrant  households  the 
Ttn  Italian  is  below  the  general  average  in  the  number  of  persons 
* sleeping  room;  the  Lithuanian  is  about  on  the  average,  and  the 
48296° — VOL  6 — 11 44 


678 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


South  Italian  and  Polish  are  both  above  the  average.  Considering  a 
households  studied  in  the  Middle  West  as  compared  with  other  coal 
mining  sections,  the  degree  of  congestion  m the  Middle  West  is  com 
paratively  less  than  in  other  sections,  and  in  the  case  both  of  Am^ica 
and  immio-rant  households  there  is  on  an  average  a smaller  number  o 
persons  per  room  and  less  crowding  in  sleeping  rooms.  , . , , 

The  relative  congestion  in  apartments  and  rooms  is  found  m th 
table  which  immediately  follows,  which  shows  the  number  and  pe 
cent  of  households  having  a specified  number  of  persons  per  room: 

Table  359.— Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 


Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


Total 


Average 

number 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born. 
Total  foreign-born. 


Number  of  households  hav- 
ing each  specified  number 
of  persons  per  room. 


Per  cent  of  households  hav 
ing  each  specified  numbe 
of  persons  per  room. 


of  house- 
holds. 

sons  per 
room. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

22 

51 

OK 

n Ki 

9 

33 

21 

41 

19 

40.9 

0.0 

0.0 

U.  oi 

1.05 

4 

64.7 

7.8 

.0 

5 

84.0 

20.0 

.0 

lo 

1.  oy 

10 

82.0 

20.0 

.0 

OU 

23 

i.  OU 

1.56 

6 

1 

82.6 

26.1 

4.3 

171 

1.20 

123 

25 

1 

71.9 

14.6 

.6 

oo 

9 

114 

40.9 

.0 

. 

149 

• OA 

1 07 

25 

1 i 

76.5 

16.8 

.7 

4 01 
moil 


The  table  above  shows  conclusively  a smaller  degree  of  congestic 
among  the  American  households  than  among  the  recent  imm 
grant  households.  Almost  three-fifths  of  the  native-born  househoh 
have  less  than  one  person  per  room,  slightly  more  than  two-fifths  ha' 
one  person  per  room,  and  none  have  two  or  more  persons  per  roor 
On  the  other  hand,  76.5  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  mimigrai 
households  have  one  or  more  persons  per  room,  and  16.8  per  cei 
have  two  or  more  persons.  Of  the  foreign-born  households,  7.8  p 
cent  of  the  North  Italian,  20  per  cent  eaA  of  the  bouth  Italn 
and  Lithuanian,  and  26.1  per  cent  of  the  Polish  have  two  or  mo 
persons  to  a room. 

If  the  analysis  of  relative  extent  of  congestion  by  race  be  carri( 
further,  the  table  following  showing  households  havmg  a certain  nm- 
ber  of  persons  per  sleeping  room  affords  an  insight  into  existu 

conditions. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


679 


.^ABLE  Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household, 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


eneral  nativity 
and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
sleeping 
room. 

Number  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

holds. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

i 5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

ative-born  of  na- 
tive father,  White. 

22 

2. 14 

16 

7 

2 

72.7 

76.5 

31.8 

43.1 

56.0 

34.0 

39.1 

9.1 

11.8 

20.0 

4.0 

17.4 

0.0 

2.0 

.0 

.0 

n A 

oreign-born: 
Italian,  North.. 
Italian.  South.. 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

51 

2.32 

39 

22 

6 

1 

U.  U 

A 

25 

2. 75 

22 

14 

5 

88.0 

94.0 

• U 

A 

50 

2. 46 

47 

17 

2 

. U 

A 

23 

2. 71 

21 

9 

• U 

4 

91.3 

.0 

.0 

Grand  total . . 

171 

2. 45 

145 

69 

19 

1 

84.8 

40.4 

11.1 

.6 

.0 

otal  native-born., 
otal  foreign-born. . 

22 

2.14 

16 

7 

2 

72.7 

31.8 

41.6 

9 1 

.0 

.7 

.0 

.0 

149 

2.50 

129 

62 

17 

1 

86.6 

1L4 

Upon  examination  of  the  table  above  it  is  seen  that  the  American 
ouseholds  crowd  their  sleeping  rooms  somewhat  less  than  do  the 
nmigrant  households  Seventj-two  and  seven-tenths  per  cent 
t the  Anierican  households  have  two  or  more  persons  to  a sleeping 
)om,  31.8  per  cent  have  three  or  more  persons,  and  9.1  per  cent 
)ur  persons  or  more.  Twenty-seven  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  the 
merican  households  have  less  than  two  persons  per  sleepino*  room 
1 the  immigrant  households  only  13.4  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
ave  less  than  two  persons,  86.6  per  cent  have  two  or  more,  41.6  per 
mt  have  three  or  more,  and  11.4  per  cent  have  four  or  more  persons 
each  sleeping  room. 

On  comparing  the  several  immigrant  races  it  is  seen  that  the 
nallest  degree  of  crowding  m sleeping  rooms  prevails  in  the  North 
ahan  households.  Twenty-three  and  five-tenths  per  cent  of  the 
)u^seholds  of  this  race  have  less  than  two  persons  per  sleepino*  room 
).5  per  cent  have  two  or  more  persons,  43.1  per  cent  three  or  more 
'rsons,  11.8  per  cent  four  or  more,  and  2 per  cent  five  persons  or 
ore.  The  worst  showing  is  made  by  the  South  Italian  households, 
nl}  12  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households  have  less  than  two 
arsons  per  sleeping  room,  88  per  cent  have  two  or  more  persons 
) per  cent  three  or  more;  and  20  per  cent  four  or  more  persons, 
aly  6 per  cent  of  the  Lithuanian  homes  have  less  than  two  persons 
a sleeping  room,  94  per  cent  have  two  or  more  persons,  34  per  cent 
^ 1 or  more,  and  4 per  cent  four  or  more.  Of  the  Polish 
)i^eholds  8.7  per  cent  have  less  than  two,  91.3  per  cent  have  two 
more,  39.1  per  cent  three  or  more,  and  17.4  per  cent  four  or  more 
Tsons  to  a sleepmg  room. 


680 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  extent  and  general  degree  of  crowding  m the  households 
the  Middle  West  having  been  presented  in  detail,  the  question  whii 
remains  for  consideration  is  the  resultant  effect  of  this  congestK 
upon  the  household  and  living  arrangements  of  the  races  invo  ve 
In  this  connection  the  following  table,  showing  the  number  and  p' 
cent  of  rooms  not  used  for  sleeping,  will  be  instructive: 


Table  361 


31 Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in 

fied  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  oj  head  oj 


all  except  each  spe 
nf  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Total 

.Vverage 

number 

Average 
number 
of  sleep- 
ing 
rooms 
per 
house- 
hold. 

Number  of  house- 
holds sleeping  in— 

Per  cent  of  house 
holds  sleeping  in- 

General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

number 

of 

house- 

holds. 

! 

of 

rooms 

per 

house- 

hold. 

All 

rooms. 

All  ex- 
cept 

1 

room. 

.Ml  ex- 
cept 

2 

rooms. 

All 

rooms. 

All  ex- 
cept 

1 

room. 

All  • 

ce; 

rooi. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White  

22 

4.45 

1. 68 

1 

9 

0.0 

4.5 

e9 

Foreign-born: 

T-folSom 

51 

3. 98 

1.80 

10 

23 

.0 

19.6 

28.0 

CL  1 n 

T 

(0 

:o 

iia.Lian,  iNuiui 

25 

3. 48 

1.76 

1 

7 

15 

19 

4.0 

.0 

50 

3.  44 

1.90 

27 

54.  U 
69  6 

Polish 

23 

3.09 

1.78 

16 

7 

.0 

L4 

Grand  total 

171 

3. 09 

1.81 

1 

61 

73 

.6 

35.7 

'7 

22 

4.  45 

1.68 

1 

9 

.0 

4 5 

■iC 

Total  native-born 

Tot^l 

149 

3.58 

1.83 

1 

GO 

64 

.7 

40.  3 



A freneral  examination  of  the  preceding  table  indicates  thah 
smaller  proportion  of  the  apartments  occupied  by  Americans  th . 
of  the  apartments  occupied  by  immigrant  households  are  used  i 
sleeping  This  situation  is  at  once  evident  from  a comparison 
the  average  number  of  rooms  per  household  with  the  average  numli 
of  sleeping  rooms  per  household.  Moreover,  if  the  comparison  ( 
carried  further  and  an  examination  be  made  of  the  extent  to  which  U 
different  households  use  the  rooms  of  their  apartments  lor  sj^epii 
some  very  interesting  conditions  are  brought  to  light.  U1 
American*^  households  40.9  per  cent  use  all  rooms  except  two 
sleepino-  Only  4.5  per  cent  of  the  native-born  households  use  I 
rooms  except  one  as  sleeping  rooms,  and  none  of  them  use  all  roo 
for  that  purpose.  The  conclusion  is,  therefore  obvious  that  ab( 
40  per  cent  of  the  American  households  have  a kitchen  and  a dm  , 
room  or  livinp-  room  in  addition  to  their  sleeping  rooms;  that  m 
than  one-half  have  a separate  living  room  in  addition  to  a dm 
room,  kitchen,  and  sleeping  rooms ; pd  that  only  a very  small  num 
find  it  necessary  to  cook,  eat,  and  live  in  the  one  room  available  o 
and  above  sleeping  rooms.  ^ 

As  regards  the  households  of  foreign  birth,  16  per  cent  have  m 
than  two  rooms  in  addition  to  their  sleeping  rooms,  43  per  cent  h; 
two  rooms,  and  40.3  per  cent  have  one  room,  in  addition  to  sleep 
rooms,  while  a very  small  per  cent  sleep  in  all  rooms,  i he  situa  i. 
therefore,  seems  to  be  that  about  one-sixth  of  the  irnmigrant  hoi 
holds  have  a separate  kitchen,  dining  room,  and  living  room;  m 
than  two-fifths  have  a kitchen  and  one  other  room  which  may 
used  for  a dining  or  living  room;  less  than  two-fifths  have  one  ro< 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


681 


vhich  must  be  used  for  cooking,  eating,  and  general  living  purposes; 
ind  a very  small  number  have  no  room  in  addition  to  their  sleeping 
•ooms  available  for  cooking,  eating,  and  living. 

As  regards  the  different  races  of  recent  immigration,  the  North 
ffalian  exhibits  the  best  set  of  conditions.  None  of  the  households 
)f  this  race  sleep  in  all  rooms,  and  about  35  per  cent  have  more  than 
Avo  rooms  in  addition  to  their  sleeping  rooms.  About  45  per  cent  of 
he  households  have  two  rooms,  and  about  20  per  cent  have  one  room, 
n addition  to  rooms  used  for  sleeping.  The  South  Italian  house- 
lolds  show  4 per  cent  of  their  number  which  use  all  rooms  as  sleeping 
ooms,  while  28  per  cent  of  the  households  use  all  except  one  room 
or  sleeping,  and  60  per  cent  all  except  two  rooms.  Eight  per  cent 
tf  the  South  Italian  households  have  more  than  two  rooms  available 
hove  the  number  used  for  sleeping.  Although  the  Poles  have  no 
louseholds  occupying  more  than  two  rooms  in  addition  to  sleeping 
ooms,  they  have  no  households  using  all  rooms  for  that  purpose, 
'hree-tenths  of  the  households  of  this  race,  in  addition  to  their 
leeping  rooms,  have  space  available  for  a kitchen  and  a dining  room 
r living  room,  while  about  seven-tenths  have  one  room,  which  must  be 
sed  for  cooking,  eating,  and  living.  Of  the  Lithuanians  54  per  cent 
aye  only  one  room  available  for  use  as  a kitchen,  dining  room,  and 
ving  room,  and  about  38  per  cent  of  the  households  of  the  same  race 
ave  two  rooms  available  for  these  purposes.  It  will  be  seen  from  a 
omparison  of  the  average  number  of  rooms  per  household  and  the 
verage  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room  that  the  general 
mdency  of  all  races  of  recent  immigration  is  to  use  a larger  proportion 
f their  rooms  as  sleeping  rooms  than  do  the  Americans.  This  tend- 
.acy  is  especially  significant  when  considered  along  with  the  fact 
lat  the  households  of  recent  immigration  occupy  apartments  of  a 
nailer  number  of  rooms,  and  the  additional  fact  that  the  average 
umber  of  persons  per  room  is  greater  than  among  the  American 
ouseholds. 


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Chapter  VII. 

SALIENT  CHARACTERISTICS. 


Literacy — Conjugal  condition — Visits  abroad — Age  classification  of  employees  and 
members  of  their  households — [Text  Tables  362  to  373  and  General  Tables  131 
to  140] . 

There  are  a number  of  facts  in  connection  with  the  foreign-born 
smployees  in  the  mining  industry  in  the  Middle  West  which  afford 
i valuable  insight  into  the  general  characteristics  of  the  immigrant 
abor  supply.  A conception  of  the  real  significance  of  these  facts 
s also  necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the  questions  of  assimilation 
ind  industrial  efficiency. 

LITERACY. 

One  of  the  most  salient  facts  in  the  characterization  of  the  mine 
vorkers  of  recent  immigration  is  disclosed  by  a consideration  of  the 
iteracy  of  the  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth.  In  the  following  table 
/he  general  literacy  of  18,333  individual  mine  workers  in  the  Middle 
Vest  is  exhibited,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  The  percentages  are 
or  the  principal  races,  and  the  totals  are  for  all  races.  The  criterion 
)f  literacy  is  the  ability  to  read  or  to  read  and  write  any  language. 

^ABLE  362. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by 
general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


lative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

lative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy ! ! ! " ! 

Russia 

Scotland 

Wales 


oreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian % 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North A!!!!.’!! 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian !!!!!!!.”!.!!!! 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


Grand  total 

fttal  native-born  of  foreign  father, 

Dtal  native-born 

5tai  foreign-born 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who — 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

5,833 

97.4 

96.7 

566 

91.1 

88.5 

172 

98.8 

98.3 

581 

99.1 

99.0 

67 

100.0 

100.0 

848 

99.4 

99.1 

318 

98.4 

98.1 

53 

96.2 

96.2 

56 

100.0 

100.0 

279 

99.6 

99.6 

208 

98.1 

97.6 

249 

97.6 

96.4 

182 

70.9 

69.2 

803 

98.1 

97.9 

190 

90.5 

88.9 

849 

98.6 

98.0 

126 

92.9 

91.3 

1,700 

93.0 

92.0 

417 

63.0 

57.3 

1,081 

80.4 

75.2 

617 

93.8 

92.5 

798 

76.3 

72.1 

373 

73.7 

70.8 

346 

99.1 

98.6 

784 

86.0 

80.7 

96 

81.3 

81.3 

67 

100.0 

97.0 

160 

95.6 

93.1 

18,333 

92.6 

91.0 

2, 649 

99.1 

98.8 

9,048 

97.5 

96.8 

9,285 

87.8 

85.4 

683 


684 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Upon  comparing  the  showing  by  totals  in  the  preceding  table,  it  is 
apparent  that  a shghtly  higher  degree  of  literacy  exists  among  persons 
native-born  than  among  the  foreign-born. 

Among  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  all  of  the  employees  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Russia  or  France 
can  both  read  and  write.  About  1 per  cent  can  neither  read  nor  write. 
A slightly  greater  degree  of  illiteracy  is  indicated  by  those  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Wales,  than  by  the  other  employees  whose 
fathers  were  born  in  Great  Britain.  Of  the  employees  whose  fathers 
were  born  in  Austria-Hungary  between  1 and  2 per  cent  can  not 
read  or  write,  while  more  than  3 per  cent  of  those  whose  fathers  were 
born  in  Italy  are  illiterate. 

As  regards  the  races  of  foreign  birth,  about  2 per  cent  ot  the 
English,  Scotch,  and  Germans  are  unable  to  read  or  write,  and  from 
7 to  8 per  cent  of  the  Irish  and  4 to  6 per  cent  of  the  Welsh  are  illiter- 
ate. Of  the  employees  of  the  French  race,  9.5  per  cent  can  not  read 
ami  11.1  per  cent  can  not  read  or  write.  The  Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian mine  workers  indicate  a relatively  liigher  degree  of  literacy  as 
compared  with  other  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  96.4  per 
cent  being  able  both  to  read  and  write.  At  the  other  extreme,  the 
South  Italian  shows  only  63  per  cent  able  both  to  read  and  write. 
Of  the  Lithuanians  80.4  per  cent  can  read  and  75.2  per  cent  can  both 
read  and  write,  while  76.3  per  cent  of  the  Poles  can  read  and  72.1 
per  cent  can  both  read  and  write. 

In  addition  to  the  information  secured  from  individual  employees, 
inquiry  was  also  made  as  to  the  literacy  of  the  members  of  the  house- 
holds studied  in  the  Middle  West.  The  following  table  shows  the 
literacy,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race,  of  425  persons  in  the 
households  canvassed  who  were  10  years  of  age  or  more  than  10  yean 
of  age. 

Table  363. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  recid  and  per  cent  who  read  am 
write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who  read. 

Per  cent  who  read 
and  write. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White  . . 

28 

30 

58 

100.0 

96.7 

98.3 

100.0 

96.7 

98. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North . 

54 

49 

103 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.  f, 

Italian,  South 

35 

28 

63 

62.9 

50.0 

57.1 

62.9 

50. 0 

I 

Lithuanian 

51 

51 

102 

98.0 

92.2 

95.1 

70.6 

60.8 

65.'' 

Polish 

25 

19 

44 

92.0 

89.5 

90.9 

72.0 

63.2 

68. 

Grand  total 

217 

208 

425 

92.6 

89.4 

91.1 

83.9 

78.8 

81. 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

24 

~~  30 

54 

100.0 

96.7 

98.1 

100.0 

96.7 

no 

Total  native-born 

52 

60 

112 

100.0 

96.7 

98.2 

100.0 

96. 7 

Total  foreign-born 

165 

148 

313 

90.3 

86.5 

88.5 

78.8 

71.6 

76. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  native-born  males,  without  exception 
can  both  read  and  write.  On  the  other  hand,  only  96.7  per  cent  o 
aU  native-born  females  can  read  and  write. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


685 


Of  the  foreign-born  reporting,  it  is  seen  that  90.3  per  cent  of  the 
lales,  as  compared  with  86.5  of  the  females,  can  read,  but  only  78.8 
er  cent  of  the  males,  as  compared  with  71.6  per  cent  of  the  females, 
m both  read  and  write.  The  above  comparison  clearly  indicates 
lat  the  percentage  of  illiterate  persons  native-born  amounts  to  less 
lan  2 per  cent,  while  24.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  persons  are 
cable  to  both  read  and  write. 

Of  the  Lithuanians,  only  2 per  cent  of  the  males  and  7.8  per  cent 
the  females  are  unable  to  read,  as  compared  with  8 per  cent  of  the 
tales  and  10.5  per  cent  of  the  females  of  the  Poles.  On  the  other 
md,  only  29.4  per  cent  of  the  males  and  39.2  per  cent  of  the  females 
the  Lithuanians  are  unable  to  both  read  and  write,  as  compared 
ith  28  per  cent  and  36.8  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  Poles.  The 
.eracy  of  the  North  Italians,  as  shown  in  the  above  table,  is  worthy 
special  mention,  for  the  reason  that  every  one  reporting,  both 
ales  and  females,  can  read  and  write.  The  standing  of  the  South 
ahans  is  very  low,  37.1  per  cent  of  the  males  and  50  per  cent  of 
e females  being  illiterate. 

following  table  the  literacy  of  the  foreign-born  in  the  house- 
ids  studied  IS  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  length  of  residence 
the  United  States: 

BLE  364  —Per  cenj  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  who  read,  by  years  in 
United  States. 


Under  5. 


5 to  9.  10  or  over. 


uer  cent  who  read  and  write 
by  years  in  United  States. 


Under  5. 


5 to  9. 


10  or  over. 


ian.  North 
ian.  South, 
luanian... 
sh 

Total... 


103 

100.0 

100.0 

63 

62.5 

57.6 

102 

100.0 

86.1 

44 

73.3 

100.0 

100.0 

50.0 

100.0 

100.0 


313 


84.6 


85.0 


94.2 


100.0 

62.5 

66.7 

53.3 


100.0 

57.6 

55.6 

75.0 


100.0 

50.0 

72.2 

76.9 


73.  8 73.  2 


78.5 


From  the  total  in  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that,  all  races 
ng  considered  together,  the  percentage  of  illiteracy  has  decreased 
-fi  an  increased  period  of  residence.  The  North  Italians  report 
ur  entire  number  as  literate.  The  Lithuanians  show  100  per  cent 
those  residing  here  under  five  years  who  can  read;  86.1  per  cent 
those  with  a residence  of  between  five  and  nine  years  in  the 
itecl  t^ates;  and  100  per  cent  of  those  with  a residence  of  over  ten 
irs.  ihe  table  also  shows  that  the  percentage  of  Lithuanians  who 
76  been  m the  United  States  between  five  and  nine  years,  who  can 
-h  read  and  write,  is  smaller  than  the  percentage  with  a residence 
^ler  hve  or  more  than  ten  years,  while  the  percentage  of  Poles  with 
l^sidence  of  between  five  and  nine  years  is  higher  than  the  percentage 
Poles  who  have  been  here  under  five  years.  A smaller  percentage 
Ihteracw  is  shown  among  the  Poles  who  have  been  here  ten  years 
over  than  among  the  Lithuanians,  the  Poles  reporting  76.9  per 
L'th  compared  with  72.2  per  cent  of 


686 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


A point  of  more  value  than  the  preceding,  however,  is  found  ii 
the  consideration  of  the  relation  between  age  at  time  of  coming  an( 
literacy  of  the  foreign-born.  In  this  connection  attention  is  caile( 
to  the  following  table: 

Table  365  —Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  pi 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  c 
individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  Persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreig: 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

Per  cent  who  read,  by 
age  at  time  of  com- 
ing to  United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  ai 
write,  by  age  at  tin 
of  coming  to  Unitt 
States. 

data. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Under  14. 

14  or  ovei 

103 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100 
A 1 

G3 

93.8 

44.  7 

93.  8 

102 

83.3 

95.  8 

66. 7 

00 

71 

44 

60.  7 

94.7 

50  0 

1 1 

Total 

313 

89.2 

88.4 

81.1 

71 

A dance  at  the  above  table  is  sufficient  to  show  a higher  degree  ( 
literacy  at  present  among  those  persons  of  foreign  birth  who  wei 
under  1 4 years  of  age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  this  country  tha 
among  those  who  were  14  or  over  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  ot  the 
arrival.  This  situation  is  especially  noticeable  m the  case  ot  t 
South  Italians,  93.8  per  cent  of  those  under  14  years  of  age  at  t 
time  of  arrival  being  now  able  to  read  and  write,  as  compared  wit 
only  44.7  per  cent  of  those  who  were  14  or  over  14  years  of  age  whe 
they  came  to  the  United  States.  A slightly  greater  proportion  ot  tl 
Lithuanians  who  were  under  14  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  m th 
country  can  both  read  and  write,  than  of  those  14  years  of  age  . 
over.  An  exception  is  found  in  the  case  of  the  Poles,  a larger  pr 
portion  of  those  14  or  over  14  years  of  age  being  able  to  read  ar 
write  than  of  those  who  came  to  the  United  States  before  they  we 
14  years  old.  The  general  tendency,  however,  seems  to  point 
greater  literacy  among  the  foreign-born  who  came  to  the  count] 
before  they  had  reached  the  age  of  14  years. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 

Another  interesting  fact  relative  to  foreign-born  persons  in  tl 
mining  communities  of  the  Middle  W est  is  to  be  found  in  an  exan 
nation  of  the  conjugal  condition  of  the  foreim-born  mining  emplo 
ees  and  in  an  inquiry  as  to  the  location  of  the  wives  and  families 
the  married  men.  The  facts  in  this  connection  not  only  throw  < 
interesting  light  upon  the  character  of  the  immigrant  employees,  b 
also  afford  a valuable  insight  into  the  racial  tendencies  toward  pc 
manent  settlement  and  assimilation.  The  table  first  submitt 
shows  the  conjugal  condition  of  the  employees  m the  bffummous  m 
mines  of  the  Middle  West,  20  years  of  age  and  oyer.  I he  employe 
are  classified  according  to  race  and  general  nativity. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


687 


'.ABLE  366.  Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition 
oy  general  nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

rhis  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


lative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro ] " 

'ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country' of ' birth  of 

iEtJi6rj 

Austria-Hungary 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Scotland !!!!!!.! 

Wales 

oreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English ” 

French !!”.!!! 

German 

Irish ^ ! 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian ’ 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak ! ! 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 


Grand  total . 


)tal  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

)tal  native-born 

)tal  foreign- born 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  are — 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

5,129 

22.6 

73.9 

3.5 

537 

27.9 

63.7 

8.4 

82 

57.3 

42.7 

.0 

476 

33.8 

64.3 

1.9 

52 

36.5 

59.6 

3.8 

736 

38.0 

59.9 

2.0 

292 

36.3 

55.8 

7.9 

229 

45.9 

52.8 

1.3 

177 

31.1 

66.7 

2.3 

231 

15.2 

83.1 

1.7 

165 

24.2 

73.3 

2.4 

776 

19.5 

74.5 

6.1 

186 

24.7 

71.0 

4.3 

817 

22.2 

73.6 

4.3 

123 

29.3 

63.4 

7.3 

1,615 

39.6 

58.7 

1.7 

393 

38.4 

60.6 

1.0 

1,063 

49.5 

49.7 

.8 

554 

30.1 

69.0 

.9 

770 

36.8 

61.7 

1.  6 

368 

45.1 

53.5 

1.4 

3:^6 

21.1 

72.9 

6.0 

732 

16.3 

82.1 

1.6 

89 

25.8 

74.2 

.0 

67 

32.8 

64.2 

3.0 

155 

24.5 

68.4 

7.1 

16,658 

29.8 

67.1 

3.1 

2,134 

38.1 

59.3  I 

2.6 

7,800 

27.2 

69.2 

3.6 

8,858 

32.1 

65.3 

2.6 

Data  were  reported  for  16,658  individuals.  Of  these,  67.1  per  cent 
:e  married,  29.8  per  cent  are  single,  and  3.1  per  cent  are  widowed, 
ne  proportion  of  married  men  is  higher  among  the  native-born,  con- 
clered  as  a whole,  than  among  the  foreign-born,  but  lower  among 
3rsons  native-born  of  foreign  father  than  among  either  those  native- 
3rn  ot  native  father  or  the  foreign-born.  The  proportion  of  wid- 

native-born  than  for  the  foreign-born.  It 
nignest  tor  the  American  negroes. 

The  foreign  races  having  a large  proportion  of  married  men  are 
te  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Slovaks,  English,  and  Slovenians,  in 
le  order  mentioned.  All  of  these  races  have  a larger  proportion  of 
arried  men  than  have  the  native  whites  born  of  native  father  The 
-ces  having  a large  proportion  of  single  men  are  the  Lithuanians, 
ussians.  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  and  Poles.  The  Irish  have 
much  larger  proportion  of  widowed  than  any  other  race. 

he  table  next  presented  analyzes  conditions  further  by  exhibiting 
e grmips  condition  of  the  mine  workers  according  to  specified 


688 


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Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


689 


In  the  preceding  table  three  age  groups  are  specified,  including 
those  from  twenty  to  twenty-nine,  those  from  thirty  to  forty-four  and 
those  who  are  forty-five  years  of  age  or  over.  ’ 

In  the  first  group,  it  will  be  seen  that  of  the  6,499  reporting  44.3 
per  cent  are  married  and  54.9  per  cent  single.  Of  the  3,115  foreign- 
born  in  this  group  only  37.4  per  cent  are  married  and  less  than  one- 
half  of  1 per  cent  widowed.  Of  the  3,384  native-born  persons 
reporting,  50.6  per  cent  are  married  and  1.2  per  cent  widowed. 

Among  the  foreign-born  the  Slovaks  show  62.4  per  cent  married,  fol- 
lowed by  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Croatians,  English,  Scotch 
and  French,  reporting  60.7,58,  52.2,  47.4,  and  46.4  per  cent,  respec- 
tively. In  strong  contrast,  the  Lithuanians  report  less  than  one- 
fourth,  or  24.5  per  cent,  married.  Of  those  married  among  the 
Dther  races,  the  percentage  ranges  from  37.8  of  the  Germans  to  28.6 
dI  the  Insh.  Only  four  of  the  foreign-born  races  report  a propor- 
tion of  their  numbers  widowed;  the  Welsh  leading  with  4.8  per  cent 
_ollowed  by  the  French,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  and  North 
Italians,  who  show  3.6,  1.6,  and  0.7  per  cent,  respectively. 

In  the  group  including  those  persons  between  the  ages  of  thirty  and 
orty-four  years  7,094  males  show  80.4  per  cent  married  and  2.8  per 
•.ent  widowed.  Of ’the  total  number,  4,006  are  foreign-born  and 
•eport  79.2  per  cent  married  and  1.7  per  cent  widowed;  and  3 088 
ire  native-born  and  report  82  per  cent  married  and  4.1  per  cent 
vidowed.  Of  the  native-born,  807  are  of  foreign  father,  reporting 
'6.3  per  cent  married  and  2.6  per  cent  widowed. 

Among  the  foreign-born  races  in  this  group  three  races,  the  Croa- 
lans,  Slovaks,  and  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  show  over  90  per  cent 
Qarried.  The  South  Italians  report  the  next  highest,  or  86.9  per 
ent,  followed  by  the  Magyars,  Poles,  Scotch,  and  French,  in  the 
Tder  named,  the  French  reporting  an  even  80  per  cent  married, 
he  married  males  of  the  other  races  range  from  78.2  per  cent  of  the 
'lorth  Italians  to  61.5  per  cent  of  the  Irish. 

^nong  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  those  whose 
athers  were  born  in  England  and  Wales  show  over  80  per  cent  mar- 
led while  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany  and  those  of 
•cotch  descent  show  the  next  highest  percentages.  Of  those  males 
fhose  lathers  were  born  in  Austria-FIungary,  71.4  per  cent  are  mar^ 
led,  while  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ireland  show  the  smallest 
roportion  married,  or  61.7  per  cent. 

The  whites  native-born  of  native  father  as  compared  with  the 
egroes  show  a larger  percentage  married,  while  they  also  show  a 
^1  1 A widowed.  Of  the  v/hites,  85.5  per  cent  are  married 

nd  10.3  per  cent  single,  while  the  negroes  report  72.5  married  and 
9.4  per  cent  single. 

In  considering  the  third  group,  or  those  males  who  are  forty-five 
ears  ol  age  or  over,  the  largest  proportion  of  married  males  is  shown 
7 the  Magyars,  who  report  95.5  per  cent. 

live  of  the  foreign-born  races  show  10  per  cent  or  over  widowed 
le  highest  being  12.5  on  the  part  of  the  Croatians,  followed  by  the 
'nglish  and  Scotch,  showing  each  12.4  per  cent,  and  the  Welsh  and 
sii^,  who  show  11.1  and  10  per  cent,  respectively, 
those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Wales  show  a larger  proportion 
larried  than  the  second  generation  of  any  other  race,  or  92  per  cent. 


690 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  reporting  a proportion  of  thei 
numbers  widowed,  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ireland,  wit 
13  6 per  cent,  lead.  The  negroes  show  17.1  per  cent  widowed  a 
compared  with  7.5  per  cent  of  the  wlntes  native-born  of  nativ 
father,  and  70.7  per  cent  married,  as  against  91.3  per  cent  ol  tn 

whites  born  of  native  father.  . . . , 

In  addition  to  tlie  individual  investigation,  information  as  to  cor 
iusal  condition  was  also  received  relative  to  the  inales  m the  house 
holds  studied.  This  information  is  classified  in  the  following  tabJ 
according  to  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race: 

Table  368  — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  group 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

20  to  20  years  of 
age. 

30  to  44  years  of 
age. 

45  years  of  age  or 
over. 

20  years  of  age  t 
over. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are — 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  wl 
are— 

.2 

'til 

C 

S 

Marriea. 

Widowed,  j 

Single. 

Married. 

1 Widowed.  | 

6 

"3d 

B 

S 

Married. 

j Widowed. 

2 

d 

m 

0.0 

2.0 

1.7 

Married. 

li 

=* 

( 

1 

Foreign-bom; 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

14 

12 

0.0 

8.3 

100.0 

91.7 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

(«) 

(“) 

1 ■” 

31 

36 

105 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

100.0 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

6 

3 

16 

(a) 

(a) 

0.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

6.3 

51 

51 

175 

98.0 

1 98.0 

Grand  total 

100.0 

93.8 

97.7 

54 

5.6 

94.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born, 

1 

9 

45 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

4.4 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

95.6 

1 

23 
. 152 

(a) 
4.3 
1 1.3 

(a) 

95.7 

98.0 

12 
1 93 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

ijlOO.O 

.0 

.c 

1 2 
1 14 

(a) 

, .0 

(a) 

92.9 

(a) 

7.1 

FEMALE. 


Foreign-bom: 

Italian  North 

28 

0.0 

100.0 

1 

0.0 

16 

0.  o| 

100.0 

0.0 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

45 

o.o! 

r\\ 

100.0 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

26 

.0 

100.0 

21 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

1 

. U 

Grand  total 

89 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

63 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

7 

(a; 

(a) 

(a) 

159 

.0 

100.0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

100.0 

100.0 

Totftl  Tifldi 

15 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

26 

133 

.0 

A 

Total  foreign-bom 

74 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

54 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

5 

. U 

1 

TOTAL. 


Foreign-bom: 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

42 

38 

0.0 

2.6 

100.0 

97.4 

0.0 

.0 

47 

57 

0.0 

.0 

100.0 

100.0 

0.0 

.0 

7 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

96 

99 

0.0 

1.0 

99.0  ! 
99.0  ? 

Grand  total 

143 

6 

24 

119 

2.1 

(a) 

4.2 

1.7 

97.9 

(a) 

95.8 

98.3 

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

168 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

23 

0.0 

95.7 

4.3 

334 

.9 

Tota!  native-born  of  foreign 

6 

49 

285 

(a) 

2.0 

.7 

--  I 

(“)  i 
98.0  1 
98.9  1 

father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 

21 

147 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

4 

19 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

94.7 

(a) 

5.3 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


691 


Of  the  total  number  of  175  males  of  all  races  furnishing  information 
!or  the  preceding  table,  only  1.7  per  cent  were  unmarried.  A slightly 
arger  percentage  of  foreign-born  as  compared  with  total  native-born 
.remarried,  only  1.3  per  cent  of  all  foreign  males  being  single,  98  per 
ent  married,  and  a fraction  of  1 per  cent  widowers.  In  the  case  of 
he  two  foreign  races  reporting  in  sufficient  numbers  for  a compu- 
ation  of  percentages,  it  is  seen  that  all  of  the  North  Italians  are  mar- 
led or  have  been  married  and  only  2 per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  are 
ingle. 

The  conjugal  condition  of  the  females  in  the  households  studied  is 
ven  more  interesting  than  that  exhibited  by  the  tabulation  of  the 
lales.  Of  the  total  of  159  from  whom  information  was  received,  all 
f any  age  above  twenty  years  were  married.  This  situation,  which  is 
normal  one  so  far  as  women  of  recent  immigration  are  concerned,  is 
yobably  more  pronounced  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  Pennsylvania 
r the  South,  because  of  the  relatively  greater  proportion  of  the 
ime  workers  of  recent  immigration  who  have  permanently  settled 
r contemplate  a permanent  residence  in  the  mining  localities  of  the 
[iddle  West. 

In  connection  with  the  general  conjugal  condition  of  the  foreign- 
orn  males,  it  is  important  to  inquire  as  to  the  location  of  the  wives 
• ^or  the  reason  that  the  presence  of  the  wife  and  family 

ith  the  husband  usually  indicates  the  intention  on  the  part  of  thehus- 
ands  of  remaining  permanently  in  the  United  States.  The  first  table 
ibmitted  below,  which  is  the  result  of  a study  of  5,440  employees 
lows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  a wife 
L the  United  States  or  abroad;  the  second  table  exhibits,  by  desig- 
ated  periods  of  residence  of  foreign-born  husbands  in  the  United 
fates,  the  per  cent  who  report  wives  abroad. 

VBLE  369.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  United  States  and 
per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

lis  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreien- 

born.]  ^ 


1 , 

‘ Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  reporting 
wife— 

complete 

data. 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

hemian  and  Moravian. . . 

1 

3.4 

•atian 

i / D 

1 

96. 6 

iUO 

KAA 

57 . 1 

42.9 

1 Ofi 

95. 6 

4.  4 

■man 

1 

c:  AQ 

95 . 3 

4.  7 

OOo 

96. 8 

3.2 

liian,  North.  

73 

97.3 

2.7 

,lian.  South 

yuo 

01  o 

79.  0 

21.0 

jhuanian 

zj  y 

A 

63. 9 

36. 1 

!?yar 

014 

79. 8 

20.  2 

oo4 

63.  8 

36.2 

422 

79. 1 

20.9 

186 

63.  4 

36.6 

227 

93.  8 

6.2 

583 

88. 5 

11. 5 

Jdish 

56 

43 

78. 6 
100.0 

21.4 

.0 

Total 

102 

100.0 

.0 

0, 440 

83. 5 

16.5 

1 


692 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  370— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  abroad  by  race  ofhushai 

and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


FRv  vears  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States. 
L y y only  races  with  200  or  more  husbands  reporting.] 


This  table  indue 


Race  of  husband. 

Number  having  been  in  United 
States  each  specified  number  of 
years,  who  report  location  of  wife. 

Per  cent  having  been  in  Unit 
States  each  specified  number 
years,  who  report  wife  abroad. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Total. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or 
over. 

Tota 

119 

64 

361 

544 

16.0 
IQ  A 

6.2 

A n 

0.3 
.0 
9. 8 

76 

67 

420 

563 

905 

lo.  4 

D.  U 

1 Q A 

2) 

T + qIioti 

158 

370 

377 

47 

53. 8 
64.1 
58  6 

io.  4 
QO  A 

A 4 

3 

Italian  f Ui  i/ii- 

T+olion  ftnntb 

64 

108 

219 

514 

354 

1 7 Q 

D.  4 

12.3 
17. 1 

21 

Itaildll)  OUUl/11. 

70 

168 

276 

i/.  O 
QO  Q 

31 

103 

146 

105 

60. 2 

oA.  y 
IQ  4 

9. 0 

2) 

100 

144 

178 

422 

44. 0 

on  A 

ly.  4 
7 1 

1.2 

34 

28 

165 

227 

29.  4 

1 C 1 

3.2 

1) 

Slovak 

60 

152 

371 

583 

53. 3 

10.  1 

Upon  referring  to  the  foregoing  tables  it  is  seen  that  practical 
none  of  the  northern  and  western  races  are  without  their  wives,  whi 
the  Croatians,  Russians,  Magyars,  and  South  Italians  show  considc 
able  percentages  of  those  whose  wives  are  abroad. 


VISITS  ABROAD. 


The  bituminous  coal-mining  employees  of  foreign  birth,  ® 

the  unmarried  or  those  whose  wives  are  abroad,  tend  to  move  read 

from  one  mining  community  or  district  to  another,  according  t 

varTatiom  in  the  demand  for  labor.  In  periods  of  industrial  depr- 
sion  or  slackness  of  work  they  also  frequently  return  home  to  aw 
a revival  of  industrial  activity  in  this  country  Moreover,  as  m^t 
be  anticipated,  the  immigrant  who  expects  to  remain  permanent 
in  the  United  States  also  revisits  his  own  country  to  renew  old  t. 

or  to  attend  to  business  matters.  ^ nf  u 

The  table  following  throws  light  upon  the  migratory  habits  of 
different  races.  It  enumerates  the  visits  of  ® 

their  native  lands,  by  period  of  residence  m the  United  States  a. 

by  race. 


693 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


ABLE  371.- 


- Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United 
States  and  race. 

(study  op  employees.) 

y years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States  This  table  inclndeQ 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  lor  aUforerg^^^^^^^^ 


Race. 


ihemian  and  Moravian. 

jatian 

iglish 

ench 

rraan 

sh 


lian.  North, 
lian,  South. 

huanian 

•Ryar 

lish 

ssian 

)tch 

vak 

>lsh 


Number  in  United  States— 


Under  5 
years, 


Total 2,131 


80 

30 

174 

40 

127 

10 

463 

133 

210 

211 

192 

103 

58 

129 

10 


5 to  9 
years. 


10  years 
or  over. 


61 

75 

83 

64 

94 

9 

642 

194 

352 

214 

247 

100 

38 

203 

4 


2,560 


39 

424 

67 

510 

93 

484 

63 

373 

116 

228 

75 

213 

415 

127 


Total. 


3,525 


219 

144 

681 

171 

731 

112 

1,589 

390 

935 

541 

667 

278 

309 

747 

141 


Per  cent  reporting  1 or  more  visits, 
by  years  in  United  States. 


Under  5 
years 


8,216 


2.5 

3.3 

10.9 
.0 

4.7 

.0 

6.3 
21.8 

2.9 
7.1 

4.7 

7.8 
15.5 

7.0 

30.0 


7.3 


5 to  9 
years. 


3.3 

17.3 
28.9 

4.7 

(a) 

.0 

18.4 
18.6 

7.4 
13.6 

8.1 

12.0 

34.2 

11.3 
(a) 


13.6 


10  years 
or  over. 


Total. 


18.4 


3.2 
16.0 
20.6 
11.1 

7.3 
12.5 

20.4 
20.0 

7.7 

14.4 
7.9 

10.1 

24.3 

10.3 
22.0 


14.0 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

All  races  included  in  the  table  above  show  a tendency  to  increase 
e proportion  of  persons  who  make  one  or  more  visits  abroad,  accord- 
y to  the  period  of  residence  in  this  country;  7.3  per  cent  of  the 
tal  tor  all  races  of  under  five  years’  residence  in  the  United  States, 
1 ^ ^ residence  between  five  and  nine  years, 

( 8.4  per  cent  of  the  total  who  had  been  in  this  country  ten  years 

over  having  made  one  or  more  visits  abroad. 

In  all  periods  of  residence  the  greatest  tendency  to  make  visits 
road  IS  noticed  m the  case  of  the  South  Italians,  21.8  per  cent  of 
iich  race  m the  United  States  under  five  years,  18.6  per  cent 
tween  five  and  nine  years,  and  20.6  per  cent  ten  years  or  over 
ving  made  one  or  more  visits  to  Italy.  On  the  other  hand,  only 
•per  cent  of  the  North  Italians  of  a residence  under  five  years 
4 per  cent  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  36.6  per  cent  ten 
irs  or  over  made  one  or  more  visits,  indicating  less  tendency 
long  thnse  of  a shorter  period  of  residence  and  a stronger  tendency 
ih  1^^  ^ more  extended  period  of  residence  among  the 

rth  Italians,  as  compared  with  the  South  Italians,  to  revisit 
•ir  home  country.  The  Magyars  also  indicate  an  increasing  ten- 
icy  by  period  of  residence,  7.1  per  cent  of  the  total  in  the  United 
,ites  under  five  years,  13.6  per  cent  of  a residence  between  five  and 
. years,  and  29.3  per  cent  of  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over  report- 
1 one  or  more  visits.  Very  few  Croatians  of  a short  period  of  resi- 

the  Unimr^^  yi®’  11-3  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been 
•ho«P  States  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  2.3.1  per  cent 

its  years  or  over,  report  one  or  more 

Q t k ,Pei  cent  under  five  years’  residence, 

9 per  cent  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  22.9  per  cent  of  ten 
JS  residence  or  over  also  state  that  they  have  made  one  or  more 
48296° — VOL  6 — 11 15 


694 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


visits.  It  is  also  a striking  fact  that  30  per  cent  of  the  Welsh  of  ; 
residence  under  five  years  and  22  per  cent  of  ten  years  residence  o 
more  report  one  or  more  visits  abroad.  The  Slovaks  and  Russian 
indicate  about  the  same  tendency  to  revisit  their  native  land  tli 
proportions  of  each  race  under  each  designated  period  of  residenc 
heino-  about  the  same.  It  is  also  of  importance  to  note  that  prac 
tically  none  of  the  representatives  of  the  Irish  race  report  any  visit 
to  Ireland  until  a period  of  residence  of  ten  years  or  over  in  th* 
country  is  reached. 

AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIE  HOUSI 

HOT.nS. 


The  following  tables  show  the 
fled  age  group,  by  sex  and  genera 
hold.  The  first  presented  covers 


percentage  of  persons  in  each  spec 
1 nativity  and  race  of  head  of  hous( 
the  male  members  of  thehousehok 


Table  372  — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  hy  sex  and  by  general  nativi 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  ! 
head  of  household.  | 

Number 
reporting 
complete 
data.  ' 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under  6.- 

6 to  13. 

1 

14  and  15.' 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  01 
over 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

106 

61 

111 

52 

27.4 

29.5 
33.3 

36.5 

1 

16.0 

19.7 

18.9 

17.3 

3.8 

1.6 

.9 

.0 

4.7 

4.9 

.9 

.0 

13.2 
16.4 
10.8 

19.2 

29.2 

22.9 

32.4 

23.1 

Grand  total 

373 

30. 6 

17.7 

1.6 

3.2 

14.5 

28.2 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

43 

330 

1 («) 
31.2 

I 

(a) 

17.9 

(a) 

.0 

(a) 

2.7 

(a) 

13.9 

(a) 

28.2 

female. 


Foreign-bom:  ! 

Italian,  North ' 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 1 

107 

55 

101 

44 

26.2  1 
25.5 
32.7 
25.0 

20.6 

23.6 

15.8 

18.2 

2.8  1 
5.5 
1.0  1 
2.3  1 

5.6 

3.6 
2.0 
9.1 

28.0 

18.2 

27.7 

27.3 

15.8 

21.8 
19.8 

. 15.9 

) 

i 

i 

1 

Grand  total 

343 

26.8 

19.2 

2.6  1 

5.0 

25.9 

18.4 

ToIbI  

(h 

(a) 

(«)  I 

. (a) 

4. 6 

(a) 

26.1 

(a) 

18.2 

Total  foreign-born 

307 

28.0 

19.2 

2.6 

1 

TOTAL. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian  North  

213 

26.8 

18.3 

3.3 

5.2 

20.7 

17.2 

18.9 

23.1 

22.5 

Italian  South 

116 

27.6 

21.6 

3.4 

4.3 

22.  4 

OA  A 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

212 

96 

33.0 

31.6 

17.5 

17.9 

.9 

1.1 

1. 4 
4.2 

ZD.  4 
20.0 

Grand  total 

1 716 

28.8 

18.4 

2.1 

4.1 

19.9 

23.5 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

i 79 

637 

(o) 

29.7 

(a) 

18.5 

(o) 

2.2 

(a) 

3.6 

(a) 

19.8 

(a) 

23.2 

(“ 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


695 


It  is  of  interest  to  note  from  the  preceding  table  that  of  the  373 
ales  furnishing  information,  almost  one-half,  or  49,9  per  cent  are 
ider  16  years  of  age;  30.6  per  cent  of  the  total  are  under  6 years 

^ years  of 

;e.  Although  the  foreign-born  show  none  of  their  number  between 
le  ages  of  14  and  15  years,  49.1  per  cent  are  under  14  years  of  age 
Of  the  four  foreign-born  races  furnishing  information,  the  Poles, 
ithuanians,  and  South  Italians,  in  the  order  named,  each  show  over 
) p§r  cent  under  16  years  of  age.  With  the  exception  of  the  North 
alians,  who  show  a slightly  smaller  proportion  under  6 than  from 
) to  44  years  of  age,  or  27.4  as  compared  with  29.2  per  cent,  the 
her  races  each  show  a larger  proportion  under  6 years  of  age  than 
any  other  age  group,  ranging  from  36.5  per  cent  of  the  Poles  to 
1.5  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians.  Of  those  from  6 to  13  years  of 
^e,  the  South  Italians  with  19.7  per  cent  show  the  largest,  and  the 
orth  Italians  with  16  per  cent  the  smallest  proportion.  Of  the 
ales  over  16,  the  largest  proportion  are  from  30  to  44  and  the 
lallest  from  16  to  19  years  of  age,  while  the  percentage  of  males  45 
over  IS  but  little  more  than  the  percentage  of  males  whose  ages 
e from  16  to  19.  The  proportion  of  males  from  30  to  44  ranges 
)m  32.4  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  to  22.9  per  cent  of  the  South 
alians,  and  of  those  from  20  to  29  the  Poles  with  19.2  per  cent 
ow  the  largest,  and  the  Lithuanians  with  10.8  per  cent  the  smallest 
oportion. 

Of  the  343  females  furnishing  information,  48.6  per  cent  are  under 
years  of  age;  26.8  per  cent  of  the  total  number  are  under  6 and 
.2  per  cent  from  6 to  13  years  of  age.  Of  those  over  16,  25  9 
r cent  of  the  total  number  are  from  20  to  29  and  18.4  per  cent 
)m  30  to  44  years  of  age. 

Of  the  four  races  furnishing  information,  the  South  Italians  alone 
3W  over  50  per  cent  under  16  years  of  age.  The  greatest  difference 
the  proportions  under  6 and  from  6 to  13  years  of  age  is  shown 
the  Lithuanians  and  Poles — the  former  showing  32.7  per  cent 
der  6,  as  compared  with  15.8  per  cent  from  6 to  13,  while  the 
ter  shows  25  per  cent  under  6 and  18.2  per  cent  from  6 to  13 
ars  of  age  As  between  the  North  and  South  Italians  in  these  two 
3 groups  there  is  little  difference. 

In  the  two  age  groups  from  20  to  29  and  30  to  44  years  of  age,  each 
e,  with  the  exception  of  the  South  Italian,  shows  a larger  propor- 
n in  the  first  than  in  the  second  group.  The  largest  proportion 
the  first,  and  smallest  in  the  second  group,  is  shown  by  the  North 
lians,  or  28  per  cent  as  compared  with  15.8  per  cent.  The  pro- 
[tuons  of  Lithuanians  and  Poles,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  above 
;)le,  are  but  slightly  lower  than  the  North  Italians  in  the  first  group. 
Avill  also  be  noted  that  a very  small  proportion  of  the  females  of 
I ‘Vi  race  are  45  years  of  age  or  over. 

V combination  shows  the  percentage  of  the  combined  totals  of 
,ies  and  females  furnishing  information.  Of  the  716  males  and 
jiales  reporting  complete  data,  49.3  per  cent  are  under  16  years 
I age.  As  m the  preceding  tables  a larger  proportion  are  under  6 
Ml  rroni  6 to  13  years,  while  of  those  above  16  a larger  proportion 
i from  30  to  44  than  from  20  to  29  years  of  age.  ^ ^ ^ 


696 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  male  employees  with 
each  age  group,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 

Table  373. Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  hy  general  nativ< 

and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  rac  ] 


— 

Number 

Per  cent  within  each  specified 

age  group. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under  , 
14.  ^ 

14  to  19. 

!0  to  24.  i 

>5  to  29. 0 

SO  to  34.  c 

$5  to  44. 4 

[5  to  54. 

55  < 
ove 

Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White  

5,993 

(a) 

14.0 

18.7 

18.5 

14.2 

16.8 

19.7 

27.4 

10.3 

1 /<  A 

( 

584 

0.0 

7.5 

11.8 

15.2 

14.  0 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Austria"ilung9<ry 

174 

.0 

52.9 

27.6 

10.9 

2.3 

5.7 

19.3 
12.1 

20.4 
24.0 

1.8 

.0 

8.2 

1 n A 

1 

England  

585 

.0 

17.9 

21.2 

17.3 

14.7 

13.6 

11.5 

16.5 
3.6 
1.8 

10.9 

13.3 

France  

66 

.0 

21.2 

18.2 

19.7 

iU.  D 

1 A O 

Germany  

882 

.0 

15.6 

22.2 

17. 1 

iU.  ^ 

IQ  '7 

Ireland  

321 

.0 

7.5 

16.2 

10.6 

io.  / 

A 

Italy  

56 

.0 

60.7 

21.4 

12. 5 

. U 

A 

Russia  

57 

.0 

75.4 

19.3 

3.  5 

. 0 

12.6 

21.8 

. U 

A O 

Scotland  

285 

.0 

19.3 

30.9 

19.3 

4.  y 

Q 1 

Wales 

211 

.0 

15.6 

18.0 

19.4 

O.  1 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

251 

.0 

5.6 

8.4 

16.7 

19.1 

11.5 

16.7 

18.7 
15.3 

8.6 

21.5 

33.1 

22.5 

24.1 
22.8 

25.8 

21.9 
24.0 

19.2 

26.5 

28.2 

25.2 

25.3 

20.9 

27.3 
23.2 

32.8 

17.8 

10.0 

Croatian  

182 

.0 

7.7 

23.6 

25.8 

7. 7 
20.3 

1 7 A 

English  

809 

.0 

3.6 

7.2 

12.2 

French  

193 

.0 

3.6 

10.9 

18.1 

i/.  O 

Ol  A 

German 

858 

.0 

3.7 

7.2 

9.8 

Zi.  u 

OQ  A 

Irish  

128 

.0 

1.6 

4.7 

7 . 0 

ZO.  4 

7 O 

JtaliflTl  ^nrt.h  

1,711 

422 

.0 

4.7 

16.7 

24.1 

/.  z 

7.6 

6.7 
8.3 
8.6 
Q Q 

Italian  South 

.0 

6.6 

22.7 

21.8 

19. 0 

Lithuanian  

1,084 

.0 

1.6 

17.5 

26.2 

20.6 

Magv^r  

639 

.0 

8.9 

13.8 

18.  5 

20.2 

Polish 

814 

.0 

4.4 

20.5 

20.4 

18.4 

17.3 

Russian  

376 

.0 

1.9 

18.1 

27.7 

O.  O 
OA  1 

Scotch  

345 

.0 

2.3 

7.0 

15. 7 

14. 5 
16.8 
18.2 

z4.  i 

1 C 7 

Slovak  

788 

.0 

6.9 

14.7 

16.6 

15.  i 
11  1 

Slovenian  

99 

.0 

9.1 

8.1 

24.2 

11. 1 
19.4 
26.1 

Swedish  

67 

.0 

.0 

6.0 

16.4 

11.9 

Welsh 

157 

.0 

1.3 

5.1 

8.3 

15. 9 

Grand  total 

18,654 

(a) 

10.0 

16.7 

18.5 

16.0 

22.3 

11.3 

Total  native  born  of  for- 
pign  father  

2,707 

9,284 

.0 

20.5 

21.9 

16.0 

12.2 

17.8 

19.6 

25.0 

8.8 

10.2 

12.4 

Total  native-born 

(a) 

.0 

15.5 

19.2 

17.6 

13.8 

Total  foreign-born 

9,370 

4.5 

14.3 

19.4 

18.2 

1 

1 

o Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  of  18,654  male  employees 
greatest  proportion  in  any  one  age  group  is  from  35  to  44  years' 
age,  the  next  largest  from  25  to  29  years  of  age.  Nearly  equal  p 
portions  are  from  20  to  24  and  from  30  to  44  years  of  age,  and, 
per  cent  are  from  14  to  19  and  11.3  per  cent  are  from  45  to  54  ye 
of  age.  Slightly  more  than  5 per  cent  are  55  years  of  age  or  over 
The  total  number  of  native-born  employees  show  over  50  per  c 
who  are  from  14  to  29  years  of  age.  The  total  number  of  torei: 
born  employees  show  between  30^  and  40  per  cent  who  are  ol  t 
age.  The  employees  of  foreign  birth  show  a somewhat  higher  p 
centage  of  persons  who  are  55  years  of  age  or  over  than  do  tn 
who  are  native-born. 


697 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


Of  the  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father,  those 
iiose  fathers  were  born  in  Russia  show  the  highest  percentage  and 
hose  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ireland  the  lowest  percentage  who 
re  from  14  to  19  years  of  age.  The  table  further  shows  that  none 
t those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Russia  are  over  35  years  of  age 
ad  none  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Italy  and  Austria-Hungary  are 
ver  45  years  of  age.  The  employees  whose  fathers  were  born  in 
'eland  show  the  highest  percentage  who  are  from  45  to  55  years  of 
^e  or  over. 

It  will  be  further  noted  that  in  the  groups  of  the  younger  emplovees  ^ 
le  percentage  of  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German  is 
nailer  than  that  of  the  more  recent  immigrant  races,  and  that  the 
"rcentage  of  the  older  immigrant  races  who  are  45  to  55  years  of 
,^e  or  over  is  higher  than  that  of  the  immigrants  from  southern  and 
istern  Europe  who  are  included  in  the  above-mentioned  age  group. 


p ■ • - ; • T.  w|-  Vii 


i^. 


•Sia,i?>  :'-'>fe®#i'J. 

.It.;-’-  v*tK™if’  c:/4»r^ffl.an 


\l'M 


[ifi 


Jt  ,' 


M 


j'-  ‘5l|_ 

9%  ■ T^./-  t ■ ‘ 

,5 


1^. 


Chapter  VIII. 

GENERAL  PROGRESS  AND  ASSIMILATION. 


Ownership  of  homes — Citizenship — Ability  to  speak  English — [Text  Tables  374  to  383 
and  General  Tables  141  to  149]. 

The  preceding  discussion  has  been  concerned  with  the  industrial 
itatus  and  progress  of  the  races  of  recent  and  past  immigration.  In 
iddition  to  the  purely  industrial  condition  of  the  foreign-born  in  the 
htuminous  localities  of  the  Middle  West,  however,  data  have  been 
“ollected  showing  the  general  progress  toward  Americanization  exhib- 
ted  by  the  races  of  recent  immigration,  as  well  as  their  adaptation 
,0  American  life  and  institutions.  This  information  is  treated  in  the 
ollowing  discussion  under  topics  selected  with  the  object  of  pointing 
>ut  the  representative  tendencies  toward  progress  and  assimilation. 

OWNERSHIP  OF  HOMES. 

Ownership  by  a family  of  the  home  which  it  inhabits  implies  the 
bility  and  the  disposition  to  save.  For  this  reason  the  proportion 
if  families  of  a given  group  of  workmen  who  live  in  homes  owned  by 
hemselves  may  fairly  be  regarded  as  an  indication,  at  least,  of  the 
ocial  and  industrial  progress  of  the  group.  It  is  also  probable  that, 
nless  they  intend  to  reside  permanently  in  the  United  States,  the 
aembers  of  a family  of  foreign  birth  will  not,  in  the  majority  of 
istances,  purchase  property  of  so  immovable  a nature  as  a dwelling 
ouse.  The  statistics  of  the  ownership  of  homes  by  immigrant  races 
lay  therefore  be  considered  of  value  as  showing  the  permanency  of 
he  immigrant  population.  In  this  connection,  however,  it  must  also 
'e  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  bituminous  localities  of  the  Middle  West, 
s in  other  coal-mining  sections,  a satisfactory  conclusion  as  to  the 
endencies  of  the  foreign-born  can  not  be  had,  because  in  the  small, 
etached  mining  communities  the  coal-mining  companies  usually  own 
tie  dwelling  houses  and  often  there  is  no  opportunity  for  the  em- 
loyee  to  purchase  his  own  home. 

Data  relative  to  the  ownership  of  homes  by  mining  employees  in 
tie  Middle  West  have  been  secured  by  means  of  the  family  study  and 
re  embodied  in  the  following  table : 

ABLE  374. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


Total 
number  of 
families. 


Owning  home. 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


ative-born  of  native  father,  White 
oreign-born: 

Italian,  North... 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


22 

8 

36.4 

51 

36 

70.6 

25 

10 

40.0 

50 

18 

36.0 

23 

20 

87.0 

Grand  total 

)tal  native-born 

hai  loreign-born 


171  92 

22  8 

149  84 


53.8 

36.4 

56.4 


699 


700 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  total  number  of  171  families  included  in  the  preceding  table 
92  or  53.8  per  cent,  own  their  homes.  For  the  native-born  tb 
percentage  owning  homes  is  36.4  per  cent,  and  for  the  total  foreign 

born  it  is  56.4  per  cent.  .tip 

The  foreign-born,  classified  by  races  in  the  order  of  percentag< 
owning  homes  rank  as  follows  i Poles,  North  Italians,  South  Italians 
and  Lithuanians.  It  will  be  noticed  that  for  all  the  foreign  races 
with  the  exception  of  the  Lithuanian,  the  percentage  of  homes  owne( 
is  larger  than  for  the  native-born.  The  unfavorable  position  of  th 
native-born  as  to  home  owning  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  fo 
the  past  twenty  years  there  has  been  an  increasing  tendency  on  tin 
part  of  the  native-born  to  leave  the  coal  mines.  Of  the  native-bori 
remaining  in  the  mines,  a considerable  part,  as  already  pointed  out 
occupv  the  more  skilled  and  responsible  positions.  Those  wh 
remain,  however,  in  the  shift  and  digging  and  loading  occupations  are 
to  a considerable  extent,  the  more  thriftless  and  less  ambition  ot  tli 
former  mine  workers,  and  represent  largely  an  improvident  class. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  the  percentage  o 
families  owning  homes  is  higher  in  the  Middle  West  than  in  tli 
Southwest  and  much  higher  than  in  Pennsylvania  or  the  boutli. 
The  above  statement  is  true  not  only  of  the  employees  as  a whol 
but  in  general,  of  all  the  races  represented.  The  fact  that  tli 
standard  for  the  employees  of  the  Middle  West  is  so  much  higher  tha 
for  those  of  the  East  and  South  is  probably  due,  in  a considerabl 
measure,  to  the  prevalence  of  better  working  conditions  m and  abou 
the  mines  of  the  Middle  West. 

CITIZENSHIP. 

Passing  from  the  consideration  of  home-owning  tendencies  as  a 
index  of  permanent  residence  and  progress  toward  Americamzatio 
on  the  part  of  the  foreign-born  mining  employees,  another  mstructiv 
indication  as  to  assimilation  is  found  in  the  fact  relative-  to  tti 
political  condition  of  the  foreign-born  and  their  interest  m politic! 

and  civic  matters.  i -p 

The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans,  as  a rule,  manites 
as  much  interest  in  all  public  affairs  as  do  the  native-born  of  natiy 
father.  The  French  and  Belgians,  do  not  show  so  much  interest  as  th 
above-mentioned  races.  Among  the  immigrant  races  from  souther 
and  eastern  Europe,  the  North  Italians,  upon  the  whole,  indicate  inoi 
activity  in  public  affairs  than  is  shown  by  the  other  races.  Ill 
Lithuanians  and  Poles  are  next  in  order.  The  South  Italians,  ic 
the  most  part,  manifest  very  little  interest  and  are  usually  controlle 

by  leaders  of  their  own  race.  i 

As  regards  naturalization  and  citizenship,  tables  submitted  on  tn 
following  page  present  a comparison  by  races  as  to  the  pomicai  coi 
dition  of  the  males  among  the  bituminous  coal  miners  of  the  Midcl 
West,  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  at  least  five 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming.  The  mt 
table  shows  the  numbers  and  percentages  of  all  races  having  first  ( 
second  papers.  The  second  table  makes  the  sarne  exhibfi  by  pe. 
cent  ages  for  the  principal  races,  in  connection  with  length  ot  res 
dence  in  the  United  States. 


a See  Table  113,  p.  179. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


701’ 


'able  375. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  'who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming 
by  race.  ’ 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent — 

Race. 

Fully 

naturalized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Fully 

naturalized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

ohemian  and  Moravian 

84 

27 

o 

QA 

32.1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

25.0 

42.9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

12.5 

ulgarian 

OO 

o 

inadian,  French 

1 

1 

1 

madian'  Other 

1 

80 

1 

1 

•oatian 

20 

X 

1 n 

anish 

iU 

1 

1 

utch 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

17.8 

(a) 

28.0 

16.2 

(a) 

14.9 
21.8 
10.6 

(a) 

9.8 

21.8 

Dglish 

270 

15 

82 

352 

3 

186 

7 

innish 

48 

8 

OO 

68. 9 

(a) 

32.9 
76.1 

rench 

I 

27 

268 

srman 

reek 

0/ 

1 

n 

ish 

47 

739 

161 

2 

34 

307 

39 

2 

(a) 

72.3 

41.5 

0 4 O 

alian,  North 

4 

1 A1 

ilian.  South 

Ibi 

1 7 

ilian  (not  specified) 

14 

(a) 

44.5 

thuanian 

418 

238 

5 

186 

48 

agyar 

4i 

TvO 

ontenegrin 

1 

20. 2 
(a) 

(a) 

20.1 

(a) 

35.7 

(a) 

57.5 

(a) 

jrwegian 

4 

4 

(a) 

ilish 

309 

1 

62 

c^o 

(a) 

17.2 

(a) 

12.9 

juraanian 

00 

1 

1 Q 

assian 

140 

2 

ithenian 

ou 

18 

otch 

120 

6 

285 

35 

33 

2 

00 

(o) 

27.5 

(a) 

20.7 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

10.3 

33.3 

28.3 
(a) 

rvian 

1 

oo 

1 

)vak 

131 

12 

25 

i 

)venian 

oy 

46. 0 
(a) 

(a) 

•edish 

o 

Q 

rian 

0 

1 

a 

elsh 

58 

45 

46 

/IQ 

(a) 

84.5 

26.7 

OO  A 

istrian  (race  not  specified) 

12 

15 

1 

b 

15 

13 

Igian  (race  not  specified) 

iss  (race  not  specified) 

3 

b 

(a) 

Total 

3,601 

1,586 

AC1 

44.0 

18.9 

Dol 

« Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


kBLE  3/6.  Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  were  21  years 
of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 
race. 


(study  of  employees.) 


Y years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 


glish 

•man 

lian.  North 
iian.  South, 
huanian... 

?yar 

ish 

ssian 

tch 

vak 

Total..., 


In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

In  United  States  10  years 
or  over. 

In  United  States  5 years 
or  over. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent — 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent — 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent — 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

73 

8.2 

53.4 

197 

91.4 

4.6 

270 

68.9 

17.8 

83 

21.7 

51.8 

269 

92.9 

5.2 

352 

76.1 

16.2 

445 

21.6 

25.4 

294 

71.8 

16.3 

739 

41.5 

21.8 

124 

13.7 

11.3 

37 

59.5 

8.1 

161 

24.2 

10.  6 

216 

24.5 

10.2 

202 

65.8 

9.4 

418 

44.5 

9.8 

161 

8.1 

22.4 

77 

45.5 

20.8 

238 

20.2 

21.  8 

165 

3.0 

14.5 

144 

39.6 

20.1 

309 

20. 1 

17.2 

68 

16.2 

7.4 

72 

54.2 

18.1 

140 

35.7 

12.9 

34 

2.9 

50.0 

86 

79.1 

18.6 

120 

57.5 

27.  5 

99 

14.1 

25.3 

186 

62.9 

18.3 

285 

46.0 

20.7 

1,731 

14.8 

24.8 

1,870 

71.1 

13.4 

3, 601 

44.0 

18.9 

702 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  tables  of  percentages  immediately  preceding  show  that,  of  th( 
total  number  of  employees  reporting,  44  per  cent  are  naturalized 
18  9 per  cent  have  first  papers  only,  and  37.1  per  cent  are  without 
first  or  second  papers.  The  highest  percentage  of  aliens  among  am 
race  is  exhibited  by  the  South  Italians,  65.2  per  cent  of  whom  haw 
taken  no  steps  toward  citizenship.  Only  23  per  cent  of  the  boutl 
Italians,  however,  have  been  in  the  country  as  long  as  ten  ;^ars 
this  proportion  being  smaller  than  that  of  any  other  race.  The  Tole; 
show  the  next  largest  percentage  of  aliens,  with  62.7  per  cent  thus  re 
ported,  closely  followed  bv  the  Croatians  with  62.5  per  cent. 

The  Welsh,  wdth  84.5  per  cent  reported  as  holding  final  papers 
rank  the  highest  as  regards  complete  naturalization.  They,  however 
constitute  one  of  the  smallest  racial  groups  tabulated.  The  fact  tha 
the  Germans  rank  second,  with  76.1  per  cent  naturalized  and  16.2  pe 
cent  having  first  papers,  is  rather  more  significant,  as  this  group  ii 
more  than  six  times  the  size  of  the  Welsh.  Moreover,  almost  one 
fourth  of  the  Germans  have  been  in  the  country  less  than  ten  years 
The  Irish,  ranking  third,  form  another  small  group.  The  Enghsl 
rank  fourth  and  the  Scotch  fifth,  the  aliens  of  these  races  being  bu 
13.3  per  cent  and  15  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  total  number  report 
ing.  The  Scotch  have  a much  higher  percentage  holding  first  paper 
than  the  English.  In  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  races  only  th 
Slovaks  and  Lithuanians  show  percentages  of  fully  naturalized  per 
sons  in  excess  of  the  general  average  of  44  per  cent. 

The  Poles  report  the  lowest  percentage  of  fully  naturalized  em 
ployees,  or  20.1  per  cent.  The  Magyars  report  20.2  per  cent  full; 
naturalized.  Both  of  these  races  rank  below  the  Soutn  Italiam 
with  24.2  per  cent  fully  naturalized.  Exactly  25  per  cent  of  th 
Croatians  are  fully  naturalized,  but  only  12.5  per  cent  of  this  rac 
have  first  papers,  and  consequently  the  proportion  of  aliens  is  ^er 
large.  Only  25  per  cent  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians  are  aliens 
their  percentage  of  32.1  fully  naturalized  is  not  comparatively  higr 
Of  the  individuals  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  60. 
per  cent  have  taken  no  steps  toward  citizenship,  24.8  per  cent  hav 
their  first  papers,  and  14.8  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized. 

In  this  classification  the  Poles  show  the  greatest  proportion  c 
aliens,  82.5  per  cent  of  the  race  being  thus  reported.  Only  3 pe 
cent  of  the  men  of  this  race  and  in  this  age  group  are  fully  naturalizec 
The  Russians  follow  with  76.4  per  cent  alien,  but  show  16.2  per  cen 
fullv  naturalized.  The  Lithuanians,  with  24.5  per  cent,  show  th 
highest  percentage  of  persons  fully  naturalized,  followed  by  the  Gei 
mans  with  21.7  per  cent  and  the  North  Italians  with  21.6  per  cent 
Of  the  Lithuanians  65.3  per  cent,  of  the  North  Italians  53  per  cen1 
and  of  the  Germans  26.5  per  cent  are  aliens. 

Complete  naturalization  is,  as  might  be  expected,  more  genere 
among  the  persons  of  longest  residence  in  the  United  States.  Ih 
1,870  individuals  tabulated  as  having  been  in  the  country  ten  yeai 
or  more  are  reported  as  71.1  per  cent  fully  naturalized  and  13.4  pe 
cent  having  first  papers  only,  which  leaves  but  15.5  per  cent 

The  races  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany,  which  rank  highee 
in  the  general  showing  for  all  races,  also  make  the  best  showing  i 
the  racial  comparison  as  to  political  condition  of  employees  wb 
have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  more.  The  races  troi 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


703 


jreat  Britain  and  Germany  show  the  lowest  percentages  of  aliens, 
10  proportion  for  any  race  being  over  4 per  cent  of  the  whole.  The 
lighest  percentage  of  aliens  is  found  among  the  Poles,  with  40.3 
)er  cent.  Moreover,  only  39.6  per  cent  of  this  race  are  naturalized, 
fhe  Magyars  follow,  with  33.7  per  cent  alien  and  45.5  per  cent 
laturalized.  Other  high  percentages  of  aliens  are  the  South  Italians, 
12.4;  the  Russians,  27.7 ; and  the  Lithuanians,  24.8.  Of  the  37  South 
talians  who  furnished  information  and  who  have  been  in  this  country 
en  years  or  over,  59.5  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized,  only  8.1  percent 
lave  first  papers,  and  32.4  per  cent  have  as  yet  taken  no  steps  to- 
vsird  naturalization. 

The  following  table  shows  the  present  political  condition  of  foreign- 
)orn  males  in  the  households  studied  who  have  been  in  the  United 
hates  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at 
ime  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual: 

'able  377. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race 
of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


N umber 

N umber— 

Per  cent — 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Fully 

naturalized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Fully 

naturalized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

'oreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

29 

13 

11 

44.  8 

37.9 
(a) 

17.9 

(a) 

Italian,  South 

16 

6 

(a) 

42.9 

Lithuanian 

28 

12 

5 

Polish 

10 

3 

2 

(a) 

Total 

83 

34 

18 

41.0 

21.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  above  table  shows  that  of  the  total  number  of  individuals  in 
his  locality  for  whom  information  was  secured,  a much  larger  pro- 
lortion  are  fully  naturalized  than  have  first  papers  only. 

As  between  the  North  Italians  and  Lithuanians,  the  former,  while 
eporting  only  a slightly  larger  proportion  than  the  latter  fully  nat- 
iralized,  show  a much  larger  proportion  having  secured  only  their 
irst  papers;  while  of  the  South  Italians  and  Poles  the  number  of 
iiach  reporting  is  so  small  as  to  admit  of  no  comparison. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

Another  factor  upon  which  progress  toward  assimilation  and  indus- 
rial  advancement  are  conditioned  is  found  in  the  extent  to  which 
ihe  different  races  of  alien  speech  and  birth  acquire  a knowledge  of 
i^nglish.  Information  as  to  ability  to  speak  English  was  secured 
rom  the  members  of  the  households  studied  in  the  Middle  West  and 
s submitted  in  the  table  following  for  all  persons  6 years  of  age  or 
>ver,  by  sex,  race,  and  general  nativity. 


704 


I 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  378. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  by  sex  and  generc 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  hov 
ever,  are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  complete 
data. 

Per  cent 

who  speak  English, 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

1 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father,  Italian,  North 

19 

2G 

45 

100.0 

9G.2 

97. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

58 

49 

107 

87.9 

28.  G 

65. 

Italian,  South 

40 

33 

73 

52.5 

48.5 

50. 

Lithuanian 

52 

52 

104 

100.0 

88.5 

94. 

Polish 

28 

21 

49 

100.0 

81.0 

91. 

Grand  total 

227 

21G 

443 

88.5 

70.4 

79. 

Total,  native-born  of  foreign  father 

49 

G1 

i no 

100.0 

9G.7 

98.' 

Total,  foreign-born 

1 

155 

333 

85.4 

60.0 

73. 

All  of  the  North  Italian  males  native-born  of  foreign  father,  a; 
evidenced  by  the  above  table,  can  speak  English,  and  96.2  per  cen 
of  the  females.  Of  the  total  foreign-born  84.5  per  cent  of  the  males 
can  speak  English,  but  only  three-fifths  of  the  foreign-born  females 
are  so  reported.  This  inability  on  the  part  of  tlio  females  as  comparec 
with  the  males  to  speak  English  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  women  o 
foreign  households  do  not  come  into  contact  with  English-speaking 
people  to  as  large  an  extent  as  do  the  men,  the  latter  being  throwr 
with  English-speaking  people  at  work  and  in  other  relations.  More- 
over, their  native  language  is  usually  spoken  by  foreigners  in  th( 
household,  and  the  immigrant  women,  therefore,  have  small  oppor- 
tunity to  learn  English  from  the  men  while  at  home. 

Of  the  different  races  of  foreign  birth,  all  of  the  males  of  the  Lith- 
uanian and  Polish  races  can  speak  English,  while  only  88.5  per  cent 
of  the  Luthuanian  females  and  81  per  cent  of  the  Polish  females  car 
converse  in  that  language.  As  compared  with  these  two  races,  the 
North  and  South  Italians  make  a less  favorable  showing.  Eighty- 
seven  and  nine-tenths  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian  males  and  28.6 
per  cent  of  the  females  can  speak  English,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
only  a little  more  than  one-half  of  the  South  Italian  males  and  less 
than  one-half  of  the  females  of  that  race  are  able  to  speak  English. 

A study  of  7,761  individual  mine  employees  of  foreign  birth  and 
of  non-English-speaking  race  was  made  relative  to  their  ability  to 
speak  English.  The  results,  according  to  race  of  individual,  are  sliowu 
in  the  table  following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


705 


Table  379.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  hy  race. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


rhis  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total  how- 
ever, IS  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.]  ’ 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

lohemian  and  Moravian 

247 

77.3 

Polish 

787 

57.3 

roatian 

180 

78.9 

Russian 

/Ol 

*271 

rench 

190 

68.4 

Slovak 

Oil 

778 

67. 9 

rerman 

841 

89.  4 

Slov(^nin,Ti 

73. 5 

ialian,  North 

1,685 

68.0 

Swedish 

94 

67 

72.3 

;a)ian,  South 

416 

50.2 

92. 5 

.ithuanian 

1,080 

75.9 

Total 

[agyar 

596 

50.0 

/,  /Di 

69. 7 

The  race  for  which  the  proportion  of  men  able  to  speak  English 
3 highest  IS  the  Swedish,  followed  by  the  German,  Croatian,  Bohe- 
iian  and  Moravian,  and  Lithuanian,  in  the  order  mentioned;  those 
or  which  It  IS  comparatively  low  are  the  South  Italian,  Magyar,  and 
ohsh.  Of  the  Swedes,  92.5  per  cent  speak  English,  while  the  figure 
or  the  South  Italians  is  50.2  per  cent,  and  that  for  the  Magyars  is 
0 per  cent. 

^ces  other  than  those  above  mentioned,  for  which  the  percent- 
^e  of  English-speaking  persons  is  higher  than  the  per  cent  shown  for 
ae  total  foreign-bom,  are  the  Slovak  and  Slovenian.  Among  the 
.ussians,  Noith  Italians,  and  French,  the  percentage  of  persons  who 
m speak  English  is  lower  than  is  the  showing  for  the  total  of  all  races. 
In  connection  with  the  ability  of  mine  employees  to  speak  English 
is  also  important  to  note  the  ability  of  immigrants  to  speak  English 
ccordmg  to  age  at  the  time  of  coining  to  the  United  States.  With  this 
bject  m view,  the  following  table  is  presented,  showing  the  percentao-e 
t toreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households 
^udied  who  can  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  arrival  in  the  United 


VBLE  380.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak 
English,  by  age  at 
time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

lian,  North . 

1 A7 

lian,  South 

ID/ 

70 

91. 7 

56. 9 

huanian ...  

/o 

76.  9 

36.2 

ish 

104 

100.  0 

93.8 

Total 

49 

90.  9 

92.1 

333 

86.0 

71.0 

By  comparing  the  total  number  of  persons  in  the  above  table  who 
ire  less  than  14  years  of  age  when  they  came  to  the  United  States 


706 


The  Immigration.  Commission. 


with  those  who  were  more  than  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  theil 
arrival  it  is  seen  that  a higher  per  cent  of  the  lower  ap  period  cai 
speak  Eno-lish.  This  seems  to  be  conclusive  evidence  of  a more  rapii 
tendency  to  acquire  English  among  the  younger  immigrants  tha, 

^"ln"t1ir 0^36*07 all  races,  with  the  exception  of  the  Poles,  a tendency 
even  greater  than  that  exhibited  for  the  total  foreign-born  is  appare^ 
About  nine-tenths  of  the  North  Italians  under  14  years  of  age  as  com 
pared  with  a little  more  than  one-half  over  14  y?a-rs  of  a|e  at  the  tim 
of  comino'  to  this  country,  can  speak  English,  while  three-fourths  of  th 
South  ItSians  under  14  years  of  age  as  apmst  J] 

vears  old  at  the  time  of  their  coming  to  the  United  States  are  aD 
trsneak  English.  All  of  the  Lithuanian  race  who  came  to  tin 
counUy  when  less  than  14  years  of  age  can  speak  Enghp,  and  moi 

than  nine-tenths  of  those  who  reached  this  country  after  tlmy  ha 

passed  their  fourteenth  year  can  converse  m that  language.  Th 
Polish  race  shows  a large  proportion  of 

the  older  age  group,  indicating  a larger  segregation  of  the  young( 
members  of  the  race  from  American  schools,  and  less  contact  wit 
the  American  people  and  institutions.  i tp  r i 

In  studying  the  ability  of  foreignporn  pemons  to  speak  Engl «] 
it  is  interesting  to  compare  the  relative  ability  to 
accorito-  to  pefiod  of  residence  in  the  United  SUtes  The  followi 
table  covering  333  individuals  in  the  households  studied,  shows  tl 
relative  per  cfnt  of  such  foreign-born  perpns  6 years  of  age  or  ov 
who  speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States . 

Table  381  -Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


,By  years  in  the  United  States  Is  — ^ 


This  table  inclui 


*• 

Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  b, 
years  in  United  States. 

complete 

data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  ov 

107 

37.5 

52.3 

1 

73 

31.8 

04.  i 

1 nn  Ci 

(1 

104 

64. 3 

lUU.  u 
C7 

1(- 

49 

90.0 

Ol  ‘ o 

333 

53.8 

69.9 

On  comparing  in  the  above  table  the  total  for  f? 
that  there  is  an  intimate  connection  between  ability  to  speak  Eng 
and  period  of  residence  in  this  countiw,  the  ability  to  use  the  langm 
increasing  as  the  period  of  residence  becomes  more  , gr  , 

one-half  of  the  total  foreign-born  who  have  been  m the  United  bta  - 
less  than  five  years,  about  seven-tenths  ^ 

the  country  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  about  n 
total  who  have  had  a residence  of  over  ten 

English.  As  regards  the  several  races,  the  greatest  relative  advan 
melt  in  the  use^  of  English  is  indicated  by  the  Lithuanians.  All 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Middle  West. 


707 


hat  race  who  have  had  a residence  of  five  to  nine  years  in  the  United 
states  are  able  to  speak  English  and  almost  all  of  those  of  a lono-er 
)eriod  or  residence  than  ten  years.  The  least  progress  is  shown  l)y 
he  Italian  races.  Fifteen  and  four-tenths  per  cent  of  the  North  and 
58.6  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten 
■ears  or  over  are  unable  to  speak  English,  while  practically  all  the 
oles  and  Lithuanians  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  the 
ame  period  are  able  to  speak  English. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  7,761  foreign-born  male 
mployees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United 
)tates  and  race: 


ABLE  382.  Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  hy  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


bis  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  rac^s  with  100  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  how- 
ever,  is  for  all  non-Enghsh-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number. 

reporting 

com})lete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  bv  age 
at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Total. 

jhemian  and  Moravian. 

947 

oatian 

1 cn 

100. 0 

73. 2 

77.3 

each 

loU 

1 on 

83. 3 

78. 6 

78.9 

68.4 

jrman 

lyu 

C^l 

100. 0 

61.8 

ilian,  North 

o4i 

1 AQc; 

100. 0 

85.  6 

89.4 

ilian,  South 

i-j  OoO 
41  A 

97. 1 

66.  7 

68.0 

thuanian 

1 nen 

84.  6 

OK  7 

47.9 

50.2 

igyar 

i,  UoU 

yo.  7 

75. 0 

75.  9 

•lish 

t)yo 

88. 9 

48.2 

50.0 

Lssian 

ioi 

Q71 

93. 0 

55. 2 

57.3 

)vak 

o/i 

80. 0 

67.6 

71.3 

67.9 

Total 

778 

95. 8 

73.5 

7 7A1 

oo  o 

69.7 

i j i\}L 

67.2 

Upon  comparing  the  foreign-born  males  considered  in  the  above 
.ble  according  to  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  it  will 
^ seen  olmt  those  who  were  under  14  show  a much  larger  proportion 
►eakmg  English  than  those  who  were  14  or  over. 

All  of  the  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  French,  and  Germans,  who 
® time  of  coming,  speak  English,  while  the  proportion 

Aorth  Italians  under  14  who  speak  English  is  larger  than  the 
‘oportion  shown  by  the  total  for  all  races.  The  Russians,  of  those 
ao  were  under  14  at  time  of  coming,  show  the  smallest  proportion 
eakmg  English,  and  are  closely  followed  by  the  Croatians  and 

lOf  those  who  were  14  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  the  Germans, 
oatians,  Lithuanians,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Slovaks,  and 
assians,  m the  order  named,  report  each  a proportion  above  that 
tne  total,  while  the  South  Italians  show  the  smallest  proportion 
tn  ability  to  speak  English. 

y^thout  regard  to  age  at  time  of  coming,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
vmans  show  much  the  largest  proportion  speaking  English,  fol- 
vea  by  the  Croatians,  Bohemians  and  Moravians,  Lithuanians,  and 
)vaks,  each  reporting  over  70  per  cent  with  ability  to  speak  English, 
aie,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Magyars  and  South  Italians  report  the 
liallest  proportions.  ^ 


708 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  table  next  presented  shows  the  ability  of  7,761  mine  workers  in  !•, 
the  Middle  West  to  speak  English  in  connection  with  period  of  resi- 
denc0  in  the  United  States. 


Table  383  —Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  years  m the 

United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

English-speaking  races.]  ^ 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

247 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

ISO 

190 

841 

1,685 

416 

1,080 

596 

787 

371 

778 

7,761 

.LF  opcaxv. 

United  States. 


Under  5.  5 to  9.  10  or  over.  Total. 


.')8.0 

57.9 

30.2 

56.3 

41.2 

32.9 

50.6 

26.5 

29.7 

35.2 

44.5 


40.9 


76.8 

82.2 

68.2 

86.3 
72.2 

51.0 

78.0 

57.3 

63.4 

77.5 
72.3 


71.0 


96.7 
88.5 
88.9 

98.0 

88.1 

84.1 

88.1 

79.2 

76.3 

90.8 

83.4 


68.4 

89.4 
68.0 
50.2! 
75.9 
50.0 
57.3 
67 

73.5 


88.7 


The  above  table  shows  data  for  7,761  individuals.  These  have 
been  divdded  into  three  groups.  In  the  first  group  are  those  wlw 
have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years,  in  the  second  are. 
those  who  have  been  in  the  country  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  in  the 
tliird  are  those  who  have  been  here  ten  years  or  ovey  t a 

The  totals  show  that  40.9  per  cent  of  all  the  individuals  included  ir 
the  first  group,  71  per  cent  of  all  those  included  in  the  second  group' 
and  88  7®per  cent  ol  all  those  included  in  the  third  group  can  speak 
EnS  hidicating  a decided  progression  from  group  to  group  irl 

"'^li'rlcthS  of  individuals  able  ta 

^oaLn  Sd  German;  or^^^^^  fecon^d  group,  the  German,  Croatian 
£thlni’a“  and  Russian;  and  for  the  third  g-'iP  he  Gem» 
Bohemian  and  Moravian,  Russian,  and  Fr?“®h.  ^he  jaces  fo^ 
the  smallest  proportions  of  individua  s who  speak  Rnghsh  an 

ported  are,  in  the  first  group  the  Magyar  and  Pole  m the  secon 
jroup,  the  South  Italian  and  Magyar;  and  in  the  third  group,  th 
dagyar  and  Pole. 


re 


O 


1st  Congress  1 
2d  ^SSi07L  ) 


REPORTS  OF  THE 


_ f Document 

SENATE  I No.  .633 


IMMIGRATION  COMMISSION 


IMMIGRANTS  IN  INDUSTRIES 

(IN  TWENTY-FIVE  PARTS)  “ 


PART  I;  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 


(IN  TWO  VOLUMES:  VOL.  II) 


Presented  by  MR.  DILLINGHAM 

June  15,  1910. — Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Immigration 
and  ordered  to  be  printed,  with  illustrations 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1911 


61st  Congress  1 a 'r'li'  / Document 

2d  Session  f | ^33 


REPOKTS  or  THE  IMMIGRATION  COMMISSION 


IMMIGRANTS  IN  INDDSTRIES 

(IN  TWENTY-FIVE  PARTS) 


PART  1:  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

(IN  TWO  VOLUMES:  VOL.  II) 


Presented  by  MR.  DILLINGHAM 

June  15,  1910. — Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Immigration 
and  ordered  to  be  printed,  with  illustrations 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1911 


THE  IMMIGRATION  COMMISSION. 


Senator  William  P.  Dillingham, 
Chairman. 

Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge. 
Senator  Asbury  C.  Latimer.® 
Senator  Anselm  J.  IMcLaurin.6 
Senator  Le  Roy  Percy. c 


Representative  Benjamin  F.  Howell. 
Representative  William  S.  Bennet. 
Representative  John  L.  Burnett. 

Mr.  Charles  P.  Neill. 

Mr.  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks. 

Mr.  William  R.  Wheeler. 


Secretaries: 

Morton  E.  Crane,  W.  W Husband. 
C.  S.  Atkinson. 


Chief  Statistician. 
Fred  C.  Croxton. 


Extracts  from  act  of  Congress  of  February  20,  1907 , creating  and  defining  the  duties  of  v. 

Immigration  Commission. 

That  a commission  is  hereby  created,  consisting  of  three  Senators,  to  be  appoint, 
by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  and  three  Members  of  the  House  of  Representativ< 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  three  persoi 
to  be  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Said  commission  shall  ma:! 
full  inquirv,  examination,  and  investigation,  by  subcommittee  of  otherwise,  in* 
the  subject  of  immigration.  For  the  purpose  of  said  inquiry,  examination,  a 
investigation  said  commission  is  authorized  to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  make ! 
necessary  travel,  either  in  the  United  States  or  any  foreign  country,  and,  through  ti 
chairman  of  the  commission,  or  any  member  thereof,  to  administer  oaths  and  to  exav 
ine  witnesses  and  papers  respecting  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  subject,  and  to  ei- 
plov  necessary  clerical  and  other  assistance.  Said  commission  shall  report  to  Lc- 
gress  the  conclusions  reached  by  it,  and  make  such  recommendations  as  in  its  juc- 
ment  may  seem  proper.  Such  sums  of  moneyas  may  be  necessary  for  the  sgi 
inquiry,  examination,  and  investigation  are  hereby  appropriated  and  authorized* 
be  paid  out  of  the  “ immigrant  fund”  on  the  certificate  of  the  chairman  of  said  co  - 
mission,  including  all  expenses  of  the  commissioners,  and  a reasonable  compeni- 
tion,  to  be  fixed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  for  those  members  of  ti 
commission  who  are  not  Members  of  Congress;  * * *. 


oDied  February  20,  1908.  t.  or,  m/ 

b Appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  Latimer,  February  25, 1908.  Died  December  22,  19( 
c Appointed  to  succeed  Mr.  McLaurin,  March  16,  1910. 


u 


V.Z 


IIST  OF  REPORTS  OF  THE  IMMIGRATION  COMMISSION. 


olumes  1 and  2.  Abstracts  of  Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission,  with  Conclusions  and  Recom- 
mendations and  Views  of  the  Minority.  (These  volumes  include  the  Commission's  complete  reports 
on  the  following  subjects:  Immigration  Conditions  in  Ilawaii;  Immigration  and  Insanity;  Immi- 
grants in  Charity  Hospitals;  Alien  Seamen  and  Stowaways;  Contract  Labor  and  Induced  and  Assisted 
Immigration;  The  Greek  Padrone  System  in  the  United  States;  Peonage.)  (S.  Doc.  No.  747,  61st 
Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

olume  3.  Statistical  Review  of  Immigration,  1819-1910— Distribution  of  Immigrants,  1850-1900.  (S.  Doc. 
No.  756,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

olume  4.  Emigration  Conditions  in  Europe.  (S.  Doc.  No.  748,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olume  5.  Dictionary  of  Races  or  Peoples.  (S.  Doc.  No.  662,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

olumes  6 and  7.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  1,  Bituminous  Coal  Mining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong., 
2d  sess.) 

olumes  8 and  9.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  2,  Iron  and  Steel  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st 
Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

olume  10.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  3,  Cotton  Goods  Manufacturing  in  the  North  Atlantic  States— 
Pt.  4,  Woolen  and  Worsted  Goods  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  11.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  5,  Silk  Goods  Manufacturing  and  Dyeing — Pt.  6,  Clothing 
Manufacturing— Pt.  7,  Collar,  Cuff,  and  Shirt  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  12.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  8,  Leather  Manufacturing— Pt.  9,  Boot  and  Shoe  Manufac- 
turing—Pt.  10,  Glove  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  13.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  11,  Slaughtering  and  Meat  Packing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st 
Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

olume  14.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  12,  Glass  Manufacturing- Pt.  13,  Agricultural  Implement 
and  Vehicle  Manufacturing.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633, 61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  15.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  14,  Cigar  and  Tobacco  Manufacturing— Pt.  15,  Furniture  Man- 
ufacturing—Pt.  16,  Sugar  Refining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  16.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  17,  Copper  Mining  and  Smelting— Pt.  18,  Iron  Ore  Mining— 
Pt.  19,  Anthracite  Coal  Mining— Pt.  20,  Oil  Refining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  17.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  21,  Diversified  Industries,  Vol.  I.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong., 
2d  sess.) 

olume  18.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  21,  Diversified  Industries,  Vol.  II— Pt.  22,  The  Floating  Immi- 
grant Labor  Supply.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olumes  19  and  20.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  23,  Summary  Report  on  Immigrants  in  Manufacturing 
and  Mining.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

i olumes  21  and  22.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  24,  Recent  Immigrants  in  Agriculture.  (S.  Doc.  No. 
633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

olumes  23-25.  Immigrants  in  Industries:  Pt.  25,  Japanese  and  Other  Immigrant  Races  in  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  Rocky  Mountain  States.  (S.  Doc.  No.  633,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olumes  26  and  27.  Immigrants  in  Cities.  (S.  Doc.  No.*338,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 

olume  28.  Occupations  of  the  First  and  Second  Generations  of  Immigrants  in  the  United  States— Fe- 
cundity of  Immigrant  Women.  (S.  Doc.  No.  282,  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
iolumes  29-33.  The  Children  of  Immigrants  in  Schools.  (S.  Doc.  No.  749,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olumes  34  and  35.  Immigrants  as  Charity  Seekers.  (S.  Doc.  No.  665,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olume  36.  Immigration  and  Crime.  (S.  Doc.  No.  750,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

olume  37.  Steerage  Conditions — Importation  and  Harboring  of  Women  for  Immoral  Purposes — Immi- 
grant Homes  and  Aid  Societies — Immigrant  Banks.  (S.  Doc.  No.  753,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olume  38.  Changes  in  Bodily  Form  of  Descendants  of  Immigrants.  (S.  Doc.  No.  208, 61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.) 
olume  39.  Federal  Immigration  Legislation — Digest  of  Immigration  Decisions— Steerage  Legislation, 
1819-1908— State  Immigration  and  Alien  Laws.  (S.  Doc.  No.  758,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olume  40.  The  Immigration  Situation  in  Other  Countries:  Canada— Australia— New  Zealand — Argen- 
tina—Brazil.  (S.  Doc.  No.  761,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

olume  41.  Statements  and  Recommendations  Submitted  by  Societies  and  Organizations  Interested  in 
the  Subject  of  Immigration.  (S.  Doc.  No.  764,  61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 
olume  42.  Index  of  Reports  of  the  Immigration  Commission.  (S.  Doc.  No.  785, 61st  Cong.,  3d  sess.) 

575563 


III 


IMMIGRANTS  IN  INDUSTRIES. 

BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  (in  two  volumes). 

This  report,  which  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  Commission  by  \ 
Jett  Lauck,  superintendent  of  a<^ents,  forms  part  of  the  general  report  of  the  Imir 
gration  Commission  on  immigrants  in  industries. 


IV 


CONTENTS 


PART  IV— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

SOUTHWEST. 

'hapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Households  studied 3 

Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured 4 

Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured 6 

Ihapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  mines  of  the  Southwest 9 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and 

members  of  their  households 11 

Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time 13 

History  of  immigration  to  the  Oklahoma  coal  fields 14 

Racial  movements  to  selected  localities  in  Oklahoma 19 

Present  racial  classification  of  Oklahoma  mine  workers 23 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in 

Oklahoma 24 

Future  immigration  to  Oklahoma 25 

History  of  immigration  to  the  Kansas  mines 25 

Racial  movements  to  selected  bituminous  mining  localities  in  Kansas 28 

Racial  classification  of  Kansas  mine  workers 29 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in 

Kansas 30 

Future  immigration  to  Kansas 31 

'hapter  111. — Economic  status: 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied . 33 

Principal  occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States 36 

General  occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied . 38 
General  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  households  studied . 39 

Occupations  of  immigrants  in  the  bituminous  mines  of  the  Southwest 39 

Daily  earnings 41 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability 44 

Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied 46 

Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied . 48 

Annual  family  income 50 

Wives  at  work 51 

Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households 

studied 52 

Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of 

keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 52 

Sources  of  family  income 55 

Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income 57 

Ihapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Method  of  securing  immigrants 61 

Hours  worked  per  day 61 

Regularity  of  employment 62 

The  wage  scale - 63 

Company  houses 64 

The  company-store  system 65 

The  immigrant  and  organized  labor 66 

Mining  accidents  in  their  relation  to  recent  immigration 68 

Relations  among  races  employed 69 


V 


VI 


Contents. 


Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions:  Pag' 

General  housing  and  living  conditions 7 

Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living 7 

Boarders  and  lodgers 7 

Size  of  apartments  occupied 7 

Size  of  households  studied 8 

Congestion 8 

Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Literacy 8 

Conjugal  condition 9 

Visits  abroad 9 

Criminality  of  recent  immigrants 10 

Diseases  of  recent  immigrants 10 

Age  classification  of  employees  and  members  of  their  households 10 

Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Americanization 10 

Immigrant  churches 10 

Societies  and  fraternal  orders 10 

Savings  and  investments 10 

Ownership  of  homes 10 

Money  sent  abroad 11 

School  facilities  and  attendance 11 

Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied 11 

Interest  in  political  and  civic  allairs  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas 11 

Citizenship  in  the  Southwest 11 

Ability  to  speak  English 12 


PART  V.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  SOUTB 


Chapter  I. — Introduction: 

Households  studied 

Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured 

Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

History  of  immigration  to  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  South 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and 

members  of  their  households 

Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  mines  of  Alabama 

Present  racial  classification  of  mine  employees  in  Alabama 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in 

Alabama  coal  mines 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  West  Virginia 

Racial  composition  of  mine-operating  forces  at  the  present  time  in  West 

Virginia 

Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in  the 

West  Virginia  coal  fields 

History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  Virginia 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Industrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied . 
Principal  occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States : * • * 

General  occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied . 
General  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied. 

Occupations  entered  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry 

Daily  earnings  in  the  South 

Daily  earnings  in  West  Virginia : • • • : •.•*.••. 

Monthly  earnings  in  representative  coal  mines  in  southernWest  Virginia 

Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability 

Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied 

Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied. 

Annual  family  income 

Wives  at  work 


Page 

12 

13' 

13: 

13^ 

13'' 

13' 

14( 

14: 

14; 

14- 

16 

16: 

16- 

16' 

17; 

17; 

17: 

17: 

17' 

17! 

18: 

18: 

18{ 

18' 

m. 

181 


Contents. 


VII 


lAPTER  III. — Economic  status — Continued. 

Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households 

studied 

Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of 

keeping  boarders  or  lodgers 

Sources  of  family  income - - - - 

Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income 

lAPTER  IV. — Working  conditions; 

Regularity  of  employment 

The  immigrant  and  organized  labor 

Working  conditions  in  Alabama  mines 

Working  conditions  in  West  Virginia  coal  fields 

Working  conditions  in  Virginia  coal  fields - 

lAPTER  V. — The  demand  for  immigrant  labor  and  the  effects  of  its  employ- 
ment: 

Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants  in  Alabama  coal  mines 

Methods  used  to  secure  immigrant  labor  for  Alabama  mines 

Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants  in  West  Virginia 

Methods  used  to  secure  immigrant  labor  in  West  Virginia 

Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants  in  Virginia  coal  fields 

Effect  of  employment  of  immigrants  in  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  coal 

fields - 

RAPTER  VI. — Industrial  progress  and  efficiency  of  immigrant  employees  in 
West  Virginia; 

General  industrial  progress 

Opinions  of  employers  according  to  specified  standards  as  to  the  progress 

of  immigrant  mine  workers 

Preferences  of  coal  operators  for  different  races  of  immigrant  employees... 
EAPTER  VII. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

General  housing  conditions 

Systems  of  domestic  economy 

Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living 

I Boarders  and  lodgers 

Size  of  apartments  occupied 

Size  of  households  studied 

Congestion 

BAPTER  VIII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Literacy 

Conjugal  condition 

Visits  abroad 

Age  classification  of  employees  and  members  of  their  households 

BAPTER  IX. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Ownership  of  homes 

Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied 

Citizenship  in  the  South 

Citizenship  in  West  Virginia 

Ability  to  speak  English 

eneral  tables 

General  explanation  of  tables 

General  survey 

Pennsylvania 

Middle  West 

Southwest 

South 

ist  of  text  tables 

ist  of  general  tables 

ist  of  charts 

ist  of  maps  and  diagrams 


Page. 


190 

190 

191 
193 

195 

196 
196 
200 
209 


215 

219 

219 

220 
221 

221 


225 

225 

228 

229 

230 
232 
236 

238 

239 
239 

247 

253 

258 

263 

267 

268 
269 

272 

273 

279 

281 

291 

363 

428 

470 

520 

565 

589 

601 

602 


PART  IV -THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY 
IN  THE  SOUTHWEST. 


PART  IV— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

SOUTHWEST. 


Chapter  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Households  studied — Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured — Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured — [Text  Tables  384  to  388 
and  General  Tables  150  to  152]. 

HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  investigation  in  the  Southwest  included  the  coal-producing 
areas  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma.®  In  addition  to  the  liistorical  and 
descriptive  matter  collected,  information  was  received  for  7,036  mine 
workers,  and  in  the  States  mentioned  above  an  intensive  study  was 
made  of  476  households  the  heads  of  which  were  employed  in  the 
bituminous  mines. 

The  following  table  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household,  the  number  and  percentage  of  households  studied  in  the 
bituminous  mining  localities  of  the  Southwest,  and  the  percentage  each 
race  forms  of  the  total  number  studied. 

Table  384. — Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Households. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Households. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born-  -Continued. 

White . . 

53 

11.1 

Mexican 

42 

8.8 

Negro 

27 

5.7 

Polish 

36 

7.6 

Foreign-born: 

Slovak 

49 

10.3 

Croatian 

21 

4.4 

Welsh 

27 

5.7 

Tri^h 

39 

8.  2 

Italian,  North  . . . 

96 

2o!2 

Grand  total 

476 

100.0 

Tt’oliQTi 

35 

7.  4 

OUUtll ••••••  • •••• 

Lithuanian  

36 

7^6 

Total  native-born 

80 

16.8 

Magyar 

15 

3.2 

Total  foreign-born 

396 

83.2 

The  largest  proportions  of  households  of  foreign  races  studied  in  the 
Southwest,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  above  table,  were  those  whose  heads 
were  North  Italians  and  Slovaks,  the  selection  being  made  according 
to  the  numerical  importance  of  these  two  races.  The  same  basis  of 
selection  was  adopted  in  studying  the  households  of  the  other  six  races 
whose  heads  were  of  foreign  birth.  The  households  whose  heads  were 
white  persons  or  negroes,  of  native  birth  and  native  father,  were  studied 
for  the  purpose  of  making  comparisons  with  immigrant  households. 


a See  Volume  I,  chapter  I,  p.  5 et  seq. 


3 


4 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


MEMBERS  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  FOR  WHOM  DETAILED  INFORMATION  WAil 

SECURED. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  o 
head  of  household,  the  total  number  of  persons  and  the  persons  fo 
whom  detailed  information  was  received,  in  the  households  studied 

Table  385. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  wa 
secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Total 

Persons  in  house- 
hold. 

Persons  for  whom 
detailed  informs 
tion  was  secured 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

number 

of  house- 
holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu 
tion. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

53 

236 

10.2 

236 

10. 

Negro 

27 

120 

5.2 

120 

5. 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

21 

84 

3.6 

84 

3. 

Irish.. . 

39 

226 

9.8 

226 

10. 

Italian,  North 

96 

473 

20.5 

439 

19. 

Italian,  Smith 

35 

167 

7.2 

162 

7. 

Lithuanian 

36 

185 

8.0 

176 

7. 

Magyar 

15 

72 

3.1 

70 

3. 

Mexican 

42 

196 

8.5 

190 

8. 

Polish . 

36 

170 

7.4 

165 

7. 

Slovak 

49 

250 

10.8 

250 

11. 

Welsh 

27 

126 

5.5 

126 

5. 

Grand  total 

476 

2,305 

100.0 

2,250 

100. 

Total  native-born 

80" 

356 

15.4 

356 

To. 

Total  foreign-born 

396 

1,949 

84.6 

1,894 

84. 

. 

The  number  of  persons  of  each  sex  living  in  the  households  studiec 
is  also  shown,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  ii 
the  following  table: 


Table  Z^^.—Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativib 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Ntxmber. 

Percent  of  each  sex 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

117 

119 

236 

49.6 

50.1 

Negro 

54 

66 

120 

45.0 

55.' 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian.  

41 

43 

84 

48.8 

51.: 

Irish - 

125 

101 

226 

55.3 

44." 

Italian,  North  . 

265 

174 

439 

60.4 

39.1 

I tal ia.n,  Smith  

99 

63 

162 

61.1 

38.' 

I/ithnanian 

111 

65 

176 

63.1 

.36.' 

Magvar.- 

36 

34 

70 

51.4 

48.1 

Mexican 

112 

84 

196 

57.1 

42.'. 

Polish 

89 

76 

165 

53.9 

46. 

Slovak  - 

124 

126 

250 

49.6 

50. 

Welsh... 

68 

58 

126 

54.0 

46.1 

Grand  total 

1,241 

1,009 

2,250 

55.2 

44.:. 

Total  native-born 

171 

1^ 

356 

48.0 

sif 

Total  foreign -bom 

1,070 

824 

1,894 

56.5 

43.; 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


5 


The  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured  are  next 
abulated  according  to  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual  instead 
)f  head  of  household. 


Cable  387. — Per  sons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Jeneral  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Jative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

124 

121 

245 

10.0 

12.0 

10.9 

Negro 

54 

60 

120 

4.4 

6.5 

5.3 

Indian 

3 

3 

.0 

.3 

Jative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father: 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

1 

.0 

. 1 

(a\ 

Croatian. 

11 

15 

26 

.9 

1.5 

V*) 

1.2 

English : 

3 

3 

.0 

.3 

I 

Gefinan 

1 

1 

.0 

. 1 

• 1 

(a\ 

Irish 

75 

65 

140 

6.0 

6.4 

6.2 

Italian,  North 

G6 

64 

130 

5.3 

6.3 

5.8 

Italian,  South 

29 

21 

50 

2.3 

2.1 

2.2 

Lithuanian 

32 

24 

56 

2.6 

2.4 

2.5 

Magyar 

14 

20 

34 

1.1 

2.0 

1.5 

Mexican 

45 

39 

84 

3.0 

3.9 

3.7 

Polish 

27 

30 

57 

2.2 

3.0 

2.5 

Scotch 

1 

1 

. 0 

1 

(a'\ 

Slovak 

57 

70 

127 

4!  6 

oio 

5.6 

W elsh 

32 

22 

54 

2.6 

2.2 

2.4 

oreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

.0 

. 1 

(a) 

(n\ 

Canadian  (other  than  b reuch) 

1 

1 

.0 

1 

Croatian 

30 

28 

58 

2.4 

2!  8 

2.6 

Danish 

1 

1 

.0 

(a) 

^ 1 

English 

2 

2 

!o 

. 2 

German 

2 

2 

. 0 

2 

1 

Irish 

49 

29 

78 

3.' 9 

2.^ 

sis 

Italian,  North 

197 

109 

300 

15.9 

10.8 

13.6 

Italian,  South 

08 

40 

108 

5.5 

4.0 

4.8 

Lithuanian 

80 

41 

121 

6.4 

4.1 

5.4 

Magyar 

21 

15 

30 

1.7 

1.5 

1.6 

Mexican 

04 

40 

104 

5.2 

4.0 

4.6 

Polish 

01 

45 

106 

4.9 

4.5 

4.7 

Scotch 

1 

1 

. 0 

1 

(a\ 

Slovak 

07 

55 

122 

5.4 

5^5 

yy,) 

5.  4 

Spanish 

3 

3 

. 2 

. 0 

1 

Welsh 

35 

33 

68 

2.8 

3!  3 

3!o 

Grand  total 

1,241 

1,009 

2,250 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

388 

704 

31.3 

37.3 

34.  0 

otal  native-born 

500 

560 

1,132 

45.6 

50. 1 

50.3 

otal  foreign-born 

075 

443 

1,118 

54.4 

43.9 

49.7 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


6 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


EMPLOYEES  FOR  WHOM  INFORMATION  WAS  SECURED. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  distribution,  by  general 
nativity  and  race,  of  the  male  employees  from  whom  detailed  infor- 
mation was  secured : 

Table  388. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity 

and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

1,675 

23.8 

German 

185 

2.6 

396 

5.6 

Greek 

3 

(a)  ' 

Indian i 

2 

(<») 

Irish 

99 

^ 1.4 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

Italian,  North 

1,169 

16.6 

country  of  birth  of  lather: 

Italian,  South 

429 

6.1 

Austria- 11  ungary 

26 

.4 

Italian  (not  specified) 

10 

.1 

Belgium  

9 

.1 

Lithuanian 

125 

1.8 

Canada 

4 

. 1 

Magyar 

49 

.7 

Denmark 

2 

(“) 

Mexican 

114 

1.6 

England 

180 

2.6 

Norwegian 

2 

(a) 

France 

36 

.5 

Polish 

221 

^ ii 

Germany 

104 

1.  5 

Roumanian 

4 

,1 

Ireland 

141 

2.0 

Russian 

107 

1.5 

Italy 

64 

.9 

Scotch 

148 

2!i 

Mexico 

9 

. 1 

Servuan 

1 

(a) 

Netherlands 

4 

.1 

Slovak 

133 

1.9 

Russia 

20 

.3 

Slovenian 

196 

2.8 

Scotland 

147 

2. 1 

Spanish 

5 

.1 

Sweden 

6 

. 1 

Swedish 

19 

.3 

Switzerland 

1 

(a) 

Syrian 

3 

(a) 

Wales 

40 

.6 

Welsh 

37 

.5 

Africa  (country  not  specified).. . 

2 

(a) 

West  Indian 

1 

(a) 

Foreign-born,  by  rar  e: 

Australian  (race  not  specified).. 

2 

(a) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

29 

.4 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

455 

6.5 

Bulgarian 

6 

. 1 

Belgian  (race  not  specified). 

115 

1.6 

Canadian,  French 

4 

. 1 

Swi.ss  trace  not  specified^ 

1 

(0) 

inn  O fhr»r 

1 

(a) 

. 2 

Croatian 

14 

Grand  total 

7,036 

100.0 

Danish 

1 

(a) 

Dutch 

9 

. 1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father... 

795 

11.3 

English 

254 

3.  6 

Total  native-born 

2,868 

40.8 

Finnish 

2 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

4, 168 

59.2 

French 

215 

3.1 

a Less  than  0,05  per  cent. 


[This  chart  shows  only  races  represented  by  60  or  more  employees.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest, 


7 


f 


THE  LIERARV  f 

Of  THE  ■ 

OHIVEllSilT  Of  lELINOIS 

1 


.T 


r;  ' 


t'* 


Chapter  II. 

RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 

istory  of  immigration  to  the  coal  mines  of  the  Southwest— Period  of  residence  In 
the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and  members  of  their  households — 
Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time — History  of  immigration  to  the 
Oklahoma  coal  fields — Racial  movements  to  selected  localities  in  Oklahoma — 
Present  racial  classification  of  Oklahoma  mine  workers — Period  of  residence  in  the 
United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in  Oklahoma — Future  immigration  to 
Oklahoma— History  of  irnmigration  to  the  Kansas  mines— Racial  movements  to 
selected  bituminous  mining  localities  in  Kansas — Racial  classification  of  Kansas 
mine  workers— Period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-bom  employees 
in  Kansas— Future  immigration  to  Kansas.- [Text  Tables  389  to  396  and  General 
Tables  153  and  154.] 


HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COAL  MINES  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST. 

No  satisfactory  statistics  for  the  coal  industry  in  the  Southwest 
’ior  to  1883  are  available.  The  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Indian 
srritory  fields  were  not  opened  on  any  considerable  scale  until  about 
le  year  1885,  and  the  annual  production  in  Texas  had  not  reached 
rge  proportions  by  1890,  the  principal  period  of  development  in  the 
tter  State  being  as  late  as  the  five  years  1902  to  1907. 

Kansas  took  the  lead  in  developing  her  coal  deposits,  and  if  Kansas 
id  Oklahoma  (then  Indian  Territory)  be  considered  as  representa- 
76  of  the  Southwest,  it  may  be  said  that  coal  mining  by  the  year 
!85  had  reached  an  important  stage  of  development.  Four  years 
ter  these  two  States  were  producing  together  about  3,000,000 
ort  tons  annually.  Tliis  had  increased  m 1902  to  more  than 
900,000  tons,  and  in  1907  to  more  than  11,000,000  tons.  During 
e same  period  the  number  of  men  employed  in  the  coal  mines  of 
ansas  and  Oklahoma  had  increased  as  follows:® 


1889. 

1902. 

nsas 

5,956 

1,862 

7,017 

4,763 

lahoma  (Indian  Territory) 

Totai 

7,818 

11,780 

The  above  data  show  that  the  development  of  mining  in  the  two 
ates  led  to  the  employment  of  almost  4,000  more  men  in  1902  as 
mpared  with  1889,  and  slightly  over  9,000  more  in  1907  than  in  1902. 
le  significant  feature  of  the  situation  from  the  standpoint  of  immi- 
ation  is  that  not  only  the  original  employees,  but  also  the  increased 
mber  due  to  the  expansion  of  coal  operations,  were  largely  recruited 
I )m  immigrant  races  entering  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the 
ening  of  the  mines,  or  from  immigrants  who  had  already  settled 
other  mining  sections  of  the  United  States. 


“Compiled  from  reports  of  United  States  Census. 
48296°— VOL  7—11 2 


9 


10 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


j 


Both  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  were  very  sparsely  inhabited  abov 
1878,  and  the  management  bf  the  properties  induced  American 
English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  to  come  from  the  coal  regioi 
of  Pennsylvania  to  work  in  the  mines.  Mines  had  been  develope 
in  Oklahoma  (then  Indian  Territory)  as  early  as  1873,  and  a fe 
immigrants  were  then  employed,  but  the  movement  of  immigraf 
races  to  these  mines  did  not  assume  large  proportions  until  tl 
year  1880.  After  that  year  the  older  immigrants  from  Gres 
Britain  began  to  come  to  the  Southwest  in  considerable  numbe 
from  Pennsylvania,  the  Middle  West,  and  other  coal  fields  of  tl 
country.  The  movement  continued  until  the  early  nineties  j 
Oklahoma  (then  Indian  Territory),  and  until  1895  in  Kansa 
when  the  arrival  of  men  of  the  races  of  northern  Europe  pra 
tically  stopped.  As  early  as  1880  Croatians,  Germans,  Pole 
and  Lithuanians  were  also  in  the  field.  They  were  induced  to  con 
from  Pennsylvania  in  some  cases,  and  in  others  were  furnishc 
transportation  by  agents  of  the  coal  companies  at  the  Atlantic  port 
The  number  of  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  er 
ployed  in  the  mines  was  small,  however,  until  the  early  nineties,  wh( 
they  began  to  come  of  their  own  accord.  After  1895  they  enten 
the  field  in  large  numbers.  The  following  table,  classifying  mil 
employees  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  (Indian  Territory)  according  • 
nativity  indicates  the  presence  of  Italians,  Poles,  Russians,  and  oth 
recent  immigrants  in  considerable  numbers.  It  also  indicates  tl 
large  proportion  of  immigrants  from  Great  Britain  employed  in  tl 
mines. 

Table  389. — Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  (Indi 
Territory),  by  nativity,  1900. 

(Compiled  from  United  States  Census  of  1900:  Occupations.] 


Nativity. 

Kansas. 

Oklahoma 

(Indian 

Territory). 

Total. 

9,545 

4,201 

13,’.' 

Native  white: 

3,868 

1,823 

5,( 

rs alive  

1,311 

309 

1,' 

3,204 

1,130 

4,; 

Colored:  ^ 

1,162 

939 

2, 

1,158 

917 

2,< 

T)  r\f  riQ'fl'lTO  T^orpn  T 

5,023 

354 

2,757 

h'- 

1 6rSOIlS  01  udlive  1 A. 

Persons  having  either  both  parents  born  as  specified  or  one  parent 
born  as  specified  and  one  parent  native: 

105 

PoTioflo  17,nP'li‘NL  - 

40 

11 



9 

3 

683 

99 

nj'aat  Tlrit5iir\  

1,483 

488 

487 

122 

( 

458 

321 

47 

109 

13 

47 

221 

7 

\ 

502 

84 

i; 

Persons  of  mixed  foreign  parentage 

225 

48 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


11 


PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSEHOLDS. 

The  following  table,  based  upon  reports  from  4,089  foreign-born 
iiales  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  district  of  the  Southwest  shows, 
by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  period  of  residence  in  the  United 
States  of  individual  mine  workers. 

Table  390.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 
number  of  years,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction 
is  made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting  The 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  in  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or  over. 

English 

24G 

11.0 

10.2 

4.1 

6.1 

68.7 

'rench 

212 

26.4 

23.6 

6.6 

14.2 

29.2 

ferman 

181 

19.9 

13.3 

3.9 

17.1 

45.9 

rish 

92 

13.0 

7.6 

3.3 

6.5 

69.  6 

talian,  North 

1,160 

38.4 

36.7 

9.7 

7.9 

7.2 

talian,  South 

427 

40.7 

35.4 

13.3 

4.9 

5.6 

(ithuanian 

121 

24.0 

34.7 

17.4 

14.0 

9.9 

fagyar 

48 

39.6 

39.6 

6.3 

6.3 

8.3 

fexican 

109 

26.6 

23.9 

22.0 

19.3 

8.3 

olish 

216 

39.8 

31.0 

13.9 

8.8 

6.5 

ussian 

106 

28.3 

37.7 

13.2 

6.6 

14.2 

eotch 

137 

9.5 

9.5 

2.2 

4.4 

74.5 

lovak 

128 

43.0 

27.3 

6.3 

16.4 

7.0 

lovenian 

195 

40.0 

33.3 

9.7 

9.7 

7.2 

Total 

4,089 

33.1 

29.9 

8.8 

9.2 

19.0 

Of  the  4,089  foreign-born  male  employees  reporting  complete  data, 
b \\d!l  be  seen  that  nearly  one-third,  or  33.1  per  cent,  have  been  in  the 
Inited  States  less  than  five  years,  and  nearly  two-thirds,  or  63  per 
ent,  less  than  ten  years,  while  less  than  one-fifth,  or  19  per  cent,  have 
een  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over. 

Perhaps  the  best  method  of  discussing  this  table  would  be  to 
3parate  the  foreign-born  races  given  into  two  groups ; the  first  to  be 
nown  as  the  older  immigrants,  including  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
rench,  and  Germans,  and  the  second  group  to  be  known  as  the  more 
3cent  immigrants — this  last  to  include  all  other  races  reported  in  the 
hove  table  except  the  Mexicans,  who  for  obvious  reasons  should  not 
e classified  with  either  the  recent  or  less  recent  immigrants  of  Euro- 
8 an  origin. 

It  will  be  noted  that,  in  the  column  showing  the  percentages  of 
le  various  races  with  a residence  of  twenty  years  or  over  in  the  United 
bates,  the  Scotch  show  nearly  three-fourths,  or  74.5  per  cent,  while 
le  South  Italians  show  only  5.6  per  cent.  These,  of  course,  are  the 
jvo  extremes,  the  highest  per  cent  of  the  older  immigrants  and  the 
•west  per  cent  of  the  more  recent  immigrants.  It  might  be  well  to 
lention,  however,  in  this  connection  that  a greater  variance  exists 
aaong  the  older  than  among  the  more  recent  immigrants ; for,  folio w- 
fg  the  Scotch,  are  the  Irish,  with  69.6  per  cent;  English,  68.7  per  cent; 


12 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


German,  45.9  per  cent;  and  French,  with  29.2  per  cent.  Among  th 
more  recent  immigrants  the  Russians  show  the  largest  proportion,  o: 
14.2  per  cent,  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over,  after  wind 
the  percentage  of  the  various  races  with  this  period  of  residence  vane: 
very  little,  ranging  from  9.9  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  to  5.6  pe 
cent  of  the  South  Italians.  . 

The  Scotch  and  Magyars  show  the  same  proportion  with  a residenc* 
less  than  five  years  as  they  show  with  a residence  of  from  five  to  nin' 
years,  while  the  Russians  and  Lithuanians  show  smaller  percentage; 
with  a residence  under  five  than  from  five  to  nine  years.  With  thes. 
exceptions,  all  other  races  report  a larger  percentage  of  their  numbe 
in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years  than  is  shown  by  the  sam< 
races  for  a residence  of  from  five  to  nine  years;  the  largest  gam  beinj 
shown  by  the  Slovaks,  who  report  43  per  cent  in  the  United  State 
under  five  years,  as  compared  with  27.3  per  cent  in  the  United  State 

from  five  to  nine  years.  c 

The  proportions  of  the  foreign-born  males  of  the  different  races  ii 
the  households  studied  who  have  been  here  less  than  five  years,  les 
than  ten  years,  and  less  than  twenty  years,  respectively,  are  shown  u 
the  following  table,  by  race  of  individual. 


Table  391. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  numbi 

of  years,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

fBv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction 
^ ma^e  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting.  Tt 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


liUrCC  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  of  persons  in  United  State: 
each  specified  number  of  years. 

Under  5. 

Under  10. 

Under  20 

58 

43.1 

81.0 

100. 

78 

20.5 

21.8 

83.7 

24. 

306 

46.4 

97. 

108 

53.7 

88.9 

98 

121 

27.3 

69.4 

63.9 

94. 

36 

38.9 

83. 

104 

10.6 

50.9 

31.  7 

o4 

ftO 

106 

74.  5 

90. 

QA 

122 

30.3 

59. 0 

OO 

68 

19.1 

26.  5 

‘tl 

Total 

1,118 

36.4 

65.2 

85. 

1 

Data  were  secured  from  1,118  foreign-born  individuals.  Of  thes 
over  one-third,  ,36.4  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  tha 
five  years,  65.2  per  cent  less  than  ten  years,  and  85.4  per  cent  les 

than  twenty  years.  . • it,  tt  ^ 

The  race  having  the  largest  proportion  of  men  m the  United  btaie 
less  than  five  years  is  the  South  Italian;  that  having  the  smallet 
proportion  is  the  Mexican.  The  South  Italians  have  the  largest  pre 
portion  of  men  in  the  United  States  less  than  ten  years,  and 
Irish  have  the  smallest.  The  entire  number  of  Cr^tians  reporte 
have  been  in  this  country  less  than  twenty  years.  The  race 
the  smallest  proportion  of  men  here  less  than  twenty  years  is  in 
Irish. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


13 


The  distinction  between  the  figures  for  the  races  of  the  recent  immi- 
■ration  and  those  for  the  races  of  the  less  recent  immigration,  so  far 
Is  they  are  represented  in  this  locality,  is  very  marked.  More  than 
hree-fourths  of  the  Irish  and  more  than  half  of  the  Welsh  have  been 
n the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over.  The  proportion  of  men  of 
he  races  of  eastern  and  southern  Europe  who  have  been  in  the  coun- 
ry  twenty  years  or  more  is,  as  will  be  noted,  very  small. 

RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

The  arrival  of  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe 
ontinued  steady  after  the  year  1900  and  was  especially  marked 
luring  the  period  1902  to  1907.  The  demand  for  labor  arising  from 
he  opening  of  new  mines  or  the  extension  of  old  workings  was  sup- 
)lied  by  the  immigrants  of  recent  arrival,  and  the  operating  forces  of 
he  mines  rapidly  absorbed  a constantly  growing  proportion  of  immi- 
grant mine  workers  from  southern  and^  eastern  Europe.  The  extent 
’o  which  recent  immigrants  found  employment  in  the  mines  of 
Kansas  and  Oklahoma  during  this  period  was  disclosed  by  an  indi- 
ddual  study  of  bituminous  mine  workers  in  these  two  States.  More 
lian  7,000“^ mining  employees  furnished  information  as  to  race  and 
country  of  birth,  and  these  data  are  presented  in  the  table  which 
ollows,  exhibiting  the  different  races  employed. 

Table  392. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity 

and  race. 


(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

'lative-born  of  native  father: 

WhItP 

1,675 

396 

23.8 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 
German 

185 

2.6 

5.6 

Greek 

3 

(a) 

2 

(“) 

Irish 

99 

1.4 

^(ative-bom  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

1,169 

16.6 

Ttalian,  Rnnth 

429 

6.1 

26 

.4 

Italian  (not  specified) 

10 

.1 

"Rolfrinm 

9 

.1 

Lithuanian 

125 

1.8 

Ganada  

4 

.1 

Magyar 

49 

.7 

Tipnmcirlr 

2 

(a) 

2.6 

Mexican 

114 

1.6 

’Rnglanr? 

ISO 

Norwegian 

2 

(a) 

TTrcinna 

36 

.5 

Polish 

221 

3.1 

n prm  y 

104 

1.5 

Roumanian 

4 

.1 

Trpland 

141 

2.0 

Russian 

107 

1.5 

Ttalv 

64 

.9 

Scotch 

148 

2.1 

9 

.1 

Servian 

1 

(a) 

^ ot  Vi  orl  o TJ  /I  Q 

4 

Slovak 

133 

1.9 

20 

.Z 

Slovenian 

196 

2.8 

Rpntland 

147 

2.1 

Spanish 

5 

.1 

R wad  an 

6 

.1 

Swedish 

19 

.3 

ft 

1 

Syrian 

3 

<“>.5 

Walp<? 

40 

Welsh 

37 

Africa  (country  not  specified).. . 
Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

2 

(«) 

.4 

West  Indian 

1 

(“> 

n.5 

29 

Australian  (race  not  specified) . . 
Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

2 

455 

Bulgarian 

6 

.1 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

115 

1.6 

Ganadtan  Pranah 

4 

«:2 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

(a) 

Canadian,  Other 

1 

Croatian 

14 

Grand  total 

7,036 

100.0 

Danish 

Dutch 

1 

9 

(a) 

.1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. 

795 

11.3 

PiTigHsh 

254 

3.6 

Total  native-born 

2,868 

40.8 

, Pinrdsh  

2 

(o) 

3.1 

Total  foreign-bom 

4, 168 

59.2 

French 

215 

1 

1 

oLess  than  0.05  per  cent. 


14 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  total  number  reporting  as  to  race,  23.8  per  cent  were  whites 
native-born  of  native  father,  5.6  per  cent  negroes,  and  11.3  per  cent 
native-born  of  foreign  father,  or,  in  all,  40.8  of  the  employees  reported 
that  they  were  native-born.  In  connection  with  the  second  genera- 
tion it  is  worthy  of  note  that  more  than  three-fourths  were  malet 
whose  fathers  were  born  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  Germany, 
Wales,  and  France,  corroborating  the  statement  already  made  that 
large  numbers  of  these  races  had  come  to  the  Southwest  from  othei 
mining  localities  of  the  United  States. 

The  different  immigrants  of  foreign  birth  represent  32  races  and 
constitute  almost  60  per  cent  of  the  total  number  furnishing 
information,  which  is  but  slightly  in  excess  of  the  proportions  in 
which  they  are  employed  in  the  Southwest.  In  connection  with 
the  foreign-born,  the  English,  German,  Irish,  French,  Scotch,  and 
Welsh  races  make  up  13.3  per  cent  of  the  total  employees  and 
22.5  per  cent  of  those  of  foreign  birth.  Of  the  races  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe  the  North  Italian  shows  up  numerically  the 
strongest,  the  number  of  this  race  reporting  being  equal  to  16.6  pei 
cent  of  the  total  employees.  The  other  races  present  in  the  largest 
numbers  are,  in  the  order  named,  the  South  Italian,  Polish,  Slovenian, 
and  Slovak. 

The  history  of  immigration  to  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  may  be  more 
clearly  presented  by  submitting  a general  account  of  racial  move- 
ments to  the  coal-mining  districts  of  the' two  States  and  a detailed 
history  of  immigration  to  representative  coal-mining  localities.  With 
this  object  in  view  a history  of  racial  movements  to  the  mines  of 
the  two  States  will  be  given  in  regular  order.® 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  OKLAHOMA  COAL  FIELDS. 

From  the  time  when  Indians  were  moved  from  their  homes  in  Georgia 
and  Mississippi  and  placed  on  reservations  in  the  Southwest,  the  pres- 
ence of  coal  was  known  in  Indian  Territory.  There  were  outcroppings 
in  various  places,  but  only  primitive  strip  mining  was  done,  supplying 
the  small  local  demand  for  fuel.  In  the  early  seventies,  however, 
when  a railway  company  was  building  its  road  south,  an  early  settler 
in  Indian  Territory  secured  a wagonload  of  coal  from  near  the  present 
site  of  the  city  of  McAlester,  Oklahoma,  hauled  it  125  miles  north,  and 
showed  it  to  the  officers  of  the  railroad.  The  coal  was  tested,  found 
to  be  of  excellent  quality,  and  this  undoubtedly  led  to  the  extension 
of  the  road  through  the  coal  district.  Even  before  the  railroad  was 
built  as  far  as  the  coal  fields  some  coal  was  got  out  by  stripping  and 
was  hauled  north  in  wagons.  After  the  completion  of  the  road  the 

Cractice  of  mining  b}^  stripping  v/as  continued  for  several  years 
efore  slope  or  shaft  mines  were  opened. 

o At  the  time  of  the  investigation  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas  a considerable  number 
of  the  mines  in  Arkansas  were  closed  and  the  remainder  were  working  on  a short- 
time  basis.  Consequently  no  detailed  work  was  done  in  the  State.  As  a result  of 
a general  survey,  however,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  total  number  of  miners  em- 
ployed in  the  State  was  only  about  5,000.  Outside  of  the  Spadra  field,  where  there 
are  no  immigrants,  40  per  cent  of  those  employed  in  the  State  are  estimated  to  be 
natives  and  negroes,  15  per  cent  Italians,  and  10  per  cent  Poles.  The  remaining  35 
per  cent  is  made  up  of  Germans,  Scotch,  Welsh,  English,  Swedes  and  Slovaks,  in 
about  equal  proportions,  with  the  addition  of  a few  Irish  and  Magyars. 


I 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


15 


; Indian  Territory  in  the  early  seventies  was  very  sparsely  settled, 
ind  such  labor  as  was  necessary  to  operate  the  coal  properties  had  to 
!e  brought  in  from  other  sections  of  the  country.  The  method  of 
; lining  coal  by  stripping  required  no  particular  skill,  and  few  miners 
^ere  brought  in  during  the  first  years  that  coal  was  produced.  How- 
ver,  some  representatives  of  almost  every  race  now  in  the  coal  fields 
1 Oklahoma  were  employed  in  the  strip  pits. 

During  the  years  1873  and  1874  the  first  laborers  were  brought  to 
tie  new  coal  field.  These  men  were  Americans,  English,  Irish, 
cotch,  and  Welsh,  some  of  whom  had  been  miners  in  Pennsylvania. 
lS  more  properties  were  developed,  the  demand  for  labor  became 
reater,  and  more  and  more  men  were  brought  from  other  coal  fields, 
rincipally  those  of  Pennsylvania.  The  races  mentioned  above  still 
redominated,  but  some  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Russians 
rere  also  induced  to  come. 

There  were  no  cities  or  towns  within  many  miles  of  the  coal-pro- 
ucing  districts,  and  it  was  difficult  to  hold  the  English-speaking 
aces,  as  they  preferred  to  work  in  a more  settled  part  of  the  country, 
t was  found  by  the  operators  that  the  Italians,  Russians,  Slovaks, 
foies,  Magyars,  and  Lithuanians  were  better  satisfied  and  more  con- 
ented,  and  during  the  following  years  these  races  were  induced  to 
,ome  in  greater  numbers. 

After  the  first  mines  opened  near  McAlester,  Oklahoma,  in  1873,  other 
lines  were  started  in  that  vicinity,  and  during  1874  and  1875  prop- 
rties  were  developed  near  what  is  now  the  town  of  Krebs.  In  1881 
he  first  mine  was  put  down  at  Lehigh,  and  in  1889  and  1890  mining 
egan  at  Hartshorn  and  Coalgate.  The  field  continued  to  be  devel- 
ped  as  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  coal  became  better.  New 
ailroads  were  built  through  the  mining  section,  and  as  the  country 
•ecame  more  thickly  settled  the  demand  for  fuel  increased,  and  more 
lines  were  opened  each  year. 

; It  is  difficult  to  give  a history  of  any  particular  race  in  the  mines  of 
Oklahoma,  for  the  reason  that  representatives  of  all  races  were 
iirought  in  at  about  the  same  time,  and  the  history  of  one  immigrant 
lace  IS  the  history  of  all.  It  was  found  that  it  was  not  well  to  let  any 
I'articular  race  predominate,  and  in  securing  men  in  other  coal  fields 
;he  agents  were  instructed  to  secure  miners  of  different  nationalities, 
jis  far  as  possible  this  was  done.  After  the  first  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
:,nd  Welsh  were  brought  in  during  the  years  1873  and  1874  all  ship- 
jaents  of  labor  were  of  mixed  races. 

' From  1890  to  1895  there  were  many  severe  strikes  in  this  section, 
particularly  in  1890  and  1895.  Military  authorities  had  to  be  brought 
|o  the  aid  of  the  operators  to  protect  property.  It  was  found  that 
ihe  English-speaking  races  were  responsible  for  agitating  and  bringing 
n these  strikes,  and  that  these  men  had  been  prominent  in  labor 
1 roubles  in  the  East.  The  leaders  were  sent  notices  to  leave  the 
ountry,  and  several  train  loads  were  sent  out.  The  places  of  the 
jaen  deported  were  filled  with  American  negroes  brought  from  Ala- 
lama  and  West  Virginia  as  strike  breakers,  and  since  then  few 
'Cnglish,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  are  to  be  found  in  the  coal-mining 
adustry  in  Oklahoma.  Immigrants  from  other  countries  were  not 
prominently  identified  in  these  strikes  and  were  allowed  to  remain, 
i-nd  each  year  has  seen  an  increase  in  the  number  of  immigrants 


16 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


employed  from  continental  Europe.  The  following  account  by  rac( 
will  show  in  a more  comprehensive  way  the  racial  movements  an 
displacements  in  the  coal  fields  of  the  State: 

English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh. — To  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  an 
Welsh  the  coal  field  of  Oklahoma  owes  its  development  to  a grei 
extent.  The  people  of  these  races  were  the  first  immigrants  brougl 
in  and  were  the  original  mine  workers  in  this  territory. 

Pennsylvania  furnished  the  first  quota  in  the  years  1873  and  187' 
Others  came  from  the  same  State  during  the  next  few  years,  an 
some  from  Illinois.  Until  1890  they  continued  to  come  from  almo^ 
every  coal  field  in  this  country  and  some  direct  from  the  mining  dii 
tricts  of  their  native  land.  In  that  year  began  a series  of  strike; 
which  finally  caused  the  displacement  of  these  races  throughout  tb 
entire  district.  The  strikes  m question  were  for  higher  wages,  shorfi 
hours,  and  a recognition  of  the  union. 

The  men  of  these  races  were  experienced  miners  and  had  belonge 
to  labor  unions  both  in  this  country  and  at  home,  and  in  all  the  labc 
troubles  during  the  five  years  mentioned  it  was  found  that  th 
English-speaking  races  were  the  leaders  and  agitators.  Though  th 
coal  operators  recognized  these  races  as  the  best  mine  labor  to  b 
secured,  at  the  same  time  they  saw  that  as  long  as  they  predominate 
there  would  be  trouble.  In  all  strikes  negroes  were  employed  8 
strike  breakers,  and  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  were  dh 
placed  by  this  race  and  by  immigrants  from  other  countries. 

The  majority  of  those  displaced  left  the  section,  and  since  1895  fe^ 
have  worked  in  the  mines.  Those  remaining  have  made  decided  pro^ 
ress,  and  at  the  present  time  the  majority  of  the  superintendent! 
mine  foremen,  and  bosses  in  the  district  belong  to  one  of  these  race! 
The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  never  colonized,  but  mingle 
freely  with  natives,  and  in  a short  time  became  thoroughly  Americar 
ized.  Since  1895  very  few  English-speaking  immigrants  have  com 
into  the  field;  fewer  are  working  in  the  mines  each  year,  and  in  th 
opinion  of  mine  officials  it  will  be  only  a question  of  a few  years  unt 
none  are  found  in  the  mining  industry  in  Oklahoma,  except  as  bosse 
or  mine  officials. 

Mexicans. — The  history  of  Mexican  immigration  to  the  Oklahom 
coal  fields  began  in  1890.  Men  of  this  race  were  employed  on  construe 
tion  work  on  one  of  the  railroads.  Seeing  a chance  to  earn  more  mone; 
in  the  mines  some  applied  for  work  and  were  engaged.  Others  cam 
from  Texas  where  they  had  been  employed  in  railroad  work,  and  of  lat 
years  many  have  been  coming  direct  from  the  coal  and  silver  mines  ii 
Mexico.  Very  few  are  making  their  permanent  homes  in  Oklahoma 
and  a very  small  percentage  own  property.  More  are  employed  a 
Dow,  Gowan,  Lehigh,  and  Coalgate  than  in  any  other  places,  bu 
it  can  hardly  be  said  that  these  people  are  permanent  residents  in  am 
of  the  above-mentioned  places,  as  they  are  continually  moving,  an( 
wander  from  one  mining  town  to  another,  and  about  as  many  ar 
returning  to  Texas  and  Mexico  as  are  coming  intp  Oklahoma.  Mor 
than  half  of  the  Mexicans  in  the  Oklahoma  mines  were  born  in  Texas 
but  are  no  more  Americanized  than  those  direct  from  their  owi 
country. 

Italians. — The  Italians  have  increased  steadily  since  the  first  few  rep 
resentatives  of  this  race  were  brought  to  the  coal  fields  in  1874  an( 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


17 


875.  Some  of  these  employees  sent  for  their  families,  but  up  to  the 
arly  eighties  the  percentage  accompanied  by  their  wives  was  small. 
Then  a shipment  of  men  was  made  there  were  usually  from  25  to  50 
rought  at  a time  and  only  once  or  twice  were  a hundred  or  more 
3cured  in  a body  from  other  sections  of  the  United  States.  In 
883  it  is  estimated  there  were  between  200  and  300  of  them,  including 
/omen  and  children.  From  this  time  until  1895  they  continued  to 
rrive  in  large  numbers.  Many  sent  for  their  friends  and  families 
nd  began  building  homes.  From  the  year  1895  to  the  present  time 
he  influx  of  this  race  has  not  been  so  rapid,  but  there  has  been  a 
teady  increase  in  the  number,  and  each  month  there  are  new  arrivals. 

The  Italians  coming  at  the  present  time  are  mostly  direct  from 
lurope,  while  those  brought  in  during  the  early  days  were  from  other 
dates  of  this  country.  Many  leave  each  year,  but  the  percentage  of 
hose  coming  in  is  much  larger  than  of  those  going  out,  and  a considera- 
le  number  are  making  Oklahoma  their  permanent  home.  Frominfor- 
lation  secured  from  steamship  agents,  it  is  estimated  that  during  the 
ear  1908  about  458  went  to  Italy.  Out  of  this  number  about  50 
er  cent  returned  to  the  United  States,  bringing  their  friends  and 
imilies  with  them,  and  those  arriving  during  an  equal  period  of  time 
umber  about  800,  making  a gain  of  575  in  the  Italian  population  for 
le  past  year. 

At  the  present  time  Italians  are  found  in  every  town  and  mining 
amp  in  the  coal  fields,  and  the  number  is  about  equally  divided 
etween  North  and  South  Italians.  More  property  is  owned  by  these 
ices  than  by  any  other  immigrants,  and  in  each  community  they  are 
rospering.  In  all  cases  they  have  gone  to  work  in  the  coal  mines, 
ad  those  now  in  business  were  formerly  miners.  It  is  estimated  that 
lere  are  about  10,000  in  the  coal  regions  and  that  this  number  will 
e greatly  increased  during  the  next  few  years. 

Lithuanians. — Lithuanians  were  brought  in  with  the  Italians, 
lough  not  in  as  large  numbers.  A few,  probably  not  over  10  or 
5,  were  working  in  the  mines  in  1875.  They  continued  to  arrive 
i small  numbers  until  1889,  when  there  were  probably  about  200 
L the  McAJester  coal  district.  Many  more  were  brought  in  during 
le  next  few  years,  and  many  sent  to  Europe  for  their  families, 
hey  continued  to  come  of  their  own  accord  after  the  coal  companies 
3ased  to  bring  men,  and  each  year  has  been  marked  by  an  increase 
i the  number  of  this  race  in  the  coal  fields.  The  first  Lithuanians 
ere  brought  from  Pennsylvania,  but  since  1895  they  have  come 
irect  from  Europe. 

! Magyars. — Magyars  were  brought  in  with  other  immigrants,  and  in 
|B83  there  were  about  100  of  this  race  employed  in  the  different 
fines.  They  have  continued  to  arrive  in  small  numbers  up  to  the 
I resent  time.  These  people  have  formed  only  one  colony  in  the  coal 
jistrict  and  are  scattered  through  the  different  towns, 
i SlovaJcs. — The  Slovaks  have  also  been  in  the  mines  of  Oklahoma 
nee  1883.  A few  of  this  race  arrived  probably  before  1883,  but  it  is 
;}rtain  that  during  that  year  about  25  were  transported  from  Illinois  to 
le  mining  town  of  Lehigh.  Others  were  brought  to  Hartshorne  in 
592,  and  since  the  above-mentioned  dates  this  race  has  continued 


18 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


to  come.  Their  largest  settlements  are  in  Lehigh  and  Coalgat< 
and  about  700  live  in  these  two  communities.  There  are  about  2 
families  in  Hartshorne,  and  a few  families  are  found  in  each  of  th 
towns  in  the  coal  field.  The  colonies  at  Lehigh  and  Coalgate  are  not  £ 
large  as  they  were  three  or  four  years  ago,  as  work  has  not  been  ver 
steady,  and  many  have  left  for  other  coal-mining  sections. 

French. — In  the  year  1881,  when  the  first  coal  mine  was  opened  & 
Lehigh  and  miners  were  brought  from  Illinois,  there  were  about  1 
Frenchmen  in  the  party,  and  these  men  formed  the  nucleus  of  tl: 
present  colony.  During  the  next  three  or  four  years  other  Frenc 
miners,  many  being  married  men  with  families,  were  brought  froi 
Illinois.  Several  of  these  miners  afterwards  visited  Fmnce  and  Be 
gium  and  when  they  returned  8 or  10  families  of  immigrants  accon 
panied  them.  This  started  immigration  to  Lehigh,  and  the  Frenc 
continued  to  immigrate  to  the  locality  up  to  the  year  1895.  When  th 
town  of  Coalgate  was  founded,  some  of  them  moved  to  that  town.  I 
1895  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  about  900  in  and  about  Lehigl 
Coalgate,  and  the  coal  camps  in  the  vicinity.  Many  owned  homes  an 
some  were  in  business.  In  1 895  there  was  a strike  for  higher  wages  an 
an  eight-hour  shift,  in  which  the  French  took  an  active  part.  Negroe 
were  brought  as  strike-breakers  from  Alabama.  All  of  the  leadei 
were  forced  to  leave  the  community,  and  many  French  either  returne 
to  Europe  or  went  to  other  sections  of  the  United  States.  Thos 
owning  property  returned  after  the  strike  was  settled,  but  since  189 
French  immigration  to  Lehigh  has  almost  ceased.  It  is  estimate 
that  there  are  at  present  about  700  French  in  and  around  Lehig 
and  Coalgate.  In  other  mining  towns  in  the  section  there  are  ver 
few.  There  is  little  prospect  of  further  immigration  on  the  part  ( 

the  French.  ^ . tt  ^ i 

Bulgarians. — During  1908,  10  or  12  Bulgarians  came  to  Hartshoro 
and  applied  for  work.  They  were  employed  and  sent  for  their  familiei 
During  the  past  eight  months  8 other  families  emigrated  direct  froi 
Europe.  There  are  now  about  15  families  in  the  town.  It  is  prol 
able  that  a number  of  these  people  will  come  in  the  near  futun 
None  have  worked  in  the  mines  here  before,  but  those  now  employe 
are  giving  satisfaction. 

Poles.— Foies  have  been  employed  by  the  different  companies  sine 
1876,  when  the  first  representatives  of  this  race  were  brought  froi 
other  sections  of  the  United  States.  A few  were  induced  to  com 
each  year  up  to  1896,  and  since  then  others  have  come  to  jom  the; 
friends,  families  or  relatives.  There  has  been  no  steady  immigratio 
of  this  race,  however,  and  although  they  are  found  in  each  town  i 
the  coal  region,  they  have  formed  no  colony  as  other  races  have  don 
and  usually  live  in  communities  with  the  Lithuanians  and  the  Slovak. 
It  is  estimated  that  there  are  about  800  Poles  in  the  Oklahoma  coi 

Russians  and  Syrians. — Russians  were  brought  in  by  the  coal  con 
panics  just  as  other  immigrant  races  were,  and  since  1875  there  ha^ 
been  a few  of  these  people  employed  in  the  mines.  As  m the  casef 
the  Poles,  they  have  formed  no  communities  and  are  scattered  amon 
other  immigrant  settlements.  Very  few  have  arrived  in  recent  yean 
In  the  town  of  Krebs  there  is  a Syrian  colony  of  about  150  person; 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


19 


id  a few  are  to  be  found  in  each  town.  Very  few  work  in  the  mines, 
ost  of  them  being  peddlers  or  storekeepers. 


KACIAL  MOVEMENTS  TO  SELECTED  LOCALITIES  IN  OKLAHOMA. 


In  order  to  gain  a clearer  and  more  detailed  conception  of  the 
ovement  of  alien  races  to  the  Oklahoma  coal  fields  as  well  as  an 
ea  of  the  present  racial  composition  of  the  coal-mining  localities, 
has  been  considered  worth  while  to  present  a history  of  immigration 
the  mining  towns  of  any  importance  in  the  mining  region  and  an 
timate  of  their  present  population  by  races.  This  detailed  pres- 
tation is  by  communities,  each  community  being  designated  by 
i Arabic  numeral,  in  regular  order. 

Community  No.  1 is  located  near  the  center  of  Pittsburg  County 
id  is  the  county  seat.  The  first  settlement  was  made  here  in  1873, 
the  time  of  the  opening  of  the  first  mine  in  Oklahoma. 

The  community  is  now  the  center  of  the  coal  fields  of  Oklahoma, 
id  many  of  the  companies  operating  in  the  district  have  their  offices 
re.  The  general  history  of  immigration  to  Oklahoma  began  at 
)mmunity  No.  1 in  1873  and  1874.  The  town  was  founded  by 
imigrants  from  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Wales.  Few  of 
ese  are  left,  and  those  still  residing  in  the  community  are  connected 
th  the  mines  in  an  official  capacity  or  have  gone  into  other  branches 
' business.  The  immigrant  population  is  falling  off  each  year,  as 
ere  are  only  two  mines  near  the  city  now  in  operation,  and  miners 
e moving  to  the  neighboring  towns  in  order  to  be  nearer  their  work. 
The  population  in  1900  was  3,479;  in  1907  it  was  10,000,  and  at 
e present  time  the  population  is  estimated  to  be  12,000.  The 
reign-born  portion  of  the  population  is  estimated  at  2,100,  made 
) by  races  as  follows : 


lian 

.huanian. . . 
glish 

Dtcli 

jlsh 

rman 

lish 

scellaneous. 


900 

250 

275 

200 

175 

75 

50 

50 

125 


: Total 2,100 

ICommunity  No.  2 is  about  4 miles  from  Cominunity  No.  1,  with 
inch  it  is  connected  by  steam  and  electric  railroads.  The  town 
rang  from  a small  mining  camp  which  was  founded  about  1874, 
e first  settlers  being  English  and  Irish.  A few  Italians  made 
eir  homes  in  the  town  in  1875,  and  from  that  year  have  con- 
iued  to  settle  until  at  the  present  time  the  community  has  the 
rgest  Italian  colony  in  the  State. 


20 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  population  at  the  present  time  is  estimated  at  2,200.  Ma; 
immigrants  live  just  outside  of  the  city  limits  and,  including  th<9 
immigrants,  the  town  has  a population  of  3,000.  Of  this  numlr 
1,550  are  foreign-born,  divided  by  race  as  follows: 


Italian 1>  0 

Lithuanian - 0 

Polish 5 

Syrian 5 

Irish 0 

Miscellaneous 0 

Total 1,  0 


The  Italian  colony  grew  rapidly  from  the  early  eighties  up  to  19i'. 
Since  that  time  many  have  been  coming  in,  but  not  in  as  large  nu- 
bers.  The  number  of  Italians  in  the  town  is  constantly  changii;, 
the  number  when  work  is  steady  at  the  mines  being  from  four  d 
five  hundred  more  than  when  the  mines  are  not  running  at  their  f J 
capacity.  Many  own  homes  and  these  are  permanent  residents,  h 
there  is  a large  floating  population  of  young  unmarried  men  al 
others  who  have  not  brought  their  families  from  Europe.  TEe 
people  leave  and  go  to  other  coal-mining  sections  when  work  is  dl 
and  return  when  work  is  more  steady. 

Italians  are  constantly  leaving  the  town  and  others  are  coming  , 
but  it  is  estimated  that  each  year  sees  a net  increase  of  about  1 
families  in  the  permanent  Italian  population.^  Lithuanians  have  a] 
been  in  the  community  since  the  early  eighties,  but  have  formed  ] 
colony.  Syrians  also  are  present  in  small  numbers.  All  immigrais 
at  &st  were  brought  in  or  induced  to  come  from  other  coal  fiek 
Since  1895  all  have  come  of  their  own  accord,  and  many  are  emigr- 
ing  direct  from  Europe. 

Community  No.  3 is  in  Pittsburg  County  at  a short  distance  ho 
Communities  1 and  2,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  steam  ai 
electric  railroads.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1887,  and: 
that  year  the  first  immigrants  arrived.  These  immigrants  w<; 
Italians,  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  and  were  brought  in  frc 
other  coal  fields  by  the  mine  operators.  Others  came  from  the  nei^- 
boring  communities  and  in  1895  there  were  about  325  immigrai; 
in  and  around  Community  No.  3.  The  population  has  varied  frc 
time  to  time.  Few  immigrants  made  their  permanent  honies  in  ti 
town  prior  to  1900,  and  it  is  said  that  at  times  when  the  mines  wc 
not  being  operated  the  town  was  almost  deserted.  Since  1900  t 
Italians  have  begun  to  purchase  homes  and  at  the  present  time  the 
are  quite  a number  who  are  permanent  residents.  A few  Lithuanial 
Poles,  and  Slovaks  also  own  homes. 

The  population  in  1907  was  517.  At  the  present  time  there  i 
700  people  in  the  town.  The  foreign  population  consists  approximate 
of  the  following  numbers,  by  race: 

Italian 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Slovak 

Total 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


21 


Community  No.  4 is  in  the  eastern  part  of  Pittsburg  County,  17 
lies  from  Community  No.  1,  on  the  through  line  of  a steam  railroad 
id  the  electric  traction  line  originating  at  Community  No.  1.  The 
wn  was  established  in  1889,  when  the  local  mines  were  opened,  and 
r the  year  1900  had  a population  of  about  1,800,  of  whom  one-half 
are  foreign-born.  The  state  census  of  1907  shows  2,989,  of  whom 
200  are  of  foreign  birth.  It  is  estimated  that  500  are  Lithuanians, 
)0  Italians,  300  Poles,  Russians,  Slavs,  and  Austrians,  and  100  English, 
ish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Mexicans. 

In  1889  the  first  coal-shipping  mine  was  opened  in  the  locality, 
le  men  who  were  operating  this  mine  had  been  engaged  in  the 
ining  business  in  Pennsylvania,  and  as  labor  was  scarce  in 
idian  Territory,  and  experienced  miners  hard  to  secure,  they  turned 
. the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania  to  supply  the  experienced  miners 
icessary  to  develop  the  property.  The  miners  brought  in  during 
i89  and  1890  were  principally  Americans,  Irish,  Scotch,  English,  and 
'elsh.  As  was  afterwards  ascertained,  many  of  them  had  been 
•ominent  in  the  labor  disputes  in  Pennsylvania  a short  time  before 
►ming  to  Indian  Territory.  During  the  following  year,  1890,  these 
en  were  the  agitators  in  a severe  strike,  which  closed  the  mines  at 
immunity  No.  4.  American  negroes  were  brought  in  from  Alabama 
id  West  Virginia  as  strike-breakers,  and  when  the  mines  resumed 
leration,  most  of  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Americans,  and  Welsh 
id  been  displaced  and  either  returned  to  Pennsylvania  or  to  other 
»al  fields.  Since  then  few  members  of  the  above-mentioned  races 
ive  been  found  in  the  mines  of  the  community  or  in  the  immediate 
cinity. 

During  1889  and  1890  a few  Italians  had  come  from  the  neighboring 
immunities  and  secured  work.  These  were  the  first  immigrants 
om  southern  Europe  to  locate  in  the  town.  As  the  coal  properties 
ere  developed,  there  was  a greater  demand  for  miners,  and  from 
^91  until  1895  the  companies  continued  to  bring  in  men  from  other 
dds.  Various  nationalities  were  purposely  selected,  for  the  reason 
lat  the  operators  had  been  taught  by  the  strike  of  1890  not  to  allow 
le  race  to  predominate. 

The  Italian  immigrants  in  the  town  sent  for  their  friends  in  other 
ctions  of  the  country  and  in  Europe.  They  soon  began  to  build 
)mes  and  now  the  Italian  colony  in  the  community  is  very  firmly 
itablished.  The  North  and  South  Italians  immigrated  at  the  same 
me  and  have  built  homes  and  live  in  the  same  neighborhood. 

The  first  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Russians  coming  to  Community 
0.  4,  had  been  employed  on  construction  work  on  a neighboring 
ilway.  Finding  that  they  could  make  more  money  in  mining,  some 
’ them  applied  for  work  in  1889  and  1890,  and  were  engaged.  Others 
;/  a later  date  were  brought  from  other  coal  fields.  They  have  also 
duced  their  friends  and  relatives  to  join  them  and  at  the  present 
me  the  Lithuanian  predominates  among  the  immigrants  of  the 
immunity. 

Community  No.  5 is  in  Okmulgee  County,  on  the  line  of  two  rail- 
>ads.  In  1907  it  had  a population  of  1,051  and  in  1909  there  were 
800  people  in  the  town.  The  foreign  population  is  at  present  esti- 
ated  to  be  500,  divided  by  races  as  follows:  Scotch,  150;  English, 
^5;  Irish.  75;  Italian,  100;  Slovak,  25;  Polish,  25. 


22 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  coal  field  of  which  the  town  is  the  center  is  in  an  early  stage  ( 
development.  Although  18  mines  are  in  operation,  all  of  ttiei 
are  small  and  are  scattered  over  a large  area.  The  largest  mir 
in  this  section  employs  only  140  men,  and  the  next  largest  75. 

The  first  mining  was  done  in  the  field  in  1895.  The  coal  was  pn 
duced  by  stripping  and  no  skilled  miners  were  employed.  The  fin 
immigrants  were  brought  to  the  community  in  1900  and  were  Englisl 
Irish,  and  Scotch  from  the  coal  fields  of  Kansas.  There  were  4 
of  these  men  about  equally  divided  among  the  three  races.  I 
1901  other  miners  were  brought  from  the  same  State  and  amon 
them  were  5 or  6 Slovaks  and  about  the  same  number  of  Pole: 
These  were  the  first  immigrants  from  continental  Europe  to  ent( 
the  field.  In  1903,  50  Italians  were  brought  from  the  Indiana  coe 
fields  and  were  the  first  of  this  race  to  arrive.  Others  of  the  abov( 
mentioned  races  were  brought  to  the  community,  until  the  year  190^ 
Since  that  time  no  immigrants  have  been  brought  in  by  the  coal  con 
panics.  There  has  never  been  any  steady  immigration  of  any  race  t 
this  section.  Few,  if  any,  immigrants  have  come  in  directly  froi 
Europe,  and  the  immigrants  now  in  the  community  have  bee 
brought  in  by  the  coal  companies  or  have  come  of  their  own  accor 
from  other  coal-mining  sections. 

Community  No.  6 is  in  the  southern  part  of  Coal  County  on  th 
main  lines  of  two  transcontinental  railroads.  In  1907  the  town  hai 
a population  of  2,188.  At  the  present  time  it  is  estimated  at  2,50C 
Of  this  number  750  are  immigrants,  classified  by  race  as  follows: 


Italian 3l 

French 2C 

Mexican * 1C 

Slovak t 

Magyar £ 

Total 7£ 


The  first  mine  was  opened  in  1881,  and  at  that  time  immigrant  race 
were  first  introduced.  At  about  the  same  time  mining  was  started  i 
a neighboring  town,  but  the  mines  have  been  abandoned  and  fe^ 
foreigners  are  now  found  there. 

Community  No.  7 is  located  in  the  central  part  of  Coal  County  an* 
is  on  the  main  line  of  the  two  railroads  already  mentioned.  In  190 
it  had  a population  of  2,921.  At  the  present  time  there  are  abou 
3,500  people  in  the  town.  Of  these,  1,500  are  foreign-born.  Esti 
mated  by  races  there  are  600  Italians,  400  French,  150  Slovaks,  20( 
Magyars,  150  Mexicans,  and  50  of  miscellaneous  races. 

The  first  immigrants  came  to  the  community  in  1890  from  Com 
munity  No.  6.  These  immigrants  were  of  the  races  mentioned  above 
Many  French  also  arrived  up  to  1895,  but  since  that  time  the  influx  o 
this  race  has  almost  ceased.  Italians  have  continued  to  arrive  eacl 
year  and  their  colony  is  growing  and  more  are  making  permanen 
homes  here  each  year.  The  Slovaks  and  Magyars  continue  to  come 
but  few  of  them  are  becoming  permanent  residents.  Mexicans  are  als( 
constantly  arriving  in  the  community. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


23 


PRESENT  RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  OKLAHOMA  MINE  WORKERS. 

In  the  different  coal  communities  of  Oklahoma,  information  as  to 
•ace  and  country  of  birth  was  secured  from  3,349  individuals  employed 
n the  coal-mining  industry.  Of  this  number  1,200  were  native-born 
)f  native  father,  286  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  1,863,  or  a 
raction  over  55  per  cent,  were  foreign-born.  The  following  table 
hows  in  detail  the  number  of  each  race : 


[•able  393. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured  in  the 
Oklahoma  coal  fields,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Total 

number. 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Total 

number. 


'Jative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Indian 

■fative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born 


948 

250 

2 


11 

1 

51 

13 

27 

35 

44 
9 
3 

20 

45 
1 
1 

21 

2 


1,486 


Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

Canadian,  Other 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  Souih 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  specified). 
Austrian  (race  not  specified) . . . 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) 


1 

4 

82 

2 

60 

38 

1 

18 

582 

189 

6 

124 

47 
114 
188 

2 

98 

48 
75 
36 

5 
7 
3 

25 

2 

65 

23 


I'oreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 


Total  foreign-born. 


13 

1 


Grand  total , 


3,349 


Of  the  286  in  the  above  table  who  were  born  in  the  United  States 
tnd  whose  fathers  were  foreign-born,  those  whose  fathers  were  born 
n Italy  are  more  strongly  represented  than  any  others  except  those 
vhose  fathers  were  born  in  England  and  Scotland. 

Of  the  1,863  individuals  born  out  of  the  United  States  less  than  12 
)er  cent  are  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  German.  On  the 
»ther  hand,  the  Italians  (North  and  South)  represent  over  41  per  cent 
>f  the  first  generation  of  immigrants  from  whom  information  was 
(btained.  After  the  Italians,  the  Poles,  Lithuanians,  and  Mexicans 
>re  more  largely  represented  than  the  other  races. 


24 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BOR 
IIMPLOYEES  IN  OKLAHOMA. 

Data  were  also  secured  as  to  the  period  of  residence  in  the  Unite 
States  of  the  employees  of  foreign  birth  and  are  submitted  in  tb 
following  table,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 

Table  394. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  Oklahoma  coal  fields  who  hai 
been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deductio 

is  made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Number 

report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Race. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

13 

2 

3 

3 

2 

1 

"Rnlgarian 

1 

1 

P.^nariian  Frpnnh 

4 

1 

1 

Panariian  Ot.har 

1 

Dnt.p.h 

4 

1 

1 

F.nglish  

78 

3 

2 

1 

4 

6 

4 

1 

'Pinnlsh 

2 

1 

1 

French 

57 

1 

2 

4 

5 

2 

7 

3 

15 

] 

German 

37 

1 

3 

1 

4 

1 

4 

5 

fTrAplr 

1 

Irish  

16 

i 

1 

] 

Italian,  North 

575 

30 

40 

52 

81 

45 

183 

52 

47 

i 

Italian,  South 

187 

6 

13 

18 

19 

19 

47 

31 

14 

[ 

Italian  (not  specified) . . 
Lithuanian 

5 

2 

1 

1 

120 

1 

3 

3 

12 

10 

42 

21 

17 

1 

Magyar 

46 

2 

2 

7 

7 

18 

3 

3 

Mexican 

109 

2 

5 

8 

8 

6 

26 

24 

21 

Polish 

183 

5 

4 

24 

20 

9 

58 

30 

19 

] 

T?  nnmnnlnn 

2 

1 

1 

Russian 

97 

1 

1 

6 

9 

7 

38 

14 

6 

1 

Rnntoh 

45 

1 

1 

4 

2 

3 

c 

Slovak 

70 

6 

4 

8 

13 

3 

17 

3 

14 

Slovenian 

36 

3 

4 

5 

4 

11 

4 

2 

fipaniQli 

4 

1 

2 

1 

.Swefiish 

7 

2 

.Syrian 

3 

2 

1 

Wftlsh 

24 

1 

2 

2 

Australian  (race  not 

sper  ifip.fi) 

2 

• 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 
specified) 

63 

1 

2 

11 

6 

8 

19 

6 

5 

Belgian  (race  not  specl- 

fipfi ) 

23 

4 

3 

1 

2 

1 

5 

Total 

1,815 

58 

85 

155 

197 

125 

486 

208 

184 

31 

Out  of  1,815  foreign-born  employees  shown  in  the  above  table,  709 
or  39.1  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  over  ten  years,  486 
or  26.7  per  cent,  between  five  and  ten  years,  and  620,  or  34.1  pei 
cent,  under  five  years. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  facts  brought  out  by  this  table,  how 
ever,  is  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh 
and  Germans  who  have  resided  in  the  United  States  less  than  tei 
years,  and  a corresponding  increase,  during  the  same  period,  o 
southern  European  races,  especially  the  Italians.  Of  the  English 
Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Germans  employed,  86.5  per  cent  hav' 
been  in  this  country  over  ten  years,  6.5  per  cent  over  five  and  unde: 
ten,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  remaining  7 per  cent  have  coni< 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


25 


dthin  the  last  five  years.  On  the  other  hand,  only  144,  or  25  per 
ent,  of  the  575  North  Italians  have  resided  here  over  ten  years,  31.8 
ler  cent  between  five  and  ten  years,  and  43.1  per  cent  under  five 
ears.  Other  races  showing  a large  per  cent  of  arrivals  within  the 
•ast  five  years  are  the  Slovak,  Slovenian,  South  Italian,  and  Polish. 

In  proportion  to  the  number  of  each  race  employed,  the  Irish  and 
Velsh  show  a larger  per  cent  with  a residence  of  over  twenty  years 
han  does  any  other  race,  followed  by  the  Scotch,  English,  and 
Germans. 

The  preceding  table,  showing  the  employment  of  so  many  of  the 
lore  recent  immigrants  with  only  a year  or  so  of  residence — a number 
f them  with  less  than  a year — indicates  that  many  are  coming  direct 

0 the  Oklahoma  coal  field  upon  their  arrival  in  the  United  States, 
nd  supports  the  belief  that  many  inexperienced  men  are  being 
mployed  in  the  industry. 

FUTURE  IMMIGRATION  TO  OKLAHOMA. 

Future  immigration  to  Oklahoma  will  probably  be  very  large.  As 
et  the  coal  fields  have  not  been  extensively  developed,  and  as  new 
lines  are  opened  the  demand  for  labor  will  increase,  and  it  will  be 
he  immigrant  races  who  will  have  to  satisfy  this  demand. 

There  will  be  very  little  more  immigration  on  the  part  of  the  Eng- 
sh,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh.  Very  few  French  have  come  in  since 
895,  and  the  immigration  of  this  race  to  Oklahoma  has  now  ceased. 
)f  the  other  races,  the  Italians  (North  and  South),  Lithuanians, 
lovaks,  Magyars,  and  Mexicans  continue  to  come  and  future  immi- 
ration  will  be  of  these  races.  Very  few  Poles  have  been  coming  of 
ite  years,  and  it  is  not  thought  that  the  future  immigration  of  these 
eople  will  be  large.  During  the  past  year  many  Bulgarians  have 
ome  to  Oklahoma,  and  it  is  thought  that  many  more  will  come 
Ithin  the  next  few  years. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  KANSAS  MINES. 

The  coal  fields  of  Kansas  IJe  principally  in  the  counties  of  Craw- 
3rd  and  Cherokee,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State.  These 
ounties  compose  what  is  known  as  the  Pittsburg  coal  field,  with 
‘ittsburg,  Kansas,  as  the  central  point.  There  are  many  companies 
perating  mines  in  the  district  and  the  development  of  mining  prop- 
rties  has  been  steadily  increasing  since  the  first  mines  were  opened 

1 the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg  and  vScammon  in  1878  and  1879. 
Pittsburg  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  coal  camps  and  small  min- 

ig  towns,  the  most  important  being  connected  by  interurban  trac- 
ion  lines.  Only  the  larger  and  older  of  these  places  will  be  considered. 

In  1877  coal  was  taken  out  in  small  quantities  by  strip  openings, 
•ut  no  immigrant  labor  came  into  the  field  until  1878  and  1879. 
Vhen  the  first  shaft  mines  were  opened  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and 
Velsh  came  from  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  to  help  work  and 
evelop  the  new  mines.  These  men  were  not  shipped  in,  but  came 
f their  own  accord  upon  the  advice  of  some  fellow-countrymen, 
'here  were  about  20  men  of  these  races  who  came  during  the  years 
878  and  1879,  and  this  was  the  first  immigrant  labor  employed  in  the 
48296°— VOL  7—11 3 


26 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


coal  fields  surrounding  Pittsburg.  During  1879  other  companie, 
opened  mines,  and  as  there  was  no  local  labor  to  be  had  agents  wen 
sent  to  other  coal  fields  and  to  New  York,  and  immigrants  of  othe 
races  were  brought  to  the  field.  This  method  of  securing  mim 
workers  was  continued  until  the  late  nineties,  but  since  that  time  i 
has  not  been  found  necessary  to  import  any  more  men,  as  sufficien 
numbers  came  of  their  own  accord. 

The  first  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  who  came  to  the  Kansa 
fields  in  1878  and  1879  from  Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  inducec 
friends  to  join  them  from  the  same  State,  and  in  1882  a few  familie: 
came  direct  from  Great  Britain.  The  majority,  however,  continued  t( 
come  from  Pennsylvania.  They  were  usually  accompanied  by  thei 
families  and  established  permanent  homes.  Up  to  1890  there  was  { 
steady  immigration  of  the  races,  as  new  mines  were  developed 
From  that  year  until  1895  there  was  quite  an  influx  from  the  coa 
fields  of  Indian  Territory,  where  the  earlier  immigrants  had  been  dis 
placed  on  account  of  the  prominent  part  they  had  taken  in  labo; 
disputes.  Since  1895  smaller  numbers  have  been  coming,  but  ai 
the  present  time  immigration  on  the  part  of  these  races  to  Kansas  ha.‘ 
ceased. 

The  immigrants  from  Austria-Hungary  in  the  Pittsburg  field  an 
Croatians,  Germans,  Poles,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and  Slovenians.  Al 
of  these  races  were  at  first  brought  into  the  district  by  the  coal  oper- 
ators. The  first  shipments  were  made  in  1879  and  1880  from  Penn- 
sylvania, and  included  representatives  of  all  of  the  above-mentionec 
races.  They  went  to  work  in  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg 
but  are  now  to  be  found  all  over  the  field. 

From  1880  to  the  early  nineties  many  were  brought  direct  fron 
New  York  as  soon  as  they  landed.  Agents  of  the  operators  ques- 
tioned newly  arrived  immigrants  on  landing  in  New  York  as  to  whal 
work  they  had  been  engaged  in  before  leaving  Europe.  All  whc 
had  been  coal  miners  were  given  transportation  and  were  brought  tc 
Pittsburg  and  put  to  work  in  the  mines.  A Croatian,  who  was  one 
of  the  first  to  come  into  the  field,  said  he  had  been  engaged  in  mining 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  was  approached  by  the  agent  who  told  him 
that  work  was  plentiful  and  wages  good  in  the  coal  mines  of  Kansas. 
He  with  several  of  his  countrymen  consented  to  go  and  were 
brought  out  with  a party  which  included  Poles,  Croatians,  Magyars, 
and  Slovaks.  Conditions  were  found  to  be  as  represented,  and  he 
and  some  of  his  friends  wrote  to  their  friends  in  Pennsylvania  anei 
induced  them  to  join  them  in  Kansas.  None  of  the  men  who  first 
arrived  were  accompanied  by  their  families,  but  later  many  sent  foi 
their  wives  and  kindred.  After  being  in  the  field  a short  time  they 
also  induced  friends  from  Europe  to  come,  and  thus  immigration 
from  Austria-Hungary  was  started  to  the  Pittsburg  district. 

About  1885  a few  began  to  purchase  homes  and  each  year  more  have 
made  Kansas  their  permanent  home.  Since  1903  immigrants  from 
Austria-Hungary  have  not  arrived  in  as  large  numbers  as  previously, 
but  immigration  is  still  steady.  The  reason  given  for  the  decline  in 
immigration  during  the  past  few  years  is  that  the  development  of 
mining  operations  has  not  been  rapid.  The  number  of  the  immi- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


27 


;rants  in  the  field  constantly  varies,  as  many  go  to  other  localities 
srhen  work  is  slack  and  return  when  the  mines  in  the  Pittsburg  dis- 
rict  are  running  regularly. 

The  first  immigrants  from  Italy  were  brought  into  the  field  in 
880  as  strike  breakers.  These  men  were  brought  from  Pennsyl- 
■ ania  and  Illinois  and  there  were  about  30  in  the  party.  From  the 
ibove-inentioned  year  until  about  1895  agents  employed  by  the  coal 
ompanies  continued  to  bring  them  into  the  district  from  other  sec- 
ions  of  the  United  States,  usually  in  parties  of  10  or  15.  This  started 
mmigration  on  the  part  of  the  Italians.  Those  brought  in  by  agents 
educed  friends  and  relatives  to  join  them,  and  since  1880  the  immi- 
;ration  of  Italians  to  the  coal  fields  of  Kansas  has  been  steady.  As 
3 usually  the  case  with  the  Italians,  they  are  segregated  and  have 
ormed  colonies  in  different  localities.  The  town  of  Chicopee,  near 
httsburg,  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  this  race,  of  whom  about 
,500  live  in  and  around  the  town.  Many  own  homes  and  are  perma- 
lent  residents.  All  of  the  Italians  have  engaged  in  coal  mining,  and 
t is  this  industry  alone  which  has  drawn  them  to  Kansas. 

In  1879  a few  French  were  induced  to  come  from  Illinois  to  the 
^ittsburg  coal  fields,  and  in  1880  others  were  brought  from  the  same 
•lace  and  from  Pennsylvania.  This  started  immigration  on  the  part 
f the  French,  and  they  continued  to  come  until  about  1897.  Since 
hat  time  they  have  been  migrating  in  smaller  numbers.  After  1884 
lany  French  came  direct  from  France  and  Belgium.  Immigration  of 
bench  to  Kansas  has  practically  ceased,  however,  and  fewer  of  this  race 
re  engaged  in  mining  than  was  the  case  four  or  five  years  ago.  Those 
rho  have  left  the  mines  have  engaged  in  farming  and  other  pursuits. 

L number  of  farms  in  the  section  are  owned  by  the  French,  and  many 
wn  homes  in  the  different  towns  in  the  coal  field.  The  French  are  not 
Bgregated.  The  cause  assigned  for  others  coming  was  the  over- 
rowded  condition  of  the  mines  in  their  native  land,  and  the  desire 
3 earn  more.  A great  many  of  the  French  own  their  homes  and  are 
ermanent  residents. 

Taking  the  field  as  a whole,  there  were  in  round  numbers  12,000 
leii  employed  in  the  coal-mining  industry  in  Kansas  in  the  year 
907,  and  with  the  exception  of  1,300  in  Leavenworth  and  Osage 
Dunties  they  are  in  the  Pittsburg  field. 

The  races  represented  in  the  field  are  estimated  as  follows: 
merican: 

White 

Negro 

alian,  North  and  South 

rench 

ovenian  and  Croatian . . 

nglish 

I :otch 

ifth 

elsh 

erman 

Dlish 

agyar 

ovak 


Total 


5,  500 
500 
1,  300 
800 
700 
700 
500 
500 
300 
500 
400 
150 
150 


12,  000 


28 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


RACIAL  MOVEMENTS  TO  SELECTED  BITUMINOUS  MINING  LOCALITIE 

IN  KANSAS. 


For  the  same  reason  that  the  history  of  immigration  to  yariou 
coal-mining  localities  in  Oldahoma  is  presented  in  detail,  it  is  cod 
sidered  worth  while  to  set  forth  in  detail  the  history  of  immigra 
tion  to  and  the  present  racial  composition  of  several  mining  towns  i 
Kansas.  The  detailed  statement,  by  communities,  follows: 

Community  No.  1 is  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Crawfor 
County  on  the  main  lines  of  tw^o  railroads  making  connections  wit 
other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  principal  industry  employm 
immigrants  is  coal  mining.  Immigration  to  the  comruunity  began  i 
1878,  when  the  first  mines  were  opened  in  the  vicinity,  and  it  i 
estimated  that,  out  of  a present  population  of  15,964,  the  immigrant 
number  1,800.  The  racial  composition  is  as  follows: 


English 

Irish 

Scotch 

Welsh 

Italian 

Miscellaneous 


4C 

3C 

21 

It 

5( 

2( 


Total 

At  one  time  there  were  many  more  immigrants  in  the  town  tha 
there  are  now,  for  the  reason  that  during  the  last  five  years  the 
have  been  moving  out  to  the  coal  towns  in  the  vicinity  where  the 
are  nearer  work.  The  probable  future  immigration  to  the  con 
munity  will  be  small,  as  the  demand  for  labor  is  greater  in  the  sui 
rounding  coal  field  than  in  the  town  proper. 

Community  No.  2 is  5 miles  northeast  of  Community  No.  1,  i 
Crawford  County.  The  town  has  a population  of  2,790,  and  accorc 
ing  to  careful  estimate  2,140  are  foreign-born, of  the  following  raceJ 

OP 

German 

Irish 

French f, 

Polish 

Croatian J 

Italian 


The  Germans,  Croatians,  Poles,  English,  French,  and  Irish  fin 
came  to  the  community  in  the  year  1884  from  neighboring  coal  camp 
In  1886  an  agent  for  one  of  the  mining  companies  brought  m 1 
Italians  from  Spring  Valley,  Illinois,  and  during  the  next  four  c 
five  years  this  same  agent  continued  to  import  men  of  this  rac 
from  other  coal  fields  in  the  country.  This  started  immigration  ( 
Italians,  and  they  have  come  steadily  since  1886.  The  future  imm 
gration  to  the  community  will  probably  be  large,  as  new  mines  ai 
projected  in  the  vicinity. 

Community  No.  3 is  in  the  north-central  part  of  Cherokee  Counu 
16  miles  south  of  Community  No.  1.  The  first  mines  were  opene 
here  in  1879  and  in  that  year  the  first  immigrants  came  into  th 
field.  These  were  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh.  They  settle 
in  the  community  and  since  that  year  the  above  races  have  contmue 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


29 


) arrive.  The  present  population  is  2,373.  It  is  estimated  that  of 
lis  number  1,200  are  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  with  about 
30  immigrants  of  other  races  of  recent  arrival  in  the  country. 

Community  No.  4 is  in  the  northern  part  of  Cherokee  County,  12 
dies  south  of  Community  No.  1.  Immigrants  began  to  arrive  in 
380  when  mines  were  first  opened.  These  immigrants  were  English, 
dsh,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  and  came  of  their  own  accord  from  mines 
i the  vicinity.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  same  year  a few 
'rench  came.  In  1881  there  was  a strike,  and  Italians  were  brought 
•om  Illinois  as  strike  breakers,  and  in  1882  Croatians  and  Germans 
ime  in  of  their  own  volition  from  other  towns  in  the  vicinity.  The 
)reign  population  of  the  community  has  fluctuated  from  time  to  time, 
ecause  many  immigrants  leave  when  work  is  slack  and  others  come 
1 when  work  is  steady.  At  the  present  time  the  population  of  the 
)wn  is  estimated  to  be  2,500,  divided  by  races  as  follows: 


ative-born 1,  250 

oreign-born: 

English .• 400 

Scotch 200 

Italian 175 

French 125 

Irish 100 

Welsh 75 

German 50 

Croatian 125 

Total 2,500 


Community  No.  5 is  in  Cherokee  County  and  18  miles  southwest 
f Community  No.  1.  The  town  was  founded  in  1897,  and  during 
lis  year  immigrants  made  their  appearance.  The  first  foreigners 
1 come  were  French,  Croatians,  and  Poles.  The  same  year  Irish 
ime  from  neighboring  towns,  and  in  1901  the  first  Italians  were 
lipped  in  by  the  coal  operators.  The  present  population,  estimated 
1 be  1,800,  is  divided  by  races  as  follows: 


ative-born 300 

oreign-bom: 

Italian 500 

Irish 300 

Croatian 250 

Polish 50 

French 400 


Total 1,800 


RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  KANSAS  MINE  WORKERS. 

In  the  investigation  of  individual  employees  made  in  Kansas,  data 
'^ere  secured  from  873  mine  workers  native-born  of  native  father, 
09  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  2,305  foreign-born.  The  racial 
omposition  of  the  three  classes  is  given  on  the  following  page. 


30 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  395. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured  in  t' 
Kansas  coal  fields,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Total 

number. 

Genera!  nativity  and  race. 

Total 

numbe 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

White 

727 

English 

1 

Negro 

146 

French 

1 

G erm  an 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 

Greek 

of  birth  of  father: 

Irish 

Austria-Hungary 

15 

Italian,  North 

5 

Belgium 

8 

Italian,  South 

2 

Canada 

3 

Italian  tnot  specifie.l) 

Denmark 

1 

I.ithnanian 

England 

129 

Magyar.  ..  . 

France 

23 

Norwegian 

Germany 

77 

Polish 

Ireland 

106 

Roumanian 

Italy 

20 

Russian 

1 

Scotch  

K 

Scotland 

102 

Servian 

Sweden 

• 5 

Slovak  ...... 

, 

W’^ales 

19 

Slovenian 

K 

SweOish 

1 

Total 

509 

Swiss 

■1 

Welsh 

li 

Total  native-born 

1,382 

West  Indian .... 

'1 

AnsitriH.Ti  (rn.p.p.  Tint, 

3( 

1 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  .... 

16 

Bulgarian 

5 

Total  foreign-born 

2,3( 

Groatian  

14 

Danish i 

1 

Grand  total 

3,6J 

Dutch 1 

5 

One  interesting  fact  developed  by  the  above  table  is  the  larg 
number  of  second-generation  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Germans,  am 
French  employed  in  the  mines  as  well  as  the  large  number  of  foreign 
born  representatives  of  the  same  races.  Of  the  more  recent  imrni 
grants  the  North  and  South  Italians  combined  furnish  the  larges 
proportion. 

PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BOR> 
EMPLOYEES  IN  KANSAS. 

As  regards  the  length  of  time  foreign-born  mine  workers  have  beer 
employed,  no  definite  information  is  at  hand,  but  the  period  o1 
residence  in  the  United  States  reported  by  the  various  miners  cor- 
roborates the  history  of  immigration  to  the  field.  Out  of  a total  oJ 
2,273  mine  employees  reporting  years  of  residence  in  the  Uniteci 
States,  734,  or  about  one-third,  have  been  in  the  countrj^  less  than 
five  years.  This  number  is  largely  made  up  of  North  and  South 
Italians,  Austrians  (race not  specified),  Slovenians,  French,  and  Poles,.' 
which  races,  especially  the  Italians,  obviously  constitute  the  most 
recent  additions  to  the  operating  force.  It  is  also  clear  that  the  new 
immigrant  is  put  to  work  in  the  mines  practically  as  soon  as  he  arrives 
in  the  country,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  of  the  total  number  report- 
ing, 86  had  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  one  year,  68  one  year, 
160  two,  187  three,  and  233  four  years.  The  table  showing  period 
of  residence  of  Kansas  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race, 
is  given  on  the  page  following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


31 


^ABLE  396. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  Kansas  coal  fields  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Number 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Race. 

reporiing 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to 
14. 

15  to 
19. 

20  or 
over. 

16 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

5 

i 

1 

1 

1 

14 

1 

7 

5 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

i 

1 

2 

:nglish 

1G8 

3 

2 

6 

10 

21 

4 

11 

111 

'rench 

155 

4 

4 

12 

10 

12 

43 

11 

15 

44 

terman 

144 

3 

6 

6 

7 

9 

20 

6 

27 

60 

Irftp.k 

2 

1 

1 

rish 

76 

1 

6 

2 

3 

6 

2 

6 

50 

tali  an,  North 

585 

27 

'2i' 

34 

55 

61 

243 

61 

45 

38 

talian,  South 

240 

9 

7 

13 

30 

40 

104 

26 

7 

4 

t.alian  (not  <?pp,pifip,d) 

4 

1 

1 

2 

.ithnanian 

1 

1 

lagyar 

2 

1 

1 

lorwpgian 

2 

1 

1 

’olish 

33 

2 

3 

6 

7 

6 

9 

Lonmanian  .... 

2 

1 

1 

tnssian  . . 

9 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

cotch 

92 

1 

2 

5 

3 

9 

1 

3 

68 

firvian . . 

1 

1 

lovak 

58 

2 

5 

4 

10 

18 

5 

7 

7 

lovenian  

159 

7 

”9’ 

15 

16 

15 

54 

15 

17 

11 

wedish  . 

11 

2 

3 

6 

wiss 

1 

1 

Velsh . 

12 

1 

1 

10 

Vest  Indian  . 

1 

1 

lustrian  (race  notsneciHed) 

384 

28 

8 

48 

37 

48 

162 

13 

29 

11 

lelgian  (race  not  specified) 

91 

1 

4 

5 

11 

27 

1 

15 

27 

Total 

2,274 

86 

68 

160 

187 

233 

736 

152 

193 

459 

FUTURE  IMMIGRATION  TO  KANSAS. 

In  Kansas,  as  in  Oklahoma,  native  mine  labor  is  scarce,  and  it  is 
ipon  the  recent  immigrant  that  coal  operators  will  be  dependent  in 
upplying  the  increasing  demand  as  new  properties  are  developed. 

Immigration  on  the  part  of  the  English-speaking  races  and  the 
^>ench  has  been  on  the  decline  for  a number  of  years,  and  at  the 
iresent  time  there  are  fewer  representatives  of  these  races  at  work 
han  there  were  four  or  five  years  ago.  The  universal  opinion  is 
hat  future  immigration  on  the  part  of  these  races  will  be  very  small. 

Italians,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Croatians,  and  other  races  represented  in 
his  field  are  still  arriving,  though  not  in  as  large  numbers  as  formerly. 
This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  there  has  been  no  rapid  devel- 
»pment  of  coal  properties  during  the  past  few  years.  Immigration 
>n  the  part  of  the  races  mentioned  will  doubtless  be  steady,  as  mem- 
)ers  of  each  race  are  firmly  established  in  Kansas  and  these  perma- 
lent  residents  will  do  much  toward  influencing  future  immigration. 

Though  the  past  two  years  have  been  dull  ones  in  the  coal  trade  of 
(Kansas  and  Oklahoma  on  account  of  mild  winters  and'the  increasing 
ise  of  oil  and  natural  gas  as  fuel,  the  number  of  men  employed 
las  increased  as  follows:  In  1907  there  were  12,439  men  employed 
n the  mines  of  Kansas,  and  in  1908  there  were  13,916,  showing  an 
ucrease  of  1,477.  During  the  same  years  in  Oklahoma  the  increase 
vas  353.  With  the  return  of  normal  conditions  the  steady  immigra- 
ion  to  the  coal  fields  of  the  races  mentioned  above  may  be  expected. 


■f 


I 

\\ 

i' 


t 


Chapter  III. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 

[ndustrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied — Principal 
occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  States — General 
occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied — General 
occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied — Occupations 
of  immigrants  in  the  bituminous  mines  of  the  Southwest — Daily  earnings — Relation 
between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability — Annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of 
families  studied — Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  house- 
holds studied — Annual  family  income — Wives  at  work — Annual  earnings  of  females 
18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied — Relation  between  the  earnings 
of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers — Sources  of 
family  income — Relative  importance  of  the  different  sources  of  family  income — 
[Text  Tables  397  to  418  and  General  Tables  155  to  167]. 

[NDUSTRIAL  CONDITION  ABROAD  OF  MEMBERS  OF  IMMIGRANT  HOUSE- 
HOLDS STUDIED. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  discussion  of  the  present  economic  status 
)f  the  immigrant  mine  workers  and  their  families  it  will  be  interest- 
ng  as  well  as  instructive  in  furnishing  a standard  for  future  com- 
Darisons  to  consider  the  industrial  status  of  the  foreign-born  persons 
before  they  emigrated  from  their  native  lands.  With  this  object 
n view,  a series  of  tables  is  first  submitted,  showing  the  industrial 
jondition  of  the  males  and  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over 
lefore  they  came  to  the  United  States. 

As  regards  the  304  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  when 
hey  came  to  this  country,  and  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
•eceived,  the  following  table  showing  their  industrial  condition  abroad 
exhibits  some  interesting  data: 

Table  397. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign 

born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete, 
data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

With- 
out occu- 
pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 
ing with- 
out 
wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 
out occu- 
pation. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 
ing with- 
out 
wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

roatian 

21 

21 

100.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

talian,  North 

86 

64 

14 

8 

74.4 

16.3 

9.3 

.0 

talian,  South 

28 

17 

9 

2 

60.  7 

32. 1 

7. 1 

.0 

/ithuanian 

29 

22 

7 

75.  9 

24. 1 

0.  0 

.0 

lexican 

26 

21 

4 

1 

80.8 

15.4 

3.8 

.0 

’olish 

30 

22 

4 

4 

73.3 

13.  3 

13  3 

.0 

lovak 

36 

31 

4 

1 

86.1 

11.1 

2.8 

.0 

Total 

304 

232 

64 

18 

76.3 

17.8 

5.9 

.0 

33 


34  The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  significant  fact  brought  to  light  by  the  preceding  table  is  thj 
76.3  per  cent  of  the  females  were  without  occupation  before  comir 
to  the  United  States.  None  of  the  Croatian  women  were  employe 
abroad.  Only  25.6  per  cent  of  the  North  Italian  women,  39.3  per  cei 
of  the  South  Italian,  24.1  percent  of  the  Lithuanian,  19.2  per  cent  of  tl 
Mexican,  26.6  per  cent  of  the  Polish,  and  13.9  per  cent  of  the  Sloval 
or,  considering  all  races  combined,  only  72  women,  or  23.7  per  cent  < 
all  the  women,  had  any  form  of  employment  before  coming  to  tl 
United  States.  Fifty-four  of  these  were  working  for  wages  and  ] 
without  wages,  the  South  Italian  women  composing  the  largest  nun 
ber  working  for  wages,  while  the  Polish  exhibited  the  largest  nun 
bers  working  without  wages. 

As  regards  the  specific  occupations  followed  by  immigrant  wome 
before  coming  to  the  United  States,  the  table  presented  belo 
furnishes  a more  detailed  exhibit : 

Table  398. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  w, 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreig 

born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  without  occu- 
pation. 

Per  cent  working  for 
wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

1 Per  cent  working  for  j 

Farm  laborers. 

In  domestic 
and  personal 
service. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

Croatian  

21 

100.0 

0 

Italian,  North 

8G 

74.4 

7.0 

9.3 

16.3 

8.1 

1.2 

9.3 

Italian  Sont.h . ... 

28 

60.7 

32.1 

32.1 

7.1 

7.1 

T/ithnanian  

29 

75.9 

20.7 

3.4 

24.1 

Mexican 

2G 

80.8 

3.8 

7.7 

3.8 

15.4 

.3.8 

.3.8 

Poli.sh 

30 

73.3 

3.3 

3.3 

6.7 

13.3 

13.3 

13.3 

Slovak 

3G 

86.1 

2.8 

5.6 

2.8 

11.1 

1 2.8 

2.8 

Total 

304 

76.  3 

9.2 

3.9 

4.6 

17.8 

5.6 

.3 

5.9 

It  is  apparent  that  of  the  54  women  who  were  working  abroad  fc 
wages  the  largest  numbers  were  engaged  as  farm  laborers.  In  th 
case  of  the  women  who  were  working  but  not  receiving  wages,  all  be 
one  North  Italian  were  farm  laborers.  The  greater  number  of  wome 
who  were  working  abroad  were,  therefore,  principally  agricultun 
laborers,  many  of  whom  were  working  on  their  fathers’  farms.  I 
addition  to  these,  a few  Slovak,  Polish,  Mexican,  and  Lithuania 
women  were  also  working  as  waitresses  and  domestic  servants. 

As  regards  the  economic  status  of  the  men  abroad,  the  table  fo 
lowing,  showing  the  general  industrial  condition  abroad  of  males  wli 
are  at  the  present  time  employed  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  Southwes 
and  who  were  16  years  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  coming  to  th 
United  States,  will  throw  an  interesting  light  upon  the  previou 
industrial  condition  of  the  foreign  mine  workers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


35 


.BLB  399. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males 
who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

ils  table  iadludes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


ace  of  individual. 

Number 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

With- 

out 

occupa- 

tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

With- 

out 

occupa- 

tion. 

Work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Work- 

ing 

without 

wages. 

Work- 
ing for 
profit. 

20 

16 

4 

ao 

80.0 

0.0 

20.0 



sh 

28 

1 

16 

8 

3 

3.6 

57.1 

28.6 

10.7 

(Ijan  North 

166 

69 

63 

34 

.0 

41.6 

38.0 

20.5 

tlian,  South 

52 

26 

13 

13 

.0 

50.0 

25.0 

25.0 

thuanian 

65 

1 

24 

35 

5 

1.5 

36.9 

53.8 

7.7 

»xican 

45 

41 

1 

3 

.0 

91.1 

2.2 

6.7 

lish  

43 

21 

18 

4 

.0 

48.8 

41.9 

9.3 

)Tak 

52 

27 

23 

2 

.0 

51.9 

44.2 

3.8 

Total 

510 

5 

274 

163 

68 

1.0 

53.7 

32.0 

13.3 

In  the  table  above  it  is  important  to  note  that  of  the  total  of  510 
lales  now  employed  in  or  about  the  mines,  who  were  16  years  of  age 
’ over  when  they  came  to  the  United  States,  only  1 per  cent  were 
ithout  any  occupation  abroad.  Aside  from  this  inconsiderable  pro- 
Drtion  53.7  per  cent  were  working  at  some  occupation  abroad  in 
,hich  they  were  paid  wages,  while  32  per  cent  were  engaged  in  some 
arsuit  in  which  they  received  no  wages,  but  their  subsistence  or 
iher  compensation,  and  13.3  per  cent  were  in  business  or  engaged  in 
)me  commercial  undertaking.  The  largest  proportion  working  for 
ages  is  shown  by  the  Mexicans,  of  which  race  91.1  per  cent  were 
age-earners.  Eighty  per  cent  of  the  Croatians,  57.1  per  cent  of  the 
ish,  and  50  and  51.9  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  South  Italians  and 
lovaks  were  receiving  wages.  A relatively  small  proportion  of  the 
lovaks,  Mexicans,  Lithuanians,  Poles,  and  Irish  were  working  for 
rofit. 

As  regards  the  specific  occupations  of  the  three  general  industrial 
roups  discussed  above,  the  table  next  presented,  showing  the  per 
ent  of  males  in  the  principal  occupations,  will  furnish  more  definite 
formation. 


36 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  400. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  males  who  wt 
16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-boii 


Race  of  Individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  without 
occupation. 

Per  cent  working  for  wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  wor 
Ing  for  profit 

Farm  labor- 

ers. 

Laborers. 

Miners. 

I n hand 

trades. 

In  other  oc- 

cupations. 

. Total. 

Farm  labor- 

ers. 

1 In  other  oc- 

1 cupations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  oc- 

cupations. 

E 

Croatian 

20 

45.0 

5.0 

30.0 

80.0 

20.0 

2i 

Irish 

28 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6 

50.0 

57.1 

25.0 

3.6 

28.6 

10.7 

1( 

Italian,  North 

166 

15.1 

6.0 

5.4 

9.6 

5.4 

41.6 

37.3 

0.6 

.38.0 

19.9 

0.6 

2i 

Italian,  South 

52 

36. 5 

1.9 

1.9 

5.8 

3.8 

50.0 

25.0 

25.0 

23.1 

1.9 

2J 

Lithuanian 

65 

i.5 

24.6 

7.7 

4.6 

36.9 

53.8 

53.8 

6.2 

1.5 

Mexican 

45 

28.9 

8.9 

48.9 

4.4 

91.1 

2.2 

2.2 

4.4 

2.2 

( 

Polish 

43 

9.3 

2.3 

20.9 

9.3 

7.0 

48.8 

37.2 

4.7 

41.9 

9.3 

Slovak 

52 

13.5 

3.8 

30.8 

1.9 

1.9 

51.9 

44.2 

44.2 

3.8 

r 

Total 

510 

1.0 

19.2 

4.1 

18.8 

6.3 

5.3 

53.7 

31.2 

0.8 

32.0 

12.5 

0.8 

i; 

The  group  of  wage-earners  in  the  table  above  covers  a large  nun 
her  of  pursuits,  but  the  four  principal  occupations  reported  are  fan 
labor,  mining,  general  labor,  and  hand  trades.  The  principal  occi 
pation  followed  abroad,  as  seen  in  the  above  table,  was  that  of  far 
laborer.  A small  number  of  the  individuals  reporting  were  commo 
laborers,  and  11.6  per  cent  were  carpenters,  bricklayers,  blacksmith 
or  engaged  in  other  hand  trades  or  general  occupations.  Thirty-or 
and  two-tenths  per  cent  were  farm  laborers  without  wages,  and  12.5  p« 
cent  were  farmers  abroad.  The  total  number  reporting  in  these  grouj: 
as  farmers  or  farm  laborers  before  coming  to  the  United  States  is  62. 
per  cent  of  the  total  number  reporting  complete  data.  The  signil 
cance  of  this  table  lies  in  the  conclusion  that  81.2  per  cent  of  tl 
males  who  are  now  working  in  the  coal  mines  in  the  Southwest,  an 
who  were  16  years  or  over  before  they  left  their  native  land,  receive 
no  industrial  experience  abroad  which  fitted  them  for  coal  mining 
Only  18.8  per  cent  of  the  total  number  were  miners  abroad  and  receive 
training  and  experience  which  fitted  them  for  their  work  in  the  Unite 
States. 

Sixty-five  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks,  58.1  per  cent  c 
the  Poles,  84.6  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  86.5  per  cent  of  the  Sout 
Italians,  78.3  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  44.4  per  cent  of  the  Mex 
cans,  20  per  cent  of  the  Croatians,  and  42.9  per  cent  of  the  Iris 
were  farmers,  farm  laborers,  or  common  laborers  in  their  native  land? 

PRINCIPAL  OCCUPATION  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  BEFORE  COMIN 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  addition  to  the  above  showing,  made  by  the  data  gathered  fror 
the  investigation  of  families,  a more  extensive  exhibit  as  to^  th 
economic  condition  of  the  foreign-born  mine  workers  before  immi^ra 
tion  to  this  country  may  be  presented  as  the  result  of  the  detaile 
study  of  the  individual  employees. 


37 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


ble  401. Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  before 

coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


lis  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in — 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Race. 

Mining. 

Farming 
or  farm 
labor. 

General 

labor. 

Manu- 

facturing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

orljsh  

129 

87.6 

5.4 

0.0 

0.8 

3.9 

2.3 

3iicb  

144 

90.3 

3.5 

2.1 

1. 4 

.7 

8.8 

8.1 

2.8 

11.0 

5.1 

8.0 

3.4 

4.4 
3.3 
2.0 

2. 1 



114 

65.8 

14.9 

7.0 

.9 

2. 6 
2.9 
2.8 
1.8 
1.0 
7.4 
2.3 
1.1 

lian  North 

853 

21.6 

46.8 

19.5 

1.2 

lian  South 

319 

9.4 

40.1 

44.2 

.6 

huanian ...... ........... 

109 

11.0 

65.1 

11.0 

.0 

ixicEii*  

98 

71.4 

17.3 

5.1 

.0 

iish  

175 

33.1 

44.6 

5. 1 

1.7 



88 

13.6 

67.0 

6.8 

6.8 



90 

87.8 

3.3 

3.3 

.0 

122 

54.1 

34.4 

5.7 

.8 

1. 6 
3.0 

1 r 

)venian 

99 

53.5 

35.4 

6.1 

.0 

Total  

3,036 

43.0 

34.6 

13.2 

1.2 

5.5 

2.5 

An  unusual  situation  as  compared  with  other  coal-mining  sections 
disclosed  by  the  above  table,  which  shows  that  43  per  cent  of 
le  total  number  of  employees  furnishing  information  were  miners 
broad,  34.6  per  cent  were  farmers  or  farm  laborers,  13.2  per  cent 
ere  laborers  in  other  industries,  5.5  per  cent  were  in  hand  trades, 
.2  per  cent  in  manufacturing,  and  2.5  per  cent  had  occupations 

ot  specified.  . i • • 

No  other  geographical  division  of  the  bituminous  coal-mming 
idustry  shows  so  large  a proportion  of  the  rnen  to  have  been  miners 
efore  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  this  is  largely  due  to  the 
etter  class  of  workers  being  pushed  farther  west  by  the  influx  of 
‘.ss  desirable  immigrants  in  the  districts  nearer  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
The  Russians  show  the  largest  proportion  of  farmers  or  farm  laborers 
broad.  The  smallest  proportion  is  shown  by  the  Scotch,  whose  un- 
sually  large  proportion  of  miners  leaves  but  few  persons  scattered 
mong  other  industries.  The  South  Italians  were  largely  laborers 
broad,  their  percentage  in  this  class  being  44.2.  No  other  race  at  all 
pproaches  this  figure,  the  North  Italians  ranking  second  with  19.5 
•er  cent.  None  of  the  English,  and  only  2.1  per  cent  of  the  French, 

irere  laborers.  i 

Six  and  eight-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Russians,  and  between  1 and 
! per  cent  of  the  Poles,  French,  and  North  Italians,  were  engaged  in 
ome  branch  of  manufacturing.  No  other  race  shows  as  much  as 
per  cent,  and  the  Lithuanians  are  ptirely  unrepresented.  In  the 
land  trades,  however,  the  Lithuanians  lead  with  11  per  cent,  fol- 
owed  by  the  Germans  with  8.8  per  cent,  the  North  Italians  with 
;.l  per  cent,  and  the  Poles  with  an  even  8 per  cent  thus  engaged. 

Among  those  engaged  in  mining  prior  to  their  emigration,  the 
French  rank  highest,  with  90.3  per  cent  thus  reported,  and  the 
Scotch  follow  with  87.8  per  cent. 


38 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  facts  as  to  the  industrial  condition  of  the  foreign-born  coa 
mining  employees  prior  to  their  emigration  from  their  native  lane 
having  been  set  forth,  it  will  be  next  in  order  to  present  briefi 
their  general  industrial  condition  in  the  Southwest  and  their  stati 
in  the  coal-mining  industry  at  the  present  time. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  WOMEN  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  TB 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  general  industrial  status  of  women  in  the  hous« 
holds  studied  in  the  Southwest,  and  especially  the  tendencies  exhil 
ited  by  the  children  of  native  and  immigrant  households,  the  follov 
ing  table  is  instructive.  It  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  rao 
the  principal  occupations  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over. 


Table  402. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  general  nativity  ar 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  femaies  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race; 


Number 

reporting 

com])iete 

daia. 

Per  cent 

- 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individuai. 

In  do- 
mestic 
and  ])cr- 
sonal 
service. 

In  trade. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At  home. 

At  schoo 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

67 

4.5 

1.5 

1.5 

91.0 

1. 

Negro 

32 

12.5 

•0 

3.1 

78.1 

6. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father; 

Irish 

23 

.0 

8.7 

30.4 

4.3.5 

17., 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

23 

.0 

.0 

.0 

91.3 

8. 

Irish 

24 

.0 

.0 

4.2 

95.8 

Italian,  North 

93 

.0 

1.1 

.0 

98.9 

Italian,  South 

36 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

37 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.  0 

Mexican 

36 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.  0 

Polish 

35 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100. 0 

Slovak 

45 

.0 

.0 

.0 

100.  0 

Welsh 

25 

4.0 

.0 

4.0 

92.0 

Grand  total 

542 

1.5 

.7 

2.2 

93.6 

2. 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

64 

.0 

3. 1 

12.5 

75.0 

9. 

Totai  native-born 

166 

4.2 

1.8 

6.0 

82.5 

5. 

Total  foreign-born 

376 

.3 

.3 

.5 

98.4 

As  regards  the  females  of  the  households  studied,  82.-5  per  cent  o1 
the  native-born  are  at  liome,  as  compared  with  98.4  per  cent  of  th( 
foreign-born.  The  immigrant  races  uniformly  show  a higher  percent- 
age of  their  girls  at  home,  only  1.1  per  cent  being  employed  and 
0.5  per  cent  at  school.  It  is  also  noticeable  that  few  females  of  the 
foreign  households  are  engaged  in  domestic  service. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


39 


NERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  MALES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

BLE  403. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

Is  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent— 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

In  bitu- 
minous- 
coal 
mining. 

In  other 
occupa- 
tions. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

ive-born  of  native  father: 

White 

74 

94.6 

4.1 

0.0 

1.4 

Negro 

32 

96.9 

3.1 

.0 

.0 

ive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 
jrish — 

27 

81.5 

11.1 

.0 

7.4 

eign-born: 

CrofitiBn  

22 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Irish ... .........  — ... 

47 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

It&liciTi  

175 

98.3 

.0 

1.1 

.6 

ItflliflTl  SnntTi  . ----- - 

53 

98. 1 

.0 

1.9 

.0 

Lithuanian  

72 

98.6 

.0 

.0 

1.4 

Magyar 

20 

95.0 

5.0 

.0 

.0 

Mpxiu^Ti  

62 

96.8 

.0 

3.2 

.0 

Polish 

51 

98.0 

.0 

2.0 

.0 

Slovak.... 

55 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Welsh  

33 

93.9 

3.0 

3.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

750 

96.7 

1.2 

1.1 

1.1 

al  native-born  of  foreign  father 

51 

82.4 

5.9 

2.0 

9.8 

al  native-born  ..... ..... - 

157 

91.1 

4.5 

.6 

3.8 

al  foreign -born 

593 

98.1 

.3 

1.2 

.3 

Upon  reference  to  the  table  covering  male  members  of  the  house- 
ids,  it  is  seen  that  less  than  4 out  of  each  100  reporting  are  engaged 
other  occupations  than  bituminous  coal  mining.  In  the  case  of 
e foreign-born,  the  proportion  is  even  smaller.  The  members  of 
ree  races — the  Croatian,  Irish,  and  Slovak — are  all  engaged  in 
al  mining. 

The  smallness  of  the  percentages  of  males  of  foreign  birth  who  are 
school  is  also  noteworthy.  The  native  negroes  have  none  at  school. 

ICUPATIONS  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  BITUMINOUS  MINES  OF  THE  SOUTH- 
WEST. 

As  a matter  of  fact  most  of  the  immigrants  in  Kansas  and  Okla- 
>ma  have  been  drawn  to  the  two  States  by  the  chance  to  secure 
)rk  in  the  coal  mines.  The  employment  available  to  immigrants 
rough  Oklahoma  is  not  varied,  as  coal  mining  is  the  only  industry 
iploying  a large  amount  of  labor.  There  are  only  a few  factories 
id  these  are  very  small,  employing  from  15  to  20  men.  They  are 
3 factories,  brick  plants,  planing  mills,  and  other  small  establish- 
ents.  Besides  the  above-mentioned  plants  the  only  other  oppor- 
nities  for  immigrants  to  secure  work  are  the  section  gangs  on  the 
iirious  railroad  lines. 

' Immigrants  rarely  apply  for  work  in  the  manufacturing  plants, 
id  when  employed  soon  leave  and  return  to  coal  mining.  In  summer, 


40 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


when  work  is  not  steady  in  the  mines,  a few  work  as  section  hanc, 
but  as  soon  as  the  mines  resume  operations  they  leave  the  railroat. 
Though  there  is  a demand  for  female  house  servants,  no  immigraj 
women  seek  employment,  and  only  in  very  rare  instances  is  o; 

found  working  as  a domestic.  ^ t i i i 

In  the  coal-mining  districts  of  Kansas  conditions  are  slightly  d- 
ferent,  for  the  reason  that  there  are  more  and  larger  factories  than  i 
Oklahoma  and  a few  immigrants  are  employed  in  these  estabhs- 
ments.  There  were  formerly  several  large  smelters  near  Pittsbui, 
Kansas,  and  here  a large  force  of  immigrants  was  employed,  but  sin* 
the  smelters  have  been  removed  these  immigrants  have  engaged  i 
mining.  In  both  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  therefore,  most  of  the  fc- 
eign  population  will  be  found  working  in  or  around  the  mines. 

In  coal  mining  there  are  two  sharply  defined  classes  of  labor  () 
the  miners,  who  are  engaged  directly  in  the  production  of  coal  ail 
are  piece  workers,  being  paid  by  the  ton  for  the  amount  of  coal  pi- 
duced,  and  (2)  the  company  or  day  men,  who  are  engaged  in  vari05 
capacities  in  the  mine,  such  as  mule  drivers,  fire  runners,  gas  me, 
trackmen,  hoisting  engineers,  etc.,  and  who  are  paid  a certain  wai 

per  day.  ...  . i x-  i.  • 

The  newly  arrived  immigrant  almost  without  exception  begn 

work  as  a miner  and  few  ever  leave  this  branch  of  work.  It  is  ge- 
erally  a fact  that  the  great  majority  of  company  or  day  men  a) 
Americans,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  or  Welsh.  A discussion  of  i- 
quirements  of  the  different  occupations  will  show  why  newly  arrivl 
immigrants  are  engaged  almost  exclusively  as  miners. 

In  most  of  the  coal  mines  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  the  minings 
done  by  pick  work.  On  account  of  the  pitch  of  the  coal,  the  dan^r 
of  shooting  from  the  solid,  and  other  adverse  conditions,  machi) 
mining  has  never  been  extensively  practiced.  During  1 908  only 
machines  were  in  use  in  Kansas,  and  only  31,352  short  tons  of  ccl 
were  produced  in  Oklahoma  by  this  method  during  the  saine  yes. 
In  pimc  mining  it  is  necessary  for  a miner  to  have  had  experience  i 
the  work  to  insure  good  results.  If  the  cutting  is  not  first  made  wii 
the  pick  to  a certain  depth,  according  to  the  length  of  the  h(. 
drilled  for  the  blast,  it  will  require  much  more  powder  to  throw  is 
coal  down  than  if  the  shot  were  properly  mined.  It  can  be  reach 
seen  that  an  extremely  large  charge  of  powder  will  blow  the  coal ) 
pieces  and  that  a large  percentage  of  it  will  be  slack  or  fine  coal. 

The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  French,  and  Americans  sj 
experienced  in  the  methods  of  mining  required  and  the  coal  produci 
by  men  of  these  races  is  of  much  better  quality  for  marketing  thi 
that  gotten  out  by  more  recent  immigrants.  Immigrants  from  Ita , 
Austria-hlungary,  and  Kussia,  as  already  shoym,  have  had  little  €■ 
perience  before  coming  to  this  country  and  go  into  the  mines  ignora. 
of  practical  mining.  The  coal  produced  by  these  miners  is  very  mui 
shot  up  and  is  not  of  a good  grade. 

The  percentage  of  Americans  and  English-speaking  races  engaged : 
miners  is  small,  and  most  of  these  now  working  in  the  mines  are  co> 
p^any  men.  The  reasons  for  this  situation  are  as  follows:  Americai 
English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Germans  are  employed  as  pur 
men,  hoisting  engineers,  slope  engineers,  motormen,  and  electriciai 
because  the  more  recent  immigrant  knows  little  about  machinery;  * 
gas  men,  because  the  safety  of  the  miners  depends  upon  the  nu 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


41 


•ing  thoroughly  tested  for  gas  and  warnings  posted  as  to  its  presence, 
id  the  above-mentioned  races  are  considered  more  reliable  for  this 
isition  than  the  more  recent  immigrants ; as  timbermen,  because  it 
important  that  all  weak  places  in  the  roof  be  carefully  timbered  to 
event  accidents  due  to  falls  of  rock  or  slate,  and  it  has  been  found 
at  the  immigrant  is  not  so  careful  as  the  first-mentioned  races  in 
is  work.  The  brattice  men  have  charge  of  the  ventilation  of  the 
ine,  and  their  duty  is  to  see  that  all  working  places  are  well  supplied 
th  air.  It  has  been  found  that  few  immigrants  are  fitted  for  this 
)rk. 

Some  superintendents  declare  that  in  places  of  danger,  and  where 
30ol  head  is  required,  they  never  put  South  Italians,  as  this  race 
too  nervous  and  excitable.  The  Lithuanians  are  much  more  calm 
an  emergency,  and  are  given  positions  which  Italians  are  not  per- 
tted  to  hold.  For  positions  of  responsibility  most  mine  officials 
efer  Americans,  Irish,  Scotch,  English,  and  Welsh  first;  Lithu- 
ians  second;  Magyars  and  North  Italians  third;  South  Italians 
d Slovaks  fourth;  Poles,  Russians,  and  negroes  fifth;  and  Mexicans 
:th. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  immigrant  the  occupation  of  mining  is 
10  more  desirable  for  the  reason  that  there  is  no  fixed  daily  wage 
yment,  and  wfith  the  piece-rate  method  of  payment  the  amount 
his  earnings  is  limited  only  by  his  industriousness  and  efficiency, 
a consequence,  the  recent  immigrant  tends  to  remain  in  the  mining 
mpadion  even  when  it  is  possible  for  him  to  become  a company  or 
7 employee.  On  the  other  hand,  the  predominance  of  recent  immi- 
ints  in  the  occupations  of  digging  and  loading  coal  in  itself  tends  to 
ve  them  in  exclusive  control  of  these  occupations,  for  the  reason 
it  the  races  of  older  immigration  prefer  the  day  occupations,  with 
} smaller  earning  possibilities,  to  intimate  working  relations  with 
:es  of  recent  arrival. 

DAILY  EARNINGS. 

Che  table  next  presented  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the 
• cent  of  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
ount  per  day. 

tLE  404.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.* 

(study  of  employees.) 

J table  Includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


eral  nativity  and  race. 


7e-born  of  native  father: 

Vhite 

legro ] 

re-bom  of  foreign  father, 
country  of  birth  of 
|ier; 

■ngland 

^erniany 

reland 

cotland 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


1,531 

376 


158 

90 

126 

119 


Average 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

earnings 
per  day. 

$1.25  or 

$1.50  or 

$2  or 

$2.50  or 

$3  or 

$3.50  or 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

$2.60 

99.0 

98.9 

96.1 

75.8 

18.9 

7.7 

2.  48 

99.2 

98.9 

90.4 

71.8 

16.0 

6.1 

2.60 

99.4 

98.7 

88.6 

74.1 

17.1 

9.5 

2. 56 

100.0 

98.9 

93.3 

80.0 

8.9 

5.6 

2.  64 

99.2 

99.2 

96.8 

91.3 

15.1 

7.9 

2.61 

100.0 

100.0 

96.6 

85.7 

15.1 

6.7 

dme  oMoil  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 

^ 1 shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 

al  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year.  anuwmg 

48296°— VOL  7—11 4 


42 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specif  , 

amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  C 
over. 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

F.nplish 

236 

$2.65 

98.3 

98.3 

95.8 

86.0 

18.2 

h 

Frp.nnh 

205 

2. 55 

97.1 

95.6 

94.6 

89.3 

8.3 

German 

174 

2.80 

100.0 

99.4 

97.1 

86.8 

31.6 

It 

Irish 

85 

2. 58 

98.8 

98.8 

96.5 

90.6 

8.2 

1 

Italian,  North 

1,087 

389 

2.63 

98.6 

98.6 

97.0 

92.9 

16.4 

t 

Italian,  South 

2.91 

97.9 

97.9 

95.6 

90.5 

38.3 

2f 

T.it.hnanian  

118 

3.02 

99.2 

99.2 

93.2 

83.1 

56.8 

3( 

Afp.Tinnn 

104 

2.  46 

100.0 

100.0 

98.1 

75.0 

9.6 

] 

Polish 

208 

2.  48 

96.6 

96.2 

79.3 

68.8 

27.4 

f 

Russian 

102 

2.  54 

98.0 

98.0 

94.1 

79.4 

22.5 

< 

Scotch 

132 

2.  70 

100.0 

100.0 

98.5 

89.4 

21.2 

5 

Rlovalf 

123 

2. 53 

98.4 

98.4 

91.1 

84.6 

8.1 

( 

Slovenian 

181 

2.  59 

100.0 

99.4 

97.2 

88.4 

16.0 

Grand  total 

6,438 

2.62 

98.7 

98.5 

94.9 

83.4 

19.5 

k 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 
father 

653 

2.57 

98.5 

98.0 

92.2 

80.9 

12.9 

( 

Total  native-born 

2,562 

3,876 

2.57 

98.9 

98.7 

94.2 

76.4 

16.9 

Total  foreign-bom 

2.66 

98.6 

98.4 

95.3 

88.1 

21.2 

In  comparing  the  earning  capacity  of  native  and  foreign  boi 
miners  it  will  be  seen  that  there  is  little  difference  between  the  rad 
until  the  percentage  earning  $2.50  per  day  or  over  is  reached.  He; 
foreign-born  employees  make  a much  better  showing,  88.1  per  cei 
earning  $2.50  per  day  or  over,  as  compared  with  76.4  per  cent  of  thot 
of  native  birth  earning  the  same  wage.  The  percentage  still  contii 
ues  in  favor  of  the  foreign-born  through  the  $3  and  $3.50  or  over  dai 

earnings.  • • i ^ 

In  making  a study  of  the  table,  by  races,  it  is  round  that  ti 
Lithuanians  have  the  highest  earning  capacity,  with  the  Soul 
Italians  second  and  the  Germans  third.  Mexicans  show  the  smalle 
proportions  earning  the  higher  amounts.  North  Italians  show 
better  average  when  compared  with  South  Italians,  up  to  betwe( 
$2.50  and  $3  per  day,  but  the  percentage  earning  over  $3.50  per  de 
falls  far  below  the  other  race.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  th 
a larger  number  are  employed  as  day  men  and  receive  a specmt 
daily  wage,  which  is  not  the  case  with  immigrants  from  southei 
Italy,  most  of  whom  are  miners. 

In  comparing  Americans,  English,  and  Scotch,  it  is  seen  that  tl 
Scotch  have  the  largest  percentage  earning  $3.50  per  day  or  ove 
with  the  English  second,  American  whites  third,  and  American  negro 
fourth,  the  percentage  ranging  from  9.1  of  the  Scotch  down  to  6 
of  the  American  negroes. 

Of  the  Slavic  races,  the  Poles  show  6.7  per  cent  earning  $3.50  p' 
dav  or  over;  Slovaks  are  second  with  6.5  per  cent,  and  Russians  thn 
with  a percentage  of  4.9,  while  only  2.8  per  cent  of  the  Slovenians  eai 
$3.50  per  day  or  over. 

French  and  Mexicans  make  a poor  showing  when  compared  wi1 
other  races,  only  2.9  per  cent  of  the  French  and  1.9  per  cent  of  tr 
Mexicans  earning  $3.50  or  over. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


43 


Germans,  Mexicans,  Scotch,  and  Slovenians  have  100  per  cent 
rning  $1.25  per  day  and  over;  the  same  races  have  the  highest  per- 
ntages  earning  $1.50  per  day  and  over.  Of  races  earning  $2  per  day 
id  over  Germans,  Mexicans,  Scotch,  and  Slovenians  still  leacl;  those 
owing  the  highest  percentage  earning  $2.50  per  day  and  over  are 
orth  Italians,  Irish,  South  Italians,  Scotch,  and  French;  those  having 
e largest  representation  earning  $3  per  day  and  over  are  Lithuanians, 
)uth  Italians,  Germans,  and  Polish,  while  Lithuanians,  South 
alians,  and  Germans  have  the  largest  number  earning  $3.50  per  day 
id  over. 

The  table  shows  there  are  more  men  in  the  class  earning  between 
1.50  and  $3  than  any  other,  due  to  the  fact  that  a large  number  are 
y or  company  men,  whose  wage  is  $2.56  per  eight  hours’  work. 

In  connection  with  the  earnings  of  adults  in  the  coal  mines  of  the 
(uthwest,  it  will  also  be  of  interest  to  note  the  number  and  per 
nt  of  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  speci- 
d amount  per  day.  In  the  following  table  the  showing  is  made 
r 277  mine  employees  within  these  age  limits,  of  whom  64  are 
reign -born  and  213  are  native-born. 

BLE  405. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(study  of  employees.) 


lis  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

Percent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

report- 

Average 

General  nativity  and  race. 

ing  com- 

earnings 

plete 

per  day. 

$1  or 

$1.25  or 

$1.50  or 

$2  or 

$2.50  or 

data. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

over. 

,ive-born  of  native  father.  White. . 

86 

$1.91 

98.8 

74.4 

72.1 

51.2 

38.4 

Grand  total 

277 

2. 01 

99.6 

73.6 

72.6 

59.2 

50.2 

al  native-born  of  foreign  father. . . 

114 

2. 05 

100.0 

74.6 

73.7 

63.2 

55.3 

al  native-born 

213 

1. 97 

99.5 

73.7 

72.3 

56.8 

46.5 

al  foreign-born 

64 

2.14 

100.0 

73.4 

73.4 

67.2 

62.5 

This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
e or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
lings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Upon  comparing  the  relative  proportions  earning  specified  amounts 
the  table  above  it  is  seen  that  about  equal  percentages  of  the 
tal  native-born,  the  total  foreign-born,  and  the  total  native-born  of 
•eign  father  are  earning  $1.25  or  over  per  day.  This  proportion 
exact  percentages  is  74.4  per  cent  for  the  native  white  of  native 
her,  74.6  per  cent  for  the  total  native-born  of  foreign  father,  73.7 
r cent  for  the  total  native-born,  and  73.4  per  cent  for  the  total 
*eign-born.  In  the  $1.50  wage  classification  the  relative  propor- 
^ns  for  the  groups  are  about  the  same,  but  they  differ  for  those 
kning  $2  or  over  and  $2.50  or  over  per  day.  More  than  one-half 
each  group  earn  $2  or  over  per  day.  Thirty-eight  and  four- 
iths  per  cent.of  the  American  white,  55.3  per  cent  of  the  second 
aeration,  and  62.5  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  are  engaged  in  work 
’ which  they  receive  $2.50  or  over  per  day,  a wage  equivalent  to 
received  by  many  employees  in  the  industry  who  are  of  a more 
vanced  age. 


44 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


RELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY. 


As  regards  the  effect  of  an  extended  residence  upon  progress  in  th 
industry  or  earning  ability,  the  following  tables  show  the  per  cent  c 
individual  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth  earning  each  specified  amoun 
per  day,  according  to  number  of  years  in  the  United  States.  In  th 
first  tabulation  the  races  are  arranged  alphabetically  with  the  diffei 
ent  periods  of  residence  under  each  race;  m the  second  tabulation,  th 
same  figures  are  arranged,  by  race,  under  different  periods  of  residenc( 


Table  406.— Per  cent  of  foreign-hom  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  ov^  earning  eai 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 


(study  of  employees.) 


rBv  Years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includ 
^ ^ only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 


N umber 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Race  and  years  in  United  States. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  c 
over. 

English: 

24 

100.0 

100.0 

95.8 

87.5 

20.8 

8 

5 to  9 

22 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

86.4 

18.2 

9 

10  or  over. 

190 

97.9 

97.9 

95.3 

85.  8 

17.9 

8 

French: 

Under  5 

52 

96.2 

94.2 

94.2 

90.4 

5.8 

1 

5 to  9 

49 

100.0 

100.0 

98.0 

95.9 

12.  2 

4 

10  or  ov'pr  

104 

96.2 

94.2 

93.3 

85.6 

7.  7 

2 

Italian,  North: 

Under  5. 

404 

98.0 

98.0 

96.5 

93.6 

12.9 

3 

5 to  9 

404 

99.5 

99.5 

98.0 

93.3 

17.  8 

10  or  nypr  .... 

279 

98.2 

98.2 

96.1 

91.4 

19.  4 

1 

Italian,  South: 

Under  5*.- 

165 

97.6 

97.6 

95.8 

90.3 

30.3 

50.4 
34.1 

Vi 

5 to  9 

139 

100.0 

100.0 

98.6 

91.4 

38 

10  or  over 

85 

95.3 

95.3 

90.6 

89.  4 

24 

Polish: 

U nd er  - 

81 

92.6 

91.4 

61.7 

55.6 

21.0 

1 

It 

c 

e;  In  Q 

66 

100.0 

100.0 

89.4 

77.3 

27.3 

36.1 

10  or  ov’er  .................. - 

61 

98.4 

98.4 

91.8 

77.0 

— 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taKen  ot  voluntary  ic 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdows  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  anni 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Table  407. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  a 
or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States. 


(STUDY  OF  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  indue 
‘ ^ only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  LESS  THAN  5 YEARS. 


Number 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  ■ 
over 

En^lisli  - 

24 

100.0 

100.0 

95.8 

87.5 
90.4 

93.6 

20.8 

5.8 

French ........... 

52 

96.2 

94.2 

94.2 

Italian  t'Jnrth  ... ...... 

404 

98.0 

98.0 

96.  5 

12. 9 
30.3 
21.0 

1 

Italian  South........ 

165 

97.6 

97.6 

95.8 

90.3 

55.6 

Polish.’ 

81 

92.6 

91.4 

61.7 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  f ^ ^ 

time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  a 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


45 


ABLE  407. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age 
or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States — Continued. 


IN  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Race. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

.nglish,  

22 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

86.4 

18.2 

9.1 

rench  ............. 

49 

100.0 

100.0 

98.0 

95.9 

12.2 

4.1 

alian  North. 

404 

99.5 

99.5 

98.0 

93.3 

17.8 

5.0 

alian,  South 

139 

100.0 

100.0 

98.6 

91.4 

50.4 

38.1 

olish  

66 

100.0 

100.0 

89.4 

77.3 

27.3 

10.6 

IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


nglish 

190 

97.9 

97.9 

95.3 

85.8 

17.9 

8.4 

rench 

104 

96.2 

94.2 

93.3 

85.6 

7.7 

2.9 

talian,  North 

279 

98.2 

98.2 

96.1 

91.4 

19.4 

7.5 

talian,  South 

85 

95.3 

95.3 

90.6 

89.4 

34.1 

24.7 

olish 

61 

98.4 

98.4 

91.8 

77.0 

36.1 

9.8 

South  Italians  show  the  highest  earning  capacity  of  any  of  the  races 
Q the  above  table.  Of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
inder  five  years  17.6  per  cent  earn  $3.50  or  over  per  day,  as 
lo  38.1  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  this  country  from  five 
0 nine  years  and  24.7  per  cent  of  those  with  a residence  of  ten 
^ears  or  over.  The  English  are  the  next  highest  wage-earners, 
>.3  per  cent  of  those  here  under  five  years,  9.1  per  cent  between 
ive  and  nine  years,  and  8.4  per  cent  ten  years  or  over,  earning 
;3.50  or  over  per  day.  The  French  show  the  lowest  percentage  of 
ligh  earnings,  only  1.9  per  cent  of  those  in  the  United  States  under 
ive  years,  4.1  per  cent  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  2.9  per  cent  ten 
^ears  or  over,  earning  $3.50  or  over  per  day. 

All  immigrants  v/ho  have  been  in  the  United  States  over  five  years 
how  a better  earning  capacity  than  those  who  have  been  in  this 
lountry  for  a shorter  period  of  time.  It  is  particularly  noticeable 
hat  the  English,  French,  and  South  Italians  who  have  been  in  the 
Jnited  States  between  five  and  nine  years  show  a slightly  higher 
earning  capacity  than  those  who  have  a residence  of  ten  years  or 
)ver.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  many  with  a resi- 
lence of  over  ten  years  are  old  men  and  are  not  physically  able  to 
nake  the  wage  of  the  younger  immigrants.  F urther,  it  is  stated  that 
he  older  immigrants  have  saved  money  out  of  earnings  in  the  past 
>ears,  and  it  is  unnecessary  for  them  to  work  as  hard  as  the  more 
•ecent  immigrants.  The  reason  assigned  for  the  large  percentage 
earning  higher  wa^es  among  those  who  have  been  in  this  country 
letween  five  and  mne  years  as  compared  with  the  same  wage  class  of 
nore  recent  immigrants  is  that  those  who  have  been  here  only  a few 
rears  are  not  highly  skilled  miners,  and  consequently  are  not  able  to 
iroduce  as  large  an  amount  of  coal  as  those  who  have  become  pro- 
icient  in  the  work  by  several  years’  experience. 


46  The  Immigration  Commission. 


There  is  little  difference  in  the  earning  capacity  of  Enghsh  who  ha’’ 
been  in  this  country  under  five  years  and  those  who  have  been  he 
between  five  and  nine  years ; this  is  on  account  of  their  having  be( 
experienced  miners  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  which  is  ni 
generally  the  case  with  other  races. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALE  HEADS  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

An  indication  of  the  industriousness  of  a given  race  may  be  four 
in  the  percentage  of  heads  of  families  regularly  employed.  Data  upc 
this  subject  relating  to  the  coal  and  coke  workers  of  Kansas  ar 
Oklahoma  are  shown  in  the  following  table,  together  with  average  ai 
nual  earnings  of  heads  of  families  engaged  in  bituminous  mining. 

Table  408. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  of 
selected 
families.® 

Number  of 
husbands. 

Number  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Per  cent  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Averagi 
yearly  eai 
ings  of 
husbands 
work. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

39 

39 

39 

100.0 

Negro 

24 

24 

24 

100.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

20 

20 

100.0 

c 

Irish 

35 

35 

35 

100.0 

( 

Italian,  North 

75 

71 

71 

100.0 

i 

Italian,  South 

32 

32 

32 

100.0 

i 

Lithuanian 

32 

32 

32 

100.0 

t 

Magvar 

15 

15 

15 

100.0 

J 

Mexican 

39 

38 

38 

100.0 

Polish 

35 

35 

35 

100.0 

Slovak 

45 

45 

45 

100.0 

Welsh 

26 

22 

22 

100.0 

t 

Grand  total 

418 

408 

408 

100.0 

4 

Total  native-born 

63 

63 

63 

100.0 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

355 

345 

345 

100.0 

t 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


The  total  number  of  families  is  418  and  the  total  number  ( 
husbands  408.  It  will  be  noted  that  all  the  husbands  are  reported  i 
at  work.  The  figures  of  the  table  speak  well,  therefore,  for  the  ii 
dustry  and  ability  to  secure  and  retain  work  of  all  the  employees  ha’^ 
ing  family  responsibilities. 

The  highest  average  annual  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  is  e? 
hibited  by  the  Wel^  employees,  w^hose  average  yearly  earnings  ai 
$656,  followed  by  the  Lithuanians,  Irish,  South  Italians,  Poles,  Nort 
Italians,  Croatians,  Mexicans,  and  Slovaks,  in  the  order  named. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  47 


As  regards  the  range  of  annual  earnings,  the  following  table  shows 
le  proportion  of  husbands  earning  each  specified  amount : 

ABLE  ^0^.— Earnings  'per  year  of 'male  heads  of  families,  by  general  'nativity  and  race  of 

individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Number  work- 
ing for  wages. 

Average  earn- 
ings. 

Number  earning— 

Per  cent  earning— 

1 Under 

1 $100. 

1 Under 

1 $200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$800. 

1 Under 

1 $1,000. 

Under 

$100. 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$800. 

Under 

$1,000. 

ative-born  of  native  father: 
Wtiitp  

39 

$583 

15 

24 

32 

33 

0.0 

0.0 

38.5 

61.5 

82.1 

84.6 



24 

384 

• 

16 

24 

24 

24 

.0 

.0 

66.7 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

IN  

ore:gn-born; 

Croatian 

20 

397 

13 

20 

20 

20 

.0 

.0 

65.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Irish  

35 

513 

*^i‘ 

12 

23 

32 

33 

.0 

2.9 

34.3 

65.7 

91.4 

94.3 

Italian,  North 

71 

422 

2 

33 

68 

71 

71 

.0 

2.8 

46.5 

95.8 

100.0 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

32 

446 

1 

6 

31 

32 

32 

.0 

3.1 

18.8 

96.9 

100.0 

100.0 

32 

568 

1 

21 

30 

30 

.0 

.0 

3.1 

65. 6 

93.8 

93.8 

Magyar 

15 

387 

1 

9 

14 

15 

15 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 



38 

391 

24 

37 

38 

38 

.0 

.0 

63.2 

97.4 

100.0 

100.0 

Pnlish  

35 

432 

2 

17 

31 

34 

35 

.0 

5.7 

48.6 

88.6 

97.1 

100.0 

plfivat  

45 

380 

3 

29 

42 

45 

45 

.0 

6.7 

64.4 

93.3 

100.0 

100.0 

Welsh 

22 

656 

1 

8 

11 

16 

18 

.0 

4.5 

36.4 

50.0 

72.7 

81.8 

Grand  total 

408 

460 

11 

183 

346 

389 

394 

.0 

2.7 

44.9 

84.8 

95.3 

96.6 

Otal  p5itivfi-bf>rn  . 

63 

508 

— 

31 

48 

56 

57 

.0 

.0 

49.2 

76.2 

88.9 

90.5 

'otal  foreign-born 

345 

451 

11 

152 

298 

333 

337 

.0 

3.2 

44.1 

86.4 

96.5 

97.7 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  the  foregoing  table  39  native  whites  show  an  average  of  $583, 
!4  negroes  $384,  and  345  foreign-born  an  average  of  $451.  The 
werage  yearly  earnings  of  the  negro  race  are  so  much  lower  than  the 
lative  whites  that  it  is  considered  advisable,  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
laring  the  foreign  with  the  native  born,  to  consider  the  native  whites 
ind  negroes  separately.  Of  the  negroes,  66.7  per  cent  report  average 
'^early  earnings  under  $400,  while  the  other  33.3  per  cent  average 
letween  $400  and  $600. 

Of  the  total  foreign-born,  44.1  per  cent  average  under  $400,  as 
igainst  49.2  per  cent  native-born.  Fifteen  and  four-tenths  per  cent 
lative  whites  average  $1,000  or  over,  while  only  2.3  per  cent  of  the 
breign-born  average  as  much  as  that.  Forty-two  and  three-tenths 
)er  cent  of  the  foreign-born  report  average  yearly  earnings  between 
mo  and  $600,  and  10.1  per  cent  between  $600  and  $800,  while  the 
lative  whites  show  23  per  cent  and  20.6  per  cent,  respectively. 

Although  the  Lithuanians  have  only  3.1  per  cent  of  their  number 
iveraging  under  $400,  the  per  cent  averaging  under  $600  is  65.6. 
S[ext  to  the  Lithuanians,  the  South  Italians  report  a smaller  per  cent 
d8.8)  than  any  other  race  averaging  under  $400;  at  the  same  time 
Fey  have  96.9  per  cent  with  average  earnings  under  $600. 

Of  all  races  reporting  from  this  district,  the  Slovaks  have  the  lowest 
iverage  earnings,  $380,  with  64.4  per  cent  of  their  number  earning 
under  $400. 

The  Poles  report  2.9  per  cent  of  their  number  averaging  over  $800. 
They  and  the  Welsh,  Irish,  and  Lithuanians  are  the  only  foreign- 
born  with  average  yearly  earnings  over  this  amount. 


48 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


The  average  earnings  of  the  foreign-born  in  this  field  are  somewhe 
higher  than  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Middle  West,  but  not  so  high  i 
in  the  South. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALES  18  TEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  TH 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  follovdng  table  shows  the  approximate  annual  earnings  of  a 
males  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  by  geneu 
nativity  and  race  of  individual: 


Table  410. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  genen 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  earning 

- 

Per  cent  earning 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

SGOO. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Under 

$200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Und 

$1,00 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

65 

$496 

8 

31 

48 

59 

12.3 

47.7 

73.8 

90. 

Negro 

30 

377 

1 

29 

30 

30 

3.3 

96.7 

100.0 

100. 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish 

19 

404 

4 

10 

14 

19 

(*>) 

(^) 

(&) 

(6) 

Lithuanian 

1 

(*») 

1 

1 

(6) 

(b) 

(6) 

(b) 

Magvar 

3 

iP) 

2 

3 

3 

(6) 

(6) 

Slovak - 

2 

(b) 

1 

2 

2 

(6) 

(6) 

W) 

V) 

Welsh 

7 

(*') 

5 

5 

7 

(«») 

(«>) 

p) 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

22 

406 

13 

22 

22 

.0 

59.1 

100.0 

100. 

Irish 

46 

532 

2 

14 

29 

43 

4.3 

30.4 

63.0 

93. 

Italian,  North 

163 

411 

2 

90 

159 

163 

1.2 

55.2 

97.5 

100. 

Italian,  South 

45 

438 

1 

11 

44 

45 

2.2 

24.4 

97.8 

100. 

Lithuanian 

67 

549 

27 

64 

65 

.0 

40.3 

95.5 

97. 

Magyar 

17 

405 

1 

10 

16 

17 

(*’) 

(^) 

(*>) 

(t) 

Mexican 

57 

379 

1 

39 

55 

57 

1.8 

68.4 

96.5 

100. 

Polish 

48 

453 

3 

23 

41 

47 

6.3 

47.9 

85.4 

97. 

Slovak 

52 

366 

3 

34 

48 

52 

5.8 

65.4 

92.3 

100. 

Stianish 

2 

1 

2 

2 

(b) 

(^) 

(b) 

(b) 

Welsh 

29 

^ 624 

2 

11 

15 

25 

6.9 

37:9 

51.7 

86. 

Grand  total 

675 

448 

28 

351 

598 

659 

4.1 

52.0 

88.6 

97. 

Total  native-born  of  for- 

eign father 

32 

429 

4 

18 

25 

32 

12.5 

56.3 

78.1 

100. 

Total  native-born 

127 

451 

13 

78 

103 

121 

10.2 

61.4 

81.1 

95. 

Total  foreign-born 

548 

447 

15 

273 

495 

538 

2.7 

49.9 

90.3 

98. 

a See  Table  41,  Vol.  I,  p.  66. 

6 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


r 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


49 


Of  the  675  males  reporting  information  for  the  preceding  table,  65 
re  native-born  whites  of  native  father,  32  are  native-born  of  foreign 
ather,  and  548  are  foreign-born.  The  remaining  30  are  native-born 

'\^he  average  annual  earnings  of  all  reporting  are  $448.  The  Amer- 
can  whites  average  $496  yearly,  while  the  native-born  of  foreign 
ather  average  $429  and  the  foreign-born  $447.  The  average  earn- 
Qgs  of  the  negroes  are  only  $377. 

Of  the  foreign-born  the  Welsh  have  the  highest  average  earnings, 
dth  $624.  The  Lithuanians  and  Irish  follow  with  $549  and  $532, 
•espectively.  The  Slovaks,  with  $366,  show  the  lowest  average  earn- 
ngs.  The  Croatians,  the  North  Italians,  the  South  Italians,  the 
dagyars,  and  the  Mexicans  are  below  the  general  average. 

Of  all  reporting,  4.1  per  cent  earn  less  than  $200,  52  per  cent  less 
han  $400,  88.6  per  cent  less  than  $600,  and  97.6  per  cent  less  than 

On  comparing  those  earning  less  than  $200  it  is  seen  that  the  for- 
iign-born  have  the  smallest  per  cent  in  this  class.  Only  2.7  per  cent 
)f  the  foreign-born  earn  less  than  $200,  while  12.3  per  cent  of  the 
vhites  native-born  of  native  father  earn  less  than  this  amount. 

Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Welsh,  while  showing  the  highest  average 
warnings,  also  have  the  largest  per  cent  of  any  of  the  races  earning 
ess  than  $200;  this  is,  however,  offset  by  their  relatively  large  per 
ient  earning  $1,000  or  more.  The  Croatian  and  the  Lithuanian  races 
'eport  none  of  their  number  earning  less  than  $200. 

The  negroes  have  the  largest  per  cent  earning  under  $400.  The 
Mexicans  come  next.  The  South  Italians  have  the  smallest  per  cent 
vith  earnings  under  $400.  In  this  class  the  American  whites  have 
learly  twice  as  high  a per  cent  as  have  the  South  Italians.  The  Irish, 
the  Lithuanians,  and  the  Welsh  also  make  a better  showing  than  the 
A.merican  whites. 

None  of  the  Croatians  or  negroes  earn  $600,  while  48.3  per  cent  of 
the  Welsh  and  37  per  cent  of  the  Irish  earn  as  much  as  or  more  than 
this  figure.  The  American  whites  and  the  Poles  are  also  above  the 
average  in  this  group.  The  Lithuanians,  while  ranking  second  in 
average  earnings,  have  only  4.5  per  cent  earning  $600. 

The  negroes,  the  foreign-born  Croatians,  North  and  South  Italians, 
Mexicans  and  Slovaks,  and  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  as  a class, 
report  no  one  earning  $1,000. 


50 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


ANNUAL  FAMILY  INCOME. 

The  table  next  presented  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  ( 
head  of  family,  the  annual  average  and  range  of  family  income. 

Table  411. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a totalyearly  income  of  each  specified  amount,  I 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


j-Thls  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race: 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

Number 
of  selected 
families.a 

Average 

family 

income. 

Per  cent  of  families  having  a total 
income — 

family. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Unde 

$1,50( 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

39 

$679 

470 

5.1 

43.6 

66.7 

76.9 

97 

Negro 

24 

4.2 

75.0 

91.7 

95.8 

100 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

427 

4.8 

81.0 

95.2 

100.0 

100 

Irish 

35 

827 

5.7 

14.3 

62.9 

77.1 

85 

Italian,  Nort  h 

75 

537 

5.3 

62.7 

85.3 

94.7 

100 

Italian,  South 

32 

548 

3.1 

53.1 

84.4 

96.9 

100. 

Lithuanian 

32 

764 

.0 

12.5 

62.5 

75.0 

96. 

Mexican 

39 

472 

7.  7 

69.2 

92.3 

97.4 

100. 

Polish 

35 

512 

11.4 

54.3 

82.9 

100.0 

100. 

Slovak.  - 

45 

434 

17.8 

73.3 

93.3 

95.6 

100. 

Welsh 

26 

818 

11.5 

19.2 

53.8 

61.5 

92. 

Grand  total 

418 

582 

6.9 

52.2 

80.4 

89.2 

97. 

Total  native-born 

63 

599 

4.8 

55.6 

76.2 

84.1 

98. 

Total  foreign-born 

355 

579 

7.3 

51.5 

81.1 

90.1 

97. 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


From  the  above  table,  based  upon  reports  from  418  families,  i 
will  be  seen  that,  of  this  number,  52.2  per  cent  have  a total  incom 
under  $500 — the  whites  native-born  of  native  father  having  43.6  pe 
cent  of  their  families,  and  the  foreign-born  having  51.5  per  cent,  earn 
ing  under  this  amount.  Only  14.3  per  cent  of  the  Irish  familie 
report  a total  income  under  $500,  while  14.3  per  cent  earn  ove 
$1,500.  The  Welsh,  although  19.2  per  cent  of  their  families  ean 
less  than  $500,  as  compared  with  12.5  per  cent  of  the  Lithuania! 
families,  have  only  53.8  per  cent  earning  under  $750,  as  against  62./ 
per  cent  Lithuanians;  also,  the  Welsh  report  7.7  per  cent  of  thei 
families  with  total  incomes  of  over  $1,500,  while  the  Lithuanian, 
report  only  3.1  per  cent  with  such  incomes. 

There  is  very  little  difference  in  the  family  income  of  the  Mexi 
cans  and  the  native-born.  Although  the  Mexicans  report  a smalle; 
per  cent  with  total  income  under  $500  than  do  the  negroes,  th 
Mexicans  show  a shghtly  larger  per  cent  with  total  family  incona 
under  $750.  Both  of  these  races  report  a small  per  cent  with  incomef 
over  $1,000,  but  none  with  incomes  over  $1,500. 

The  average  family  income  of  the  South  Itahans  is  slightly  highe; 
than  that  of  the  North  Itahans  or  the  Poles.  The  Poles,  however 
report  a smaller  per  cent  with  total  incomes  less  than  $750  thai 
either  the  North  or  South  Italians,  82.9  per  cent  of  the  Poles  report 
ing  an  average  income  less  than  $750,  as  compared  with  84.4  per  cent 
of  the  South  Italians  and  85.3  of  the  North  Italians.  The  Croatians 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


51 


5port  81  per  cent  of  their  number  with  total  incomes  under  $500 
ad  95.2  per  cent  under  $750.  Their  average  income  is  the  lowest 
jported.  The  average  income  of  the  households  whose  heads 
re  native  whites  of  native  father  is  exceeded  bj  that  of  three 
ices — the  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Lithuanian. 

, WIVES  AT  WORK. 

The  question  next  presents  itself  as  to  whether  any  family  income 
I derived  from  sources  other  than  the  earnings  of  the  heads  of  fami- 
es  in  the  coal  mines.  In  partial  answer  to  this  question,  the  fohow" 
ig  table  is  submitted,  which  is  designed  to  show  the  tendency  on 
le  part  of  the  wives  of  mine  workers  of  the  Southwest  to  engage  in 
ainful  occupations: 

Table  412. — Wives  at  worh,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 

of 

selected 

families.® 

Number 
of  wives. 

Number 
of  wives 
at  work. 

ative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

39 

39 

Npgro - 

24 

24 

3 

jreign-born: 

rirnatian  

21 

21 

35 

35 

Tt.alian  North  

75 

75 

Italian  Smith  

32 

32 

T,it.hnanian  

32 

32 

Magyar  

15 

15 

Maxioan  

39 

39 

Polish  

35 

35 

Slovak  

45 

45 

1 

Welsh  

26 

26 

Grand  total  ..  . 

418 

418 

4 

otal  native-born 

63 

63 

3 

Dtal  foreign-born  

355 

355 

1 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


The  number  of  families  is  418,  and  the  number  of  wives  the  same, 
'he  table  shows  3 wives  of  negroes  and  the  wife  of  a Slovak 
D have  been  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  The  occupations  of 
oarding-house  or  lodging-house  keepers  have  not  been  considered 
ainful  occupations  for  purposes  of  this  table.  The  4 women  reported 
s at  work  were  employed  either  in  their  own  homes  as  washer- 
women, or  at  hotels.  None  of  them  was  regularly  out  in  domestic 
ervice.  One  of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  coal-mining  industry 
1 the  fact  that  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  the  employees  are  com- 
elled  by  the  very  nature  of  their  work  to  live  in  small  and  isolated 
ommunities.  Coal  mines  are  seldom  located  in  or  near  considerable 
owns.  Mine  work  can  be  done  only  by  men.  The  manufacturing 
stablishments  of  the  cities  and  towns  which  employ  so  large  a num- 
er  of  immigrant  women  are  too  far  distant  ta  be  accessible  to  the 
dves  of  the  mine  workers.  For  those  remaining  in  the  home 
omestic  service  is  in  general  the  only  alternative.  All  the  coal- 
aining  communities  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  from  which  the  data 


52  . The  Immigration  Commission. 


for  the  table  were  secured,  were  of  the  type  described  above.  Conse 
quently  this  small  percentage  of  employment  is  mainly  due  to  lad 
of  opportunities. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  FEMALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THl 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  following  table  shows  the  approximate  earnings  of  all  female 
18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  working  for  wages 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual: 

Table  413. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  genera 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  earning- 

Under 

1200. 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$400. 

Undei 

$500. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

2 

(“) 

2 

2 

2 

Negro 

6 

(“) 

4 

5 

5 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish 

7 

(“) 

1 

2 

4 

Foreign-born: 

Welsh 

2 

(“) 

1 

1 

1 

Grand  total 

16 

$23r, 

8 

10 

12 

1 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

7 

(O) 

1 

2 

4 

Total  native-born 

14 

229 

7 

9 

11 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

2 

(“) 

1 

1 

<*Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Because  of  the  very  small  number  reporting,  no  opportunity  for  i 
comparison  of  the  approximate  earnings  of  the  several  races  i 
afforded  by  the  preceding  table.  It  will  be  seen,  however,  that  fo 
the  entire  number  furnishing  information  the  average  yearly  earning 
per  female  amount  to  $235.  It  is  interesting  to  note  in  connectioi 
with  those  earning  specified  amounts  that  an  even  50  per  cent  of  thos( 
reporting  average  less  than  $200,  and  that  the  entire  100  per  cen 
average  less  than  $500.  The  average  earnings  of  the  native-born 
of  native  or  foreign  father,  are  reported  as  $229,  indicating,  in  viev 
of  the  average  reported  for  the  total  number,  that  the  average  earn 
ings  of  the  foreign-born  are  in  excess  of  the  earnings  of  the  native 
born. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  THE  EARNINGS  OF  HUSBANDS  AND  THE  PRACTICl 
OF  WIVES  OF  KEEPING  BOARDERS  OR  LODGERS. 

The  relation  between  the  earnings  of  the  husbands  and  the  practid 
of  the  wives  of  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  is  considered  in  the  table 
next  presented. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


53 


Ible  Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  hoarders  or  lodgers, 

by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


jneral  nativity  and  race  of  head 
head  of  family. 


ative-hom  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

3reign-bom: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh -- 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 


Number 

Number  of  husbands 
earning — 

Number 
of  wives 
having 
employ- 
ment or 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Number  of  wives  hav- 
ing employment  or 
keeping  boarders  or 
lodgers  where  hus- 
bands’ earnings  are— 

families.o 

Under 

S400. 

S400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Under 

$400. 

$400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

39 

15 

9 

15 

2 

2 

24 

16 

8 

4 

2 

2 

20 

13 

7 

35 

12 

11 

12 

2 

1 

1 

71 

33 

35 

3 

20 

8 

11 

1 

32 

6 

25 

1 

7 

1 

6 

32 

1 

20 

11 

20 

1 

13 

6 

15 

9 

5 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

38 

24 

13 

1 

7 ’ 

1 

5 

1 

35 

17 

14 

4 

11 

2 

7 

2 

45 

29 

13 

3 

2 

1 

1 

22 

8 

3 

11 

408 

183 

163 

62 

78 

17 

46 

15 

63 

31 

17 

15 

6 

2 

2 

2 

345 

152 

146 

47 

72 

15 

44 

13 

oFor  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  Of  the  selected  families  only  those  which  have  both  husband 
id  wife  present  appear  in  this  table. 


'able  415. Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wifehas  employment  or  keeps  boarders  or  lodgers, 

by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rbls  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals  however  are  for  all  races. 
For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  2S4.  Of  the  selected  families,  only  those  which  have  both  husband 
and  wife  present  appear  in  this  table.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment 
or  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  where 
husbands’  earnings  are — 

Under 

$400. 

$400  and 
under 
$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Total. 

fative-bora  of  native  father: 

0.0 

0.0 

13.3 

5.1 

12.5 

25.0 

16.7 

'oreign-bom: 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

9.1 

8.3 

5.7 

ltEli3>n  North 

24.2 

31.4 

(o) 

28.2 

Tfalian  Snnt.li 

16.7 

24.0 

(a) 

21.9 

Lithuanian 

a 

65.0 

54.5 

62.5 

Mexican  

4.2 

38.5 

(«) 

18.4 

Polish  

11.8 

50.0 

(«) 

31.4 

Slovak  

3.4 

.0 

(a) 

4.4 

Wpkh  

.0 

(a) 

.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

9.3 

28.2 

24.2 

19.1 

Tf>ta1  nativp-bnrn  . ... ....... 

6.5 

11.8 

13.3 

9,5 

Tnt.al  ff»rpign.Lnm  .......... 

9.9 

30.1 

27.7 

20.9 

• Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

54 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


A glance  at  the  preceding  table  shows  that  the  Welsh  and  Croatian! 
are  the  onh^  races,  of  all  reporting,  whose  wives  have  not,  either  bj 
employment  or  the  keeping  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  had  any  part  ii 
increasing  the  earnings  of  their  husbands. 

Of  the  foreign-born  races,  the  Slovaks  and  Irish  each  report  twc 
wives  who  have  added  to  the  earnings  of  their  husbands  by  one  oi 
both  of  the  above  methods,  which  places  these  two  races  in  the  sam( 
class  as  the  native  whites,  who  also  report  2 of  their  wives,  or  5.1  pei 
cent,  as  supplementing  the  family  income. 

The  largest  number  of  wives  aiding  in  increasing  the  husbands 
earnings,  are  found  among  the  Lithuanians,  who  report  62.5  per  cent 
Following  the  Lithuanians  are  the  Poles  and  the  North  and  Soutl 
Italians,  with  31.4,  28.2,  and  21.9  per  cent,  respectively  so  reported 

A larger  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  Mexicans  than  of  native-borr 
negroes  aid  in  increasing  their  husbands’  earnings,  the  Mexicans 
reporting  18.4  per  cent,  and  the  negroes  16.7  per  cent. 

The  natural  supposition  would  be  that  the  lower  the  earnings  oi 
the  husband,  the  larger  would  be  the  per  cent  of  wives  keeping 
boarders  or  lodgers,  or  seeking  other  employment.  This,  however 
is  not  the  case,  as  is  apparent  from  the  above  tables.  The  striking 
exception  to  the  above  statement  is  in  the  case  of  the  Lithuanians. 
It  is  also  noticeable,  but  to  a lesser  extent,  with  the  North  and  South 
Italians. 

Only  one  Lithuanian  is  reported  as  earning  under  S400,  and  his  wife 
adds  to  his  earnings  by  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  while  65  pei 
cent  of  the  wives  of  Lithuanians  earning  between  $400  and  $600 
and  54.5  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  those  earning  $600  or  over,  con- 
tribute to  the  family  income. 

The  North  Italians  earning  under  $400  and  between  $400  and  $600 
are  aided  by  24.2  and  31.4  per  cent  of  their  wives,  respectively,  as 
compared  with  16.7  and  24  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  South  Italians, 
on  the  same  basis  of  husbands’  earnings. 

Only  11.8  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  Poles  whose  husbands  earn  less 
than  $400,  as  compared  with  50  per  cent  of  those  whose  husbands 
earn  between  $400  and  $600,  add  to  the  husbands’  earnings. 

It  will  be  readily  seen,  therefore,  that  although  44.9  per  cent  ol 
the  husbands  of  the  408  families  reporting  earn  less  than  $400,  only 
9.3  per  cent  of  the  wives  in  this  class  add  to  the  husbands’  earnings,  as 
compared  with  28.2  per  cent  of  the  wives  of  husbands  earning 
between  $400  and  $600,  the  husbands  earning  between  the  last- 
named  amounts  representing  40  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  of 
families  from  whom  information  was  secured. 


i 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  55 


SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 

In  addition  to  the  activities  of  the  wives  in  contributing  to  the 
imily  income,  the  next  table  presented  exhibits  the  extent  to  which 
le  families  studied  have  an  income  from  other  sources. 

ABLE  416. — Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife, 
children,  hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


'his  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals^  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Total 
number  of 
selected 
families.o 

Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

Husband. 

Wife. 

tions  of 
children. 

sources. 

ative-born  of  native  father: 
White 

39 

100.0 

0.0 

17.9 

5.1 

5.1 

Negro 

24 

100.0 

12.5 

12.5 

4.2 

58.3 

sreign-born; 

Croatian 

21 

9,5.2 

.0 

4.8 

.0 

4.8 

Irish 

35 

100.0 

.0 

48.6 

5.7 

17.1 

Italian,  North 

75 

94.7 

.0 

8.0 

30.7 

21.3 

Italian,  South 

32 

100.0 

.0 

9.4 

21.9 

31.3 

Lithuanian 

32 

100.0 

.0 

9.4 

62.5 

93.8 

Mexican 

39 

97.4 

.0 

10.3 

17.9 

82.1 

Polish 

35 

100.0 

.0 

5.7 

31.4 

42.9 

Slovak 

45 

100.0 

2.2 

11.1 

4.4 

20.0 

Welsh 

26 

84.6 

.0 

50.0 

3.8 

30.8 

Grand  total 

418 

97.6 

1.0 

16.3 

18.9 

37.1 

otal  native-born 

63 

100.0 

4.8 

15.9 

4.8 

25.4 

otal  foreign-born 

355 

97.2 

.3 

16.3 

21.4 

39.2 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Of  the  418  families  from  whom  information  was  secured,  a greater 
iroportion  derive  income  from  the  earnings  of  husband  than  from  all 
ther  sources  combined.  Upon  the  information  secured,  it  is  found 
hat  97.6  per  cent  of  the  families  derive  income  from  husband’s  earn- 
igs,  18.9  per  cent  from  boarders  or  lodgers,  16.3  per  cent  of  the  fami- 
es  receive  contributions  from  the  ohildren,  1 per  cent  from  earnings  of 
dfe,  and  37.1  per  cent  from  sources  other  than  those  just  enumer- 
ted.  One  hundred  per  cent  the  native-born  families  reporting  have 
n income  from  husband’s  earnings,  as  compared  with  97.2  per  cent  of 
he  foreign-born.  The  native-born  also  report  a greater  proportion 
f families  who  derive  income  from  wife’s  earnings  than  do  the  foreign- 
•orn.  On  the  other  hand,  the  foreign-born  report  a larger  proportion 
f families  having  an  income  from  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and 
'ther  sources  than  do  the  native-born. 

Of  the  foreign-born,  the  Irish,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Poles, 
nd  Slovaks  each  report  100  per  cent  of  the  families  deriving  an 
acome  from  husband’s  earnings;  while  the  Croatians,  North  Italians, 
nd  Mexicans  each  report  over  90  per  cent.  The  Welsh  report  84.6 
>er  cent  of  the  families  as  having  income  from  husband’s  earnings. 

The  native-born  negroes  and  the  Slovaks  are  the  only  races  report- 
ag  an  income  from  wife’s  earnings,  and  in  each  case  the  proportion 
3 small,  being  but  12.5  per  cent  of  the  negro  families  and  2.2  per  cent 


56 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  the  Slovak  families.  All  of  the  races,  however,  show  contributionf> 
from  children.  The  Welsh  stand  first  in  this  respect,  with  50  per  cen- 
of  the  families  receiving  contributions  from  children,  but  this  race  i‘ 
followed  closelv  bv  the  Irish,  who  report  48.6  per  cent.  The  proper 
tion  of  Slovak  ^families  receiving  contributions  from  children  is  11.: 
per  cent.  The  Mexicans,  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  North  Italians 
roles,  and  Croatians  follow  in  the  order  named.  The  proportion  o 
American  white  families  receiving  contributions  from  children  is  17.1 
per  cent,  as  compared  with  12.5  per  cent  of  the  negro  families. 

Only  4.8  per  cent  of  the  native-born  families  derive  income  fron 
the  pavments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  as  compared  with  21.4  per  cen 
of  the  foreign-born.  Of  the  foreign-born  races  reporting,  the  Lithu 
anians  report  the  largest  proportion  of  families  who  have  an  incomi 
from  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  per  cent  being  62.5,  while  31.4  per  cen 
of  the  Polish  families  have  an  income  from  that  source.  The  Nortl 
Italians,  South  Italians,  and  ^lexicans  follow  in  the  order  nanied 
Compared  with  these  races,  only  5.1  per  cent  of  the  American  white: 
and  4.2  per  cent  of  the  negroes  have  an  income  from  boarders  o 

lodgers.  . . 

Of  the  Lithuanian  families  reporting,  93.8  per  cent  have  mcom. 
from  sources  other  than  those  named  above,  followed  by  the  Mexican 
with  82.1  per  cent.  The  lowest  proportion,  4.8  per  cent,  is  shown  L 

the  Croatians.  , . , , r -t  . v 

The  following  table  shows  the  extent  to  which  the  families  studiec 
depend  exclusively  upon  certain  specified  sources  of  income: 

Table  417. — Sourceof family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  andrace  of  head  of  family 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  famiUes  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  aU  races 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from- 


Grand  total. 


Total  native-born. . 
Total  foreign-born 


0) 

-d 

■d  05 

d w 

2 

1 4^ 
e3  O 

Husband  and  wif 

a 

a q3 

a oj 

a On 

Number  of  selec 
lies.® 

Husband. 

Husband  a 
children. 

■d 

d-2 

o 

C8  03 

Xi 

03  d 

s 53 

O 

Children. 

03 

-OS 

sg 

O.Q 

tX) 

o 

o 

s 

s 

o 

'X  CO 

sr 

U CQ 

So.. 

E Ov 

Sd 

CQ 

39 

76.9 

0.0 

12.8 

2.6 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

7. 

24 

20.8 

12.5 

4.2 

4.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

58. 

21 

90.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

4.8 

.0 

.0 

4. 

35 

40.0 

.0 

37.1 

2.9 

.0 

.0 

.0 

20. 

75 

53.3 

.0 

5.3 

14.7 

T.3 

..0 

4.0 

21. 

32 

46.9 

.0 

6.3 

12.5 

.0 

.0 

.0 

34. 

32 

i -0 

.0 

.0 

6.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

93. 

39 

: 10.3 

.0 

.0 

5.1 

2.6 

.0 

.0 

82. 

35 

1 4.5.7 

.0 

2.9 

8.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

42. 

20. 

45 

. 68.9 

.0 

8.9 

2.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

26 

1 26.9 

.0 

26.9 

.0 

11.5 

3.8 

.0 

30. 

. 418 

43.5 

.7 

9.3 

6.2 

1.4 

.2 

.7 

37. 

, ^ 

1 5-5.6 

4.8 

9.5 

3.2 

.0 

.0 

.0 

~~¥. 

. 355 

41.4 

.0 

9.3 

6.8 

1.7 

.3 

.8 

39. 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


57 


From  the  preceding  table  it  will  be  seen  that,  of  a total  of  418 
I nilies,  a large  proportion,  or  43.5  per  cent,  have  their  entire  income 
i )m  husband,  while  a very  small  proportion,  or  0.2  per  cent,  have 
leir  entire  income  from  children  and  boarders  or  lodgers;  9.3  per 
at  have  their  entire  income  from  husband  and  children,  6.2  per  cent 
om  husband  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  1.4  per  cent  from  children, 
d less  than  1 per  cent  from  either  husband  and  wife  or  boarders  or 
Igers.  A relatively  large  proportion,  37.8  per  cent,  is  shown  as 
ving  entire  income  from  source  or  combination  of  sources  not  before 
ecified. 

Comparing  the  native  and  foreign  born,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
’mer  show  the  largest  proportion  having  entire  income  from  hus- 
nd,  husband  and  wife,  and  husband  and  children.  The  native- 
rn  do  not  report  proportions  for  those  having  entire  income  from 
ildren,  children  and  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  boarders  or  lodgers, 
lile  the  foreign-born  show  1.7  per  cent,  0.3  per  cent,  and  0.8  per 
at,  respectively. 

Comparing  the  foreign-born  races  reporting,  it  will  be  seen  that 
e largest  proportion,  or  90.5  per  cent,  having  entire  income  from 
sband  is  shown  by  the  Croatians,  while  the  smallest  is  shown  by 
e Mexicans.  None  of  the  Lithuanian  families  are  entirely  sup- 
rted  by  the  husband.  The  proportions  of  the  other  races  range 
)m  68.9  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Slovaks  to  26.9  per  cent  as 
own  by  the  Welsh.  Only  four  races  report  families  supported  by 
ildren,  with  proportions  ranging  from  11.5  per  cent  as  shown  by 
e Welsh  to  1.3  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  North  Italians;  and  only 
e race,  the  North  Italian,  reports  entire  income  from  boarders  or 
Igers,  the  proportion  of  families  deriving  entire  income  from  this 
urce  amounting  to  4 per  cent. 

RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  SOURCES  OF  FAMILY 

INCOME. 

As  regards  the  source  of  family  incomes  in  the  coal-mining  indus- 
: f of  the  Southwest,  the  table  following  is  of  interest  in  that  it  shows 
e per  cent  of  total  family  income  received  from  husband,  wife, 
ilclren,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity 
; id  race  of  head  of  family. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 5 


58 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  418. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife,  childre 
boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  totals,  however, are  for  all  rac  | 


Per  cent  of  total  income  from— 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.® 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Othei 

source 

Husband. 

Wife. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

39 

86.0 

0.0 

9.8 

2.7 

1 

Negro 

24 

81.7 

2.6 

12.9 

.8 

1 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

21 

88.5 

.0 

11.0 

.0 

1 

Irish 

35 

62.0 

.0 

33.9 

1.6 

; 

Italian,  North 

75 

74.4 

.0 

4.4 

20.2 

) 

Italian,  South 

32 

81.4 

.0 

8.3 

8.8 

1 

Lithuanian 

32 

74.3 

.0 

5.6 

19.6 

Mexican 

39 

80.7 

.0 

11.8 

6.2 

Polish 

35 

84.4 

.0 

2.2 

11.9 

Slovak 

45 

87.6 

.0 

9.6 

1.3 

Welsh 

26 

67.8 

(&) 

25.3 

1.1 

Grand  total 

418 

77.1 

.1 

12.9 

8.2 

Total  native-born 

63 

84.7 

.8 

10.8 

2.1 

Total  foreign-born 

355 

75.7 

ip) 

13.3 

9.3 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


On  the  basis  of  information  furnished  by  418  families  in  the  wSout 
west  it  will  be  seen  that  of  the  total  family  income  the  husbai 
contributes  77.1  per  cent,  children  12.9  per  cent,  boarders  or  lodge 
8.2  per  cent,  and  wives  0.1  per  cent,  while  1.8  per  cent  is  derived  fro 
other  sources. 

The  most  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  the  above  table 
that  the  native-born  husbands  contribute  a larger  per  cent  of  tl 
total  family  income  than  is  contributed  by  the  foreign-born  hu 
bands;  on  the  other  hand,  a larger  per  cent  of  the  family  income 
the  foreign  than  native  born  is  made  up  from  the  earnings  of  childn 
and  from  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  negroes  show  a larger  proportic 
of  the  family  income  derived  from  children  and  a smaller  proportic 
from  boarders  or  lodgers  than  do  the  native  whites,  while  the  husbam 
of  the  native  whites  and  negroes  contribute  86  per  cent  and  81.7  p 
cent,  respectively. 

A comparison  of  the  foreign-born  races  brings  to  light  two  mo 
interesting  facts:  (1)  The  small  proportion  of  the  total  family  incon 
contributed  by  the  husbands  and  the  large  proportion  contribute 
by  the  children  of  the  Irish  and  Welsh,  as  compared  with  the  p- 
cent  contributed  by  the  husbands  and  children  of  the  other  race 
and  (2)  the  large  proportion  of  the  total  family  income  of  the  Norl 
Italians  and  Lithuanians  derived  from  payments  of  boarders  ( 
lodgers — the  proportion  for  the  North  Italians  being  20.2  per  cei 
and  for  the  Lithuanians  19.6  per  cent.  No  part  of  the  total  fami 
income  of  the  Croatians  is  derived  from  payrnent  of  boarders  < 
lodgers  and  less  than  2 per  cent  of  the  family  income  of  the  Iris 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


59 


lovaks,  and  Welsh  is  obtained  in  this  manner.  The  smallest  pro- 
portion of  family  income  contributed  by  children  is  shown  by  the 
oles,  while  the  largest  is  shown  by  the  Irish.  Following  the  Irish 
re  the  Welsh,  who  show  that  over  one-fourth  of  the  total  family 
icome  is  derived  from  this  source. 

The  proportions  of  total  family  incomes  derived  from  sources  not 
Decified  are  too  small  to  require  any  consideration,  except  in  the 
ise  of  the  Welsh,  who  show  5.8  per  cent. 


Chapter  IV. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS. 

ilethod  of  securing  immigrants— Hours  worked  per  day— Regularity  of  employment— 
The  wage  scale — Company  houses — The  company-store  system — The  immigrant  and 
I organized  labor— Mining  accidents  in  their  relation  to  recent  immigration— Relations 
among  races  employed — [Text  Tables  419  to  421  and  General  Table  168]. 

METHOD  OF  SECURING  IMMIGRANTS. 

The  method  of  securing  men,  as  first  practiced  by  the  coal  companies 
n Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  was  to  send  an  agent  to  other  coal  fields, 
yho  obtained  as  many  as  were  needed.  A s])ecial  car  was  chartered 
ind  the  men  were  transported  directly  to  the  coal  fields.  At  a later 
ilate  this  ])lan  was  discontinued  and  men  were  given  transportation 
n the  mines.  The  railroad  fare  was  collected  in  instaime^nts  from 
ibeir  earnings.  In  some  few  instances  immigrants  returning  from 
Jurope  were  employed  to  bring  over  men.  They  were  paid  for  each 
ininer  brought  over,  the  coal  company  supplying  steamship  tickets 
ind  paying  all  expenses,  such  practices  being  perfectly  legal  at  that 
ime.  The  cost  of  transportation  was  collected  in  monthly  payments 
“rom  the  immigrants  thus  secured.  This  method  was  discontinued 
)y  the  year  1890  because  of  contract-labor  legislation  by  the  Federal 
Government.  The  companies  also  let  it  be  known  among  the  men 
employed  that' anyone  wishing  to  bring  in  relatives  or  friends  could 
lo  so,  the  company  supplying  transportation  and  enough  money  for 
expenses,  provided  two  or  more  men  in  their  employ  were  willing 
:o  stand  good  for  the  amount  expended.  Many  immigrants  brought 
)ver  their  wives  and  families  by  this  plan  and  in  most  instances  they 
lave  become  permanent  residents.  The  officials  of  the  companies 
encouraged  immigrants  to  send  for  their  families  for  the  reason  that 
the  men  could  be  held  more  easily  and  were  more  contented  when 
iccompanied  by  their  wives  and  children. 

It  is  stated  by  Germans  who  were  brought  into  Kansas  during  the 
iarly  eighties  that  they  had  been  working  in  the  coal  mines  at  West- 
phalia, where  conditions  were  bad.  There  was  little  demand  for 
abor,  the  mines  were  overcrowded,  and  wages  were  low.  On  account 
pf  this,  many  men  were  discontented  and  when  the  literature  giving 
dowing  accounts  of  the  money  to  be  earned  in  mining  in  the  United 
states  was  distributed  in  the  German  mines  many  of  them  migrated 
to  America.  They  were  met  in  New  York  by  agents  of  the  operators 
in  the  Southwest,  who  sent  them  to  Pittsburg,  Kansas.  In  this 
manner  many  came  into  the  field.  The  majority  of  immigrants, 
iiowever,  who  were  brought  into  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  by  the  coal 
companies  were  from  other  coal-mining  sections  of  the  United  States. 
This  custom  of  shipping  in  labor  has  not  been  practiced  for  some  time, 
md  now  all  immigrants  come  of  their  own  accord,  and  are  employed 
apon  personal  application. 

HOURS  WORKED  PER  DAY. 

As  regards  hours  worked  per  day  in  the  coal  fields  of  the  Southwest, 
the  following  is  quoted  from  the  contract  between  the  coal  operators 
and  miners: 

For  all  classes  of  labor,  eight  hours  shall  constitute  a day’s  work  An  eight-hour  day 
Sleans  eight  hours’  work  at  the  usual  working  places,  exclusive  of  noon  time,  which 

61 


62 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


shall  be  one-half  hour  for  all  classes  of  day  labor.  This  shall  be  exclusive  of  the  tin 
required  in  reaching  such  working  places  in  the  morning  and  departure  from  the  san 
at  night. 

In  discussing  the  hours  worked  per  day  and  the  number  of  day 
worked  during  the  past  year,  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  i 
its  annual  report,  comments  as  follows: 

'Practically  all  the  mines  in  Oklahoma  are  operated  on  the  basis  of  an  eight-hour  da^ 
During  1908  the  average  number  of  working  days  were  one  hundred  and  seventy-tw- 
Part  of  the  time  lost  was  due  to  the  general  suspension  of  operations,  which  began  o 
April  1 and  extended  into  June.  The  number  of  men  affected  was  6,929,  the  idle  tin 
ranging  from  forty-eight  to  seventy-eight  days,  the  average  number  of  days  lost  b 
each  of  the  6,929  men  was  fifty-seven,  and  the  total  number  of  working  days  idle  ws 
equivalent  to  about  25  per  cent  of  the  total  number  worked  during  the  year  by  all  me 
employed. 

The  coal  miners  of  Kansas  are  for  the  greater  part  well  organized,  and  under  th 
union  rules  the  large  majority  of  them  work  eight  hours  a day.  In  1908  there  wei 
138  mines,  employing  12,973  men  out  of  a total  of  13,916,  that  were  operated  und( 
an  eight-hour  day;  283  men  employed  at  11  mines  worked  nine  hours,  and  363  me 
employed  at  7 mines  worked  ten  hours.  The  average  number  of  days  worked  m 
one  hundred  and  eighty-one,  part  of  the  time  lost  being  due  to  the  suspension  < 
operations  during  April  and  May.  The  suspension  of  operations  on  April  1 affecte 
11,155  men,  or  80  per  cent  of  the  total  number  employed.  They  were  idle  for  a 
average  of  sixty  days  each,  or  about  25  per  cent  of  the  total  time  made  during  th 
year. 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

The  following  table  showing  the  months  worked  during  the  pas 
year  (the  twelve  months  preceding  the  collection  of  data)  by  male 
sixteen  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  various  households  studied  in  th 
Southwest,  indicates  the  general  regularity  of  employment  and  com 
parative  industriousness  of  the  different  races  employed  in  the  mine 
of  this  locality: 

Table  419.— Months  worked  during  the  past  year  hy  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  employ t 
away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  working— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

12 

months. 

9 months 
or  more. 

6 months 
or  more. 

3 month 
or  more 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

69 

11.6 

21.7 

63.8 

97. 

"M pgrn  . ... 

32 

.0 

.0 

56.3 

100. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish  

22 

4.5 

36.4 

63.6 

100. 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian  

22 

.0 

31.8 

95.4 

100. 

Irish  . 

47 

10.6 

46.8 

68.7 

97. 

Italian,  North 

160 

.0 

19.4 

67.5 

100. 

Italian,  South 

47 

.0 

.0 

80.9 

100. 

I.ithnanian  

68 

1.5 

2.9 

100.0 

100. 

Mexican 

58 

.0 

1.7 

63.8 

98. 

Polish . --  

48 

.0 

4.2 

83.3 

100. 

Slovak 

55 

.0 

5.5 

81.8 

100. 

Welsh 

31 

25.8 

45.2 

71.0 

96 

Grand  total 

698 

3.7 

15.8 

75.2 

99. 

Total  nativp-horn  of  foreign  father 

41 

7.3 

29. 3 

73.2 

m 

Total  native-born 

142 

7.7 

19.0 

64.8 

98. 

Total  foreign-born 

556 

2.7 

14.9 

77.9 

99 

— 

! 

i 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  63 


Before  commenting  upon  the  preceding  table,  it  should  be  borne  in 
ind  that  this  section  felt  very  strongly  the  effects  of  the  industrial 
ipression  of  the  years  1907  and  1908,  as  well  as  the  curtailment  of 
iiployment  during  the  same  years  because  of  the  decreased  demand 
r coal  in  the  territory  served  by  the  mines.  While  the  usual  tend- 
icies  of  certain  races  in  this  section  may  have  been  somewhat 
impered  by  conditions  imposed  upon  them,  yet  the  exhibit  made 
the  table  will  indicate  in  a rough  way  the  comparative  indus- 
ioiisness. 

Upon  referring  to  the  totals  in  the  table,  it  is  seen  that  only  7.7 
?r  cent  of  the  native-born  and  2.7  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  were 
nployed  for  twelve  months  preceding  the  time  at  which  the  infor- 
ation  was  received;  19  per  cent  of  the  native-born  and  14.9 
pr  cent  of  the  foreign-born  worked  nine  months  or  more,  and 
1.8  per  cent  of  the  native-born  and  77.9  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
were  at  work  for  a period  of  six  months  or  more.  Of  the 
ireign-born  employees,  10.6  per  cent  of  the  Irish  and  25.8  per  cent  of 
le  Welsh  worked  twelve  months,  and  46.8  per  cent  of  the  Irish  and 
5.2  per  cent  of  the  Welsh  worked  nine  months  or  more.  All  the 
lembers  of  the  Lithuanian  race  worked  six  months  or  more,  while  2.9 
31-  cent  worked  nine  months  or  more  and  1.5  per  cent  twelve  months. 
Imost  all  of  the  Croatians  were  also  employed  six  months  or  more, 
id  31.8  per  cent  of  the  same  race  nine  months  or  more;  80.9  per 
‘nt  of  the  South  Italians  worked  six  months  or  more,  but  none  of 
le  employees  of  this  race  worked  as  long  as  nine  months.  Slightly 
lore  than  80  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  and  Poles,  63.8  per  cent  of  the 
exicans,  100  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  and  67.5  per  cent  of  the 
orth  Italians  were  employed  six  months  or  more. 

THE  WAGE  SCALE. 

The  wage  scale  for  mining  varies  in  the  different  districts  accord- 
ig  to  local  conditions  of  mining.  There  is  a standard  scale  which 
iverns  general  conditions,  but  in  many  instances  the  coal  is  deficient, 
r,  in  other  words,  the  vein  on  account  of  a fault  or  squeeze  is  not  as 
lick  as  that  in  neighboring  properties,  and  when  this  is  the  case 
le  men  are  paid  more  than  where  conditions  are  normal.  Where 
lal  is  harder  to  mine  the  prices  paid  are  also  higher.  Taking  the 
[cAlester  District  in  Oklahoma,  from  which  about  50  per  cent  of 
le  coal  mined  in  that  State  comes,  an  approximate  idea  of  prices 
aid  for  mining  can  be  secured.  Here  the  scale  for  pick  mining 
inges,  with  some  exceptions,  from  72  cents  to  77^  cents  per  ton.  At 
Iderson,  Bache,  Carbon,  Craig,  and  Dow  the  sckle  is  77^  cents;  at 
ehigh,  Oklahoma,  screened  90  cents,  and  mine-run  72  cents.  The 
[enryetta  machine  scale  is  50  cents  per  ton,  including  shooting  down 
nd  loading.  The  Oklahoma  machine  scale  is  45  cents  per  ton  on  a 
iece  basis,  and  where  men  are  paid  by  the  day  it  is  $2.45.  The 
eneral  scale,  however,  in  the  two  States  for  pick  mining  is  72  cents 
er  ton  on  a mine-run  basis.  On  account  of  the  pitch  of  the  veins 
ud  other  adverse  conditions,  machine  mining  has  never  been  suc- 
^ssful,  and  most  of  the  coal  mined  is  by  pick  or  hand  work. 

The  prices  quoted  refer  only  to  the  actual  mining,  shooting,  and 
lading  of  the  coal.  Besides  those  engaged  in  mining,  there  are 


64 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


pumpers,  trackmen,  timbermen,  gasmen,  rope  riders,  greaser 
cagers,  shot  firers,  motormen,  trappers,  spraggers,  hoisting  engineer 
trimmers,  and  employees  in  other  occupations.  In  all  cases  tb; 
class  of  labor  is  paid  by  the  day,  and  the  scale  runs  from  SI.  13  pf 
eight  hours  work  for  trappers  up  to  S3  for  shot  firers.  Almost  a 
of  the  day  laborers  employed  receive  S2.56  for  eight  hours  work  i 
the  mine,  and  S2.024  for  eight  hours  work  outside.  Miners  are  als 
paid  by  the  yard  for  making  “break  throughs,''  driving  entries  c 
air  courses,  for  pulling  down  rock  from  the  roof,  and  taking  up  bol 
tom.  These  prices  vary  according  to  conditions.  In  addition  t 
the  wage  scale,  pay  days  are  also  fixed  by  contract,  and  in  all  case 
the  men  are  paid  twice  each  month,  usually  on  the  15th  and  30tl 
and  in  some  cases  on  the  nearest  Saturday  to  the  above  dates. 

COMPANY  HOUSES. 

Houses  are  rented  to  their  employees  by  almost  all  of  the  coal 
mining  companies.  These  houses  are  the  property  of  the  coal  com 

Eanies.  They  are  frame  structures,  usually  of  the  same  size,  l-stor 
uildings  of  3 to  5 rooms  being  the  typical  company  house  intendet 
for  one  family.  Two-story  houses  and  double  houses  with  tw> 
kitchens  for  two  families  are  less  frequently  seen.  The  rooms  are  o 
different  sizes,  from  12  by  12  feet  to  18  by  18  feet,  but  the  averag 
room  is  about  14  by  14  feet. 

The  dwellings  are  in  most  cases  badly  constructed.  A cheap  grad 
of  lumber  is  used  and  the  workmanship  is  very  poor.  Windows  an( 
doors  are  not  fitted  and  in  a short  time  are  in  need  of  repairs.  Floor 
ing  is  poor  and  few  houses  are  ceiled  or  carefully  finished.  The  aver 
age  cost  of  erecting  the  ordinary  dwelling  is  $100  per  room. 

The  general  condition  and  appearance  of  houses  depends  greafcb 
upon  their  location.  In  the  larger  settlements  or  near  towns,  wher 
the  mines  have  been  in  operation  a long  time,  housing  conditions  ar 
much  better  than  in  remote  localities.  In  such  places  miners  will 
as  a rule,  not  be  satisfied  with  the  inconvenience  of  occupying  a shat 
tered  company  house,  as  they  have  a chance  to  rent  better  quarter; 
in  private  houses  in  the  nearby  villages  or  towns.  In  places  when 
miners  have  an  opportunity  to  occupy  private  houses,  or  to  buy  thei 
homes,  the  renting  business  of  the  coal  companies  has  received  a hare 
blow.  Not  only  are  private  houses  built  of  better  material  and  will 
greater  skill,  but  they  also  look  more  desirable,  display  more  indi 
viduality  in  their  appearance,  and  usually  have  more  space  arounc 
them,  affording  possibilities  for  gardening  and  privacy. 

For  this  reason,  in  such  localities,  company  houses  are  kept  ir 
better  repair.  Notwithstanding  this,  they  are  only  occupied  wher 
no  private  housing  facilities  are  obtainable.  As  a consequence  quitt 
a number  of  them  can  be  noticed  standing  empty  and  approachinjt 
complete  dilapidation. 

In  isolated  and  detached  mining  communities  company  houses  an 
to  be  found  at  each  mine.  They  are  frame  buildings  of  uniform 
design  and  are  usually  painted  a dull  red,  placed  in  a row,  or  severa 
rows,  according  to  the  size  of  the  mine  and  the  number  of  employees 
Many  of  these  houses  have  no  solid  foundations.  They  are  elevated 
from  2 to  3 feet  from  the  ground  and  rest  at  the  four  corners  on  piles 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  65 


■ stone  or  brick.  In  many  instances  window  panes  are  out  and 
Tge  cracks  are  to  be  seen  around  the  doors  and  windows.  In  cases 
here  mines  have  been  abandoned,  houses  have  been  moved  to  other 
icalities,  and  this  of  course  has  greatly  added  to  the  dilapidated  con- 
ition  of  the  house.  There  is  generally  room  for  a garden.  The  watey 
ipply  comes  from  wells,  oftentimes  one  well  supplying  several  fami- 
Bs.  The  closets  are  dry  and  are  well  removed  from  the  dwelling. 

Company  houses  rent  for  $1.80  to  $2  a room  per  month,  the  rent 
sing  deducted  every  two  weeks  from  the  amount  due  the  employee. 

The  state  of  repair  in  which  houses  are  found  depends  much  on  the 
)mpany  owning  them.  Some  companies  exercise  more  care  in 
ousing  their  men  than  others  and  the  contrast  is  often  very  marked, 
sveral  companies  employ  a man  who  has  charge  of  the  houses,  see- 
ig  that  they  are  maintained  in  good  repair  and  in  a sanitary  condi- 
on.  These  companies  also  employ  a scavenger,  whose  duty  it  is 
) keep  the  closets  clean  and  remove  all  filth  from  the  premises, 
'perators  declare  that  it  is  very  discouraging  to  attempt  to  keep 
ouses  in  good  repair,  for  the  reason  that  many  families  upon  moving 
Lit  will  break  window  lights  and  otherwise  deface  the  building, 
istances  were  given  where  the  last  tenant  had  broken  up  the  floor 
[id  inside  woodwork  for  fuel. 

The  percentage  of  immigrants  occupying  company  houses  is 
nailer  than  that  of  Americans  and  negroes.  A large  percentage  of 
[exicans  also  occupy  company  property. 

THE  COMPANY-STORE  SYSTEM. 


Most  of  the  coal  companies  operating  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas 
Lther  own  stores  or  give  the  privilege  of  selling  to  the  mine  em- 
loyees  to  some  local  concern  for  a certain  percentage  of  the  sales.  It 
not  compulsory  for  miners  to  trade  at  these  stores.  They  are  paid 
1 cash  every  two  weeks,  and  can  purchase  their  supplies  where  they 
boose.  Between  pay  days,  however,  no  employees  are  paid  in  cash, 
ad  the  only  way  in  which  they  can  secure  supplies  is  to  draw  scrip  or 
3t  orders  on  the  store,  as  the  case  may  be.  This  system,  of  course, 
)rces  all  employees  to  trade  at  these  stores  when  they  have  no  ready 
loney.  The  scrip  and  store  orders  are  only  good  at  the  company 
jores,  and  such  purchases  as  the  miner  or  his  family  may  make  between 
ay  days  is  held  out  of  his  v/ages  when  he  receives  his  pay.  In  most 
ises  the  company  stores  handle  as  good  if  not  a better  line  than  other 
eighborhood  stores  and  prices  are  no  higher  than  elsewhere.  Scrip, 
'Inch  can  be  drawn  in  lieu  of  money  between  pay  days  by  employees, 

1 honored  dollar  for  dollar  at  company  stores.  It  is  stated  by  mnne 
fficials  that  immigrants  draw  little  scrip  and  receive  their  full  pay  in 
ash  on  pay  day.  Managers  of  company  stores  say  they  frequently 
xtend  credit  to  immigrants  and  find  them  generally  honest  and 
rompt  in  settling. 

The  only  articles  which  the  coal  companies  insist  that  the  employees 
laall  buy  from  their  stc*res  are  powder  and  other  explosives.  The 
iason  assigned  for  this  is  that  in  order  to  insure  the  best  results 
Brtain  kinds  of  powder  must  be  used  in  shooting  to  suit  local  condi- 
ions  of  coal.  For  example,  in  one  mine  a quickly  igniting  powder 


66 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


will  be  exactly  suitable,  while  in  another  the  same  explosive  will  I 
entirely  unsatisfactory.  It  is  claimed,  further,  that  before  this  ru. 
went  into  effect  many  miners  did  their  shooting  with  dynamit* 
This  explosive  makes  an  output  of  inferior  grade  by  shattering  tl 
coal  badly,  and  producing  a large  percentage  of  slack  or  fine  coa 
Consequently  the  operators  have  insisted  upon  the  regulation  of  tt 
kind  and  quahty  or  explosives  used. 

In  almost  all  cases  there  are  stores  owned  by  private  parties  i 
close  proximity  to  company  stores,  so  that  miners  may  have  the 
choice  as  to  which  they  will  patronize. 

It  is  the  universal  opinion  of  mine  operators  that  natives  an 
negroes  draw  a far  greater  percentage  of  ‘‘scrip”  than  the  immigram 
No  instances  were  observed  where  employees  were  forced  to  trade  a 
company  stores  or  were  charged  excessive  prices. 

THE  IMMIGRANT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR. 

All  of  the  important  coal-mining  concerns  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansa 
employ  union  labor  only,  and  all  prices  for  mining  and  other  work  ai 
fixed  by  an  agreement  between  the  Southern  ^Iine  Operators  Assc 
ciation  and  the  committee  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  Americi 
Membership  in  the  union  is  a necessary  qualification  for  securin 
employment  in  commercial  or  shipping  mines.  The  almost  universf 
extent  to  which  different  races  hold  membership  in  the  unions  i 
evident  from  the  following  table,  which  shows  the  affiliation  vdt 
organized  labor  of  male  employees  21  years  of  age  or  over,  by  genen 
nativity  and  race. 

Table  420. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  workir, 
for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 
report- 
ing com- 

Affiliated with 
trade  unions. 

plete 

data. 

Number. 

Per  cen 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

62 

54 

87, 

Negro - 

29 

29 

100 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish 

6 

5 

(oN 

M fipyar  ..... 

1 

1 

Welsh  

3 

3 

(«) 

Foreign-born: 

r^rnntinn  

21 

21 

100. 

Tritsh  ......... 

45 

40 

88. 

Italian,  North . . 

168 

164 

97. 

Italian  Smith  

48 

47 

97. 

Tiithnaninn  

67 

66 

98. 

Magyar 

17 

17 

(") 

Atpififn.n  . 

56 

56 

100. 

Polish  

47 

46 

97. 

Slnva.lr  ....  

51 

51 

100. 

Spanish 

3 

3 

(«) 

Welsh  

28 

24 

85. 

Grand  total 

652 

627 

96 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

10 

9 

(a) 

Total  native-born 

101 

92 

91. 

Total  foreign-born 

551 

535 

97 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


67 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


The  union  idea  was  first  introduced  in  the  Southwest  in  the  early 
ijhties.  At  that  time  there  was  no  centralized  organization,  and  the 
iTerent  mines  were  entirely  independent  of  each  other.  Rules  gov- 
aing  a mine  in  one  locality  were  not  observed  on  a neighboring 
foperty,  and  the  operator  had  the  local  union  of  his  employees  to 
laf  with  rather  than  the  general  organization  of  the  present  time, 
lis  loose  and  disorganized  condition  worked  a hardship  not  only 
1 the  mine  operator,  but  to  the  men  as  well,  and  from  1890  to  1895 
e whole  field  was  reorganized  by  the  labor  leaders,  placed  on  a 
m basis,  and  affiliated  with  the  national  organization.  From  1890 
1895  there  were  several  strikes  throughout  the  Southwest  designed 
secure  recognition  of  the  union,  higher  wages,  and  shorter  hours, 
lese  strikes  were  successful  and  since  1895  the  whole  field  has  been 
!)sely  unionized. 

The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  have  always  taken  great 
iterest  in  the  organization  of  labor  and  have  been  leaders  in  all  of  the 
!3als  where  immigrant  races  are  represented.  They,  with  Americans, 
ive  been  agitators  in  most  of  the  strikes  and  labor  troubles  and  are 
eminently  identified  with  the  order. 

As  a general  rule,  the  attitude  of  Italians  toward  the  labor  unions  is 
lie  of  toleration,  and  most  of  them  belong  to  it  because  they  are  forced 
do  so  in  order  to  secure  work.  A few  of  the  more  highly  Ameri- 
i nized  members  of  the  race  generally  control  the  remainder  in  all 
iiestions  coming  before  meetings.  It  is  said  by  Americans  promi- 
‘nt  in  the  affairs  of  the  organization  that  Italians  would  not  join  the 
lion  if  it  were  not  necessary  for  them  to  do  so  in  order  to  work  in  the 
ines,  and  very  few  of  them  show  any  interest  in  its  affairs.  Italians 
e frequently  on  ^^pit  committees’’  and  hold  offices,  but  in  the 
iportant  works  of  the  union,  Americans,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and 
elsh  are  the  leaders,  though  Italians  and  other  races  may  hold  the 
dance  of  power. 

The  Lithuanians,  Poles,  Slovaks,  Magyars,  and  Russians  really 
LOW  less  interest  than  Italians,  and  in  many  cases  are  antagonistic 
> the  union.  Many  of  them  have  expressed  the  opinion  that  they 
ould  have  better  work  and  make  more  money  if  they  were  not 
introlled  by  the  organization.  The  reason  for  the  lack  of  interest 
1 the  part  of  the  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  is 
lat  they  are  unable  to  understand  English  and  can  take  very  little 
irt  in  the  discussions  at  meetings.  They  also  claim  that  they  are 
)t  treated  fairly  by  the  English-speaking  races.  IMembers  of  the 
cond  generation  of  the  southern  and  eastern  European  races  are 
rong  supporters  of  the  unions  and  usually  control  other  members  of 
leir  particular  race. 

Coal  operators  state  that  they  have  often  known  of  strikes  in  which 
le  foreign  element  did  not  know  on  what  grounds  they  were  striking, 
hey  also  assert  that  when  the  Italians,  Lithuanians,  or  Slovaks  are  in 
)ntrol  of  a local,  the  demands  are  less  extravagant  and  are  not  so 
idical  as  when  the  situation  is  controlled  by  the  Americans,  English, 
ish,  and  Welsh. 

American  miners  claim  that  the  union  is  absolutely  necessary  to 
mtrol  the  wage  scale,  hours  worked,  and  conditions  of  employment, 
he  immigrant  would  be  willing,  they  say,  to  work  at  a price  much 
slow  the  present  scale  of  wages  and  would  demand  no  limit  as  to 


68 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


hours.  For  the  purpose  of  protecting  themselves,  therefore,  agair, 
the  competition  of  immigrant  labor,  the  Americans  and  the  Englis- 
speaking  races  claim  that  they  take  an  active  part  in  directing  ai. 
controlling  the  labor  organizations.  Although  there  is  prejudi; 
against  immigrants  from  Italy,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Kussia  i, 
the  part  of  the  English-speaking  races,  still  their  attitude  is  n, 
openly  unfriendly  as  long  as  they  can  control  the  situation,  but  if  ar 
of  the  first-mentioned  immigrants  try  to  show  their  power  in  ar 
measure,  they  are  usually  forced  into  submission.  The  America 
and  English  are  able  to  retain  power  for  the  reason  that  the  differe. 
immigrant  races  never  unite  with  each  other. 

The  presence  of  the  United  Aline  Workers  of  America  in  Kans 
and  Oklahoma  has  been  of  great  benefit  to  the  miners.  The  men  a 
benefited  by  better  prices  for  mining,  shorter  hours,  and  by  differe 
rules  and  regulations  concerning  appliances  to  promote  safety 
mining.  In  securing  industrial  peace  and  stability  among  employe 
the  unions  have  also  been  of  benefit  to  the  operators.  Before  tl 
field  was  strongly  organized  and  mine  labor  was  scarce,  operators,  1 
giving  a slight  advance  in  wages  could  secure  men  from  neighborii 
rival  concerns,  strikes  were  more  frequent  than  at  the  present  tim 
and  the  operator  was  never  certain  that  he  could  hold  his  force  durii 
the  busy  season  when  he  needed  it  most.  Under  present  conditioi 
a contract  is  signed  for  a universal  wage  scale  and  a strike  is  calk 
only  in  extreme  cases,  where  the  committee  of  the  United  Alii 
Workers  of  America  and  the  Southwestern  Coal  Operators  Associatic 
fail  to  settle  the  difference  by  arbitration. 

MINING  ACCIDENTS  IN  THEIR  RELATION  TO  RECENT  IMMIGRATION 

According  to  the  report  of  the  state  mining  inspector,  27  men  wei 
killed  and  70  injured  in  the  coal  mines  of  Kansas  during  1908.  ( 
the  total  number  of  men  killed,  7 were  shot  firers  who  lost  their  liv( 
in  the  performance  of  their  work,  evidently  by  improperly  place 
shots;  14  were  killed  by  falls  of  roof  and  coal  in  the  rooms  an 
entries;  2 men  met  death  by  falling  down  a shaft;  1 eager  was  caugl 
by  the  cage  and  killed;  and  other  causes  claimed  3 victims.  Of  tl 
27  men  killed,  14  were  married,  and  the  total  number  of  children  le 
fatherless  was  56.  The  death  rate  per  thousand  men  employed  m 
1.94  in  1908  as  against  2.57  in  1907. 

The  number  of  tons  of  coal  mined  for  each  life  lost  in  190 
amounted  to  231,315.'^  No  statistics  were  available  showing  tli 
race  or  nationality  of  the  men  killed  or  injured.  During  the  pa^ 
year  (1908)  there  were  172  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  of  Oklahonii 
44  of  which  were  fatal,  or  1 for  eyery  67,002  tons  of  coal  minec 
There  were  128  nonfat al  accidents,  or  1 for  every  23,032  tons  ( 
coal  mined;  for  every  1,000  employees,  5.08  were  killed.  Of  th 
total  number  who  were  either  killed  or  injured,  79  were  immigrant; 
81  Americans,  and  12  negroes. 


a Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  p.  121.  E.  W.  Parker,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


69 


The  following  table  shows  the  total  number  of  men  killed  and  injured 
the  mining  industry  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas,  the  percentage  of 
> total  number  employed  who  were  killed,  and  the  number  of  tons 
icoal  mined  for  each  life  lost  in  the  two  States  in  1908: 

iLE  421. — Fatal  and  nonfatal  accidents  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  coal  mines,  1908. 


oiiipiled  from  Annual  Report  (1908)  of  the  State  Mining  Inspector  of  Oklahoma  and  the  Annual 
Report  on  Coal  Production  (1908)  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 


state. 

Fatal  acci- 
dents. 

Nonfatal 

accidents. 

Men  em- 
ployed. 

Percentage 

killed. 

Tons  mined. 

Number  of 
tons  of  coal 
mined  for 
each  life  lost. 

ahoma 

0 44 

0 128 

8,651 

5. 08 

2.948,116 

67, 002 

isas 

27 

70 

13, 916 

1.94 

6, 245, 508 

231,315 

Total 

71 

198 

22, 567 

3.14 

9,193,624 

129, 487 

statistics  showing  the  number  of  fatal  and  nonfatal  accidents  in  Oklahoma  coal  mines  are  for  the 
i d year  ending  October  31, 1908. 


The  majority  of  immigrants  from  Italy,  Russia,  and  Austria- 
iingary,  on  coming  to  this  country,  are  entirely  ignorant  of  mining 
; d go  to  the  mines  without  knowledge  of  the  dangers  to  be  encoun- 
'ed,  and,  in  consequence,  are  reckless.  The  majority  of  superin- 
idents  and  mine  foremen  interviewed  claim  that  many  accidents 
3 due  to  the  fact  that  the  foreigner  is  not  able  to  speak  or  under- 
ind  English  and  it  is  hard  to  make  him  understand  a ^yarning. 
hfore  the  miners  are  allowed  to  go  down  for  work  the  mines  are 
oroughly  tested  for  gas  by  tire  bosses  or  gas  men,  and  in  cases  where 
: dies  of  gas  are  found  warnings  are  posted  directing  the  men  to 
main  away  from  that  part  of  the  mine.  It  is  difficult  to  compel  the 
iwly  arrived  immigrants  to  regard  these  warnings,  and  on  this 
I count  many  men  have  been  severely  burned  or  killed  by  explosions, 
ms  the  ignorance  of  the  foreigner  as  to  English  not  only  brings 
eat  danger  to  himself,  but  to  every  man  working  in  the  mine  with 
im.  It  has  been  suggested  that  there  should  be  a law  requiring 
ich  immigrant  to  stand  a thorough  examination  before  allowing 
Im  to  be  employed  in  the  coal-mining  industry,  similar  to  the  state 
I aminations  required  for  position  of  mine  foreman,  hoisting  engi- 
i er,  or  fire  boss.  The  examinations  for  engineers,  fire  bosses, ^ and 
nilar  occupations  are  held  at  designated  intervals  by  an  appointed 
•ard.  The  state  mining  inspector  states  that  of  the  men  who  take 
ese  examinations,  with  the  exception  of  the  English-speaking  races, 

■ is  than  one  and  one-half  per  cent  are  foreigners,  and  that  a very 
iiall  percentage  of  these  are  able  to  pass  the  examination.  Only  in 
re  instances  does  the  Italian  attempt  the  examination,  and  usually 
: such  cases  the  applicant  is  of  the  second  generation. 

RELATIONS  AMONG  RACES  EMPLOYED. 

In  pick  mining  it  is  almost  necessary  for  two  men  to  work  together, 
'^le  universal  practice  is  for  two  men,  who  are  called  “buddies,^’  to 
3rk  in  the  same  room,  often  for  a period  of  years.  One  does  the 
lining  and  places  the  shots  and  the  other  does  the  loading,  or  they 
jill  take  turn  about  at  the  two  tasks.  Generally  they  send  out  car 


70  The  Immigration  Commission. 


for  car  of  coal  and  divide  yardage,  room  turning,  and  other  exii 
work,  so  that  their  pay  will  be  as  nearly  equal  as  possible.  On  p7 
day  if  one  has  a little  more  money  due  him  than  the  other  they  mr 
divide  equally,  having  first  taken  out  of  their  joint  pay  all  expends 
for  mining,  such  as  powder,  fuse,  caps,  blasting  paper,  etc.  Tho 
men  are  to  some  extent  isolated,  working  together  at  the  face  of  U 
coal,  probably  from  100  to  200  feet  from  the  entry,  and  almost  U 
only  other  employee  they  see  during  the  day  is  the  driver,  who  brir? 
the  empty  cars  and  hauls  away  the  loaded  ones.  It  is  natural,  the?- 
fore,  that  the  two  men  will  become  very  intimate. 

Consequently  it  is  an  almost  unheard-of  situation  to  find  an  Amu 
ican  miner  and  an  immigrant  from  continental  Europe  working  in  tj 
same  room.  Possibly  the  force  of  men  working  the  entry  may  inclui 
five  or  six  different  nationalities,  but  on  entering  the  rooms  the  “bu- 
dies,”  or  partners,  will  be  found  to  be  men  of  the  same  race.  Often  i 
American  works  in  the  same  room  with  an  Englishman,  Scotchma, 
or  Welshman,  but  it  is  rare  to  find  an  American  miner  working  wii 
an  immigrant  of  any  race  other  than  those  mentioned. 

With  the  company  or  day  men  the  case  is  different.  Drivers,  tii- 
bermen,  trackmen,  spraggers,  cagers,  etc.,  are  very  often  of  differed 
races,  and  Americans  work  side  by  side  with  Italians,  Lithuaniai, 
Poles,  or  Slovaks.  The  reason  assigned  for  this  is  that  the  min* 
chooses  his  own  working  partner,  while  the  mine  foreman  hires  tii 
company  men  and  places  them  together  irrespective  of  race.  Mar 
pit  bosses  prefer  to  work  gangs  of  different  races  rather  than  a fon 
made  up  or  the  same  nationality. 

While  outside  the  mine  there  may  be  racial  prejudices  and  litt 
association  between  the  races,  during  work  hours  little  of  this  is  sei. 
and  working  relations  between  Americans  and  immigrants  are  plea- 
ant,  the  foreigner  receiving  as  fair  treatment  as  the  native  at  the  ban'; 
of  the  company. 


Chapter  V. 

HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

meral  housing  and  living  conditions — Rent  in  its  relation  to  standard  of  living — 
Boarders  and  lodgers — Size  of  apartments  occupied — Size  of  households  studied — 
Congestion — [Text  Tables  422  to  433  and  General  Tables  169  to  180]. 

I GENERAL  HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 

I General  housing  conditions  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas  vary  accord- 
jg  to  localities.  Generally  speaking,  in  the  larger  towns  and  mining 
‘liages,  the  condition  of  houses  is  much  better  than  in  smaller  and 
pre  isolated  settlements.  The  particular  race  predominating  in  a 
immunity  also  has  a noticeable  influence  in  regard  to  the  general 
jipearance  of  the  home  and  the  sanitary  conditions  surrounding  it. 
|L  the  older  towns  throughout  the  mining  sections  of  the  two  States, 
e houses  are  more  substantial,  are  kept  in  better  repair  and  more 
lUveniences  are  provided.  The  reason  for  this  condition  is  that  in 
(ch  places  many  miners  own  their  homes  and  others  rent  liouses 
jim  private  persons.  On  account  of  competition  in  renting,  the 
I al  companies  are  forced  to  provide  better  dwellings  for  their  employ- 
(S  than  they  do  in  places  where  all  the  houses  are  owned  by  thecom- 
imies.  Length  of  residence  also  has  much  to  do  with  the  appearance 
ad  comfort  of  the  home,  since  the  immigrant  after  purchasing  a 
pee  of  property  is  constantly  improving  it.  Those  who  have 
pned  homes  for  a number  of  years  have  set  out  shade  and  fruit  trees, 
-good  garden  usually  exists,  wells  or  cisterns  are  dug,  some  have 
aall  vineyards,  and  the  general  appearance  of  the  property  denotes 
ide  in  ownership.  On  rented  property,  the  immigrant  has  no  in- 
■ntive  toward  improving  his  home  and  the  effect  is  at  once  dis- 
?rnible.  Company  houses,  which  have  already  been  discussed,® 
= e never  as  good  as  those  owned  by  immigrants  or  as  those  rented 
Dm  private  persons.  In  the  older  mining  towns  few  immigrants  rent 
fuses  from  the  company. 

A tendency  toward  segregation  on  the  part  of  certain  immigrant 
;ces  is  very  noticeable,  and  almost  every  town  in  the  coal  fields  has 
H foreign  quarter,  where  the  members  of  one  or  more  immigrant 
ices  have  purchased  homes.  There  are  also  a number  of  towns 
lich  have  an  almost  exclusively  immigrant  population.  Italians 
1 ore  than  any  other  race  are  found  in  complete  segregation.  Wlier- 
' er  a large  force  of  Italians  is  employed  there  will  be  found  an  Italian 
dony  living  in  a community  by  itself  and  associating  little  with  other 
ices  or  witn  natives.  ^ In  some  places  North  and  South  Italians  are 
i ing  in  the  same  neighborhood,  but  where  there  are  many  of  both 
ices  they  live  in  separate  colonies.  More  property  is  owned  by 
.alians  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  than  by  any  other  immigrant  race, 
i d in  every  mining  locality  there  are  Italians  owning  homes.  When 


«See  p.  64. 


71 


72 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  Italian  decides  to  remain  permanently  in  a town  he  purchaser 
home  as  soon  as  possible.  These  homes  are  usually  frame  structuu 
of  from  four  to  six  rooms  of  one  story.  Much  care  is  devoted  to  t‘. 
premises,  a good  garden  is  always  maintained,  and  goes  far  towal 
the  support  of  the  family,  while  ovens  are  built  in  the  yard  and  sii  i 
outbuildings  as  are  necessary  are  erected.  The  interior  of  the  hon, 
however,  is  never  as  clean  as  it  should  be,  though  the  North  Italia? 
are  more  careful  in  this  respect  than  immigrants  from  southern  Ital. 
The  Italian  women  are  not  neat  housekeepers  and  are  very  neglige 
as  to  sanitary  conditions.  The  kitchen  is  used  as  a living  and  dink; 
room,  and  here  also  the  miners  wash  after  returning  from  work.  T1 ; 
naturally  leads  to  a great  deal  of  filth,  water  is  allowed  to  accumula! 
on  the  floors,  remains  of  the  preceding  meal  are  not  removed,  and  oft'i 
dishes  go  unwashed  from  one  meal  to  another;  no  care  is  exercised  i 
throwing  waste  w^ater  at  a proper  distance  from  the  dwelling,  and  ; 
few  towns  are  provided  with  a sewerage  system  the  back  yards  a; 
usually  in  a very  insanitary  condition.  In  towns  where  there  is, 
water\ystem,  city  water  is  piped  to  the  houses,  but  the  usual  supp- 
comes  from  wells  or  cisterns  in  the  back  yards,  sometimes  one  W( 
supplying  several  families.  The  furnishing  of  the  home  is  usual 
very  poor,  the  furniture  being  of  the  cheapest  grade,  and  little  attem 
is  made  at  adornment. 

Lithuanians  have  not  settled  in  all  parts  of  the  coal  fields  as  d 
the  Italians,  but  have  confined  themselves  to  certain  towns  ai 
localities  in  Oklahoma.  Very  few,  if  any,  are  to  be  found  in  Kanse 
They  are  segregated  to  a great  extent  and  live  in  communities  I 
themselves.  It  seems  that  when  one  family  comes  tn  the  Unit( 
States  it  induces  all  its  kindred  to  join  it  as  soon  as  possible.  Most  ' 
them  have  come  to  this  country  with  the  idea  of  making  it  the 
permanent  home,  and  are  therefore  desirous  of  becoming  proper 
owners.  In  buying  property  the  effort  is  always  made  to  get  it 
neighborhoods  occupied  by  their  own  people.  The  interior  of  tli 
home  is  generally  neat  and  well  kept,  and  the  furniture  is  of  bett' 
quality  than  that  of  the  average  Italian  family.  They  are  also  mu( 
more  carefid  as  to  sanitary  precautions.  Homes  owned  by  this  ra 
are  of  the  same  type  as  those  occupied  by  Italians,  consisting  of  on 
story  frame  structures  of  from  four  to  six  rooms. 

Poles,  Croatians,  Slovaks,  and  Slovenians  also  own  considerab 
property  throughout  the  coal  fields,  but  are  not  segregated  to 
great  an  extent  as  are  Italians  and  Lithuanians.  Their  homes  are 
same  the  type  as  those  previously  described.  The  interiors  of  tl 
houses  are  not  as  neat  and  well  kept  as  those  of  the  Lithuanians,  bi 
are  more  so  than  those  occupied  by  Italians. 

Mexicans  own  very  little  property  and  most  of  them  live  in  hous 
owned  by  the  coal  companies.  On  this  account  they  are  not  segregah 
in  their  living  quarters,  but  at  the  same  time  there  is  no  associatk 
between  them  and  natives  or  members  of  other  races.  The  interk 
of  Mexican  homes  is  usually  unclean.  Many  families  occupy  hous 
with  no  furniture  beyond  a cooking  stove,  the  inmates  sleeping  ( 
rude  bunks  or  upon  straw  thrown  on  the  floor. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


73 


RENT  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 

! A large  number  of  families  investigated  in  the  Southwest  own  their 
)mes.  Fifty  American  families,  however,  and  175  foreign-born 
milies,  or  a total  of  225,  rent  their  apartments.  The  amount  of 
fnt  paid  is  important  from  the  standpoint  of  cost  of  living,  but  is 
lieny  significant  as  regards  the  discussion  of  standard  of  living.  For 
lis  reason  the  subject  of  rent  is  presented  in  connection  with  the 
pnsideration  of^  living  conditions.  The  first  tabulation  in  this  con- 
jjction,  which  is  submitted  below,  shows  the  average  rent  paid  by 
le  families  studied  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  person,  by  gen- 
i al  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

lBLE  A22— Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


I ils  table  Includes  only  races  with  10  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.  ] 


Number  of 
households 

Average  rent  per— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Person. 

tlve-bom  of  native  father: 

White 

29 

$7. 10 

$1.94 

$1.65 

Negro 

21 

5. 17 

1.60 

1. 18 

reign-bom: 

Irish 

14 

5.93 

1.80 

1.34 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

47 

5. 65 

1.95 

1. 17 

12 

5. 17 

1.77 

1. 13 

Lithuanian 

16 

5. 97 

1. 84 

1.22 

Mexican 

36 

4. 58 

1.63 

.97 

Polish 

19 

5.05 

1. 88 

1. 19 

Grand  total 

225 

5.54 

1.80 

1.21 

tal  native-born 

6.29 

1.81 

1.45 

tal  foreign-born 

175 

5. 33 

1.80 

1.15 

As  regards  rent  as  an  index  to  the  standard  of  living,  it  is  instruc- 
7e  to  note  in  the  table  above  that  the  average  rent  paid  by  the 
milies  classed  as  ‘^whites,  native-born  of  native  father is  one-third 
:ain  as  high  as  the  average  rent  paid  by  all  races  of  recent  immigra- 
)n.  It  is  also  worthy  of  comment  that  the  average  rent  per  apart- 
ent  paid  by  the  negro  of  native  birth  is  slightly  below  the  average 
r foreign-bom  households. 

As  regards  the  households  of  recent  immigrants,  it  is  significant 
at  all  races,  with  the  exception  of  the  Mexican,  pay  about  the  same 
te  per  apartment.  The  Mexican  is  below  the  general  average,  which 
due  to  the  fact  that  in  most  of  the  mining  communities  of  Okla- 
•)rQa,  where  the  Mexican  is  employed  in  greatest  numbers,  the  least 
'■sirable  houses  are  usually  occupied  by  this  race.®  The  rent  paid 
^ the  Lithuanian  households  is  greater  than  that  paid  by  any  other 
reign  race. 

Upon  examination  of  the  average  rent  per  month  per  room  paid 
/ each  household,  it  is  immediately  apparent  that  the  relative  show- 
:g  is  practically  the  same  as  that  made  by  the  different  races  under 


“See  discussion  of  housing,  pp.  71,  72. 
48296°— VOL  7—11 6 


74 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  caption  “Average  rent  per  apartment.”  The  North  Italian  i' 
his  payment  per  room  indicates  a higher  standard  than  any  oth( 
households  of  recent  immigration  and  is  on  a par  with  the  nath 
white.  The  Irish  household,  as  already  noted,  pays  a relativel 
higher  rent  per  apartment,  but  in  the  payment  per  room  sinks  to  tl 
general  level  of  the  foreign-born,  which  IS  $1.80. 

A significant  fact  developed  by  the  above  showing,  and  especiall 
indicated  by  the  general  uniformity  of  rent  per  apartment  and  pj 
room  paid  by  the  foreign-born,  is  that  the  rent  per  room  and  per  apar 
ment  affords  no  basis  in  the  territory  under  discussion  for  any  satif 
factory  conclusions  as  to  the  standard  of  living.  The  fact  is  that  mos 
of  the  families  live  in  company  houses  which  rent  on  a basis  of  $1.8 
to  $2  per  room  per  month.  Consequently  the  differences  in  rents  p( 
room  and  apartment,  while  they  indicate  that  the  American  whil 
occupies  a somewhat  better  and  more  commodious  house  as  compare 
with  the  foreign-born,  also  points  clearly  to  the  fact  that  the  foreigi 
born,  with  the  exception  of  the  Mexicans,  are  practically  living  in  tl 
same  general  style  of  company  house,  the  rent  per  apartment  depenc 
ing  upon  the  number  of  rooms.  In  discussing  the  relation  betwee 
rent  and  standard  of  living,  therefore,  the  only  safe  and  sure  index 
the  rent  paid  by  each  household  per  month  per  person,  for  the  reaso 
that  there  is  a constant  tendency  among  races  of  recent  immigratio 
to  keep  a large  number  of  boarders  and  lodgers  or  to  share  a houi 
with  another  family  in  order  to  decrease  the  rent  payment  per  perso 
or  per  household. 

Upon  examination  of  the  average  rent  paid  by  each  household  p( 
person  per  month,  differences  in  relative  standards  of  living  at  one 
become  manifest.  The  average  rent  per  person  for  native  white  hous< 
holds  is  almost  one-third  greater  than  for  the  total  foreign-born,  an 
the  showing  of  the  native  negro  and  the  total  foreign-born  is  slight) 
in  favor  of  the  negro.  The  worst  showing  is  made  by  the  Mexica 
households,  which  have  an  average  rent  of  .97  per  cent  per  person.  ( 
the  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  the  South  Italian  stan( 
on  the  lowest  level.  The  relatively  high  standard  which,  from  tl 
exhibit  made  per  apartment  and  per  room  by  the  North  Italian, 
seen  in  the  rent  per  person  for  households  of  this  race  to  be  of  no  coi 
sequence,  for  the  reason  that  the  average  rent  per  person,  is  muc 
below  the  average  for  native  white  and  Irish  households  and  somt 
what  below  the  Poles  and  native  negroes.  Upon  the  basis  of  the  fain 
lies  furnishing  information,  the  Lithuanians  have  the  highest  stan( 
ard  of  living  of  all  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe. 

If  the  examination  as  to  the  relation  between  rent  and  standai 
of  living  be  carried  further,  the  tendency  of  the  various  races  in  great* 
detail  may  be  gathered  from  the  table  which  follows,  showing  the  p* 
cent  of  households  paying  a specified  rent  per  month  per  apartmen 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


75 


iBLE  423. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


his  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


meral  uativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apartment. 

Per  cent  paying— 

Under 

$5.00. 

Under 

$7.50. 

Under 

$10.00. 

Under 

$12.50. 

itive-born  of  native  father: 

White 

29 

$7. 10 

10.3 

69.0 

86.2 

96.6 

Negro 

21 

5. 17 

42.9 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

»reign-born: 

Italian,  North 

47 

5. 65 

17.0 

95.7 

100.0 

100.0 

Mexican 

36 

4.58 

75.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Grand  total 

225 

5.54 

33.3 

89.8 

98.2 

99.6 

ital  native-born 

50 

6. 29 

24.0 

82.0 

92.0 

98.0 

tal  foreign-born 

175 

5.33 

36.0 

92.0 

100.0 

100.0 

In  the  above  table  of  225  households  reporting,  33.3  per  cent  pay 
ss  than  $5  monthly  rent,  56.5  pay  $5  but  less  than  $7.50,  and  a 
Qall  proportion  pay  $7.50  or  over  per  month,  less  than  1 per  cent 
lying  $12.50  or  over. 

Of  the  foreign-born  no  household  reports  as  high  as  $10  monthly 
nt,  as  contrasted  with  13.8  per  cent  of  the  native-born  whites  of 
itive  father,  a small  proportion  of  the  latter  paying  $12.50  or  over 
onthly.  Of  the  foreign-born  56  per  cent  pay  $5  but  less  than 
'.50,  and  a slightly  higher  proportion  of  the  native-born  whites 
native  father  pay  the  same.  Of  the  latter  but  10.3  per  cent  pay 
5s  than  $5  monthly,  as  compared  with  36  per  cent  of  the  former. 

A study  of  the  races  shows  that  none  of  the  Mexicans  pay  as  high 
$7.50  monthly,  although  25  per  cent  of  them  pay  $5  but  less 
an  $7.50.  The  great  majority  of  the  North  Italians  pay  $5  but 
?s  than  $7.50,  although  4.3  per  cent  pay  between  $7.50  and  $10. 
comparatively  low  proportion,  17  per  cent,  pay  less  than  $5. 
Contrasting  these  figures  with  those  of  the  native-born,  white  and 
gro,  it  is  noted  that  but  10.3  per  cent  of  the  native-born  whites  of 
live  father  pay  less  than  $5  monthly  and  31  per  cent  pay  $7.50 
over.  A small  proportion,  3.4  per  cent,  pay  $12.50  or  over 
onthly.  The  majority  of  this  race,  however,  pay  $5  but  less 
an  $7.50. 

The  native-born  negroes  of  native  father  show  very  low  rentals, 
I't  one  paying  as  high  as  $7.50  monthly  and  42.9  per  cent  paying 
5sthan$5.  s 

A general  summary  of  the  table,  then,  would  show  that  the  Mexi- 
ins  and  native-born  negroes  of  native  father  pay  a very  low  rate 
I rent,  all  of  each  race  paying  less  than  $7.50,  the  majority  of  the 
‘3xicans  and  a very  large  proportion  of  the  negroes  paying  less 
Ian  $5.  The  North  Italians,  although  not  reporting  a high  rate  of 
iU,  nevertheless  report  a very  low  proportion  paying  less  than  $5. 
The  table  following  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each 
|Bcified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
1 ad  of  household. 


76  The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  424.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  I' 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  Includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race: 


Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
room. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Under  $1. 

Under  $2. 

Under  $3. 

Under} 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

^VhitP  

29 

$1.94 

0.0 

41.4 

96.6 

100.0 

96 

21 

1.60 

.0 

57.1 

lOO 

Foreign-born: 

N orth • • 

47 

1.95 

.0 

27.7 

93.6 

100.0 

IOC 

IOC 

Mexican 

36 

1.63 

.0 

72.2 

Grand  total 

225 

1.80 

.0 

48.9 

97.8 

9C 

q1  nciti  vp-Viorn 

50 

1.81 

.0 

48.0 

98.0 

9} 

IOC 

fnrpi(Tn»V)orn 

175 

1.80 

.0 

49.1 

97.7 

It  becomes  evident  from  a glance  at  the  above  table  that  55. 
per  cent  of  the  American  white  households  are  paying  between  I 
and  $3  per  room  per  month,  while  41.4  per  cent  are  paying  less  tha 
$2  per  room  per  month.  On  the  other  hand,  the  greater  number  < 
American  negro  households  have  a rent  payment  which  is  less  tha 
$2  per  room  per  month,  while  42.9  per  cent  pay  between  $2  and  $. 
No  neo-ro  households  pay  more  than  $3  per  room  per  month,  while 
small  percentage  of  native  whites  pay  between  $3  and  $4  per  roor 
Almost  50  per  cent  of  all  foreign  households  pay  a rent  per  roo; 
per  month  which  is  less  than  $2,  and  48.6  per  cent  pay  betwee 
$2  and  $3  per  room  per  month.  No  Mexican  household  pays  moi 
than  $3  per  month,  and  72.2  per  cent  of  the  households  of  this  raj 
pay  less  than  $2  per  room  per  month.  A small  proportion  ot  tt 
North  Italian  families,  as  compared  with  that  of  the  native  whites,  a 
paying  under  $2  per  room  per  month,  but  a larger  proportion  are  pa 
mg  between  S2  and  $3  per  month.  Extending  the  analysis  howeve 
to  the  extent  to  which  the  different  races  pay  a specihed  rent  P' 
month  per  person,  the  following  table  will  be  found  of  value : 

Table  425. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person, 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  rac( 


Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
person. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Under  $1. 

Under  $2. 

Under  $3. 

Under 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whit.Pi  

29 

$1.65 

10.3 

62.1 

82.8 

85.7 

9 

q: 

T'J  p.jn'n  ........... 

21 

1. 18 

42.8 

76.2 

*7 

Foreign-born: 

Italian  N orth 

47 

1. 17 

23.4 

74.5 

83.3 

93.0 

100.0 

9* 

in* 

Mexican 

36 

.97 

55.  5 

lU 

Grand  total 

225 

1.21 

29.8 

75.6 

91.6 

9' 

Total  native-born 

1.45 

24.0 

68.0 

^.0 

93.7 

9' 

9' 

Total  foreign-born 

175 

1.15 

31.4 

77.  7 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


77 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  10.3  per  cent  of  the  American  white 
iouseholds,  as  compared  with  31.4  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born 
Louseholds,  are  found  to  be  paying  a rent  per  person  per  month 
7hich  is  less  than  |1.  Fifty-one  and  eight- tenths  per  cent  of  the 
native  white  families  have  a rent  per  person  per  month  between  $1 
,nd  $2  as  contrasted  with  46.3  per  cent  of  the  foreign  households 
laying  that  amount.  Twenty  and  seven-tenths  per  cent  of  the 
lative  whites  also  pay  a monthly  rent  per  person  between  $2  and  $3 
,s  compared  with  16  per  cent  of  all  foreign-born  households.  Ten 
,nd  three-tenths  per  cent  of  native  white  households  pay  between 
S and  $4  per  person  per  month,  while  only  4.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
lorn  pay  this  amount.  Twenty-three  and  four-tenths  per  cent  of 
he  North  Italians  and  55.5  per  cent  of  the  Mexicans  are  paying  less 
^han  $1  per  month,  Fifty-one  and  one-tenth  per  cent  of  the  former 
ace  and  27.8  per  cent  of  the  latter  have  a monthly  rental  per  person 
iC tween  $1  and  $2.  In  the  case  of  the  other  foreign  households  the 
umbers  are  too  small  to  be  converted  into  percentages.  From  the 
comparisons  which  have  been  given  above,  however,  it  is  quite  obvi- 
us  that  the  general  standard  of  living  as  based  upon  the  monthly 
ent  per  person  is  considerably  lower  among  households  whose  heads 
re  of  foreign  birth  than  among  the  native  white  of  native  father. 

BOAKDERS  AND  LODGERS. 

As  regards  the  tendency  to  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  following 
able  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  number  and  per  cent 
f households  having  boarders  or  lodgers : 

A.BLE  426. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

aformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Househol 

boarders 

Number. 

ds  keeping 
or  lodgers. 

Per  cent. 

ative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

53 

1 

1 Q 

Negro 

27 

\ 

Q 7 

)reign-born: 

O.  / 

Croatian 

21 

.0 

K *1 

Irish 

39 

2 

Italian,  North 

96 

24 

O.  1 

oc;  n 

Italian,  South 

35 

g 

zo.  U 

Of;  7 

Lithuanian 

36 

15 

20 

Magyar 

3 

00.  0 

Mexican 

42 

9 

W 

91  A 

Polish 

36 

11 

Qn  A 

Slovak 

49 

2 

*j\J.  0 
A 1 

Welsh 

27 

1 

4.  1 
q 7 

Grand  total 

4.  76 

80 

83 

0.  / 

>tal  native-born 

2 

i/.  4 

)tal  foreign-born 

396 

81 

z.  o 
on  ft 

A{J»  0 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


78 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  total  of  476  households,  only  83  keep  boarders  or  lodgen 
and  81  of  these  are  among  the  races  of  foreign  birth.  The  Croatia 
households  show  no  boarders  or  lodgers  at  all,  and  there  is  only  on 
among  the  27  Welsh  households.  The  Slovak  and  Irish  races  eac 
have  but  two  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  3 
Lithuanian  families  have  the  largest  percentage  of  boarding  housee 
55.6  per  cent  of  their  homes  being  reported  as  such.  The  Pole? 
likewise  represented  by  36  households,  rank  next,  with  boarders  c 
lodgers  in  30.6  per  cent  of  their  households.  The  North  and  Sout 
Italians  show  25  per  cent  and  25.7  per  cent,  respectively,  of  thei 
households  with  boarders  or  lodgers. 

The  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household  in  th 
Southwest,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  i 

E resented  in  the  table  below.  Two  averages  are  given,  the  firs 
ased  on  the  total  number  of  households  and  the  second  on  th 
number  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers: 

Table  427. — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers  'per  household^  by  general  nativit 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[Information  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  tl 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
households 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Number  of 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Average  number  < 
boarders  or  lodge, 
per  household— 

Based  on 
total  num- 
ber of 
households. 

Based  on 
number  o 
household 
keeping 
boarders 
or  lodgers 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

53 

1 

2 

0.04 

(«) 

Negro 

27 

1 

1 

.04 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

Prriatin.n  . . . 

21 

Irish 

39 

2 

2 

.05 

(«) 

Italian,  North 

96 

24 

94 

.98 

3.i 

Italian,  South 

35 

9 

19 

.54 

(“) 

Lithuanian 

36 

20 

40 

1.11 

2.1 

Magyar 

15 

3 

4 

.27 

(«) 

Mexican 

42 

9 

15 

.36 

(«) 

Polish 

36 

11 

19 

.53 

1.1 

Slovak 

49 

2 

3 

.06 

(«) 

Welsh 

27 

1 

1 

.04 

(a) 

Grand  total 

476 

83 

200 

.42 

2.  A 

Total  native-born 

2 

L 

.04 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

396 

81 

197 

.50 

2.1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Out  of  the  476  households  reporting  complete  data  in  the  abov< 
table,  17.4  per  cent  keep  boarders  or  lodgers,  averaging  2.41  pe 
household.  Only  one  of  the  53  native  white  households  keeps  board 
ers  or  lodgers,  while  81  of  the  396  foreign  households  are  so  reported 
showing  an  average  of  0.5,  based  on  the  total  number  of  households 
and  2.43  per  household  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  79 


i The  greatest  number  of  foreign  households  for  any  one  race,  96,  is 
I'ported  for  the  North  Italians,  24  of  which  keep  boarders  or  lodg- 
es This  race  shows  the  maximum  average  of  3.92  boarders  or  lodgers 
ased  on  the  number  of  householders  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers, 
he  Lithuanians  average  1.11  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household 
a«ed  on  the  total  number  of  households,  which  is  the  highest  entry 
resented  on  that  basis.  . The  same  race  shows  2 boarders  or  lodgers 
) each  house  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers.  As  regards  the  Mexicans, 
is  noticed  that  9 households  out  of  42  reporting  keep  15  boarders  or 
(dgers. 

SIZE  OF  APARTMENTS  OCCUPIED. 

As  regards  the  housing  conditions  of  the  families  studied,  it  will  be 
istructive  to  consider,  first,  the  relative  size  of  apartments  occupied. 

ABLE  428— Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


his  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


sneral  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 

number 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of 
each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

of  house- 
holds. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or 

more. 

ative-born  of  native  father: 
Whit.p  

53 

3.  85 

0.0 

13.2 

32.1 

37.7 

9.4 

1.9 

5.7 

Neero 

27 

3.  26 

.0 

11.1 

59.3 

22.2 

7.4 

.0 

.0 

areign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

3. 19 

.0 

14.3 

57.1 

23.8 

4.8 

.0 

.0 

Irish 

39 

4.18 

.0 

5.1 

38.5 

17.9 

20.5 

■ 3 

7.  7 

Italian,  North 

96 

3.  09 

1.0 

18.8 

57.3 

18.8 

1.0 

3. 1 

.0 

Italian,  South 

35 

3.11 

.0 

22.9 

54.3 

14.3 

5.7 

2.9 

.0 

T.ithnfl.nian 

36 

3.  50 

.0 

11.1 

44.4 

27.8 

16.7 

.0 

.0 

Mexican 

42 

2.86 

.0 

31.0 

52.4 

16.7 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Polish 

36 

2.  78 

.0 

41.7 

41.7 

13.9 

2.8 

.0 

.0 

Slovak 

49 

3.  00 

.0 

18.3 

67.3 

10.2 

4. 1 

.0 

.0 

Welsh 

27 

4.  41 

.0 

3.7 

22.2 

33.3 

18.  5 

14.8 

7.4 

Grand  total 

476 

3.  34 

.2 

1 17.4 

50.0 

21.0 

6.9 

2.7 

1.7 

rit.al  na.tivp-bnrn  

SO 

3.  65 

.0 

! 12.5 

41.2 

i 32.5 

8.8 

i 1.3 

3.8 

otal  foreign-born 

396 

3.  27 

.3 

18.4 

51.8 

18.7 

6.6 

3.0 

1.3 

Of  the  entire  number  of  households  for  which  data  were  secured, 
9.4  per  cent,  as  shown  by  the  preceding  table,  lived  in  three  rooms 
r less  and  90.4  per  cent  in  four  rooms  or  less;  4.4  per  cent  occupied 
ix  or  more  rooms. 

Of  the  households  the  heads  of  which  were  foreign-born,  70.5  per 
ent  occupied  three  rooms  or  less  and  89.2  per  cent  four  rooms  or  less. 
)f  the  households  the  heads  of  which  were  native-born,  53.7  per  cent 
ccupied  three  rooms  or  less  and  86.2  per  cent  four  rooms  or  less.  It 
'ill  thus  be  seen  that  the  tendency  to  live  in  dwellings  of  less  than 
hree  or  four  rooms  is  much  more  general  on  the  part  of  the  foreign- 
'Orn  than  on  the  part  of  the  native-born.  If,  however,  a distinction 
•e  made  between  the  native-born  whites  and  the  negroes  it  will  be 
een  that  an  even  larger  proportion  of  the  latter  than  of  the  foreign- 
:orn  occupied  three  rooms  or  less.  Of  the  households  the  heads  of 
/hich  were  white  native-born  of  native  father,  only  45.3  per  cent 


80  The  Immigration  Commission. 


lived  in  less  than  four  rooms.  This  percentage  is  less  than  that  ft* 
any  foreign  race  except  the  Welsh  and  Irish. 

The  percentages  for  the  foreign-born  show  that  the  proportion  f 
households  occupying  two  rooms  is  largest  among  the  Poles,  Mec- 
cans, and  South  Italians,  in  the  order  mentioned,  and  smallest  amo> 
the  Welsh  and  Irish;  that  the  proportion  of  households  occupyl; 
three  rooms  is  largest  among  the  Slovaks,  North  Italians,  Croatiai, 
and  South  Italians,  in  the  order  mentioned,  and  smallest  amo:; 
the  Welsh  and  Irish;  and  that  the  proportion  of  households  occup- 
ing  four  rooms  is  largest  among  the  Welsh,  Lithuanians,  ail 
Croatians,  in  the  order  named,  and  smallest  among  the  Slovaks  ail 
Poles.  Households  occupying  five  or  more  rooms  are  far  moj 
general  among  the  Welsh,  Irish,  and  Lithuanians  than  among  tli 
other  races  of  foreign  birth. 

The  table  shows  that  the  households,  the  heads  of  which  are  Web 
or  Irish,  occupy,  upon  an  average,  the  largest  number  of  rooms,  tho*, 
the  heads  of  which  are  white  native-born  of  native  father  a numb* 
rather  less,  and  the  households  of  American  negroes  and  the  races  ‘ 
continental  Europe  a very  small  number  of  rooms. 

SIZE  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

In  the  following  table  percentages  are  given  showing  the  numb- 
of  individuals  to  a housenold: 

Table  429— Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  nativ 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for 

races.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  house- 
hold. 

Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  ( 
mo) 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

Wiiite 

53 

4. 45 

0.0 

13.2 

26.4 

20.8 

9.4 

11.3 

13.2 

1.9 

3.8 

(' 

Negro 

27 

4. 44 

3.7 

22.2 

14.8 

11.1 

14.8 

14.8 

11.1 

.0 

7.4 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

21 

4.00 

.0 

33.3 

4.8 

19.0 

23.8 

14.3 

.0 

4.8 

.0 

Irish 

39 

5. 79 

.0 

10.3 

5.1 

17.9 

15.4 

12.8 

10.3 

12.8 

10.3 

j, 

Italian,  North 

96 

4. 93 

1.0 

11.5 

20.8 

20.8 

14.6 

8.3 

8.3 

5.2 

2.1 

Italian,  South 

35 

4.77 

.0 

14.3 

28.6 

8.6 

11.4 

11.4 

11.4 

5. 7 

8.6 

Lithuanian 

36 

5.14 

.0 

13.9 

5.6 

16.7 

27.8 

11.1 

11.1 

8.3 

2.8 

Mexican 

42 

4. 67 

.0 

14.3 

16.7 

19.0 

23.8 

7.1 

7.1 

9.  5 

.0 

Polish 

36 

4. 72 

.0 

19.4 

8.3 

22.2 

13.9 

22.2 

2.8 

5. 6 

2.8 

Slovak 

49 

5. 10 

.0 

12.2 

14.3 

20.4 

10.2 

18.4 

8.2 

6.1 

8.2 

Welsh 

27 

4.67 

.0 

22.2 

11.1 

22.2 

7.4 

18.5 

3.7 

7. 4 

7.4 

Grand  total 

476 

4. 84 

.4 

14.9 

16.0 

19.3 

14.9 

12.6 

8.4 

6.1 

4.4 

I 

Total  native-born 

80 

4. 45 

1.3 

16.3 

22.5 

17.5 

11.3 

12.5 

12.5 

1.3 

5.0 

Total  foreign-born — 

396 

4.92 

.3 

14.6 

14.6 

19.7 

15.7 

12.6 

7.6 

7.1 

4.3 

Of  the  total  number  of  households  covered  by  the  foregoing  tabl 
14.9  per  cent  are  of  two  persons,  16  per  cent  are  of  three  persons,  19 
per  cent  are  of  four  persons,  14.9  per  cent  are  of  five  persons,  12.6  p< 
cent  are  of  six  persons,  and  21.8  per  cent  are  of  seven  or  more  pe 
sons.  The  average  number  of  persons  to  a household  is  in  gener 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


81 


msiderably  larger  among  the  foreign-born  than  among  the  native- 
lorn,  the  percentage  of  households  of  three  persons  or  less  being  40.1 
‘)r  the  native-born  and  29.5  for  the  foreign-oorn ; that  of  households 
p four,  five,  or  six  persons,  for  the  native-born  41.3  and  for  the  foreign- 
orn  48;  and  that  of  households  of  seven  or  more  persons  18.8  for 
le  native-born  and  22.5  for  the  foreign-born. 

Among  the  foreign-born  races,  the  number  of  persons  to  a household 
aries  greatly.  The  figures  show  that  the  proportion  of  households 
f but  two  persons  is  largest  among  the  Croatians,  Welsh,  and  Poles 
i the  order  mentioned,  and  smallest  among  the  Irish  and  the  North 
:alians;  that  the  proportion  of  households  of  three  persons  is  largest 
mong  the  South  Italians,  North  Italians,  and  Mexicans  in  the  order 
lentioned,  and  smallest  among  the  Croatians,  Irish,  and  Lithuanians; 
lat  the  proportion  of  households  of  four  persons  is  largest  among 
le  Poles,  Welsh,  North  Italians,  and  Slovaks,  and  smallest  among 
le  South  Italians;  that  the  proportion  of  households  of  five  persons 
largest  among  the  Lithuanians,  Mexicans,  and  Croatians,  and  smallest 
nong  the  Welsh  and  Slovaks;  that  the  proportion  of  households  of 
X persons  is  largest  among  the  Poles,  Welsn,  and  Slovaks,  and  smallest 
nong  the  Mexicans  and  North  Italians;  and  that  the  proportion  of 
Duseholds  of  seven  or  more  persons  is  largest  among  the  Irish,  South 
alians,  Lithuanians,  and  Slovaks,  and  smallest  among  the  Croatians 
id  Poles.  Large  households  appear  to  be  more  general  with  the 
•ish  than  with  any  other  race. 

CXINGESTION. 

In  a study  of  congestion  the  foregoing  discussion  may  be  summarized 
f showing,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  the  average  number  of  per- 
►ns  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room. 

iBLE  430. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  roomf 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

Average  number  of  persons  per— 

number  of 
households. 

Apartment. 

Room. 

Sleeping 

room. 

itive-born  of  native  father; 

White 

53 

4.45 

1.16 

2.25 

Negro 

27 

4, 44 

1.36 

2.45 

reign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

4.00 

1.25 

2. 15 

Irish 

39 

5.79 

1.39 

2. 48 

Italian,  North 

Italian.  South 

96 

4. 93 

1.59 

2.52 

35 

4.  77 

1.53 

2. 42 

Lithuanian 

36 

5. 14 

1. 47 

2.53 

Magyar 

15 

4.80 

1.50 

2. 67 

Mexican 

42 

4. 67 

1.63 

3.27 

Polish 

36 

4. 72 

1.70 

2. 66 

Slovak 

49 

5. 10 

1.70 

2. 87 

W elsh 

27 

4. 67 

1.06 

2. 33 

Grand  total 

476 

4.84 

1.45 

2.54 

tal  native-born . . 

80 

4. 45 

1.22 

2.31 

tal  foreign-born 

396 

4.92 

1.50 

2.59 

82  The  Immigration  Commission. 


For  all  races  and  nativities  the  average  number  of  persons  to  { 
apartment,  as  shown  by  the  preceding  table,  is  4.84.  The  avera|; 
for  the  foreign-born,  4.92,  is  greater  than  that  for  the  native-born,  4.4 
Of  the  native-born,  the  whites  and  negroes  reported  substantially  tl 
same  average  number  of  persons  to  the  apartment,  4.45  and  4.4 
respectively.  Passing  to  the  foreign-born,  the  greatest  average  nur 
ber  of  persons  to  an  apartment  is  found  among  the  Irish,  and  tl 
smallest  among  the  Croatians.  The  figure  for  the  Irish  is  5.79;  th 
for  the  Croatians,  4.  In  the  order  of  those  for  which  the  large 
average  number  of  persons  per  household  is  reported,  the  differei 
races  rank  as  follows:  Irish,  Lithuanians,  Slovaks,  North  Italian 
Magyars,  South  Italians,  Poles,  Mexicans  and  Welsh,  American  white, 
American  negroes,  and  Croatians.  It  will  be  noted  that  with  tl 
single  exception  of  the  Croatians  the  native-born,  both  whites  ai 
negroes,  have  the  smallest  households. 

Figures  showing  the  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  while 
interest,  do  not  determine  definitely  the  degree  of  congestion  ^r 
vailing.  Clearly  there  is  no  more  overcrowding  in  a household  h 
six  living  in  three  rooms  than  in  a household  of  twelve  living  in  s 
rooms.  The  relation  existing  between  the  number  of  persons  ar 
the  number  of  rooms  is  the  true  indication  of  congestion. 

It  appears  from  the  table  that  the  average  number  of  persoi 
per  room,  for  all  the  households  for  which  data  were  secured,  is  1.4 
For  the  foreign-born,  considered  as  a whole,  the  number  is  1.5 
For  the  native-born  it  is  1.22.  The  native  whites  report  an  avera^ 
number  of  1.16  persons  to  the  room  as  against  1.36  for  the  negroe 
Among  the  foreign-born,  the  races  having  the  largest  number  - 
persons  to  the  room  are  the  Slovak  and  Polish;  the  one  having  tl 
smallest  number,  the  Welsh.  For  the  Slovaks  and  the  Poles  the  figu 
is  1.70;  for  the  Welsh,  it  is  1.06.  Those  having  the  greatest  numb* 
of  persons  per  room  rank  by  races  as  follows:  Slovak  and  Polish,  Mex 
can.  North  Italian,  South  Italian,  Magyar,  Lithuanian,  Irish,  Amei 
can  negro,  Croatian,  American  white,  and  Welsh. 

It  is  believed  that  the  figures  referred  to  form  a trustworthy  ind 
cation  of  the  relative  prevalence  of  congestion  or  overcrowding  amor 
the  different  races.  The  figures  appearing  in  the  last  column  ( 
the  table  supply  further  information  upon  the  subject  of  congestioi 
These  figures  show  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  roor 

For  all  races  and  nativities  the  average  number  of  persons  to 
sleeping  room  is  2.54,  the  average  for  the  foreign-born,  2.59,  beii 
greater  than  that  for  the  native-born,  which  is  2.31.  Of  the  natiy 
born  the  whites  report  2.25  and  the  negroes  2.45  persons  to  a sleepir 
room.  Among  the  foreign-born  the  race  having  the  largest  numb( 
of  persons  per  sleeping  room  is  the  Mexican,  the  race  having  tl 
smallest  is  the  Croatian.  For  the  Mexicans  the  figure  is  3.27,  for  tl 
Croatians  it  is  2.15.  Congestion  in  all  the  rooms  is  most  gener; 
among  the  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Mexicans,  and  least  general  among  tl 
Welsh,  American  whites,  and  Croatians. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  83 


The  table,  which  shows  in  detail  the  average  number  of  persons 
r room,  as  well  as  the  number  of  households  having  each  specified 
jimber  of  persons  per  room,  follows: 


Table  431. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


aeral  nativity  and  race 
»f  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
room. 

Number  of  households  hav- 
ing each  specified  number 
of  persons  per  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  hav- 
ing each  specified  number 
of  persons  per  room. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

tive  - born  of  native 

ither: 

White 

53 

1.16 

38 

5 

1 

71. 7 

9. 4 

1. 9 

A A 

Negro 

27 

1.36 

21 

7 

1 

77^8 

25!  9 

3!? 

U.  U 
.0 

eign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

1.25 

15 

3 

71. 4 

14. 3 

.0 

. 0 

Irish 

39 

1.39 

33 

11 

1 

84.  6 

28.  2 

2. 6 

A 

Italian,  North 

96 

1.59 

91 

25 

4 

1 

9i.8 

26!  0 

4.2 

. u 

1.0 

Italian,  South 

35 

1.53 

30 

11 

2 

85.  7 

31. 4 

5,7 

. 0 

Lithuanian 

36 

1.47 

32 

10 

88.  9 

27. 8 

.0 

. 0 

Magyar 

15 

1.50 

13 

4 

(a) 

( at 

Mexican 

42 

1.63 

40 

14 

2 

\ j 

95. 2 

33. 3 

4. 8 

A 

Polish 

36 

1.70 

34 

16 

2 

94.  4 

44.  4 

5 0 

• U 

A 

Slovak 

49 

1.70 

43 

22 

5 

1 

87^8 

44!  9 

10!  2 

• U 
2.0 

Welsh 

27 

1.06 

16 

3 

59.3 

11.1 

0 

A 

• U 

Grand  total 

476 

1.45 

406 

131 

19 

2 

85.3 

27.5 

4.0 

.4 

al  native-born 

80 

1.22 

59 

12 

2 

73. 8 

15. 0 

2. 5 

A 

al  foreign-born 

396 

1.50 

347 

119 

17 

2 

87!  6 

3o!i 

A3 

• u 
.5 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


The  average  number  of  persons  per  room  has  already  been  dis- 
issed  in  connection  with  Table  430,  and  the  primary  purpose  of  this 
Ible  is  to  show  the  proportion  of  households  having  each  specified 
^ mber  of  persons  per  room.  Of  the  476  households  included  in  the 
Ible  above,  85.3  per  cent  have  one  or  more  persons  per  room,  27.5 
ir  cent  have  two  or  more  per  room,  4 per  cent  have  three  or  more 
[r  room,  and  two  households,  or  0.4  per  cent  of  the  total,  have  four 
more  per  room.  The  per  cent  of  households  with  two  or  more 
[rsons  per  room  is  30.1  for  foreign  households,  25.9  for  negro  house- 
fids,  and  9.4  for  native  white  households.  The  Slovaks  show  the 
I gest  proportion  of  households  with  that  number  of  persons  per 
[Dm,  the  per  cent  being  44.9;  the  Welsh,  with  11.1  per  cent,  show  the 
ivest  proportion  among  foreign  households. 


84  The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  crowded  living  conditions  become  more  apparent  when  tl 
effect  upon  sleeping  quarters  and  living  arrangements  is  considere 
In  the  following  table  figures  are  given  showing  the  number  of  hous 
holds  having  each  specified  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room: 

Table  432, — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  househoi 


(STUDY  or  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  sleep- 
ing room. 

Number  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  havl 
each  specified  number 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6( 

moi 

Native-born  of  na- 

tive father: 

White 

53 

2.25 

43 

23 

7 

2 

81.1 

43.4 

13.2 

3.8 

( 

Negro 

27 

2.45 

22 

9 

1 

81.5 

33.3, 

3.7 

.0 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

2.15 

17 

3 

1 

81.0 

14.3 

4.8 

.0 

Irish 

39 

2. 48 

32 

13 

6 

2 

1 

82.1 

33.3 

15.4 

5.1 

Italian,  North... 

96 

2.  .52 

80 

36 

14 

5 

1 

83.3 

37.5 

14.6 

5.2 

|i 

Italian,  South. . . 

35 

2. 42 

24 

15 

5 

2 

1 

68.6 

42.9 

14.3 

5.7 

I.ithnanian 

36 

2.53 

29 

14 

6 

4 

80.6 

38.9 

16.7 

11.1 

Mae^var 

15 

2.67 

13 

6 

3 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(<*) 

(0) 

(0 

SSri....:::: 

42 

3.27 

41 

25 

17 

10 

4 

97.6 

5^5 

40.5 

23.8 

$ 

Polish 

36 

2.66 

30 

16 

11 

6 

2 

83.3 

44.4 

30.6 

16.7 

' 

Slovak 

49 

2.87 

40 

28 

16 

6 

2 

81.6 

57,1 

32.7 

12.2 

i 

Welsh 

27 

2.33 

19 

11 

5 

1 

1 

70.4 

40.7 

18.5 

3.7 

i 

Grand  total . . . 

476 

2.54 

390 

199 

92 

39 

12 

81  9 

41.8 

19.3 

8.2 

5 

Total  native-born... 

80 

2.31 

65 

32 

8 

2 

81.3 

40.0 

10.0 

2.5 

Total  foreign-born.. 

396 

2.59 

325 

167 

84 

37 

12 

82.1 

42.2 

21.2 

9.3 

• Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  Involved. 


Of  the  total  number  of  households,  390,  or  81.9  per  cent,  repo] 
two  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room;  199,  or  41.8  per  cent,  tnr( 
or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room;  92,  or  19.3  per  cent,  four  ( 
more  persons  per  sleeping  room;  39,  or  8.2  per  cent,  five  or  moi 
persons  to  the  sleeping  room;  and  12,  or  2.5  per  cent,  six  or  moi 
persons  to  the  sleeping  room.  In  only  86  households,  or  18.1  p( 
cent  of  the  total,  is  the  average  number  of  persons  to  the  sleepin 
room  less  than  two.  The  figures  include  all  the  members  of  eac 
household ; children  as  well  as  adults,  lodgers  as  well  as  members  ( 
the  families. 

Overcrowding  is  more  general  among  the  foreign-born  individual 
than  among  the  native-born,  either  whites  or  negroes.  The  perceni 
ages  of  households  reporting  two  or  more  persons  to  a sleeping  rooi 
is,  for  the  foreign-bom  considered  as  a whole,  82.1  per  cent  and  fo 
the  native-born  considered  as  a whole  81.3  percent.  The  percentag 
reporting  three  or  more  persons  to  a room  is  42.2  per  cent  for  th 
total  foreign-born,  and  40  per  cent  for  the  native-born;  the  percent 
age  reporting  four  persons  to  a room  is  21.2  per  cent  for  the  foreigr 
born  and  10  per  cent  for  the  native-born;  the  percentage  reportin 
five  or  more  persons  to  the  room  is  9.3  per  cent  for  the  foreign-bor; 
and  2.5  per  cent  for  the  native-born;  3 per  cent  of  the  foreign-bor 
households  and  none  of  the  native-born  report  six  or  more  person 
to  the  sleeping  room. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


85 


Among  the  native  households  reporting  two  or  more  persons  to 
le  room,  the  negroes  show  81.5  per  cent,  and  the  whites  81.1  per 
‘nt.  The  percentage  of  households  reporting  three  or  more  persons 
> the  sleeping  room  is  higher  for  the  whites  than  for  the  negroes, 
he  same  is  true  of  the  households  reporting  four  or  more  persons 
) the  room.  Three  and  eight-tenths  per  cent  of  the  white  house- 
Dlds  and  none  of  the  negro  households  report  five  or  more  persons 
) the  sleeping  room. 

The  proportion  of  foreign-born  individuals  reporting  two  or  more 
arsons  per  sleeping  room  is,  in  most  cases,  slightly  over  80  per  cent, 
f the  Mexicans,  however,  97.6  per  cent,  report  two  or  more  persons 
) the  sleeping  room.  In  the  percentage  or  households  having  three 
[•  more  persons  to  the  sleeping  room,  the  Mexicans  again  lead  the 
ther  foreign  races,  and  Slovaks,  Poles,  South  Italians,  Welsh, 
ithuanians.  North  Italians,  Irish,  and  Croatians  follow  in  the 
rder  mentioned.  The  percentage  reported  by  the  Mexicans  is 
9.5,  that  reported  by  the  Croatians,  14.3;  40.5  per  cent  of  the  Mexi- 
m,  and  4.8  per  cent  of  the  Croatian  households  report  four  or  more 
ersons  per  sleeping  room;  23.8  per  cent  of  the  Mexican,  and  3.7  per 
3nt  of  tne  Welsh  households  report  five  or  more  persons  per  sleeping 
)om;  9.5  per  cent  of  the  Mexican,  and  1 per  cent  of  the  North 
talian  households  report  six  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room.  No 
roatian  households  report  five  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room, 
ad  no  Lithuanian  households  six  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room. 
The  figures  and  percentages  may  be  taken,  to  indicate. that  over- 
rowding  is  most  general  among  the  Mexicans,  Slovaks,  and  Poles, 
onditions  seem  to  be  far  worse  in  the  Mexican  households  than  in 
lose  of  any  other  race.  The  figures  indicate  further  that  there  are 
3wer  persons  per  sleeping  room  in  the  households  of  the  Croatians, 
aan  in  the  households  of  the  American  whites.  Overcrowding  is 
pparently  less  general  with  the  American  negroes  than  with  the 
lajority  of  the  foreign  races. 


86 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  addition  to  the  foregoing  it  is  important  to  note  what  effe* 
these  tendencies,  considered  both  separately  and  in  their  relation  \ 
one  another,  may  have  upon  the  number  of  rooms  not  used  for  sleej 
ing,  but  reserved  for  use  as  kitchens,  dining  rooms,  or  living  room 
Data  upon  this  subject  are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Table  433. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  ea. 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  house- 
hold. 

Average 
number 
of  sleep- 
ling  rooms 
per  house- 
hold. 

Number  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

Per  cent  of  household 
sleeping  in— 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

one 

room. 

All 

except 

two 

rooms. 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

one 

room. 

All 

excel 

two 

room 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

63 

3.85 

1.98 

21 

21 

0.0 

39.6 

39 

N pgro 

27 

3.26 

1.81 

18 

6 

.0 

66.7 

22 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

21 

3. 19 

1.86 

15 

5 

.0 

71.4 

23 

Irish  

39 

4.18 

2. 33 

17 

13 

.0 

43.6 

35 

Italian,  North 

96 

3.09 

1.96 

1 

82 

12 

1.0 

85.4 

12 

Italian,  South 

35 

3.11 

1.97 

31 

3 

.0 

88.6 

8 

T.ithnanian  . 

36 

3.50 

2.03 

20 

15 

.0 

55.6 

41 

Magv’ar 

15 

3.20 

1.80 

10 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Mexican 

42 

2. 86 

1.43 

1 

22 

19 

2.4 

52.4 

45 

Polish 

36 

2. 78 

1.78 

2 

33 

5.6 

91.7 

Slovak 

49 

3.00 

1.78 

1 

38 

8 

2.0 

77.6 

16 

Welsh 

27 

4.41 

2.00 

6 

7 

.0 

22.2 

25 

Grand  total 

476 

3. 34 

1.90 

5 

313 

113 

1 1-1 

1 65.8 

23 

fotal  native-born 

80 

3. 65 

1.93 

39 

27 

.0 

48.7 

33' 

Total  foreign-born 

396 

3. 27 

1.90 

5 

274 

86 

1.3 

69.2 

21 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  Involved. 


The  average  number  of  rooms  for  all  households  is  3.34.  For  th 
foreign  households  the  figure  is  3.27;  for  the  native-born  it  is  3.6f 
Of  the  native-born,  the  American  whites  report  an  average  of  3.8 
rooms  to  a household,  and  the  American  negroes  an  average  of  3.2( 
The  race  that  shows  the  largest  average  number  of  rooms  per  house 
hold  is  the  Welsh;  the  one  having  the  smallest  average  number  is  th 
Polish.  For  the  Welsh  the  figure  is  4.41 ; for  the  Polish  it  is  2.78. 

The  American  whites  report  a larger  average  number  of  rooms  tha; 
any  foreign  race  except  tne  Welsh  and  the  Irish,  and  the  America 
negroes  a larger  average  number  than  any  foreign  race  except  th 
Welsh,  Irish,  and  Lithuanians.  In  the  order  of  the  average  numbe 
of  rooms  per  household,  the  races  rank  as  follows:  Welsh,  Irish 
American  white,  Lithuanian,  American  negro,  Magyar,  Croatian 
South  Italian,  North  Italian,  Slovak,  Mexican,  and  Polish. 

What  proportion  of  the  rooms  of  the  apartments  are  used  a 
sleeping  rooms  may  be  seen  upon  a comparison  of  the  figures  jus 
referred  to  with  those  given  in  the  third  column  of  the  table.  Th 
average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  for  all  the  households  is  1.9C 
There  is  little  difference  between  the  average  for  the  foreign-bon 
considered  as  a whole,  and  that  for  the  native-born,  the  figure  bein; 
1.90  for  the  former  and  1.93  for  the  latter.  Of  the  native-born  th 
whites  report  an  average  of  1.98  sleeping  rooms  to  a household  an( 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


87 


„ e negroes  an  average  of  1.81.  The  race  having  the  largest  average 
, imber  of  sleeping  rooms  per  household  is  the  Irish;  that  having  the 
=iallest  average  number,  the  Mexican.  In  the  order  of  the  average 
fimber  of  sleeping  rooms  per  household  the  races  rank  as  follows: 
fish,  Lithuanian,  Welsh,  American  white,  South  Italian,  Croatians, 
inerican  negro,  Magyar,  Slovak  and  Polish,  and  Mexican. 

The  relation  between  the  number  of  rooms  per  apartment  and  the 
imber  of  sleeping  rooms  per  apartment  may  best  be  seen  from  the 
umbers  and  percentages  given  in  the  table  showing  in  what  proportion 
the  households  of  different  races  all  the  rooms  are  used  as  sleeping 
oms,  in  what  proportion  all  the  rooms  but  one  are  used  as  sleeping 
ioms,  and  in  what  proportion  all  the  rooms  but  two  are  used  as 
ueping  rooms.  From  the  number  of  rooms  not  slept  in,  it  will  be 
'sy  to  determine  wdiat  opportunity  each  family  has  for  a separate 
idng  room,  whether  or  not  the  cooking  must  be  done  in  the  living 
iom,  and  whether,  as  happens  in  some  cases,  the  room  in  which  the 
jioking  is  done  must  be  used  also  as  a bedroom.  A comparison 
j the  different  races  in  this  respect  is  not  only  of  interest,  but  will 
30  serve,  it  is  believed,  as  a reliable  indication  of  their  relative 
mndards  of  living.  In  1.1  per  cent  of  the  households  all  the  rooms 
the  apartment  were  occupied  as  sleeping  rooms.  In  none  of  the 
lartments  occupied  by  the  native-born  were  all  the  rooms  used  as 
i jeping  rooms.  Stating  the  results,  by  races,  in  numbers,  it  appears 
[at  in  one  North  Italian,  one  Mexican,  one  Slovak,  and  two  Polish 
Jiuseholds  the  kitchen  is  used  as  a living  room  and  also  as  a sleeping 
iom. 


Wll  of  the  rooms  but  one  are  used  as  sleeping  rooms  in  65.8  per 
mt  of  all  the  households.  The  proportion  of  the  foreign-born  house- 
ulds  in  which  this  occurs  is  69.2  per  cent;  that  of  the  native-born, 
.7  per  cent.  For  the  American  whites  the  figure  is  39.6  per  cent; 
r the  American  negroes  it  is  66.7  per  cent.  The  foreign  race 
.porting  the  largest  proportion  of  households  in  which  all  the  rooms 
iit  one  are  used  as  sleeping  rooms  is  the  Polish;  that  reporting 
le  smallest  proportion  is  the  Welsh.  The  percentage  of  households 
. which  all  the  rooms  but  one  are  slept  in  is  smaller  for  the  Ameri- 
yU  whites  than  for  any  of  the  foreign  races  except  the  Welsh, 
a descending  order  of  percentages  the  races  rank  in  this  respect  as 
Hows:  Polish,  South  Italian,  North  Italian,  Slovak,  Croatian, 
inerican  negro,  Lithuanian,  Mexican,  Irish.  American  white,  and 
’elsh. 


The  percentages  in  the  next  column  of  the  table  show  the  propor- 
households  in  which  all  the  rooms  but  two  are  used  as  sleeping 


m of 


oms.  For  all  the  households  the  percentage  is  23.7,  for  the  native- 
>rn  it  is  33.8,  and  fonthe  foreign  born  it  is  21.7.  The  figure  for  the 
merican  whites  is  39.6  per  cent;  that  for  the  American  negroes, 
1.2  per  cent.  In  descending  order  of  percentages  the  races  in  this  class 
nk  as  follows:  Mexican,  Lithuanian,  American  white,  Irish,  Welsh, 
<i'oatian,  American  negro,  Slovak,  North  Italian,  and  South  Italian. 
Where  two  of  the  rooms  of  an  apartment  are  not  used  as  sleeping 
.oms  it  would  seem  possible  to  have  not  only  a separate  kitchen, 
(jit  a separate  living  room.  Such  a situation  may  be  taken  to  sig- 
^fy  a comparatively  advanced  standard  of  living,  and  probably  does 
certain  cases.  In  other  cases,  however,  such  an  assumption 


certi 


88  The  Immigration  Commission. 


must  not  be  made  too  hurriedly.  For  example,  the  percentages  sho 
a larger  proportion  of  households  having  two  rooms  not  used  as  sleej 
ing  rooms  in  the  case  of  the  Mexicans  than  in  the  case  of  any  oth( 
race,  and  this  showing  is  due  to  the  practice,  general  on  the  part  ( 
this  race,  of  hiring  an  apartment  of  three  or  four  rooms,  and  livin} 
cooking,  and  sleeping  entirely  in  one  room,  the  other  rooms  being  use 
for  the  storage  of  fuel  and  like  purposes.  Thus  the  standard  ( 
living  is  lower,  not  higher,  among  the  Mexicans  than  among  the  oth( 
races. 

The  three  races  having  a large  percentage  of  households  in  whic 
the  number  of  rooms  not  used  as  sleeping  rooms  is  greater  than  tv 
are  the  Welsh,  the  American  white,  and  the  Irish.  The  figure  for  tl 
Welsh  is  about  52  per  cent,  that  for  the  American  white  and  the  Iris 
about  20  per  cent.  Of  the  negro  households  11.1  per  cent  repoi 
more  than  two  rooms  not  used  as  sleeping  rooms.  The  percentage 
for  the  other  races  are  very  small. 


Chapter  VI. 

SALIENT  CHARACTERISTICS. 


jiteracy— Conjugal  condition — Visits  abroad — Criminality  of  recent  immigrants— 
Diseases  of  recent  immigrants — Age  classification  of  employees  and  members  of 
their  households— [Text  Tables  434  to  444  and  General  Tables  181  to  190]. 


LITERACY. 


One  of  the  points  of  greatest  interest  and  importance  in  connection 
dth  the  immigrant  labor  supply  is  found  in  the  inquiry  as  to  their 
literacy.  From  a purely  industrial  standpoint  the  literacy  of  the 
‘mniigrant  mine  worker  has  no  significance  beyond  the  bearing  of  his 
bility  to  read  and  write  upon  industrial  progress  and  efficiency, 
"he  following  table  shows  the  literacy  of  6,785  employees  in  the 
lines  of  the  Southwest,  of  whom  2,745  are  native-born,  753  native- 
lorn  of  foreign  father,  and  4,040  are  foreign-born. 


'able  434. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by 
general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

'his  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 


Per  cent  who— 


General  nativity  and  race. 


reporting 

complete 

data. 


Read  and 
write. 


ative-bom  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

England 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Scotland 

oreign-born,  by  race: 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


1,616 

374 

174 

100 

135 

53 

138 

248 
205 
179 
94 
1, 149 
412 
120 
49 
105 
208 
105 
141 
129 
185 


97.5 

90.1 

99.4 
100.0 
100.0 

96.2 
100.0 

99.6 

94.1 

98.9 

97.9 

90.9 

81.6 

93.3 
81.6 

80.9 

85.6 

77.1 
100.0 

91.5 

95.7 


96.8 

88.8 

99.4 

99.0 
100,0 

96.2 

100.0 

98.8 

94.1 

97.8 

95.7 

89.7 

78.2 
90.0 
81.6 

74.3 

80.3 

72.4 
100.0 

90.7 
94.6 


Grand  total. 


6,785 


93.6 


92.3 


)tal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

)tal  native-born 

)tal  foreign-born 


753 
2, 745 
4, 040 


98.4 
96.8 

91.4 


98.1 

96.1 
89.7 


Upon  examining  the  relative  showing  of  the  nativity  groups  in 
le  table  above,  it  is  seen  that  a slightly  higher  degree  of  literacy 
^ists  among  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  that  6.4  per  cent 

48296®— VOL  7—11 1 


89 


90 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


more  of  the  foreign-born  than  of  the  native-born  are  illiterat. 
About  nine-tenths  of  the  foreign-born  can  read  and  write. 

Among  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  all  those  whose  fathe. 
were  born  in  Ireland  or  Scotland  can  both  read  and  write.  Pra 
tic  ally  all  males  whose  fathers  were  born  in  England  or  Germany,  als 
are  able  to  read  and  write.  Of  the  second  generation  whose  fathei 
were  born  in  Italy,  3.8  per  cent  are  illiterate. 

As  regards  the  different  races  of  foreign  birth,  it  is  notewortl 
that  there  is  no  illiteracy  among  the  Scotch,  and  only  from  1 to  4 p- 
cent  of  the  English,  Irish,  and  Germans  are  illiterate.  Among  tl 
races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  the  best  showing  is  made  I 
the  Slovenians,  all  except  4.3  per  cent  of  this  race  being  able  to  rea 
and  all  except  5.4  per  cent  being  able  to  both  read  and  write.  Tl 
Lithuanians  are  next  in  order,  showing  only  6.7  per  cent  who  can  n. 
read  and  10  per  cent  who  can  neither  read  nor  write.  About  nin 
tenths  of  the  Slovaks  and  North  Italians  can  both  read  and  writ 
More  than  one-fifth  of  the  South  Italians,  however,  can  neither  rer 
nor  write,  and  nearly  one-fifth  of  this  race  can  not  read.  The  Pol 
show  14.4  per  cent  not  able  to  read  and  19.7  per  cent  not  able  i 
read  or  write.  Of  all  races  of  foreign  birth  the  Kussians  exhib 
the  greatest  proportion  of  illiteracy.  Twenty-two  and  nine-tentl 
per  cent  of  this  race  can  not  read,  and  27.6  per  cent  can  neither  re£ 
nor  write. 

The  extent  to  which  literacy  prevails  among  the  members  of  tl 
households  whose  heads  were  engaged  in  bituminous  coal  mining 
shown  by  the  following  table.  The  classification  is  by  sex  ar 
general  nativity  and  race. 

Table  435. — Per  cent  of  'persons  10  'years  of  age  or  over  'who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  a; 
write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(This  table  Includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race? 


General  nativity  and  race  of  Indi- 
vidual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who  read. 

Per  cent  who  reat 
and  V rite. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Toh 

Native-V)orn  of  native  father: 

White 

92 

82 

174 

97.8 

95.1 

96.6 

97.8 

93.9 

9( 

Negro 

41 

40 

81 

87.8 

90.0 

88.9 

87.8 

87.5 

81 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father; 

Irish 

50 

44 

94 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

KX 

Slovak 

17 

26 

43 

94.1 

100.0 

97.7 

94.1 

100.0 

91 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

24 

27 

51 

87.5 

77.8 

82.4 

87.5 

77.8 

8^ 

Irish 

47 

26 

73 

95.7 

100.0 

97.3 

91.5 

100.0 

94 

Italian,  North 

180 

100 

280 

86.7 

77.0 

83.2 

85.0 

74.0 

81 

Italian,  South 

59 

39 

98 

71.2 

51.3 

63.3 

67.8 

51.3 

61 

Lithuanian ^ 

77 

38 

115 

75.3 

65.8 

72.2 

72.7 

47.4 

64 

Mexican 

04 

38 

102 

67. 2 

23.7 

51.0 

65.6 

23.7 

5C 

Polish 

55 

38 

93 

80.0 

60.5 

72.0 

74.5 

50.0 

64 

Slovak 

59 

48 

107 

79.7 

58.3 

70.1 

74.6 

54.2 

Welsh 

.34 

30 

64 

97.1 

83.3 

90.6 

94.1 

80.0 

87, 

Grand  total 

861 

669 

1,.530 

85.7 

78.6 

82.6 

83.7 

75.6 

8( 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

10^ 

244 

95.3 

96.4 

95.9 

95.3 

96.4 

9f 

Total  native-born 

239 

263 

502 

95.0 

95.1 

95.0 

95.0 

94.3 

94 

Total  foreign-born 

622 

406 

1,038 

82.2 

68.0 

76.6 

79.4 

63.5 

7S 

91 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


I Eighty-two  and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  all  the  individuals  covered 
ay  the  preceding  table  are  able  to  read;  80.2  per  cent  can  both  read 
md  write.  Among  the  males  the  proportion  who  are  able  to  read 
s 85.7  per  cent;  among  the  females  it  is  78.6  per  cent.  A similar 
mperiority  on  the  part  of  the  males  appears  in  the  percentages  show- 
ing ability  both  to  read  and  to  write. 

The  percentage  of  literacy  is  in  general  much  higher  for  the  native- 
3orn  than  for  the  foreign-born.  A further  distinction  between  the 
native-born  and  the  foreign-born  is  that,  for  the  former,  the  per- 
centage of  males  who  are  able  to  read  only  is  lower  than  the  per- 
i'entage  of  females  who  can  read  only.  In  the  case  of  the  native- 
3orn  of  foreign  father,  it  is  also  evident  that  a higher  percentage  of 
‘emales  than  of  males  can  both  read  and  write. 

Of  the  foreign  races  for  which  the  percentages  have  been  computed, 
he  Irish,  Welsh,  North  Italians,  and  Croatians,  in  the  order  mem 
ioned,  have  the  largest  proportions  of  persons  who  can  read,  and  the 
Mexicans  and  South  Italians,  the  smallest.  With  most  of  the  races 
^'he  percentage  of  literacy  is  higher  for  the  males  than  for  the  females, 
out  in  the  case  of  the  Irish  the  reverse  is  true. 

To  show  according  to  length  of  residence  the  per  cent  of  foreign- 
)orn  persons  who  can  read  and  write  in  the  United  States,  the 
ollowing  table  is  entered: 

!'able  436. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by  years 
in  United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  and  write, 
by  years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

roatian 

51 

79.0 

85.7 

81.8 

79.0 

85.7 

81.8 

"ish 

73 

100.0 

100.0 

96.7 

100.0 

100.0 

93.4 

calian.  North 

280 

86.0 

82.6 

78.0 

86.0 

78.0 

76.0 

Lallan,  South 

98 

66.7 

51.4 

83.3 

62.7 

51.4 

83.3 

Lithuanian 

115 

79.3 

71.4 

67.6 

72.4 

61.2 

62.2 

iexican 

102 

44.4 

59.1 

49.3 

44.4 

59.1 

47.9 

olish 

93 

63.4 

72.0 

85.2 

53.7 

64.0 

81.5 

lovak 

107 

91.7 

63.6 

64.0 

79.2 

63.6 

60.0 

t^elsh 

64 

100.0 

100.0 

88.0 

100.0 

100.0 

84.0 

Total 

1,028 

80.  C 

73.8 

75.8 

76.7 

69.9 

72.8 

Out  of  a total  of  1,028  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  have 
>een  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years,  80  per  cent  can  read 
nd  76.7  per  cent  can  read  and  write;  of  those  who  have  been  in  the 
Jnited  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  73.8  per  cent  can  read  and 
9.9  per  cent  can  read  and  write;  and  of  those  who  have  been  in  the 
Jnited  States  for  ten  years  or  more,  75.8  per  cent  can  read  and  72.8 
•er  cent  can  read  and  write. 

^ Of  the  races  reporting  in  numbers  sufficiently  large  for  computa- 
ion,  ability  to  read  is  more  general  among  the  foreign- born  Irish  than 
|ny  other  race.  All  of  the  Irish  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
inder  five  years  can  both  read  and  write;  all  of  those  who  have  been 
a the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years  can  read  and  write ; and 


92 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  'ten  or  more  years,  96 
per  cent  can  read  and  93.4  per  cent  can  read  and  write. 

A total  of  280  North  Italians  furnish  information,  and  of  this  nun 
ber  86  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  undi 
five  3^ears  can  read  and  write ; of  those  who  have  been  in  the  Unite 
States  from  five  to  nine  years,  82.6  per  cent  can  read,  while  78  pi 
cent  can  read  and  write ; and  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  Unite 
States  ten  or  more  years,  78  per  cent  can  read  and  76  per  cent  ca 
read  and  write. 

Due  largely  to  geographical  location,  a large  number  of  Mexicans  ai 
employed  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  in  the  Southwes 
Of  the  102  reporting,  44.4  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  tl 
United  States  under  five  years  can  read  and  write;  of  those  wh 
have  been  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years,  59.1  per  cer 
can  read  and  write;  and  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  State 
ten  or  more  years,  49.3  per  cent  can  read  and  47.9  per  cent  can  rea 
and  write. 

Of  the  Lithuanians,  79.3  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  tl 
United  States  under  five  years  can  read,  while  72.4  per  cent  can  rea 
and  write;  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  from  five  t 
nine  years,  71.4  per  cent  can  read  and  61.2  per  cent  can  read  an 
write ; and  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  ten  yeai 
or  more,  67.6  per  cent  can  read  and  62.2  per  cent  can  read  and  writi 

The  table  next  presented  shows  literacy  at  present  among  tl 
foreign-born  members  of  households  in  connection  with  the  age  ( 
the  individuals  at  the  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States. 

Table  437. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  ce'. 
who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreig 

born.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by 
age  at  time  of  coming 
to  United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  ai 
write,  by  age  at  tir 
of  coming  to  Unit 
States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Under  14. 

14  or  ove 

Croatian 

51 

100.0 

78.0 

100.0 

n 

Irish 

73 

100.0 

96.4 

94.4 

94 

Italian,  North 

280 

92.0 

82.4 

88.0 

8C 

Italian,  South 

98 

66.7 

62.7 

60.0 

61 

Lithuanian 

115 

80.0 

71.0 

80.0 

62 

Mexican 

102 

48.0 

51.9 

44.0 

51 

Polish 

93 

73.3 

71.8 

73.3 

62 

Slovak 

107 

75.0 

69.2 

75.0 

63 

Welsh 

64 

100.0 

83.8 

100.0 

78 

Total 

1,028 

82.0 

75.5 

79.7 

71 

The  individuals  in  the  above  table  have  been  divided  into  tw 
groups.  The  first  group  includes  all  persons  who  came  to  tl 
United  States  when  under  14  years  of  age,  and  the  second  all  wh 
came  when  14  or  over.  The  percentages  of  those  able  to  read  onh 
and  of  those  able  both  to  read  and  to  write  are  given  for  the  tv 
groups. 

It  is  seen  that  of  the  total  number  of  individuals  who  came  to  th 
country  under  14  years  of  age,  82  per  cent  can  read.  Of  those  wh 
came  here  when  14  or  over,  the  percentage  is  75.5. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


93 


The  races  having  large  proportions  of  persons  now  able  to  read  who 
;ame  here  under  14  years  of  age  are  the  Croatian,  Irish,  Welsh,  and 
\^orth  Italian;  those  having  small  proportions  are  the  Mexican  and 
50uth  Italian.  Of  those  able  to  read  who  came  to  the  United  States 
vhen  14  or  over  the  races  having  large  percentages  are  the  Irish, 
i^elsh,  and  North  Italian;  those  having  the  small  percentages  are 
he  Mexican,  South  Italian,  and  Slovak. 

The  proportion  of  individuals  able  both  to  read  and  to  write  is 
^9.7  per  cent  for  those  who  came  to  this  country  when  under  14  years 
)f  age,  and  71.8  per  cent  for  those  who  came  when  14  or  over.  Among 
r=he  former  the  high  percentages  are  for  the  Croatians,  Welsh,  Irish, 
ind  North  Italians,  and  the  low  percentages  are  for  the  Mexicans 
ind  South  Italians.  The  races  having  large  proportions  of  persons 
vho  can  both  read  and  write  among  those  who  came  here  when  14 
rears  of  age  or  over  are  the  Irish,  North  Italian,  and  Welsh  in  the 
>rder  mentioned;  and  those  having  the  small  proportions  are  the 
lexican.  South  Italian,  Lithuanian,  and  Polish. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 

The  conjugal  condition  of  the  mining  employees  is  of  importance 
a its  bearing  upon  the  general  character  of  the  immigrant  labor 
upply.  The  following  table  shows  the  proportion  of  married  and 
inmarried  men  among  the  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  the 
)ituminous  coal  mines  of  the  Southwest.  The  employees  are  classi- 
ied  according  to  race  and  general  nativity. 

'able  438. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition^ 
by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  are— 

vjcllcrdfl  ilaHVliy  aliU.  rdiUt?* 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

fative-horn  of  native  father: 

White 

1,420 

22.6 

73.  5 

3.9 
8. 6 

Negro 

360 

22.5 

68.9 

lative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 

England 

124 

28.2 

67.7 

57.8 

64.8 
62.0 

81.3 

4.0 
1.2 
1.6 

1.0 

4.5 

3.0 

3.0 

7.4 

1.9 
1.3 
0.9 
0.0 

2. 9 

Germany 

83 

41.0 

Ireland 

128 

33.6 

Scotland 

100 

246 

37.0 

14.2 

oreign-born,  by  race: 

English 

French 

198 

27.3 

69.  7 

German 

165 

23.0 

73.9 

Irish 

95 

24.2 

68.4 

Italian,  North 

1,063 

387 

44.2 

53.9 

Italian,  South 

46.5 

52.2 

Lithuanian 

116 

46.6 

52.6 

Magyar 

46 

39.1 

60.9 

Mexican 

102 

44. 1 

52.9 

68.8 

62.2 

76.6 

66.7 
61.5 

Polish 

202 

28.7 

36.7 
19.9 

2!  5 
1.0 
3.5 
0.0 
1.7 

Russian 

98 

Scotch 

141 

Slovak 

117 

33.3 

36.8 

Slovenian 

174 

Grand  total 

6,123 

32.1 

64.8 

3.1 

otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

2,320 

3,803 

37.2 

25.9 

35.9 

61.0 

1.9 

4.2 

2.4 

• ctal  native-born 

lotal  foreign-born 

6L7 

94 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  total  number  of  6,123  furnishing  information  for  the  precedin, 
table,  64.8  per  cent  are  married,  32.1  per  cent  are  single,  and  3.1  pe 
cent  are  widowed.  The  proportion  of  married  men  is  higher  amon< 
the  native-born,  considered  as  a whole,  than  among  the  foreign-born 
but  lower  among  the  native-born  of  foreign  father  than  among  eithe 
the  native-born  of  native  father  or  the  foreign-born.  Between  th 
native-born  of  foreign  father  and  the  foreign-born  the  variation  i 
very  slight.  The  proportion  of  widowed  men  is  higher  for  the  native 
born  than  for  the  foreign-born.  It  is  highest  for  the  America] 
negroes. 

The  foreign  races  having  large  proportions  of  married  men  are  th 
English,  Scotch,  German,  French,  and  Polish,  in  the  order  mentioned 
Of  these,  the  English,  Scotch,  and  German  have  a larger  proportio] 
of  married  men  than  have  the  native  whites  of  native  father.  Th 
races  having  large  proportions  of  single  men  are  the  Lithuanian,  Sout] 
Italian,  North  Italian,  and  Mexican.  The  Irish  have  a much  large 
proportion  of  widowed  than  any  other  foreign  race. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of  married  men  is  in  genera 
highest  among  the  races  of  past  immigration,  so  far  as  these  are  rep 
resented  in  the  locality,  and  lowest  among  the  races  of  recent  immi 
gration. 

The  table  next  presented  exhibits  the  per  cent  of  individual  em 
ployees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativit. 
and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


95 


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o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


96 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  the  native-born  between  20  and  29  years  of  age,  the  white 
report  56.5  per  cent  married  and  2.3  per  cent  widowed,  as  compare 
with  53.2  per  cent  and  3.8  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  negroer 
The  native-born  whose  fathers  were  born  in  England  show  a large 
proportion  married  than  do  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Scoi 
land  or  Ireland;  also  a slightly  larger  per  cent  than  the  negroei 
Among  the  foreign-born  between  20  and  29  years  of  age,  the  Englis 
report  70.6  per  cent  married  and  2 per  cent  widowed,  as  compare 
with  61.5  per  cent  of  Scotch  who  are  married  and  none  who  ar 
widowed.  The  next  largest  per  cent  of  married  males  is  shown  by  th 
Mexicans,  reporting  43.8  per  cent.  Aside  from  the  Lithuanian 
reporting  23.4  per  cent  married,  very  little  difference  exists  betwee 
the  proportions  shown  for  other  races. 

The  largest  per  cent  married  between  30  and  44  years  of  age  i 
showm  by  the  native-born  males  whose  fathers  were  boVn  in  Scotland 
who  report  90.6  per  cent.  They  are  followed  by  the  whites  native 
born  of  native  father,  the  French,  and  the  second  generation  of  TrisI 
Comparing  the  Poles,  Slovenians,  Germans,  Slovaks,  and  secon» 
generation  of  English  little  difference  in  the  per  cent  of  married  male 
exists.  The  native-born  males  whose  fathers  were  born  in  England 
however,  report  the  largest  per  cent  widowed,  or  4.3  per  cent,  a 
compared  with  3.2  per  cent  Germans  and  2.8  per  cent  Poles.  Th 
Slovaks  and  Slovenians  report  none  widowed.  The  negroes  sho\ 
the  largest  per  cent  widowed — 8.4,  as  compared  with  5.8  per  cen 
Scotch,  who  report  the  next  highest.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  th 
North  Italians  between  30  and  44  years  of  age  are  married,  and  3.: 
per  cent  are  widowed.  The  North  Italians  are  followed  by  th 
Lithuanians,  South  Italians,  and  Mexicans,  the  last-named  showing 
a smaller  per  cent  of  married  persons  between  30  and  44  years  o 
age  than  any  other  race. 

Of  the  employees  over  45  years  of  age,  82.8  per  cent  of  the  entin 
number  reporting  are  married,  and  6.8  per  cent  widowed.  Practically 
no  difference  exists  between  the  native  and  foreign-born  as  to  the  pei 
cent  of  married  persons,  but  the  native-born  report  a larger  per  cent 
of  widowed  persons  than  do  the  foreign-born.  The  Mexicans  report 
only  59.3  per  cent  married  among  the  employees  over  45  years  of  ag( 
and  7.4  per  cent  widowed,  as  compared  with  the  next  lowest,  th( 
negroes,  who  report  74.6  per  cent  married  and  12.3  per  cent  widowed 
The  Poles  over  45  years  of  age  report  90.6  per  cent  married,  tht 
highest  per  cent  reported  by  any  race.  Germans,  Scotch,  English 
South  Italians,  and  native-born  males  whose  fathers  were  born  ir 
Scotland  show  very  slight  differences  among  those  beyond  45  years 
of  age  in  the  percentage  of  married  persons. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  only  the  males  whose  fathers  were  bore 
in  England  and  of  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Scotland  over 
45  years  of  age  report  all  of  their  number  either  married  or  widowed, 
and  only  one  race,  the  Slovak,  reports  none  widowed. 

In  addition  to  the  individual  study,  data  were  also  collected  as  to 
the  conjugal  condition  of  the  members  of  the  immigrant  households 
studied.  This  information  is  presented  in  the  taole  on  the  page 
opposite  by  sex,  age  groups,  and  general  nativity  and  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest, 


97 


ABLE  440. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

hls  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.J 

MALE. 


jeneral  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

20  to  29  years  of 
age. 

30  to  44  years  of 
age. 

45  years  of  age  or 
over. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are — 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Single. 

Married. 

1 Widowed. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

ative-bom  of  native 

father.  White 

21 

47.6 

52.4 

0.0 

31 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

13 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

)reign-bom; 

Italian,  North 

81 

55.6 

44.4 

.0 

69 

11.6 

85.5 

2.9 

21 

14.3 

71.4 

14.3 

Lithuanian 

34 

67.6 

32.4 

.0 

30 

10.0 

90.0 

.0 

5 

(«) 

(“) 

(«) 

Mexican 

18 

55  6 

44.4 

.0 

29 

20.7 

79.) 

.0 

11 

9.1 

81.8 

9.1 

Polish 

17 

41.2 

58.8 

.0 

28 

7.1 

92.9 

.0 

4 

(«) 

(“) 

(«) 

Slovak 

8 

(a) 

(«) 

(«) 

30 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

14 

.0 

92.9 

7.1 

Grand  total 

235 

53.6 

46.4 

.0 

309 

9.7 

89.3 

1.0 

129 

5.4 

87.6 

7.0 

)tal  native-born  of 

fathpr 

16 

93.8 

6.3 

.0 

)tal  native-born 

42 

61.9 

38.1 

.0 

51 

2.0 

96.1 

2.0 

17 

5.9 

94.1 

.0 

)tal  foreign-born 

193 

51.8 

48.2 

.0 

258 

11.2 

88.0 

.8 

112 

5.4 

86.6 

8.0 

20  years  of  age  or 
over. 


Number  reporting 

complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Single. 

Married. 

1 Widowed. 

65 

15.4 

84.6 

0.0 

171 

32.7 

64.3 

2.9 

69 

39.1 

60.9 

.0 

58 

29.3 

69.0 

1.7 

49 

18.4 

81.  G 

.0 

52 

3.8 

94.2 

1.9 

673 

24.2 

74.0 

1.8 

16 

93.8 

6.3 

.0 

110 

25.4 

73.6 

.9 

563 

24.0 

74.1 

2.0 

FEMALE. 


ative-born  of  native 

father.  White 

22 

9.1 

81.8 

9.1 

24 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

8 

(«) 

(«) 

(«) 

54 

3.7 

92.6 

3.7 

)relgn-bom; 

Italian,  North 

50 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

30 

.0 

93.3 

6.7 

8 

(*) 

(o) 

(«) 

88 

.0 

96.6 

3.4 

Lithuanian 

15 

6.7 

93.3 

.0 

13 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

32 

3.1 

93.8 

3.1 

Mexican 

7 

(“) 

(o) 

(«) 

16 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

8 

(a) 

(“) 

(“) 

31 

.0 

90.3 

9.7 

Polish 

17 

.0 

100  0 

.0 

15 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

2 

(a) 

(«) 

(«) 

34 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

Slovak 

12 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

23 

.0 

95.7 

4.3 

6 

(a) 

(«) 

(“) 

41 

.0 

97.6 

2.4 

Grand  total 

210 

6.7 

91.9 

1.4 

182 

.0 

97.3 

2.7 

74 

0.0 

86.5 

13.5 

466 

3.0 

93.1 

3.9 

)tal  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

26 

30.8 

69.2 

.0 

8 

(a) 

(“) 

(“) 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(») 

36 

22.2 

77.8 

.0 

)tal  native-born 

63 

15.9 

81.0 

3.2 

45 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

12 

.0 

83.3 

16.7 

120 

8.3 

88.3 

3.3 

)tal  foreign-bom 

147 

2.7 

9G.6 

.7 

137 

.0 

9G.4 

.3.6 

62 

.0 

87.1 

12.9 

346 

1.2 

94.8 

4.0 

TOTAL. 


ative-born  of  native 

father,  White 

43 

27.9 

67.4 

4.7 

55 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

21 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

119 

10.1 

88.2 

1.7 

)relgn-bora; 

Italian,  North 

131 

34.4 

65.6 

.0 

99 

8.1 

87.9 

4.0 

29 

10.3 

75.9 

13.8 

259 

21.6 

75.3 

3.1 

Lithuanian 

49 

49.0 

51.0 

.0 

43 

7.01 

; 93.0 

.0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

101 

27.7 

71.3 

1.0 

Mexican 

25 

40.0 

60.0 

.0 

45 

13. 3' 

86.7 

.0 

19 

5.3 

73.7 

21.1 

89 

19.1 

76.4 

4.5 

Polish 

34 

20.6 

79.4 

.0 

43 

4.7 

95.3 

.0 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

83 

10.8 

89.2 

.0 

Slovak 

20 

10.0 

90.0 

.0 

53 

.0 

98.1 

1.9 

20 

.0 

95.0 

5.0 

93 

2.2 

95.7 

2.2 

Grand  total 

445 

31.5 

67.9 

.7 

491 

6.1 

92.3 

1.6 

203 

3.4 

87.2 

9.4 

1,139 

15.5 

81.8 

2.6 

)tal  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

42 

54.8 

45.2 

.0 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

52 

44.2 

55.8 

.0 

)tal  native-born 

105 

34.3 

63.8 

1.9 

96 

1.0 

97.9 

1.0 

29 

3.4 

89.7 

6.9 

230 

16.5 

81.3 

2.2 

)tal  foreign-born 

340 

30.6 

69.1 

.3 

395 

7.3 

90.9 

1.8 

174 

3.4 

86.8 

9.8 

909 

15.3 

82.0 

2.8 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


98 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  among  the  native  whites  84.6  p 
cent  of  men  over  20  are  married  and  none  widowed.  Of  foreig] 
born  men  over  20,  74.1  per  cent  are  married  and  2 per  cent  a 
widowed.  The  Lithuanians  have  the  highest  proportion  of  sing 
men  appearing  in  the  table.  The  Lithuanians  are  the  only  foreig 
race  reporting  any  single  women.  The  Polish  women  are  reporte 
all  married,  and  of  the  Slovak  women  nearly  98  per  cent  a: 
married. 

It  is  noticeable  that  the  age  group  of  those  between  20  and 
has  the  highest  proportion  of  single  men,  and  the  group  of  those  4 
or  over  the  smallest.  The  middle  group,  including  those  between  t- 
and  44,  reports  all  the  native  white  men  married  and  88  per  cent  < 
the  foreign-born  married. 

As  regards  permanent  settlement  in  the  United  States,  and  tl 
assimilation  of  the  foreign-born,  the  question  as  to  whether  tl 
wives  of  the  married  males  are  residing  in  this  country  or  abroad 
obviously  of  great  importance.  The  situation  in  this  respect  is  shov 
by  the  following  table,  which  exhibits  the  location  of  wives  of  foreigi 
born  husbands,  by  race  of  husband: 

Table  441. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  United  States  ai 
per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad^  by  race  of  husband. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreig 

born.] 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  reporting 
wife— 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

English 

177 

98.9 

1 

French 

128 

97.7 

2 

German 

108 

95.4 

4 

Irish 

5G 

98.2 

1 

Italian,  North 

549 

77.4 

22 

Italian,  South 

197 

77.7 

22 

Lithuanian 

47 

93.6 

6 

Mexican 

47 

93.6 

6 

Polish 

125 

77.6 

22 

Russian 

58 

82.8 

17 

Scotch 

93 

97.8 

2 

Slovak 

73 

76.7 

23 

Slovenian 

104 

84.6 

15 

Total 

2,176 

85.7 

14 

The  table  above  shows  that  the  races  which  have  the  most  estat 
lished  conditions  of  family  life  are  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Frencl 
German,  Lithuanian,  and  Mexican,  in  the  order  mentioned,  mor 
than  nine-tenths  of  each  of  these  races  reporting  wives  in  the  Unite 
States  and  presumably  with  their  husbands.  At  the  other  extrem 
are  the  Slovak,  Polish,  Italian,  and  Slovenian.  It  is  also  notice 
able  that  in  the  Southwest  the  proportions  of  married  men  whos 
wives  are  in  the  United  States  is  uniformly  high  for  all  races,  as  com 
pared  with  other  coal-mining  localities. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


99 


VISITS  ABROAD. 

Another  indication  of  the  stability  of  the  foreign  population  is  to 
found  in  the  number  of  visits  made  to  their  native  countries.  In 
s connection  the  following  table  shows  the  number  and  percentages 
visits  made  by  employees  in  the  coal  industry  of  the  Southwest  by 
,e  and  period  of  residence  in  the  United  States : 

3LE  442. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United 

States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Number  in  United  States — 

Per  cent  reporting  1 or  more  visits,  by 
years  in  United  States. 

Under  5 
years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

Under  5 
years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

lish 

22 

20 

152 

194 

18.2 

10.0 

13.2 

13.4 

ich 

48 

40 

90 

178 

6.3 

12.5 

13. 3 

11.2 

man 

30 

21 

105 

156 

.0 

4.8 

10.5 

7.7 

an,  North 

401 

390 

272 

1,063 

7.7 

27.7 

37.5 

22.7 

an,  South 

156 

147 

95 

398 

8.3 

24.5 

49.5 

24.1 

luanian 

24 

37 

42 

103 

8.3 

2.7 

26.2 

13.6 

sh 

76 

55 

48 

179 

7.9 

23.6 

27.1 

17.9 

ch 

12 

13 

98 

123 

41.7 

53.8 

27.6 

31.7 

ak 

53 

31 

35 

119 

.0 

9.7 

11.4 

5.9 

euian 

76 

60 

47 

183 

5.3 

8.3 

12.8 

8.2 

Total 

1,198 

1,110 

1,312 

3,620 

7.1 

19.6 

24.5 

17.2 

riie  total  number  of  employees  for  whom  information  was  reported 
s 3,620.  Of  these,  1,198  had  been  in  the  United  States  under 
e years,  1,110  from  five  to  nine  years,  and  1,312  ten  years  or  over, 
venteen  and  two-tenths  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  reported 
e or  more  visits  to  their  native  lands.  Of  the  group  resident  less 
m five  years  in  the  United  States,  7.1  per  cent;  of  the  group  resi- 
Qt  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  jmars,  19.6  per  cent;  and 
the  group  resident  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  more,  24.5 
r cent  had  made  visits  abroad. 

The  foreign  races  of  which  a large  percentage  of  employees  had 
ide  one  or  more  visits  are  the  Scotch,  South  ItaUan,  and  North. 
Iilian,  in  the  order  mentioned;  for  those  in  the  United  States 
der  five  years  the  Scotch  and  English;  for  those  in  the  United 
ates  from  five  to  nine  years  the  Scotch,  North  Italian,  South 
iilian,  and  Polish,  in  the  order  mentioned;  and  for  those  in  the 
'lited  States  ten  years  or  more  the  South  Italian  and  North 
Iilian.  The  races  of  which  a small  percentage  of  employees  had 
lide  at  least  one  visit  are  the  Slovak,  German,  and  Slovenian;  and 
[’  those  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  over  the  German  and 
:)vak.  Of  the  employees  in  the  United  States  under  five  years 
I ne  of  the  Slovaks  or  Germans,  and  of  those  in  the  United  States 
l)m  five  to  nine  years  2.7  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  and  4.8  of 
le  Germans  had  made  visits  to  their  native  countries. 


100 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


CRIMINALITY  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

As  regards  the  criminality  of  the  foreign-born,  it  is  significant  tht 
there  are  fewer  cases  against  immigrants  than  natives  in  the  courts  f 
Oklahoma  and  Kansas.  The  police  of  the  different  towns,  howev, 
maintain  that  this  does  not  prove  that  there  is  less  crime  amo? 
immigrants,  but  that  it  is  impossible  to  secure  evidence  unless  thf? 
is  an  American  witness,  and  that  immigrants  rarely  report  any  f 
their  difficulties  to  the  police.  The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Welsh,  a:l 
Lithuanians  are  consiciered  law-abiding,  and  few  members  of  any  f 
these  races  are  ever  accused  of  crime. 

Oklahoma  and  Kansas  are  prohibition  States,  and  it  is  therefci 
unlawful  to  sell  intoxicants  within  their  limits.  More  immigrau 
break  this  law  than  any  other.  In  the  three  principal  coal-mini^j 
counties  of  Oklahoma  30  per  cent  of  the  indictments  on  this  char! 
were  against  immigrants,  about  two-thirds  of  these  being  Italia; 
and  the  rest  Poles  and  Mexicans.  During  the  past  year  there  hi 
also  been  a great  deal  of  trouble  on  account  of  outrages  purport!]; 
to  come  from  the  Black  Hand  Society.  This  has  been  particular' 
true  in  Oklahoma,  and  of  the  men  arrested  on  account  of  these  crim 
all  except  one  were  South  Italians.  The  one  exception  was  fro 
northern  Italy. 

The  police  authorities  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas  consider  the  Sou 
Italian  the  most  undesirable  race  from  a criminal  standpoint,  ai 
the  Polish,  Slovak,  Mexican,  and  North  Italian  rank  next  in  the  ord 
named.  In  all  communities  in  Kansas  where  South  Italians  ha’’ 
settled  there  is  much  crime.  During  the  past  year  (1908)  there  ha^ 
been  numerous  murders  in  the  different  coal  camps  and  villages  su 
rounding  Pittsburg,  Kansas,  and  in  few  instances  have  the  guilt 
parties  been  apprehended,  on  account  of  lack  of  witnesses.  It  is  un 
versally  stated  that  South  Italians  are  responsible  for  these  crime 
as  they  have  occurred  in  localities  occupied  by  these  people,  and  tl 
victim  has  generally  been  a member  of  this  racial  group. 

DISEASES  OF  RECENT  IMMIGRANTS. 

The  consensus  of  opinion  of  leading  physicians  and  hospital  supe 
intendents  in  the  Oklahoma  fields  is  that  there  is  no  disease  peculii 
to  any  particular  race  of  recent  immigrants,  and  that  immigrants  ha'v 
not  been  instrumental  in  spreading  disease.  Physicians  are  unan 
mous  in  the  opinion  that  there  is  no  more  sickness  among  immigrant 
than  among  natives.  One  physician  who  has  practiced  among  coj 
miners  for  twenty  years  gives  the  opinion  that  the  immigrant  froi 
Italy  yields  to  treatment  quicker  than  natives  or  immigrants  froi 
other  countries.  Some  physicians  have  alleged  that  there  are  mor 
hereditary  venereal  diseases  among  immigrants  from  Russia  than  amon 
those  from  any  other  country,  but  this  statement  has  not  been  sus 
tained.  It  is  also  stated  by  all  physicians  that  venereal  diseases  are  mor 
common  among  the  American  miners  than  among  the  immigrants.  I 
diseases  of  this  class  the  immigrant  takes  better  care  of  himself,  fo) 
lows  directions  better,  and  a cure  is  more  easily  effected  than  amon, 
natives.  Physicians  are  also  of  the  opinion  that  the  constitution  o 
the  South  Italian  is  not  so  strong  as  that  of  natives  and  other  immi 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


101 


Lnts  and  that  they  are  not  able  to  stand  the  ravages  of  a long  period 
illness.  The  Mexicans  seem  to  be  delicate  and  do  not  yield  to 
atment.  When  attacked  by  any  disease,  the  death  rate  is  higher 
ong  them  than  among  any  of  the  other  races. 

e CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSE- 
HOLDS. 


The  classification,  by  age  and  sex  of  members  of  households,  of  the 


tLE  443. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

5 table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 

MALE. 


!ral  nativity  and 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

:e  of  head  of  house- 
id. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

ve-born  of  native 
ber: 

Vhite 

117 

22.2 

16.2 

3.4 

6.0 

14.5 

26.5 

11.1 

^egro 

54 

13.0 

20.4 

7.4 

5.6 

9.3 

37.0 

7.4 

ign-born: 

'Toatian 

41 

26.8 

19.5 

.0 

2.4 

2.4 

41.4 

7.3 

rish 

125 

15.1 

18.4 

7.2 

14.4 

11.2 

12.0 

21.6 

talian,  North 

265 

21.5 

9.8 

1.1 

2.3 

31.3 

26.0 

7.9 

talian,  South 

99 

27.3 

15.2 

2.0 

6.1 

20.2 

22.2 

7.1 

dthuanian 

111 

21.6 

11.7 

1.8 

3.6 

29.7 

27.0 

4.5 

fexican 

112 

23.2 

17.0 

.9 

4.5 

17.0 

27.7 

9.8 

’olish 

89 

30.3 

9.0 

1.1 

3.4 

21.3 

30.3 

4.5 

lovak 

124 

25.0 

23.4 

3.2 

6.5 

6.5 

24.2 

11.3 

Velsh 

68 

10.3 

20.6 

1.5 

16.2 

16.2 

13.2 

22.1 

Grand  total 

1,241 

21.8 

15.3 

2.5 

6.2 

18.9 

24.9 

10.4 

1 native-born 

171 

19.3 

17.5 

4.7 

5.8 

12.9 

29.8 

9.9 

[ foreign-born 

1,070 

22.1 

15.0 

2.1 

6.3 

19.9 

23.2 

10.5 

FEMALE. 


^e-born  of  native 

ler: 

mte 

119 

13.4 

26.9 

5.0 

9.2 

21.0 

19.3 

5.0 

iegro 

66 

22.7 

25.8 

3.0 

7.6 

18.2 

19.7 

3.0 

gn-bom: 

roatian 

43 

25.6 

18.6 

2.3 

4.7 

25.6 

16.3 

7.0 

rish 

101 

11.9 

24.8 

9.9 

11.9 

12.9 

14.9 

13.9 

talian.  North 

174 

29.9 

13.2 

1.7 

3.5 

29.3 

17.2 

5.2 

talian,  South 

lithuanian 

63 

28.6 

9.5 

1.6 

12.7 

33.3 

11.1 

3.2 

65 

20.0 

16.9 

1.5 

7.7 

27.7 

20.0 

6.2 

texican 

84 

27.4 

13.1 

4.8 

8.3 

11.9 

25.0 

9.6 

'olish 

76 

23.7 

26.3 

1.3 

1.3 

23.7 

21.1 

2.6 

lovak 

126 

29.4 

22.2 

3.0 

7.9 

14.3 

18.3 

4.8 

/elsh 

58 

6.9 

25.9 

3.4 

12.1 

10.3 

15.5 

25.9 

Grand  total 

1,009 

22.3 

20.4 

3.6 

7.5 

20.8 

18.0 

7.3 

native-born 

185 

16.8 

26.5 

4.3 

8.6 

20.0 

19.5 

4.3 

foreign-born 

824 

23.5 

19.1 

3.4 

7.3 

21.0 

17.7 

8.0 

102 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  443. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  hy  sex  and  by  general  nativ 
and  race  of  head  of  household. — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  c 
ove 

Native-born  of  nalive 
father: 

White 

236 

17.8 

21.6 

4.2 

7.6 

17.8 

22.9 

Negro 

120 

18.3 

23.3 

5.0 

6.7 

14.2 

27.5 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

84 

26.2 

19.0 

1.2 

3.6 

14.3 

28.6 

Irisli 

220 

13.7 

21.2 

8.4 

13.3 

11.9 

13.3 

1, 

Italian,  North 

439 

24.8 

11.2 

1.4 

2.7 

30.5 

22.6 

Italian,  irouth 

162 

27.8 

13.0 

1.9 

8.6 

25.3 

17.9 

Lithuanian 

176 

21.0 

13.6 

1.7 

5.1 

29.0 

24.4 

Mexican 

196 

25.0 

15.3 

2.6 

6. 1 

14.8 

26.5 

i 

Polish 

165 

27.3 

17.0 

1.2 

2.4 

22.4 

26.1 

Slovak 

250 

27.2 

22.8 

3.2 

7.2 

10.4 

21.2 

. 

Welsh 

126 

8.7 

23.0 

2.4 

14.3 

13.5 

14.3 

2: 

Grand  total 

2,250 

22.0 

17.6 

3.0 

6.8 

19.8 

21.8 

( 

Total  native-born 

350 

18.0 

22.2 

4.  5 

7.3 

16.  6 

24.4 

Total  foreign-born 

1,894 

22.8 

16.7 

2.7 

6.7 

20.4 

21.3 

( 

The  classification  according  to  race  and  general  nativity  in  tl 
preceding  table  is  by  head  of  household.  The  foreign-born  numbt 
1,894,  about  84  per  cent  of  the  total. 

The  table  also  includes  a classification  according  to  sex,  showir 
that  1,241,  or  about  55  per  cent  of  the  individuals  for  whom  dal 
were  secured,  are  males. 

The  percentages  for  the  different  age  groups  show  that  the  pr( 
portion  of  children  under  6 and  of  persons  from  20  to  29,  and  45  ( 
over,  is  higher  for  the  foreign-born  than  for  the  native-born.  Tl 
foreign  races  for  which  a large  proportion  of  children  under  6 is  r< 
ported  are  the  South  Italian,  Polish,  and  Slovak;  those  having  a Lm 
proportion  of  children  from  6 to  13  are  the  Welsh,  Slovak,  and  Iris! 
Large  percentages  of  individuals  of  14  and  15  years  of  age  are  show 
for  the  Irish,  Slovaks,  and  Mexicans;  of  individuals  from  16  to  19,  fc 
the  Welsh,  Irish,  and  South  Italians;  of  individuals  from  20  to  29,  fd 
the  North  Italians,  Slovaks,  and  South  Italians;  of  individuals  from  3 
to  45  years  of  age,  the  Croatians,  Mexicans,  and  Poles;  and  of  indivic 
uals  45  or  over,  for  the  Welsh,  Irish,  and  Mexicans.  While  the  racif 
tendencies  are  not  very  clearly  marked,  it  will  be  noticed  that  tl 
largest  proportion  of  young  children  and  of  individuals  of  working  ag 
is  to  be  found  among  the  races  of  more  recent  immigration.  For  th 
foreign-born  the  percentages  for  all  ages  below  30  are  higher  for  th 
females  than  for  the  males.  Among  the  native-born  the  percentage 
are  higher  for  the  females  than  for  the  males,  for  individuals  from 
to  13,  from  16  to  29,  and  45  or  over.  It  thus  appears  that  the  age  c 
the  females  is  in  general  higher  among  the  native-born  than  amon 
the  foreign-born.  For  all  individuals,  irrespective  of  nativity,  th 
average  age  of  the  males  is  greater  than  that  of  the  females. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


103 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  male  employees  within 
:h  age  group,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 


ble  444. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general  nativity  and 

race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

'his  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

14  to  19. 

20  to  24. 

25  to  29. 

30  to  34. 

35  to  44. 

45  to  54. 

55  or 
over. 

ive-born  of  native  father: 

White 

1,651 

13.0 

17.1 

20.0 

15.4 

22.4 

9.3 

2.8 

Negro 

389 

6.7 

9.0 

11.8 

15.7 

27.5 

22.9 

6.4 

ive-born  of  foreign  father  by 
)un:ry  of  birth  of  father: 

England 

179 

30.2 

24.6 

11.2 

13.4 

12.3 

6.1 

2.2 

Germany 

102 

17.6 

35.3 

12.7 

6.9 

14.7 

8.8 

3.9 

Ireland 

138 

5.1 

24.6 

19.6 

10.9 

26.1 

10.9 

2.9 

Italy 

64 

59.4 

28.1 

10.9 

1.6 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Scotland 

147 

30.6 

24.5 

17.0 

10.9 

10.9 

6.1 

.0 

eign-born,  by  race: 

English 

252 

2.4 

6.7 

13.5 

14.3 

17.9 

27.0 

18.3 

French 

214 

6.5 

13.6 

17.3 

20.6 

15.9 

18.2 

7.9 

182 

7.7 

8.8 

12.1 

13.2 

21.4 

28.0 

8.8 

Irish 

95 

.0 

3.2 

15.8 

14.7 

21.1 

31.6 

13.7 

Italian,  North 

1,146 

5.3 

20.5 

24.6 

19.6 

20.9 

7.2 

1.8 

Italian,  South 

425 

7.3 

18.6 

23.3 

20.0 

24.9 

5.2 

.7 

Lithuanian 

124 

3.2 

12.9 

26.6 

20.2 

23.4 

12. 1 

1.6 

Magyar 

48 

2.1 

27.1 

10.4 

16.7 

20.8 

18.7 

4.2 

Mexican 

109 

6.4 

14.7 

14.7 

15.6 

23.9 

19.3 

5.5 

Polish 

218 

3.7 

14.2 

17.0 

17.0 

33.5 

13.3 

1.4 

Russian 

106 

6.6 

17.0 

17.0 

17.9 

26.4 

14.2 

.9 

Scotch 

146 

1.4 

6.2 

12.3 

17.1 

18.5 

29.5 

15.1 

Slovak 

130 

8.5 

13.8 

11.5 

20.8 

28.5 

11.5 

5.4 

Slovenian 

193 

6.2 

14.5 

23.8 

20.7 

22.8 

7.3 

4.7 

Grand  total 

6,930 

9.9 

16.4 

18.7 

17.0 

21.8 

12.3 

3.9 

al  native-born  of  foreign  father. . 

787 

30.5 

25.5 

13.2 

9.5 

13.0 

6.6 

1.7 

al  native-born 

2,829 

17.0 

18.3 

17.0 

13.8 

20.5 

10.4 

3.0 

al  foreign-born 

4, 101 

5.1 

15.1 

19.9 

19.2 

22.7 

13.5 

4.6 

Of  the  6,930  male  employees  shown  in  the  above  table  the  greatest 
oportion  in  any  one  group  are  from  35  to  44  years  of  age,  the  next 
• ^hest  proportion  are  from  25  to  29,  followed  by  those  who  are  from 
i to  34  and  from  20  to  24  years  of  age.  A very  small  proportion  are 
years  of  age  or  over. 

Among  the  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father  by  far 
e highest  per  cent  is  shown  for  those  who  are  from  14  to  19  years 
‘ age.  The  native-born  whites  of  native  father  show  slightly  over 
. per  cent  who  are  from  14  to  29  years  of  age,  the  foreign-born 
iiployees  show  slightly  over  40  per  cent,  while  the  negro  employees 
10  are  native-born  of  native  father  show  less  than  30  per  cent  from 
to  29  years  of  age. 

The  employees  who  are  native-born  negroes  of  native  father  show 
e highest  per  cent  who  are  from  30  to  54  years  of  age,  followed  by 
e foreign-born,  the  native-born  whites  of  native  father,  and  the 
litive-born  of  foreign  father,  in  the  order  named.  The  last  men- 
)ned  nativity  group  shows  very  small  proportions  who  are  of  the 
•ove  mentioned  age.  Of  these  classes  the  negro  employees  show 
e highest  per  cent  who  are  55  years  of  age  or  over,  followed  by  the 


104 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


foreign-born  employees,  native-born  whites  of  native  father,  ai. 
native-born  of  foreign  father,  in  the  order  named.  * 

Of  the  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father  those  who 
fathers  were  born  in  Italy  show  the  highest  per  cent  who  are  from 
to  19  years  of  age,  and  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ireland  tl. 
smallest  per  cent.  The  employees  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ir 
land  show  the  highest  per  cent  who  are  from  45  to  54  years  of  ag 
and  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Germany  the  highest  per  ce;, 
55  years  of  age  or  over.  None  of  the  employees  whose  fathers  wei 
born  in  Scotland  are  55  years  of  age  or  over,  and  none  of  those  who; 
fathers  were  born  in  Italy  are  35  years  of  age  or  over. 

Of  the  foreign-born  employees  none  of  the  Irish  are  under  20  yea. 
of  age,  and  the  Scotch  show  very  small  proportions  under  this  ag 
It  will  be  further  noted  that  the  proportion  of  employees  who  ai 
from  northern  Europe  and  who  are  45  years  of  age  or  over  is  high’ 
than  that  of  the  employees  in  these  age  groups  from  southern  ai 
eastern  Europe. 


Chapter  VII. 

GENERAL  PROGRESS  AND  ASSIMILATION. 

lericanization — Immigrant  churches — Societies  and  fraternal  orders — Savings  and 
nvestments — Ownership  of  homes — Money  sent  abroad — School  facilities  and 
attendance — Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied — Interest  in  political  and 
;ivic  affairs  in  Oklahoma  and  Kansas — Citizenship  in  the  Southwest — Ability  to 
peak  English — [Text  Tables  445  to  458  and  General  Tables  191  to  199]. 

AMERICANIZATION . 

The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  throughout  the  Southwest 
i?  thoroughly  Americanized.  Most  of  them  have  been  in  the  coal 
ilds  a number  of  years  and  are  permanent  residents.  Even  those 
10  have  been  in  this  country  only  a short  time  have  adopted  Ameri- 
a customs.  They  mingle  freely  with  the  natives,  show  much 
erest  in  all  public  questions,  and  take  a prominent  part  in  all  elec- 
•ns.  There  is  no  ill  feeling  between  these  races  and  the  Americans, 
d as  soon  as  they  come  to  a locality  they  are  received  and  treated 
friends  and  neighbors.  They  do  not  make  any  attempt  at  segre- 
tion  but  live  in  American  neighborhoods. 

With  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  the  conditions  favoring 
aericanization  are  as  follows:  The  knowledge  of  English  possessed 
the  races,  their  popularity  with  natives,  the  ready  way  in  which 
?y  adopt  American  customs,  the  lack  of  tendency  toward  segrega- 
n,  the  interest  they  display  in  all  civic  affairs,  the  fact  that  they 
ermarry  with  natives,  that  they  send  their  children  to  school  and 
3p  them  there  until  they  have  acquired  an  ordinary  education,  and 
it  they  make  their  permanent  homes  in  this  country.  There  are 
conditions  opposing  the  Americanization  of  the  English,  Irish, 
otch,  and  Welsh. 

After  the  races  mentioned  above,  the  French  become  Americanized 
)re  quickly  and  more  thoroughly  than  any  other  immigrants.  The 
t that  they  do  not  understand  English  when  they  land  in  this  country 
3 held  them  back  to  some  extent,  but  they  have  been  well  received 
natives  and  mingle  freely  with  them,  do  not  form  colonies,  and 
quick  to  adopt  American  ways.  The  French  are  also  familiar 
th  the  republican  form  of  government.  Moreover,  they  seem  to  be 
[•y  quick  in  understanding  American  business  methods. 

The  Lithuanians,  after  the  French,  are  quickest  to  adopt  American 
3toms  and  standards  of  living.  The  majority  of  them  come  to  this 
intry  with  the  idea  of  making  it  their  permanent  home,  and  conse- 
ently  desire  to  master  the  language  as  soon  as  possible.  Many  are 
)perty  owners,  and  this  fact  naturally  stimulates  their  civic  inter- 
’ . Many  are  voters  and  take  a prominent  part  in  elections.  The 
' Iclren  are  sent  to  school  and  are  encouraged  at  home  to  attend  reg- 
rly  and  master  their  studies.  The  second  generation  is  thoroughly 
lericanized,  and  many  of  the  race  have  intermarried  with  natives, 

48290°— VOL  7—11 8 


105 


106 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


which  tends  to  make  their  assimilation  more  complete.  The  pri- 
cipal  obstacle  against  Americanization  of  Lithuanians  is  their  ten- 
ency  to  form  colonies  and  segregate  themselves. 

North  Italians  are  held  in  higher  estimation  by  the  natives  thi 
Italians  from  the  southern  part  of  Italy.  Consequently  the  Non 
Italians  are  given  a better  opportunity  to  become  Americanized,  3 
Americans  associate  with  them  to  some  extent.  The  North  It  alii 
seems  to  be  quicker  to  grasp  American  customs,  and  more  of  thei 
come  to  this  country  with  the  idea  of  making  it  their  permanes 
home,  and  so  are  more  ready  to  learn  English.  Even  taking  iu) 
consideration  these  facts,  however,  the  North  Italians  are  slow  to  f l 
into  the  ways  of  the  country  and  show  little  interest  in  public  affai . 
They  are  usually  strongly  influenced  by  a few  leaders,  are  slow  ) 
take  advantage  of  their  opportunities,  and  seem  to  be  suspicious  f 
Americans. 

The  South  Italians  are  slow  in  becoming  Americanized  and  many  1 
the  coal  regions  who  have  been  in  this  country  from  fifteen  to  twen?- 
years  are  scarcely  able  to  speak  English.  They  live  in  colonies,  ha? 
very  little  association  with  natives,  and  show  little  interest  outsi? 
of  their  own  immediate  neighborhood.  They  are  suspicious  of  Am(- 
icans,  do  not  trust  their  money  to  the  banks,  and  trade  at  Americi 
shops  as  little  as  possible.  They  are  making  little  progress  towal 
Americanization.  Each  year  the  South  Italians  are  investing  mo? 
money  in  homes  and  real  estate,  and  in  becoming  property  ownei, 
they  are  naturally  led  to  take  more  interest  in  civic  affairs.  Evi 
after  the  South  Italian,  however,  has  made  his  permanent  home  i 
the  Southwest,  he  seems  to  make  little  effort  to  adopt  American  wa}. 
He  does  not  encourage  his  children  in  attending  school  but  talu 
them  away  at  an  early  age,  thus  preventing  the  second  generatid 
from  having  the  opportunity  of  becoming  assimilated.  The  childri 
hear  only  Italian  spoken  in  the  colony  and  in  the  home,  and  the 
only  opportunity  to  learn  English  is  at  school. 

The  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Magyars  are  almost  as  backward  as  Soui 
Italians,  but  are  more  popular  with  natives.  They  are  very  slow  i 
learning  to  speak  English  and  associate  little  with  people  outside  f 
their  own  races.  No  civic  interest  is  shown  and  a very  small  percer- 
age  are  naturalized.  The  second  generation  of  these  races,  howevf, 
makes  very  much  better  progress  than  the  South  Italian  and  is  slow' 
becoming  Americanized.  These  races  also  are  less  segregated  and  les 
clannish  than  the  South  Italian,  and  consequently  have  more  oppe- 
tunity  to  associate  with  the  natives.  Most  of  them  go  to  Kansi 
and  Oklahoma  with  the  intention  of  remaining. 

Mexicans  show  less  progress  than  any  other  immigrants.  Th< 
have  adopted  no  American  ideas  or  customs,  but  live  as  they  do 
their  own  country.  Although  many  of  the  Mexicans  in  the  coal  min; 
of  Oklahoma  were  born  in  the  United  States,  they  are  little  near' 
Americanization  than  those  directly  from  Mexico.  Few  of  the 
speak  English  or  show  any  civic  interest  and  very  few  are  permaneii 
residents.  The  majority  of  the  Mexicans  are  migratory,  moving  fro 
one  coal  mine  to  another  and  never  working  long  in  any  localit 
They  are  heartily  disliked  by  natives  and  there  is  no  associatic 
between  the  races.  Though  they  do  not  live  in  colonies  and  are  n'' 
segregated  at  work,  there  is  very  strong  racial  prejudice  on  the  pa 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


107 


Mexicans  against  Americans.  They  do  not  send  their  children  to 
‘;liool,  and  thus  deprive  them  of  opportunities  for  Americanization, 
hst  of  the  Mexican  immigrants  in  the  district  are  thriftless  and 
I'.ceive  little  encouragement  from  employers.  Length  of  residence 
II  the  United  States  has  no  effect  upon  their  mode  of  living  and  they 
(re  making  little  progress. 

I 


IMMIGRANT  CHURCHES. 


, The  mining  localities  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  have  numerous 
jmrches  including  several  denominations.  With  the  exception  of  the 
, nglish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh,  immigrants  attend  the  Roman  Catholic 
lid  Greek  Catholic  churches.  The  Greek  Catholic  Church  at  Harts- 
jarne,  Oklahoma,  is  said  to  be  the  only  church  of  this  faith  between 
t.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Galveston,  Tex.  In  many  communities  in  the 
[)al  district  in  Oklahoma  there  are  Roman  Catholic  churches,  and 
it  Pittsburg,  Frontenac,  Chicopee,  Weir,  Scammon,  and  other  mining 
)wns  in  Kansas  this  church  is  also  represented.  In  the  smaller 
illages  and  mining  settlements  where  there  are  no  churches,  services 
j[*e  held  at  stated  intervals.  No  church,  however,  except  the  Roman 
ad  Greek  Catholic  does  any  work  among  the  immigrants  or  makes 
|iy  effort  to  secure  their  attendance.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church 
jrovides  good  schools  for  the  children  of  its  members;  has  various 
acieties  to  which  immigrants  are  urged  to  belong;  supports  hospi- 
|ds;  and  looks  after  the  welfare  of  the  immigrant  in  every  way  pos- 
ble.  In  one  locality  in  Oklahoma  this  church  has  attempted  to 
-art  night  schools,  but  has  failed  on  account  of  lack  of  interest.  An 
.fort  was  also  made  to  form  classes  among  immigrant  women,  teach- 
jig  sewing,  cooking,  and  the  general  care  of  the  home,  but  so  little 
iiterest  was  shown  that  the  work  was  abandoned.  In  cases  of  sick- 
isss  or  accident,  the  immigrant,  if  unable  to  afford  the  expenditure, 
given  free  treatment  and  attention  in  the  hospitals,  and  in  case  of 
ant  or  sickness  in  the  home,  the  church  does  all  in  its  power  to 
,3lp  the  immigrant.  The  Episcopal  Church  also  has  a hospital  in 
;bAlester,  Oklahoma,  and  immigrant  patients  are  given  the  same 
ttention  that  is  bestowed  upon  Americans.  At  all  of  the  parochial 
bools  are  libraries  wRich  are  open  to  immigrants.  Those  in  charge 
,iy  that  an  adult  never  asks  for  a book  and  only  in  rare  instances  do 
le  children  utilize  the  library.  A good  many  immigrants  subscribe 
) newspapers,  and  this  is  about  all  the  reading  done  by  them  with 
le  exception  of  a few  taking  courses  in  correspondence  schools. 


SOCIETIES  AND  FRATERNAL  ORDERS. 

The  societies  and  fraternal  organizations  to  which  immigrants 
i along  are  numerous.  A canvass  of  the  Oklahoma  district  showed  the 
bowing  societies  and  organizations  having  recent  immigrants  as 
lembers:  Slovaks  belong  to  the  First  Catholic  Union  and  the 
•ational  Slovak  Association;  these  societies  are  fraternal  and  bene- 
cial.  Mexicans  belong  to  the  National  Beneficial  Society;  this 
i)ciety  is  a sick  benefit  organization.  Italians  belong  to  La  Minature, 
ittorio  Emanuel  III,  and  Christiforo  Colombo ; these  are  fraternal 
ad  beneficial  societies.  North  Italians  also  belong  to  the  Societa 
iedmontese  and  Societa  di  N.  Italia;  these  societies  are  fraternal. 

Poles  are  members  of  the  National  Pohsh  Society,  which  gives 


108 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


sick  and  death  benefits  and  is  fraternal.  Italians  who  have  take 
naturalization  papers  belong  to  the  American  Knights  of  Pythias,  0( 
Fellows,  and  Foresters  of  America.  Negroes  are  members  of  the  0( 
Fellows  and  Masons.  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  are  membe; 
of  the  Masons,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Foresters  of  America,  Woodmen 
the  World,  and  the  usual  American  fraternal  and  beneficial  societk 
The  Lithuanians  are  not  affiliated  with  any  fraternal  or  benefici 
organizations. 

SAVINGS  AND  INVESTMENTS. 

The  amount  of  money  saved  by  immigrants  in  Oklahoma  and  Ka 
sas  bituminous  mining  localities  varies  according  to  the  thrift  of  tl 
particular  race.  The  South  Italian  saves  more  than  any  of  the  oth 
immigrant  races,  the  North  Italian  is  second,  and  the  Lithuania 
Polish,  Croatian,  Slovak,  Magyar,  Scotch,  Welsh,  English,  Iris 
American,  Mexican,  and  American  negro  rank  in  the  order  named 

A large  number  of  the  South  Italians  locating  in  the  coal  distric 
seem  to  come  only  with  the  idea  of  remaining  a few  years,  and  in  tli 
time  expect  to  save  enough  money  to  return  to  Italy  and  carry  in 
effect  whatever  plans  they  may  have.  The  consequence  is  that  th( 
save  every  dollar  possible,  and  deny  themselves  all  but  the  nece 
sities  of  life.  The  majority  of  Italians  who  are  single  men,  or  wl 
have  families  in  Italy,  begin  to  send  surplus  earnings  to  ths 
country  as  soon  as  possible.  The  large  amount  of  money  sent  oi 
each  year  shows  how  much  this  race  saves  in  comparison  with  nativt 
and  other  immigrant  races.®  The  native  miner  rarely  has  mone 
saved  and  spends  all  his  earnings,  living  from  pay  day  to  pay  day  c 
credit.  The  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  save  little  more  tha 
the  native  miner.  The  native  negro  and  the  Mexican  usually  stc 
work  after  pay  day  until  they  spend  their  earnings.  Lithuanians  ai 
much  more  thrifty  than  the  races  last  named  and  are  judicious  i 
the  expenditure  of  their  earnings.  They  send  very  little  money  t 
Europe.  Most  of  them  have  saved  money  to  build  homes  and  man 
have  money  on  deposit  in  the  banks.  They  live  better  than  tf 
Italians  and  spend  more  money  for  food,  clothing,  and  other  livin 
expenses,  and  consequently  do  not  save  as  much.  The  Poles,  Ma^ 
yars,  Slovenians,  and  Slovaks  are  thrifty  but  do  not  save  to  tt 
extent  of  the  Italians.  The  living  expenses  of  these  races  is  highe 
and  they  are  said  to  be  much  better  customers  at  the  company  storei 
They  send  money  to  their  native  land,  but  not  in  such  large  amount 
as  the  Italians. 

OWNERSHIP  OF  HOMES. 

The  Italians,  when  they  decide  to  make  their  permanent  home 
in  the  coal-mining  districts,  buy  property  and  build  as  soon  as  poss; 
ble.  Most  of  the  Lithuanians  have  settled  there  permanently  an 
nearly  all  of  them  who  are  married  own  homes.  Many  Magyan 
Poles,  Slovenians,  and  Slovaks  also  own  homes  in  Oklahoma  an 
Kansas,  but  some  are  migratory  and  move  from  one  part  of  th 
country  to  another.  When  work  is  not  good  in  Oklahoma  or  Kansa 
they  will  go  to  Colorado  or  Pennsylvania,  or  wherever  they  can  fin 
ready  employment.  However,  where  any  have  settled  perma 
nently  they  usually  own  homes.  Mexicans  show  no  tendency  to  wan 


oSee  pp.  Ill,  112. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


109 


irchasing  homes  and  only  three  or  four  in  the  whole  district  own 
joperty.  A few  American  negroes  own  homes,  but  most  of  them 
at  houses  from  the  coal  companies. 

Most  of  the  money  invested  by  immigrants  is  in  real  estate,  either 
homes  or  business.  In  Community  No.  4 in  Oklahoma,  several 
alians  and  two  or  three  Lithuanians  own  stock  in  the  two  banks 
ere,  and  in  Community  No.  7,  Oklahoma,  the  majority  of  the  stock 
the  leading  bank  is  owned  by  Italians.  In  Community  No.  1, 
dahoma,  an  Italian  owns  a large  macaroni  factory.  In  another 
mmunity  in  that  State  two  immigrants  from  Ireland  own  one  of 
e largest  coal-mining  concerns  in  the  district.  In  each  locality 
alians,  Slovaks,  or  Magyars  have  money  invested  in  stores.  Lithu- 
lians  are  also  in  business  in  several  towns.  At  Community  No.  7, 
dahoma,  the  stock  in  a large  mercantile  company  is  all  owned  by 
alians . Several  smaller  mines  are  owned  by  English  or  Irish.  Nearly 
I the  immigrants  owning  homes  also  own  live  stock. 

Many  immigrants  are  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  in  both 
ansas  and  Oklahoma  mining  locahties.  Several  large  stores  in 
dahoma  are  owned  by  German  and  Russian  Hebrews.  At  Corn- 
unity  No.  6 the  largest  furniture  store  in  the  town  is  owned  by  a 
’ench  miner.  A son  of  this  man  also  has  a store  of  this  description 
Community  No.  4.  These  stores  are  conducted  according  to  Ameri- 
n ideas  and  are  as  good  as  those  of  natives  in  the  same  business. 

L almost  every  town  in  the  coal  fields  Italians  and  immigrants  from 
astria-Hungary  are  found  conducting  stores.  In  all  cases  these  are 
lall  groceries  or  bake  shops  carrying  a stock  inferior  to  that  handled 
^ natives.  A few  handle  mining  supplies  in  a small  way.  There 
e also  a small  number  of  Syrian  stores,  particularly  at  Community 
3.  2,  Oklahoma.  These  stores  are  in  most  cases  supply  houses  for 
'ddlers,  as  Syrians  are  doing  a peddling  business  through  the  mining 
mps.  There  are  also  restaurants  owned  by  Italians  and  Mexicans, 
company  has  lately  been  formed  in  Community  No.  7 to  operate  a 
rge  grocery  and  dry  goods  store.  All  the  stock  in  this  company 
IS  been  subscribed  for  by  Italians  and  the  plan  is  to  cater  to  people 
this  race  alone.  The  president  of  the  Citizens  State  Bank  in  the 
me  town  is  an  Italian,  and  the  bank  has  a large  number  of  immi- 
ant  depositors. 

The  French  at  Communities  No.  6 and  7,  Oklahoma,  all  own  homes, 
id  their  houses  are  clean  and  well  kept  and  more  pretentious  than 
-ose  of  other  immigrants  in  that  locality.  In  many  towns  in  the 
ansas  coal  fields,  immigrants  have  invested  large  amounts  in  homes, 
hers  have  gone  into  business  on  their  savings,  and  in  each  of  the 
wns  mentioned  there  are  stores  owned  by  immigrants.  Each 
'ar  more  money  is  being  invested  locally  and  less  goes  to  Europe, 
good  many  French  people  have  also  purchased  farms  with  money 
.med  in  the  mines  and  are  prospering.  The  immigrant  stores  in 
calities  in  Kansas,  except  those  owned  by  the  French  and  Hebrews, 
e greatly  inferior  to  those  owned  by  Americans.  They  are  not  so 
•ogressive,  do  not  expand,  and  are  afraid  to  risk  an  investment  in 
large  and  varied  stock.  The  wholesalers  say  that  the  immigrant 
lually  pays  promptly,  but  buys  in  very  small  quantities  and  a cheap 
ass  of  goods.  Immigrants  in  business  cater  only  to  their  particular 
ce;  they  have  little  to  do  with  natives,  and  do  not  seek  their  trade. 


110 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  order  to  show  the  amount  of  money  invested  in  real  estate,  ii 
stances  of  the  amount  of  property  owned  by  immigrants  in  a fe 
typical  towns  may  be  presented. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  Community  No.  4,  both  real  ar  > 
personal,  exclusive  of  coal  mines  and  equipment,  is  $600,000.  ( 

this,  $100,000  is  owned  by  immigrants  in  homes,  town  lots,  and  pe, 
sonal  property.  It  is  estimated  that  the  stock  in  immigrant  ston 
amounts  to  $22,000,  thus  making  the  value  of  property  owned  t 
foreigners,  $122,000.  The  majority  of  immigrants  who  have  been  i 
Community  No.  4 for  some  years  own  homes  and  in  many  cases  ha\ 
other  houses  which  they  rent  to  fellow-countrymen  who  have  bee 
in  this  country  a shorter  time. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  Community  No.  1 is  $4,301,57 
of  which  $2,850,425  is  real  and  $1,451,146  is  personal.  The  est 
mated  value  of  property  owned  by  immigrants  is  $275,000,  distril 
uted  by  races  as  follows:  Scotch,  $150,000;  English,  $50,000;  Ita 
ians,  $50,000;  Irish,  $15,000;  other  races  of  recent  immigratio] 
$10,000.  The  assessed  value  of  property  in  Community  No.  2 
$700,000.  Three  hundred  and  twenty-nine  thousand  dollars,  or  a li 
tie  less  than  half  the  total  assessment,  is  owned  by  immigrants.  T1 
assessed  value  of  property  in  Community  No.  3 is  $105,000,  of  whic 
$25,000  is  owned  by  immigrants,  principally  Italians.  The  assesse 
valuation  of  property  in  Community  No.  5 is  $600,000.  The  proj 
erty  owned  by  immigrants  is  valued  at  $5,000.  In  this  communit 
few  recent  immigrants  are  buying  homes,  and  the  property  referre 
to  is  owned  by  English  and  Scotch. 

In  the  course  of  the  detailed  investigation  in  the  Southwest,  dat 
were  secured  from  the  families  studied  relative  to  the  ownership  c 
homes.  In  the  following  table  the  figures  are  given  for  employee 
of  the  coal-mining  industry  of  the  Southwest,  by  general  nativit 
and  race  of  head  of  family : 

Table  445. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and  ra 

of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Total 
number 
of  families. 

Owning  home. 

Number. 

Per  cent 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

57 

20 

35. 

Negro 

26 

4 

15 

Foreign-born: 

== 

6L. 

Croatian - 

21 

13 

Irish - - 

38 

23 

60. 

Italian,  North 

94 

48 

51. 

Italian,  South 

35 

23 

65, 

Lithuanian 

36 

20 

55. 

Magyar 

15 

8 

(a) 

Mexican 

42 

6 

14. 

Polish 

36 

17 

47. 

Slovak 

48 

40 

83. 

Welsh 

28 

19 

67. 

Grand  total 

476 

241 

50.5 

Total  native-born 

iF 

24 

28. 

Total  foreign-born 

393 

217 

55. 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


Ill 


The  total  number  of  families  reported  in  the  preceding  table  is 
re.  Of  these,  241,  or  50.6  per  cent,  own  homes.  As  regards  the 
ative-bom  of  native  father  the  percentage  owning  homes  is  28.9; 
.r  the  foreign-born  it  is  55.2.  Among  the  native-born  of  native 
Lther,  35.1  per  cent  of  the  whites  occupy  homes  owned  by  them- 
5lves  as  against  15.4  per  cent  of  the  negroes.  The  foreign-born, 
assified  according  to  race,  rank  in  the  percentage  owning  homes  as 
(Hows:  Slovak,  Welsh,  South  Italian,  Croatian,  Irish,  Lithuanian, 
orth  Italian,  Polish,  and  Mexican.  The  percentage  for  the  Slovaks 
83.3;  that  for  the  Mexicans  is  14.3.  It  will  be  noted  that  for  all 
le  foreign  races,  except  the  Mexican,  the  percentage  of  homes  owned 
larger  than  for  the  native-born  whites.  The  figure  for  the  Ameri- 
m negro  is  only  slightly  higher  than  for  the  Mexican.  Fur  these 
^0  races  the  percentages  are  far  lower  than  the  percentage  of  any 
'ther  race 

It  is  interesting  to  note  here  that  in  the  Southwest  the  percentage 
[ families  owning  homes  is  much  higher  than  in  Penns3^Ivania  and 
le  South  and  sli^itly  lower  than  in  the  Middle  West.  The  fact  that 
le  standard  for  employees  of  the  Southwest  and  Middle  West  is  so 
luch  higher  than  the  standard  for  those  of  the  East  and  South  is 
elieved  to-be  due,  in  a considerable  measure,  to  the  prevalence  of 
etter  working  conditions  in  and  about  the  mines  of  the  first-named 
actions. 

In  the  Middle  West  the  Polish  lead  in  the  percentage  owning  homes, 
'orth  Italian,  South  Italian,  American  white,  and  Lithuanian  follow 
i the  order  mentioned.  In  the  Middle  West  53.8  per  cent  of  all 
le  employees  own  their  homes,  as  against  50.6  per  cent  in  the 
outhwest.® 

MONEY  SENT  ABROAD. 

As  already  indicated,  a large  amount  of  the  money  saved  by  immi- 
rants  each  year  goes  to  Europe.  Most  of  this  is  sent  to  Italy,  Austria- 
iungary,  and  Russia.  Of  Ml  the  immigrants  in  Kansas  and  Okla- 
oma  the  South  Italians  send  the  largest  amount  of  money  abroad, 
brth  Italians,  Poles,  Slovenians,  and  Slovaks  also  send  out  con- 
derable  amounts.  This  money  goes  through  various  channels,  and 
[though  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  total  amount  sent  from  the 
3al  fields  of  the  two  States,  a rough  conception  of  the  aggregate  may 
e had  by  giving  some  examples  showing  amounts  sent  from  certain 
)calities,  the  information  having  been  secured  from  post-offices, 
teamship  agents,  immigrant  bankers,  and  other  sources. 

The  money  sent  from  Community  No.  1,  Okla.,  during  1908, 
mounted  to  about  $20,000.  Most  of  this  went  to  Italy.  From 
ommunity  No.  6,  $10,000  has  been  sent  to  European  countries 
uring  the  past  year,  most  of  this  being  sent  to  cities  in  Russia  and 
mstria-Hungary.  From  Community  No.  3,  $3,000  went  to  Italy, 
mmigrants  at  Community  No.  2 sent  out  about  $35,000  in  1908,  a 
irge  proportion  going  through  the  local  post-office,  the  rest  being 
3nt  through  immigrant  bankers  and  steamship  agents.  Nearly 
20,000  of  this  amount  went  to  Italy,  the  balance  going  to  Austria- 
lungary and  Russia.  During  1908,  as  nearly  as  can  be  estimated. 


a See  Table  113,  Vol.  I,  p.  179. 


112 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


$108,000  was  sent  from  Community  No.  7 and  the  surrounding  cd 
camps.  Two-thirds  of  this  sum  went  to  Italy  and  the  rest  to  Ai- 
tria-Hungary  and  Russia.  From  other  localities  in  Oklahoma  a;l 
Kansas,  of  the  same  population  and  racial  composition  as  those  givi 
above,  similar  proportionate  amounts  were  sent  to  Europe,  the  largtt 
sums  going  from  localities  occupied  by  Italians.  English,  Iris, 
Scotch,  and  Welsh  sent  out  scarcely  any  money,  Lithuanians  ybt 
little,  and  Mexicans  none  at  all. 

SCHOOL  FACILITIES  AND  ATTENDANCE. 

The  mining  sections  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  are  well  supplied  wii 
good  schools.  In  the  larger  cities  and  towns  there  are  high  schoo, 
and  in  all  of  the  smaller  villages  and  mining  settlements  there  ai 
graded  schools  giving  pupils  the  opportunity  to  reach  the  fifth  [ 
sixth  grade.  In  almost  all  localities  there  are  also  parochial  scho(3 
with  a good  force  of  teachers,  taking  scholars  through  the  highr 
branches.  In  the  earlier  days  of  mining  in  Indian  Territory  (ncr 
Oklahoma)  school  facilities  were  very  poor,  and  it  was  the  custoi 
of  the  larger  coal  companies  to  provide  schools  for  the  children  f 
their  employees.  To  provide  a fund  for  the  support  of  these  scho(3 
each  man  on  the  pay  roll  was  assessed  a certain  sum  each  mont, 
usually  25  cents  for  the  single  men  and  50  cents  for  heads  of  familk. 
Since  the  Territory  has  been  admitted  to  statehood  this  is  no  long’ 
necessary,  as  good  schools  are  provided  by  the  State. 

In  Oklahoma  a canvass  of  schools  in  the  principal  mining  localiti? 
was  made  and  in  nine  of  the  largest  schools  it  was  found  that  thei 
was  a total  enrolment  of  4,208  pupils,  29.6  per  cent  of  whom  we^ 
of  foreign  parentage.  The  number  of  each  race  was  as  follows: 

Table  446. — Children  of  immigrants  in  nine  'public  schools  of  Oklahoma,  by  race  f 

father. 


Race  of  father. 

Num- 

ber. 

Race  of  father. 

Nun 

her 

"Rnglish - 

71 

Mexican 

Irish  . 

68 

Maygar 

Sp.nt.p.h  

96 

Slovak 

Welsh  

11 

Syrian 

tTPririnn  

77 

French 

Ttalinn  

438 

Other  races 

Polish  

93 

J.it.hnflnian  

206 

Total 

1,1 

Russian 

37 

It  will  also  be  profitable  to  discuss  briefly  the  schools  in  the  differei 
towns  of  Oklahoma  in  or  around  which  coal  mines  are  located. 

Community  No.  1 has  good  schools,  with  a total  enrolment  of  91 
Of  these,  108  are  children  of  immigrants  of  the  following  races: 


German 15 

English 26 

Irish 18 

Welsh 3 

Italian 18 

Danish 3 

Russian 4 


Austrian 

Chinese 

Scotch.. 

Norwegian 

Dutch 

Total I" 


1 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


113 


By  grades,  the  children  of  foreign  parentage  are  distributed  as  fol- 


ows: 

li'irst  and  second 

'bird 

'"ourth 

'"ifth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

ligh  school 

Total 


47 

26 

9 

12 

2 

5 

7 

108 


Community  No.  2 has  two  schools,  the  public  and  the  parochial, 
;)oth  of  which  have  immigrant  pupils.  The  public  school  is  of  eight 
j,Tades  and  has  an  enrolment  or  480,  distributed,  by  race  of  father, 
IS  follows: 


Vmerican 329 

j^talian 100 

Syrian 20 

Polish 4 

lerman 10 

rish 6 


Russian  Hebrew 6 

Greek 3 

French 2 

Total 480 


The  principal  of  the  school  states  that  the  first  public  school  in 
Community  No.  2 was  started  five  years  ago.  Prior  to  that  time  all 
he  miners  were  taxed,  by  the  companies  employing  them,  a certain 
imount  for  school  purposes.  The  principal  also  declares  that  an  im- 
nigrant  child  rarely  goes  beyond  the  fifth  grade.  There  is  only  one 
-oreigner  in  the  eighth  grade,  an  Italian  boy.  Many  children  enter 
the  school  who  can  not  speak  a word  of  English.  The  children  attend- 
ing school  ^are  ranked  in  about  the  following  order  in  regard  to  their 
progress:  American,  German,  Italian,  Irish,  Syrian,  and  Polish.  The 
reason  assigned  for  backwardness  on  the  part  of  immigrant  children 
IS  lack  of  encouragement  at  home. 

The  parochial  school  has  an  attendance  of  250  children,  all  of 
\vhom  are  immigrants. 


Italian - 450 

Lithuanian 50 

Polish 25 


Miscellaneous, 


Total 250 

The  priest  who  has  charge  of  this  school  says  that  the  Lithuanians 
are  the  best  scholars  he  has  and  are  very  regular  in  attendance.  The 
Italians  are  bright  up  to  10  or  12  years  of  age,  but  from  that  time 
show  no  interest  in  their  work,  and  soon  leave  school,  as  they  are  not 
encouraged  at  home  to  remain.  The  Poles  are  dull  and  hard  to  teach, 
and  very  few  can  speak  English  upon  entering  school. 

The  priest  further  states  that  immigrant  parents  take  their  children 
away  from  school  at  such  an  early  age  that  they  have  little  chance  to 
acquire  much  education.  He  has  endeavored  to  start  a night  school, 
but  little  interest  has  been  shown  in  the  work. 

The  public  school  of  Community  No.  3 has  eight  grades,  with  an 
enrolment  of  304.  In  the  school  there  are  8 Italians,  15  Lithuan- 
ians, and  5 Poles.  The  Lithuanians  make  the  best  progress  of  the 
immigrant  children,  the  Italians  ranking  second.  The  Lithuanians 
and  Italians  are  as  regular  in  attendance  as  Americans,  but,  in  the 


114 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


j 


opinion  of  the  teachers,  the  immigrant  children  do  not  make  tl: 
progress  made  by  the  native  children. 

There  is  a good  public  school  in  Community  No.  4,  and  also 
parochial  school  supported  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  Imm 
grant  children  attend  each.  The  parochial  school  was  founded  i 
1902  and  has  an  enrolment  of  180.  Of  this  number,  30  are  Italian 
100  Lithuanians,  12  Poles,  15  Irish,  and  23  Americans.  English  : 
taught  and  the  children  are  urged  to  master  this  language.  The  pries 
who  has  charge  of  the  school  states  that  a graduate  is  well  prepare 
to  enter  college,  but  only  in  rare  instances  do  children  of  immigrants  g 
through  the  school,  as  their  parents  take  them  away  at  about  1 
years  of  age  and  put  them  to  work.  He  also  says  that  Italians  froi 
7 to  12  years  of  age  have  very  keen  intellects,  but  after  that  do  nc 
progress  so  rapidly  as  the  Irish,  Americans,  and  Lithuanians.  Th 
Poles  are  very  backward. 

The  public  school  of  Community  No.  8 has  seven  grades  and  a 
attendance  of  116  pupils.  Of  these,  20  are  immigrants,  as  follows: 


Grade. 

Race. 

Number 

First 

Italian 

Second 

Lithuanian  ...  I 

Third 

do 

Third 

Polish 

Third 

Italian 

Fifth 

Lithuanian 

Sixth 

do 

Total 

1 

The  teacher  in  charge  of  the  school  says  that  the  immigrant  childrei 
are  better  in  attendance  than  Americans  and  make  as  good  progress 
She  considers  Lithuanian  children  brighter  in  arithmetic  than  an; 
others  in  the  school. 

STATUS  OF  CHILDREN  IN  THE  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  relative  status  and  progress  of  native  and  foreigi 
born  children,  the  following  table  furnishes  a limited  but  interesting 
exhibit  on  the  basis  of  information  received  for  463  children  in  house 
holds  of  the  Southwest: 


Table  447 . — Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  home,  at  school 
and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and  by  birthplace  of  child. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  children  born  in  the  United  States  and  also  20  or  more  bon 
abroad.  The  native-born  of  native  father  are  shown  for  comparative  purposes.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  father. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number- 

Per  cent- 

Birthplace  of  child. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

Native-born: 

White 

United  States 

62 

S 

52 

2 

12.9 

83.9 

3. 

Negro 

United  States 

34 

1 

32 

1 

2.9 

94.1 

2. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

United  States 

28 

2 

26 

7.1 

92.9 

Abroad 

26 

6 

19 

2 

19.2 

73.1 

7. 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest.  115 


Upon  comparing  the  second  generation  children  in  the  preceding 
ole  with  the  whites  native-born  of  native  father,  it  is  seen  that  a 
taller  per  cent  of  the  former  are  kept  at  home  and  a larger  per  cent 
3 at  school,  while  3.2  per  cent  of  the  native  American  children 
3 at  work,  though  none  of  the  second  generation  children  are  so 
oorted.  If  the  foreign-born  be  compared  with  the  native-born, 
)re  native-born  children  are  found  at  school  and  fewer  at  home. 

INTEREST  IN  POLITICAL  AND  CIVIC  AFFAIRS  IN  OKLAHOMA  AND 

KANSAS. 

Little  leaning  toward  the  acquisition  of  citizenship  or  interest 
civic  affairs  is  displayed  by  the  races  of  recent  immigration  in 
dahoma.  There  are  a number  of  immigrants  who  have  been  in 
e Oklahoma  coal  fields  for  a period  of  twenty  to  thirty  years  who 
ve  not  yet  secured  their  first  naturalization  papers.  Statements 
owing  the  number  of  first  and  second  papers  taken  out  in  the  chai- 
ning counties  of  Oklahoma  by  the  different  races  since  Oklahoma 
IS  admitted  to  Statehood  (1902)  are  presented  herewith. 

The  figures  for  Pittsburg  County  are  as  follows : 


Race  or  people. 

First 

papers. 

Second 

papers. 

51 

14 

22 

9 

8 

4 

12 

3 

4 

4 

5 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

Ish  

4 

Total  

124 

35 

In  Okmulgee  County  no  immigrants  have  taken  out  second  papers, 
le  following  number  of  each  race  have  secured  first  papers: 


istrian 10 

iglish 3 

nnan 3 

issian - 2 

otch 2 


Total, 


20 


116 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Foreigners  in  Coal  County  have  taken  out  naturalization  paj!n 
as  follows: 


Italian 

German 

Austrian... 

Hungarian. 

Russian 

Scotch 

English 

Belgian 

Canadian. . 

French 

Irish 

Polish 

Mexican . . . 

Dutch 

Swedish . . . 

Total 


Rasce  or  people. 


First  Sec  d 
papers,  pajs. 


43  1. 

5 
21 
12 


4 

7 

2 


16 


3 

1 

1 

1 


122 


S 


In  Latimer  County  40  immigrants  have  taken  out  first  papers,  ai 
it  is  impossible  to  classify  them  by  race.  The  number  of  each  riM 
who  have  obtained  second  papers  follows: 

Russian ! 

Austrian I 

Hungarian ! 

German ' 

Italian 

Total 1 

A very  small  amount  of  interest  in  civic  affairs  is  shown  by  im;i 

grants  in  Oklahoma.  As  a rule  there  are  one  or  two  influena 

immigrants  in  each  locality  who  control  the  vote  of  their  particm,] 
race,  and  most  of  the  races  usually  vote  as  they  are  told  to  by  tli: 
leaders.  The  Italians  in  certain  localities  in  Oklahoma  are  controk 
by  leaders  who  are  advocates  of  radical  political  ideas.  The  Lithi 
nians  are  more  independent  and  are  not  influenced  as  much  as  u 
Italians  and  vote  according  to  their  own  ideas.  The  French  shv 
much  interest  in  political  affairs,  and  the  vote  is  not  influenced): 
controlled.  Russians,  Poles,  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  ti;( 
as  much  civic  interest  as  Americans,  and  in  many  cases  are  lead.j 
citizens.  Mexicans  show  no  civic  interest  whatever. 

In  the  coal-mining  localities  of  Oklahoma  information  was  secu3( 
as  to  the  political  condition  of  612  mine  workers  of  foreign  bin 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  in  t( 
United  States  and  who  had  been  in  this  country  five  years  o i 
longer  period  of  time.  These  data  are  presented  in  the  table  follcf' 
ing,  by  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


117 


' )i;E  Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  Oklahoma  who 

ive  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at 
me  of  coming^,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number— 

Race. 

Fully  natu- 
ralized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Having 
neither  first 
nor  second 
papers. 

iri  n nn  /I  AT  nfCilTI  .......... 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

30 

20 

7 

3 

20 

6 

9 

5 

'Dan 

12 

11 

1 

1 

1 

11 

9 

2 

an  North. 

183 

35 

66 

82 

ian  South. - 

36 

5 

12 

19 

luanian 

47 

17 

11 

19 

18 

8 

3 

7 

43 

4 

1 

38 

73 

9 

14 

50 

40 

7 

9 

24 

21 

10 

7 

4 

24 

8 

7 

9 

Iranian 

11 

3 

3 

5 

2 

1 

1 

ian 

1 

1 

8 

8 

i4»»alion  rinf  Q'nrapifi prl  ^ 

1 

1 

'trian  (racp  fspfinifip.r))  

19 

4 

7 

8 

•dan  (race  not  specified) '. 

7 

2 

3 

2 

Total  

612 

171 

162 

279 

- 

Out  of  the  total  number  of  612  furnishing  information  171,  or  27.9 
|r  cent,  are  fully  naturalized;  162,  or  26.5  per  cent,  have  first 
'pers,  while  279,  or  45.6  per  cent,  have  neither  first  nor  second 
pers.  These  proportions  indicate,  as  already  pointed  out,  that  little 
merest  is  taken  in  civic  affairs  by  the  foreign-born  mine  workers, 
'it  of  a total  of  183  North  Italians  reporting,  35  have  full  natural- 
ition  papers,  66  have  first  papers,  and  82,  or  44.8  per  cent,  have 
ither  first  nor  second  papers.  In  numbers  the  Poles  rank  second 
the  North  Italians.  Out  of  a total  of  73  of  this  race  reporting 
]y  9 have  full  naturalization  papers,  14  have  first  papers  only,  and 
, or  68.5  per  cent,  have  neither  first  nor  second  papers.  Less  inter- 
t as  regards  naturalization  is  manifested  by  the  P olish  than  by  any 
the  other  races  in  this  field  except  the  Mexican.  Following  the 
)les  in  numbers  come  the  Lithuanians.  Out  of  a total  of  47  per- 
ns of  this  race  reporting,  17  have  full  naturalization  papers,  11  have 
st  papers  only,  and  19  have  neither  first  nor  second  papers.  The 
exicans  are  next  in  the  order  of  numbers.  Out  of  a total  of  43 
Tsons  38,  or  88.4  per  cent,  have  neither  first  nor  second  papers. 
)ur  persons  out  of  the  total  number  are  fully  naturalized  and  one 
IS  taken  out  first  papers.  Forty  Russians  are  included  in  the  tab- 
ation.  Out  of  this  total  number  24,  or  60  per  cent,  have  neither 
'st  nor  second  papers,  7 have  full  naturalization  papers,  and  9 have 
’st  papers  only.  Among  persons  having  neither  first  nor  second 
ituralization  papers,  the  Russians  rank  next  to  the  Mexicans  and 
io  Poles.  Of  a total  of  36  South  Italians,  5 have  full  naturalization 


118 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


papers,  12  have  first  papers  only,  and  19,  or  about  52  per  cent,  ha^ 
neither  first  nor  second  papers. 

In  the  bituminous  mining  industry  in  Kansas,  data  pertaining  » 
political  condition  were  obtained  from  901  employees  who  had  been  i 
the  United  States  five  years  or  more,  and  who  were  21  years  or  o^: 
at  the  time  of  coming.  This  information  is  presented  below,  by  rac. 

Table  449, — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  Kansas  m 
have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over\ 
time  of  coming,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.) 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number— 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Havin; 
neither  f; 
nor  seco^ 
papers' 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

4 

1 

2 

Croatian 

8 

3 

5 

Danish  

1 

Dutch 

3 

3 

English 

63 

32 

25 

French 

62 

21 

32 

German 

56 

36 

19 

Irish 

25 

11 

14 

Italian,  North 

225 

52 

146 

Italian,  South 

103 

30 

66 

Italian  (not  specified) 

1 

Magyar 

1 

Norwegian 

' 2 

2 

Polish 

6 

5 

Russian 

•2 

1 

1 

Scotch 

33 

13 

16 

Slovak 

32 

14 

17 

Slovenian 

65 

19 

43 

Swedish 

6 

3 

3 

Welsh 

6 

3 

3 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

159 

42 

100 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

38 

14 

22 

Total 

901 

300 

519 

Of  the  total  of  901  persons  included  in  the  above  table,  300,  a 
33.3  per  cent,  are  fully  naturalized;  519,  or  57.6  per  cent,  have  fin 
papers;  and  82  persons,  or  9.1  per  cent  of  the  total,  have  neither  fin 
nor  second  papers. 

Out  of  a total  of  56  Germans  reporting,  36,  or  64.3  per  cent,  ha\i 
both  naturalization  papers.  Out  of  63  English  reporting,  50.8  pti 
cent,  or  32  persons,  are  fully  naturalized;  25  persons  have  nn 
papers;  while  only  6 have  neither  first  nor  second  papers.  Tt 
Irish  and  the  Slovak  each  show  more  than  40  per  cent  of  their  nun 
ber  fully  naturalized.  The  Scotch,  the  Bohemian  and  Moraviai 
and  the  French  show  between  30  and  40  per  cent,  and  the  Sloveniar 
the  South  Italian,  and  the  North  Italian  show  between  20  and  3 
per  cent  so  reported. 

CITIZENSHIP  IN  THE  SOUTHWEST. 

As  the  result  of  the  study  of  individual  employees  data  wei 
secured  as  to  the  political  condition  of  1,513  foreign-born  males  wh 
had  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  2 
years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  coming.  This  information  ;7 
presented,  by  race,  in  the  table  following. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


119 


BLE  450. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
\ he  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming ^ 
sy  race. 

; (STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.) 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent — 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

lemian  and  Moravian 

7 

2 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

atian 

8 

3 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

(a) 

(o) 

4 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

93 

52 

32 

55.9 

34.4 

82 

27 

41 

32.9 

50.0 

man 

68 

47 

20 

69.1 

29.4 

ek  

1 

(a) 

(a) 

36 

20 

16 

55. 6 

44.4 

lian,  North 

408 

87 

212 

21.3 

52.0 

ian,  South 

139 

35 

78 

25.2 

56.1 

iap  (nnt  .‘?ppnifipd)  

1 

(a) 

(a) 

iinanian 

47 

17 

ii 

^ 36. 2 

^ 23.4 

19 

8 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

dean 

43 

4 

1 

9.3 

2.3 

'wegian  

2 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

79 

9 

19 

11.4 

24.1 

42 

8 

10 

19.0 

23.8 

54 

23 

23 

42.6 

42.6 

56 

22 

24 

39.3 

42.9 

penian 

76 

22 

46 

28.9 

60.5 

?dish 

8 

4 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

ian * 

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

14 

11 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

jtralian  (race  not  specified)  

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

itrian  (race  not  specified) 

178 

46 

107 

25.  8 

60.1 

gian  (race  not  specified) 

45 

16 

25 

35. 6 

55.6 

Total 

1,513 

471 

681 

31.1 

45.0 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

Of  the  1,513  males  of  foreign  birth  reporting  in  the  above  table 
.1  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized  citizens  and  45  per  cent  have  first 
^.turalization  papers,  while  23.9  per  cent  have  no  political  status  in 
le  United  States.  The  Germans,  English,  and  Irish  are  from  55  to 
I per  cent  fully  naturalized,  with  very  few  who  have  no  papers. 
:3venians,  Italians,  and  French  possess  the  greatest  number  of  first 
ipers  in  proportion  to  their  numbers.  Eighty-eight  and  four-tenths 
i r cent  of  the  43  Mexicans  reporting  have  no  papers,  and  the  race  as 
whole  shows  the  least  tendency  toward  naturalization.  It  is  inter- 
iting  to  compare  the  Lithuanians  with  the  Mexicans  and  notice  the 
breased  interest  displayed  by  the  former  in  political  affairs  of  the 
ition.  Nearly  60  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians  have  either  first  or 
icond  papers,  while  only  11.6  per  cent  of  the  Mexicans  are  so 
ported.  The  Slovaks  and  Russians  also  display  considerable  civic 
i terest 

Information  was  also  secured  from  792  employees  who  had  been  in 
>e  United  States  between  five  and  nine  years  and  from  721  employ- 
's who  had  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over.  These  data  are  sub- 
litted  in  the  table  following,  but  the  percentages  for  two  races  only 
ie  shown,  the  number  reporting  for  the  others  being  too  small  for 
'imputation.  The  percentages  for  the  total  numbers  are  computed 
ir  purposes  of  comparison. 


120 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  451. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  were  21  y>g 
of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  hy  years  in  the  United  States  4 
race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  Is  for  all  forelgn-bijJ 


In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 


Per  cent — 


In  United  States  10  years 
or  over. 


Per  cent— 


In  United  States  5 y^s 
or  over. 


Per  cent- 


Race. 


Italian,  North 
Italian,  South 

Total... 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 


Fully 

natural- 

ized. 


Having 

first 

papers 

only. 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 

Slete 
ata. 


Fully 

natural- 

ized. 


Having 

first 

papers 

only. 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 


Fully 

natural- 

ized. 


Ha, 6 

pats 

oh 


250 

95 


8.4 

14.7 


58.4 

60.3 


158 

44 


41.8  41.8 

47. 7 34. 1 


408  21.3  fi 

139  25. 2 i 


792 


11.4 


56.7 


721 


52.8 


32.2 


1,513 


31.1 


Of  immigrants  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  between  fe 
and  nine  years  11.4  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized  as  compared  wh 
52.8  per  cent  wdio  have  been  in  this  country  over  ten  years.  Of  the 
in  the  United  States  between  five  and  nine  years  56.7  per  cent  hsje 
first  papers  while  only  32.2  per  cent  have  first  papers  who  have  ben 
here  over  ten  years. 

However,  in  the  case  of  both  the  North  and  South  Italians  a mrh 
larger  proportion  of  those  of  the  longer  period  of  residence  in  te 
United  States  are  fully  naturalized  as  compared  with  those  who  hse 
been  in  this  country  between  five  and  nine  years. 

The  following  table  shows  the  present  political  condition  of  forei^.- 
born  males  in  the  households  studied  in  the  Southwest. 


Table  452. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the  Unx 
States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  hy  raOj 
individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrivai  in  the  United  States.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number— 

Per  cent— 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natural- 

ized. 

Havi; 

firs 

pap( 

onl} 

Croatian 

17 

7 

7 

(a) 

fi 

Irish 

18 

16 

1 

(a) 

Italian,  North 

82 

14 

21 

17.1 

Italian,  South 

18 

1 

6 

(a) 

Lithuanian 

27 

4 

9 

14.8 

Magyar 

9 

3 

3 

(a) 

(<*: 

- - - 

30 

.0 

Polish 

13 

1 

3 

(a) 

(«; 

Slovak 

29 

6 

10 

20.7 

Welsh 

13 

8 

2 

(a) 

(®: 

Total 

256 

60 

62 

23.4 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


121 


i Because  of  the  very  small  numbers  of  the  majority  of  races  in  the 
mthwest  furnishing  information,  the  possibility  of  making  a satis- 
ctory  comparison,  as  between  the  races,  is  precluded.  Of  the  256 
ijrsons  furnishing  complete  data  only  23.4  per  cent  are  fully  natural- 
ed,  while  an  additional  24.2  per  cent  have,  by  securing  first  papers, 
lanifested  a desire  to  become  citizens.  This  desire,  it  is  apparent 
om  the  above  table,  is  stronger  with  the  Slovaks  than  with  the 
ithuanians  and  North  Italians,  the  Slovaks  showing  20.7  per  cent 
lly  naturalized  and  34.5  per  cent  having  first  papers,  as  compared 
lith  14.8  and  33.3  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  Lithuanians,  and 
|M  and  25.6  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  North  Italians.  Of  the 
[)  Mexicans  reporting  not  one  has  taken  any  steps  toward  natural- 
nation. 

ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

I Another  point  of  value  and  interest  in  connection  with  the  question 
! to  the  general  progress  of  the  foreign-born  mine  workers  in  the 
, mthwest  is  found  in  the  relative  advancement  of  the  different  races 
I the  use  of  the  English  language.  The  first  table  bearing  upon  this 
j)int  is  submitted  below  and  exhibits,  by  sex  and  general  nativity 
iid  race  of  individual,  the  ability  to  speak  English  of  1,145  persons 
I years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied. 

\BLE  453. — Per  cent  of  'persons  6 'years  of  age  or  over  'who  speak  English,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  arid  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

ils  table  includes  only  non-English-spealdng  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  how- 
ever, are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


eneral  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

tlve-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
wher: 

Slovak 

30 

36 

66 

90.0 

97.2 

93.9 

reign-born: 

Crotian 

29 

28 

57 

79.3 

71.4 

75.4 

Italian,  North 

190 

105 

295 

51.1 

23.8 

41.4 

Italian,  South 

65 

40 

105 

47.7 

27.5 

40.0 

Lithuanian ... 

80 

41 

121 

66.3 

22.0 

51.2 

Mexican 

64 

39 

103 

21.9 

15.4 

19.4 

Polish 

57 

41 

98 

38.6 

22.0 

31.6 

Slovak 

63 

53 

116 

60.3 

41.5 

51.7 

Grand  total 

661 

484 

1,145 

54.0 

44.2 

49.9 

tal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

90 

118 

208 

74.5 

88.1 

82.2 

tal  foreign-born 

571 

366 

937 

50.8 

30.1 

42.6 

Of  1,145  males  and  females  in  this  locality  for  whom  information 
is  secured,  49.9  per  cent  speak  English,  the  native-born  of  foreign 
ther  reporting  a proportion  greatly  in  excess  of  that  shown  for  the 
reign-born.  This  difference  m proportions,  it  will  be  noted,  is  not 
1 marked  among  the  males  as  among  the  females. 

; As  regards  the  foreign-born  males  who  speak  English,  the  Croatians, 
|ith  79.3  per  cent,  report  a proportion  larger  than  that  of  any  other 
ce;  the  Mexicans,  with  21.9  per  cent,  reporting  the  smallest  pro- 
Irtion.  Following  the  Croatians,  in  the  order  named,  are  the 
.thiianians,  Slovaks,  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  and  Poles, 

L »48296°— VOL  7—11 9 


122 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Regarding  the  ability  of  the  foreign-born  females  to  speak Englis 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  Croatians  report  by  far  the  largest  proportic 
or  71.4  per  cent.  The  nearest  approach  to  the  proportion  of  tl 
Croatian  females  who  speak  English  is  shown  by  the  Slovaks,  reportii 
41.5  per  cent.  Following  the  Slovaks,  with  little  difference  in  pr 
portions,  are  the  South  Italians,  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  ar 
Poles,  while  the  Mexican  females  report  the  smallest  percentaj 
spealang  English. 

Of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  information  concerning 
sufficient  number  to  justify  computation  was  secured  from  only  oi 
race.  Of  this  race,  the  Slovak,  the  proportion  of  females  with  abilii 
to  speak  English  exceeds  that  of  the  males,  each,  however,  showii 
a considerably  larger  proportion  than  is  shown  for  the  foreign-boi 
Croatians. 

By  combining  the  proportions  of  males  and  females  who  spe£ 
English,  it  will  be  noted  that,  with  one  exception,  the  relative  positic 
of  the  several  races  remains  the  same  as  if  only  the  males  we? 
considered. 

Information  was  also  secured  from  3,482  individual  employees,  j 
is  showm  in  the  following  table : 

Table  454. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  ho 
ever,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cen 
who  spea 
English, 

206 

74 

German - — • 

177 

91 

Italian  Nortli 

1,129 

Itsli&n  Poulh  

418 

6f 

Li  thii3-nicin 

119 

85 



48 

7£ 

McxicBii. 

105 

74 

209 

65 

101 

7C 



124 

65 

185 

68 

Total  

3,482 

1 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  above  table  that  69.1  per  cent  of  tf 
total  number  speak  English.  Of  the  races  reporting,  the  Germar 
show  a smaller  per  cent  unable  to  speak  English  than  any  other  rac* 
9 per  cent  as  compared  with  11.8  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  wh 
report  the  next  higher  per  cent.  After  the  Lithuanians,  and  in  tli 
following  order,  come  the  Magyars,  French,  Mexicans,  and  Russian 
who  report  as  being  able  to  speak  English,  75,  74.3,  74.3,  and  70. 
per  cent,  respectively.  With  the  exception  of  the  Slovenians,  wli 
report  68.1  per  cent,  less  than  two-thirds  of  each  of  the  other  race! 
are  able  to  speak  English,  the  South  Italians  reporting  the  highesj 
or  66  per  cent,  while  the  North  Italians,  with  62.4  per  cent,  repoi 
the  lowest. 

The  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  households  studie 
who  speak  English  is  shown  in  the  table  following,  by  age  at  time  c 
coming  to  the  United  States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


123 


lBLE  455. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


lis  table  Includes  only  non-English  -speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however, 
is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


latian 

lian.  North 
llan,  South 
'huanian... 

ixican 

lish 

vak 

Total... 


Race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting, 

complete- 

data. 


Per  cent  who  speak 
English,  by  age  at 
time  01  coming  to 
United  States. 


Under  14. 


14  or  over. 


57 

295 

105 

121 

103 

98 

116 


81.3 

85.0 
68.2 
85.7 

42.3 

60.0 
64.0 


73.2 

34.5 

32.5 
44.0 
11.7 

24.4 

48.4 


937 


70.3 


36.4 


The  above  table  shows  that,  of  a total  of  937  individuals  reporting 
mplete  data,  a much  larger  proportion  who  can  speak  Englislt  is 
own  by  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  than  by  those  who 
)re  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 
'.3  per  cent  as  against  36.4  per  cent. 

Of  the  various  races,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  largest  proportion 
10  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United 
ates  and  who  can  speak  English  is  shown  by  the  Lithuanians, 
llowed  by  the  North  Italians  and  Croatians;  while  the  largest 
oportion  who  were  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to 
e United  States,  and  who  can  speak  English,  is  shown  by  the  Croa- 
ins,  followed  by  the  Slovaks  and  Lithuanians.  The  Mexicans  show 
e smallest  proportion  of  both  those  under  14  years  of  age  and  14 
ars  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  who  can 
eak  English. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons 
Tears  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied,  who  speak  English, 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual: 

BLE  456. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
ily  non- English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non- 
nglish-speaking  races.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by 
years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

4tian 

57 

295 

105 

121 

103 

98 

no 

54.2 
20.6 
34.5 

24.2 

.0 

6. 5 

16.1 

86.4 

50.0 

39.5 

51.0 

13.6 

24.0 
42.8 

100.0 

76.0 

66.7 

75.7 
23.9 
81.5 

80.0 

ian,  North 

ian.  South... 

manian 

dean 

1 ish 

! ^ak 

. Total 

937 

21.6 

46.2 

65.3 

124 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Of  a total  of  937  individuals  reporting  complete  data,  it  will  fc 
seen  that  those  with  a period  of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  te 
years  or  over  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  65.3  per  cent,  who  ca 
speak  Enghsh,  while  those  with  a period  of  residence  under 
years  show  the  smallest,  or  21.6  per  cent. 

The  largest  proportion  who  can  speak  Enghsh  is  shown  by  thos 
of  each  race  with  a period  of  residence  of  ten  years  or  over,  the  pei 
centages  ranging  from  100  as  shown  by  the  Croatians  to  23.9  as  show 
by  the  Mexicans;  while  the  smallest  is  shown  by  those  with  a perio 
of  residence  of  under  five  years,  the  percentages  ranging  from  54. 
as  shown  hj  the  Croatians  to  zero  per  cent  as  shown  by  the  Mexican 
It  is  clearly  shown  that  as  the  period  of  residence  increases  s 
does  the  proportion  who  can  speak  English,  the  most  noticeabl 
increase  being  shown  by  the  Poles  and  Slovaks. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  mal 
employees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  th 
United  States  and  race: 

Table  457. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  tin 
^ of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEBS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  howev< 
is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data.| 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by  ag 
at  time  of  coming  to  Unitei 
States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Total. 

FrBncli- 

206 

94.5 

66.9 

74 

GcrmSiii 

177 

97.4 

89.2 

91 

Itslisn  N^^rfh  

1, 129 

98.0 

60.8 

62 

ItSlliftiH  SnnbH  - 

418 

92.3 

64.3 

66 

Lithuanian. ...... 

119 

100.0 

87.8 

88 

M6xic8>n«  

105 

87.5 

71.9 

74 

Polish. - ----- 

209 

90.9 

63.6 

65 

Russian. - — 

101 

100.0 

69.7 

70 

Slov9<k  - - ---------- 

124 

100.0 

64.2 

65 

Slovenian 

185 

100.0 

65.7 

68 

Total  

3,482 

95.7 

66.8 

69 

Upon  information  secured  from  3,482  foreign-bom  males  in  th 
Southwest,  it  will  be  noted  that,  of  those  under  14  years  of  age  at  th 
time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  95.7  per  cent  can  now  spea 
English,  as  compared  with  66.8  per  cent  of  those  who  were  14  yeai 
of  age  or  over.  The  most  interesting  feature  of  the  above  table 
that  100  per  cent  of  the  Lithuanians,  Russians,  Slovaks,  and  Slover 
ians,  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  th 
country,  are  at  present  able  to  speak  English.  Following  the  abovt 
mentioned  races  are  the  North  Italians,  Germans,  French,  Sout 
Italians,  Poles,  and  Mexicans,  in  the  order  named,  the  Mexicans  shov 
ing  the  smallest  proportion,  or  only  87.5  per  cent,  of  those  under  1 
years  of  age  upon  their  arrival  in  the  United  States  able  at  preser 
to  use  the  English  language.  That  the  children  of  some  races  ai 
quicker  than  others  in  acquiring  a knowledge  of  English  is  apparer 
from  the  above  comparison  and  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  tb 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  Southwest. 


125 


lildren  of  certain  races  associate  more  freely  with  the  children  of 
itive  Americans  than  do  the  children  of  other  races. 

On  the  other  hand,  of  those  over  14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 
)ming  to  the  United  States,  the  Germans,  reporting  89.2  per  cent, 
low  a larger  proportion  than  any  other  race  who  speak  English  at 
le  present  time.  Following  the  Germans,  closely,  are  the  Lithu- 
lians,  who  seem  to  acquire  a knowledge  of  English  more  readily 
lan  the  other  races  of  recent  immigration.  The  Mexicans,  although 
{porting  only  71.9  per  cent  of  those  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  time 
F arrival  in  the  United  States  who  speak  English,  compare  favorably 
ith  the  other  races,  the  proportions  of  which  range  from  69.7  per  cent 
f the  Russians  to  60.8  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians. 

The  relation  between  different  periods  of  residence  in  the  United 
tates  and  the  ability  to  speak  English  is  shown  by  the  following, 
ased  on  data  from  3,482  individual  mine  workers. 

ABLE  458. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


{V  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non- 
English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by  years  in  United 
States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

rench 

206 

51.9 

66.7 

89.4 

74.3 

pf  m 

177 

62.9 

87.0 

100.0 

91.0 

alifUi  'Mnrt.h  

1,129 

418 

35.0 

73.8 

87.9 

62.4 

■ftliftTi  

43.6 

75.2 

91.8 

66.0 

ithufVTiiaTi  ....... 

119 

79.3 

90.5 

91.7 

88.2 

rpYif'nTi  ... ...... 

105 

67.9 

80.8 

74.5 

74.3 

nljqh  

209 

35.3 

80.3 

91.4 

65. 1 

Russian. 

101 

30.8 

74.4 

94.4 

70.3 

lovak..... 

124 

35.2 

85.3 

91.7 

65. 3 

lovenlan 

185 

44.6 

78.7 

90.0 

68.1 

Total  

3,482 

43.0 

77.4 

91.1 

69.1 

It  is  evident  from  the  preceding  table  that  of  those  races  with  a 
■esidence  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  43  per  cent  can 
peak  English,  as  compared  with  77.4  per  cent  who  have  resided 
lere  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  91.1  per  cent  with  a residence 
)f  ten  years  or  over.  Over  two-thirds,  or  67 .9  per  cent,  of  the 
Vlexicans  residing  in  the  United  States  under  five  years  can  speak 
English,  while  the  Germans  report  62.9  per  cent,  and  the  Lithuanians 
F9.3  per  cent,  the  Lithuanians  reporting  the  largest  per  cent  for 
Fis  period  of  residence.  The  next  highest  per  cent  is  shown  by  the 
French,  51.9  per  cent,  followed  by  the  Slovenians  and  South  Italians, 
who  report  44.6  per  cent  and  43.6  per  cent,  respectively.  The  other 
races  reporting  range  from  35.3  per  cent  of  the  Poles  to  30.8  per 
3ent  of  the  Russians.  The  Lithuanians  who  have  been  in  the  United 
States  between  five  and  nine  years,  as  those  with  a residence  under 
five  years,  show  a higher  per  cent  able  to  speak  English  than  is  shown 
by  any  other  race.  They  report  90.5  per  cent  able  to  speak  English, 
and  the  next  highest,  87  per  cent,  is  reported  by  the  Germans. 


126 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  large  gain  of  the  Slovaks  during  this  period  of  residence  is  o 
special  interest,  reporting,  as  they  do,  85.3  per  cent  as  comparec 
with  34.5  per  cent  during  the  shorter  period  of  residence.  As  betweei 
the  Mexicans  and  Poles,  who  immediately  follow  the  Slovaks,  then 
is  very  little  difference,  less  than  one-fifth  of  each  race  being  imabt 
to  speak  English  as  compared  with  a fraction  more  than  one-fourtl 
of  the  Russians,  and  a fraction  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  Soutl 
Italians.  Immediately  preceding  the  Russians  and  South  Italian! 
are  the  Slovenians,  with  78.7  per  cent  able  to  speak  English,  aiK 
immediately  following  these  same  races  will  be  found  the  North  Ital 
ians,  reporting  73.8  per  cent  able  to  speak  English.  The  French,  or 
the  other  hand,  show  the  smallest  per  cent  of  literacy,  one-third  o 
their  number  with  a residence  of  between  five  and  nine  years  beiii^ 
unable  to  speak  the  English  language. 

Of  those  races  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years  oi 
over,  all  of  the  Germans  can  speak  English.  The  next  largest  pro- 
portion is  shown  by  the  Russians,  who  report  94.4  per  cent.  Follow- 
ing the  Russians  are  the  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  Slovaks,  and 
Poles,  between  whom  tliere  is  very  little  difference,  each  one  report- 
irig  a fraction  over  91  ])er  cent  able  to  speak  English.  The  Slove- 
nians, French,  and  North  Italians  report  10,  10.6,  and  12.1  per  cent 
unable  to  speak  English,  respectively.  The  Mexicans  with  a resi- 
dence of  ten  years  or  over  in  this  country  report  only  74.5  per  cent 
who  can  speak  English.  This  is  a slight  gain  over  those  with  a 
residence  under  five  years,  and  a loss  as  compared  with  those  who 
have  been  in  this  country  between  five  and  nine  years. 

It  seems  apparent,  therefore,  from  the  preceding  table  that,  upon 
the  whole,  the  greatest  advancement  in  the  acquisition  of  English 
on  the  part  of  the  different  races  is  made  during  the  five  to  nine 
years’  residence  period. 


PART  V.-THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY 
IN  THE  SOUTH. 


127 


PART  V.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


Chapter  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Households  studied— Members  of  households  for  whom  detailed  information  was 
secured— Employees  for  whom  information  was  secured— [Text  Tables  459  to  463 
and  Gleneral  Tables  200  to  202]. 


HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  scope  of  the  investigation  in  the  South,  the  house- 
holds studied  were  in  the  southern  West  Virginia  and  Virginia  coal 
fields.  Individual  employees  were  studied  in  all  the  coal-producing 
areas  of  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Alabama.  The  following  table 
shows  the  number  of  households  studied  in  the  South,  by  race  of 
head  of  household: 


Table  459. — Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Households. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

21 

25 

76 

12 

74 

69 

21 

3.6 

6.8 

8.1 

24.6 

3.9 

23.9 

22.3 

6.8 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

PoUsh 

Slovak 

Total 

309 

100.0 

Of  the  .309  households  studied  more  are  of  the  South  Italian  than 
)f  any  other  race.  The  Magyars  report  in  numbers  almost  as  large 
IS  the  South  Italians  and  are  followed  by  the  Poles,  who  also  report 
n a large  proportion.  Altogether  these  races  constitute  a fraction 
wer  70  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  households  studied.  The 
Snglish,  German,  North  Italian,  Lithuanian,  and  Slovak  races,  on  the 
ither  hand,  constitute  each  less  than  10  per  cent  of  the  total  number 
)f  households  studied. 


129 


130 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


MEMBERS  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  FOR  WHOM  DETAILED  INFORMATION  WA 

SECURED. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  number  of  persons  in  th 
households  studied  and  the  persons  for  whom  detailed  informatio 
was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 

Table  460. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed  informatio 
was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Persons  in  house- 
holds. 

Persons  for  whot 
detailed  inform 
tion  was  securec 

of  house- 
holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cen' 
distribu 
tion. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

55 

2.9 

55 

3. 

German 

21 

109 

5.8 

109 

6. 

Italian,  North 

25 

123 

6.5 

115 

6. 

Italian,  South 

76 

475 

25.1 

441 

24. 

Lithuanian 

12 

80 

4.2 

78 

4. 

Magyar 

74 

497 

26.3 

471 

26. 

Polish 

69 

410 

21.7 

392 

21. 

Slovak 

21 

144 

7.6 

139 

7. 

Total 

309 

1,893 

100.0 

1,800 

100. 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that,  of  the  1,893  persons  in  th 
households  studied,  the  persons  in  households  whose  heads  are  Soutl 
Italians,  Magyars,  and  Poles  constitute  nearly  75  per  cent.  Th 
persons  in  the  Magyar  households  appear  in  largest  numbers,  repre 
senting  26.3  per  cent  of  all  persons  m households  studied,  and  th 
persons  in  households  whose  heads  are  English,  with  2.9  per  cent 
represent  the  smallest  proportion.  Those  in  households  whos< 
heads  are  Germans,  North  Italians,  lithuanians,  and  Slovaks  are  als( 
reported  in  relatively  small  proportions. 

It  will  also  be  seen  that  of  all  persons  for  whom  detailed  informa 
tion  was  secured,  those  of  the  Magyar  households,  with  26.2  per  cent 
constitute  the  largest  proportion,  and  members  of  households  whost 
heads  are  English,  constitute  the  smallest  proportion,  or  3.1  per  cent 
The  South  Italian  households  report  a proportion  that  is  only  slightl} 
smaller  than  that  for  the  Magyar  households.  The  persons  in  house- 
holds whose  heads  are  Poles  come  next  to  the  South  Italian  house- 
holds in  numbers,  and  the  Slovak,  North  Italian,  German,  and  Lithu- 
anian households,  with  a small  proportion  each,  follow  in  the  ordei 
named. 

The  number  of  persons  of  each  race  and  the  number  and  proportior 
of  males  and  females  in  the  households  studied  are  shown  in  the  follow- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South 


131 


table,  according  to  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
old: 

'able  461. — Sex  of  'persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  hy  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Number. 

Per  cent  of  each 
sex. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

areign-born: 

English 

37 

18 

55 

67.3 

32.7 

German 

64 

45 

109 

58.7 

41.3 

Italian,  North 

86 

29 

115 

74.8 

25.2 

Italian,  South 

343 

98 

441 

77.8 

22.2 

Lithuanian 

56 

22 

78 

71.8 

28.2 

Magyar 

Polish 

334 

137 

471 

70.9 

29.1 

271 

121 

392 

69.1 

30.9 

Slovak 

90 

49 

139 

64.7 

35.3 

Total 

1,281 

519 

1,800 

71.2 

28.8 

The  foregoing  table  shows  the  proportion  of  males  in  the  households 
,udied  to  be  largely  in  excess  of  that  of  the  females,  the  highest  per- 
mtage  of  males  being  found  in  the  households  whose  heads  were 
orth  or  South  Italians,  and  the  lowest  in  German  households. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  persons  for 
horn  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and  general  nativity 
id  race  of  individual : 


i.BLE  462. — Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  hy  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Jeneral  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number. 

Per  cent  distribution. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

itlve-horn  of  native  father,  White 

5 

6 

11 

0.4 

1.2 

0.6 

itive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

ather: 

English 

7 

1 

8 

.5 

.2 

.4 

German 

12 

13' 

25 

.9 

2.5 

1.4 

Italian,  North 

12 

11 

23 

.9 

2.1 

1.3 

Italian,  South 

41 

23 

64 

3.2 

4.4 

3.6 

Lithuanian 

13 

9 

22 

1.0 

1.7 

1.2 

Magyar 

64 

43 

107 

5.0 

8.3 

5.9 

Polish 

47 

26 

73 

3.7 

5.0 

4.1 

Slovak 

13 

25 

38 

1.0 

4.8 

2.1 

reign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

.1 

.0 

.1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

.1 

.0 

1 

English 

29 

17 

46 

2.3 

3.3 

2!  6 

French 

1 

1 

,1 

.0 

1 

German 

47 

34 

81 

3.7 

6.6 

4!  5 

Italian,  North 

73 

18 

91 

5.7 

3.5 

5.1 

Italian,  South 

305 

72 

377 

23.8 

13.9 

20.9 

Lithuanian 

39 

11 

50 

3.0 

2.1 

2.8 

Magyar 

240 

93 

333 

18.7 

17.9 

18.5 

Polish 

222 

92 

314 

17.3 

17.7 

17.4 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

.2 

.0 

,2 

Russian 

37 

37 

2.9 

.0 

2. 1 

Scotch 

2 

2 

.2 

.0 

*1 

Slovak 

67 

25 

92 

5.2 

4.8 

5.1 

Grand  total 

1,281 

519 

1,800 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

tal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

209 

151 

360 

16.3 

29.1 

20.0 

tal  native-born 

214 

157 

371 

16.7 

30.3 

20.6 

^al  foreign-bom 

1,067 

362 

1,429 

83.3 

69.7 

79.4 

132 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Comparing  the  native-born  and  foreign-born,  it  Xvill  be  seen  th; 
the  latter  show  a larger  proportion  of  both  males  and  females  than  c 
the  former,  although  the  difference  in  proportion  is  not  so  large  ;* 
the  case  of  the  females. 

Of  the  foreign-born  races,  the  South  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Pole 
in  the  order  named,  show  the  largest  proportions  of  males.  T1 
same  is  true  of  the  females,  except  that  both  the  Magyars  and  PoL 
show  larger  proportions  than  the  South  Italians.  No  other  ra( 
shows  a proportion  in  excess  of  6.6  per  cent  for  either  males  < 
females,  while  six  races  show  a total  absence  of  females. 


EMPLOYEES  FOR  WHOM  INFORMATION  WAS  SECURED. 

The  table  next  presented  shows,  according  to  general  nativity  an 
race  of  individual,  the  number  and  per  cent  of  bituminous  mir 
workers  for  whom  detailed  information  was  received: 

Table  463. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  ai 

race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

dis- 

tribu- 

tion. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Pei 

cen 

dis 

tribi 

tiOD 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

White 

4,389 

32.6 

Greek 

23 

0 

Negro 

4,809 

35.7 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian)... 

1 

(“) 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

Herzegovinian 

3 

(») 

country  of  birth  of  father: 

Irish 

45 

Austria-Hungary 

31 

.2 

Italian,  North 

402 

3 

Belgium 

1 

(o) 

Italian,  South 

1,182 

8 

Canada 

3 

(a) 

Lithuanian 

41 

England. 

66 

.5 

Macedonian 

13 

France 

5 

(o) 

346 

2 

Germany 

49 

.4 

!•) 

Greece 

1 

(o) 

Montenegrin 

91 

Ireland 

86 

\6 

Polish 

301 

2 

Italy 

14 

.1 

Roumanian 

37 

Norway 

1 

(o) 

Russian 

86 

Russia 

8 

^ \\ 

Ruthenian 

4 

(0) 

Scotland 

66 

.5 

Scotch 

102 

Sweden 

3 

(a) 

Servian 

21 

Switzerland 

2 

(o) 

Slovak 

391 

2 

Wales 

6 

(o) 

Slovenian 

57 

Africa  (country  not  specified)... 

1 

(a) 

Spanish 

(«) 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Swedish 

5 

(«) 

Armenian 

2 

(a) 

Syrian 

5 

(“) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

8 

.1 

Welsh 

11 

Bulgarian 

123 

.9 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

56 

Canadian  (other  than  French) . . 

2 

(a) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

7 

(“) 

Croatian 

258 

1.9 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

(«) 

Cuban  

1 

(a) 

Danish 

2 

(a)  ^ 

Grand  total 

13,458 

100. 

Dnteh 

19 

English 

119 

!9 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father. . 

343 

2. 

French 

38 

.3 

Total  native-born 

9,541 

70. 

German 

112 

.8 

Total  foreign-born 

3,917 

29. 

• Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


133 


T 


Chapter  II. 

RACIAL  DISPLACEMENTS. 

History  of  immigration  to  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  South — Period  of  residence 
[ in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  and  members  of  their  households — 
i Racial  classification  of  employees  at  the  present  time — History  of  immigration  to 
i the  coal  mines  of  Alabama— Present  racial  classification  of  mine  employees  in  Ala- 
bama-Period of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-bom  employees  in  Ala- 
I bama  coal  mines — History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  West  Virginia — Racial 
composition  of  mine-operating  forces  at  the  present  time  in  West  Virginia — Period 
t of  residence  in  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  employees  in  the  West  Virginia 
j coal  fields— History  of  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  of  Virginia— [Text  Tables 
I 4G4  to  480  and  General  Tables  203  and  204]. 

jllSTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINES  OF  THE 

SOUTH. 

The  development  of  bituminous  coal  mining  during  recent  years 
ind  the  increase  in  the  number  of  employees  have  gone  forward  rapidly 
n certain  southern  States  as  well  as  in  other  sections  of  the  country, 
rhe  States  in  the  South  where  the  expansion  of  bituminous  coal 
nining  has  been  most  marked  and  where  the  process  of  development 
s still  in  progress  are  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
ind  Alabama.®  The  annual  production  in  West  Virginia  was  about 
\ix  times  greater  in  1908  than  in  1890;  in  Alabama  during  the  same 
)eriod  the  yearly  output  was  trebled;  in  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and 
Tennessee  combined  it  was  increased  about  fivefold.  The  consequent 
iemand  for  labor  which  has  existed  in  the  various  States  is  shown  by 
he  fact  that  there  were  59,029  mining  employees  in  West  Virginia  in 
1907  as  compared  with  9,778  in  1889;  21,388  in  Alabama  in  1907  as 
iontrasted  with  6,864  in  1889;  6,670  in  Virginia  in  1907  and  1,523  in 
1889;  and  29,023  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  together  in  1907  as 
sompared  with  9,175  employed  in  the  year  1889. 

The  class  of  labor  which  was  thus  utilized  to  make  possible  this 
3xtraordinary  development  of  the  coal  resources  of  the  South  is 
indicated  by  the  returns  of  the  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Censuses.  The 
figures  compiled  from  these  sources  and  presented  in  the  tables  which 
follow  show  the  nativity  of  all  persons  10  years  of  age  or  oyer  who 
were  engaged  in  mining  in  the  coal-producing  southern  States  in  1890 
and  1900.  The  figures  include  persons  engaged  in  all  forms  of  min- 
ing, but  for  the  present  purpose  they  are  valuable  in  clearly  indicating 
the  composition  by  nativity  of  coal-mining  employees  who  constituted 
the  great  majority  of  miners  in  the  States  under  discussion.  The 
first  table  covers  the  census  year  1890;  the  second  table  affords  prac- 
tically the  same  showing  for  1900.^ 

“Texas  and  Arkansas  have  been  classified  under  the  Southwestern  States. 

^The  census  returns  for  1900  are  not  so  satisfactory  as  for  1890  for  the  reason  that  the 
country  of  birth  of  the  foreign-born  is  not  given  in  1900,  but  the  classification  is  made 
by  birthplace  of  parents. 


135 


136 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  464, — Number  of  -persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  mining  in  each  specifier 

State,  by  nativity,  1889. 

[From  United  States  Census  of  1890,  Population,  Volume  II,  Table  116.) 

Number  of  miners  in  each  specified  State. 


Nativity. 

Alabama. 

Kentucky. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

West 

Virginia. 

Native,  White: 

Native  parents 

2,487 

3, 165 

3,439 

1,811 

6,52 

Foreign  parents 

300 

369 

181 

38 

79 

Foreign,  White 

1,492 

581 

500 

375 

1,37 

Colored  (native  and  foreign) 

3,687 

976 

769 

1,700 

2,01 

Foreign-bom,  by  country  of  birth: 

Germany 

75 

72 

46 

4 

16 

Ireland 

129 

68 

40 

4 

2£ 

Great  Britain 

1,009 

336 

378 

65 

74 

0903*16  

9 

4 

4 

1 

. 

1 

1 

Sweden  and  Norway 

49 

10 

2 

2 

T^nTimarlr 

1 

other  countries 

219 

92 

29 

300 

21 

Table  AQb.— Number  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  mining  and  quarry 
ing  in  each  specified  State,  by  nativity,  1899. 


(From  United  States  Census  of  1900,  Occupations,  Table  41.) 


Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  in  each  specified  State. 

Nativity. 

Alabama. 

Kentucky. 

Tennessee. 

Virginia. 

West 

Virginia 

Native,  White: 

Native  parents 

5,984 

606 

6,135 

487 

7,223 

4, 150 

12,02 

Foreign  parents 

265 

89 

1,18 

Foreign,  White.. 

1,573 

471 

310 

479 

2,96 

Negro  

9,735 

2,206 

3,092 

2,651 

4,62 

Persons  of  native  parentage 

15,713 

189 

8,342 

4 

10,313 

6,800 

16,64 

Persons  having  either  both  born  as  speci- 
fied or  one  parent  born  as  specified  and 
one  parent  native: 

nsfria-TTiin  j^ary  

11 

348 

91 

Canada  (English) 

12 

7 

10 

6 

1 

4 

1 

Gprmany  

128 

185 

53 

i9 

36 

Great  Britain 

1,112 

279 

396 

296 

125 

1,05 

Ireland 

182 

84 

28 

52 

Italy. 

171 

42 

47 

11 

55 

Pnlanrl  

5 

12 

9 

22 

Russia 

1 

2 

1 

2 

27 

Scandinavia 

18 

15 

6 

2 

11 

Other  countries 

159 

67 

27 

12 

Persons  of  mixed  foreign  parentage ....... 

107 

56 

30 

7 

11 

The  clear  inference  from  the  above  tables  is  that  native  whites  an( 
ne^ixies  were  principally  used  in  developing  the  bituminous  coa 
resources  of  the  South.  Before  the  year  1890  there  were  immigrants 
from  Great  Britain  and  Germany  in  all  the  above  States.  Theii 
presence  was  especially  noticeable  in  West  Virginia  and  Alabama,  bu 
in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Virginia  they  were  so  few  in  number  as 
to  be  of  no  consequence.  By  the  year  1900  the  situation  in  some  o 
the  States  had  changed.  During  the  previous  ten  years  the  operator: 
of  West  Virginia  had  increased  their  employees  from  Great  Britan 
and  Germany  and  had  also  employed  a considerable  number  of  minw 
of  Austro-Hungarian,  Polish,  Russian,  and  Italian  parentage.  Th< 
number  of  mine  workers  in  Alabama  from  Great  Britain  and  Germany 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


137 


id  also  been  increased,  and  Alabama  and  Virginia  had  begun  to 
nploy  miners  of  Austro-Hungarian,  Italian,  and  Polish  extraction, 
lery  little  increase,  if  any,  in  either  class  of  immigrants  was  noticeable 
1 Kentucky  or  Tennessee. 

After  the  census  period  of  1900  and  during  the  period  1900  to  1907 
le  tendencies  observable  in  1900  became  fully  operative.  Immi- 
•ants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  were  employed  in  consid- 
•able  numbers  in  Alabama,  West  Virginia,  and  Virginia  to  supple- 
ent  the  negro  and  native  labor  supply.  In  the  States  of  Tennessee 
id  Kentucky  the  former  sources  of  labor  were  utilized  and  very  few 
;cent  immigrants  were  employed  to  assist  in  the  development  of  the 
ines.® 

SRIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR  HOUSEHOLDS. 

As  regards  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  on  the  part  of 
le  foreign-born  coal  and  coke  workers  in  the  South,  the  following 
tbles  furnish  an  instructive  exhibit,  by  percentages,  according  to 
3neral  nativity  and  race: 

iBLE  466. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 
number  of  years,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


y years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reportiug.  The 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  in  the  United  States  each  specified  num- 
ber of  years. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or  over. 

llgs^rian  ......... 

120 

92.5 

6.7 

0.8 

0.0 

0.0 

ftftt.ian  ......... 

258 

63.2 

33.7 

2.7 

.4 

.0 

Tgli<;h  ....... 

117 

12.8 

15.4 

3.4 

6.8 

61.5 

»rm  an  

112 

50.0 

20.5 

4.5 

9.8 

15.2 

43 

.0 

9.3 

9.3 

4.7 

76.7 

filaui  North.. . ...................... 

398 

43.5 

35.7 

13.3 

5.0 

2.5 

fiian  South. ........................ 

1, 169 

46.4 

39.9 

8.1 

3.9 

1.7 

t.hnanian  ..... 

41 

22.0 

24.4 

22.0 

19.5 

12.2 

apvar  

343 

51.3 

34.1 

7.3 

4.7 

2.6 

“bJ  

ontBiiegrin  

91 

98.9 

.0 

.0 

1.1 

.0 

■^lish  ..... 

300 

47.7 

34.7 

7.3 

5.7 

4.7 

ussian 

74 

71.6 

18.9 

4.1 

2.7 

2.7 

int.p.h  _ 

101 

5.9 

2.0 

4.0 

7.9 

80.2 

nvalr  ... 

389 

45.0 

35.5 

9.8 

5.4 

4.4 

ovp.niaTi  

55 

34.5 

40.0 

14.5 

3.6 

7.3 

Total  

3,864 

48.4 

31.4 

7.4 

4.6 

8.2 

The  total  number  of  employees  reporting  residence  in  the  United 
tates  was  3,864.  Of  these  about  48  per  cent,  or  nearly  one-half, 
ad  been  in  the  country  under  five  years;  about  31  per  cent,  from 
ve  to  nine  years;  7.4  per  cent,  ten  to  fourteen  years;  4.6  per  cent, 
fteen  to  nineteen  years;  and  8.2  per  cent,  over  twenty  years.  As 

“In  the  preparation  of  data,  therefore,  it  has  been  thought  that  imrnigration  to  Ken- 
ticky  and  Tennessee  coal-mining  points  has  not  been  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
udied.  As  a consequence  these  States  have  been  eliminated  and  the  discussion  of 
omigration  to  the  South  has  been  confined  to  the  States  of  Alabama,  West  Virginia, 
Id  Virginia. 

48296®— VOL  7— 11 10 


138 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


regards  the  different  races,  the  Montenegrin,  Bulgarian,  Russian,  an 
Croatian,  in  the  order  mentioned,  report  the  largest  proportion  c 
their  number  in  the  United  States  under  five  years.  None  of  the  Iris 
have  been  in  the  country  less  than  five  years.  The  races  reportin 
the  largest  proportion  of  their  number  in  the  country  from  five  to  nin 
years  are  the  Slovenian  and  Lithuanian;  that  reporting  the  smaller 
proportion  is  the  Scotch.  The  races  reporting  the  largest  proportio 
of  tneir  number  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over  are,  in  th 
order  named,  the  Scotch,  Irish,  and  English;  those  reporting  th 
smallest  proportion,  or  none  at  all,  the  Bulgarian,  Croatian,  Sout 
Italian,  Nortn  Italian,  Magyar,  and  Russian. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that  a very  large  percentage  of  th 
races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  are  of  recent  arrival.  Thi 
is  notably  true  of  the  Bulgarians,  Croatians,  North  Italians,  Sout 
Italians,  Magyars,  Montenegrins,  and  Russians,  and  in  a slightly  les 
degree  of  the  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Slovenians.  Of  the  English-speakin 
foreign-born  employees,  the  Scotch,  English,  and  Irish,  considerabi 
more  than  half  have  been  in  the  country  twenty  years  or  over,  an* 
the  number  of  recent  arrivals  is  insignificant. 

The  present  tendencies  relative  to  immigration  to  the  coal  fields  o 
the  South  may  be  seen  from  the  figures  showing  the  number  o 
employees  in  the  country  less  than  one  year.  The  total  numbe 
reported  was  197.  Of  these,  69  were  South  Italians,  30  were  Nortl 
Italians,  27  were  Magyars,  18  were  Poles,  and  13  were  Croatians. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  i] 
the  households  studied  who  had  been  in  the  United  States  eacl 
specified  number  of  years : 


Table  4S7. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  numht 
of  years,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OY  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  ^ 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.  This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  persons  reporting.  Th 
total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


English 

German 

Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Slovak 

Total.... 


Race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  of  persons  in  Unite 
States  each  specified  nun 
her  of  years. 


Under  5. 


Under  10. 


Under  2( 


45 

81 

91 
377 

50 

333 

314 

37 

92 


71.1 

67.9 

74.7 

69.5 
42.0 

60.7 

9L9 

44.6 


95.6 
86.4 

96.7 

94.7 
68.0 

85.3 

92.7 

97.3 
76.1 


97. 

91. 

100. 


1,428 


65. 


9.7 


It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  the  majority  of  persons  ii 
this  locality  for  whom  information  was  obtained  have  been  in  th( 
United  States  under  five  years,  while  the  proportion  with  a residenct 
of  twenty  years  or  over  is  exceedingly  small. 

The  Russians  show  by  far  the  largest  proportion  of  individuals 
who  have  been  in  this  country  under  five  years.  Following  the 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


139 


ussians  are  the  North  Italians,  English,  South  Italians,  Poles, 
ermans,  and  Magyars,  in  the  order  named,  the  proportion  of  the 
Magyars  being  slightly  in  excess  of  60  per  cent.  The  Lithuanians 
id  Slovaks,  on  the  other  hand,  report  each  less  than  45  per  cent  as 
iving  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years. 

Of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  under  ten  years,  the 
orth  Italians  and  Russians  show  the  largest,  and  the  Lithuanians  the 
nallest,  proportions. 

With  the  exception  of  the  North  Italian,  each  race  reports  a small 
roportion  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over. 

EACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

The  investigation  in  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Alabama  secured 
[formation  from  more  than  13,000  individual  mine  workers  as  to  race 
ad  country  of  birth.  The  tabulation  of  this  data,  which  exhibits 
le  remarkable  changes  in  the  racial  composition  of  the  mine-working 
>rces  since  the  last  census  period,  is  given  below: 

iBLB  468. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and 

race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

dis- 

tribu- 

tion. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

dis- 

tribu- 

tion. 

itive-bom  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

WViitA 

4,389 

32.6 

Greek 

23 

0.2 

Negro 

4' 809 

35.7 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian). . 

1 

(«) 

itive-bom  of  foreign  father,  by 

Herzegovinian 

3 

(«) 

country  of  birth  of  father: 

Irish 

45 

.3 

A n<5t.ria-TTnngaTy  

31 

.2 

Italian,  North 

402 

3.0 

"Rfilginm 

1 

(0) 

Italian,  South 

1,182 

8.8 

Canaria  

3 

(a) 

Lithuanian 

41 

.3 

F,n  gland 

66 

.5 

Macedonian 

13 

.1 

Franoft  

5 

(a) 

Magyar 

346 

2.6 

(rArmany-  

49 

.4 

Mexican 

1 

(») 

(rrPfiOft  . - 

1 

(0) 

Montenegrin 

91 

.7 

Trp.land 

86 

.6 

Polish 

301 

2.2 

Italy 

14 

.1 

Roumanian 

37 

.3 

Norway 

1 

(a) 

Russian 

86 

.6 

Tlnssia 

g 

.1 

Ruthenian 

4 

(0) 

Rontland 

66 

.5 

Scotch 

102 

\8 

Swpdfin 

3 

(a) 

Servian 

21 

.2 

Rwitzprland 

2 

(a) 

Slovak 

391 

2.9 

Wales  . - . 

6 

(a) 

Slovenian 

57 

.4 

Africa  (country  not  specified).. 

1 

(«) 

Spanish 

1 

(a) 

)reign-bom,  by  race: 

Swedish 

5 

(«) 

Armenian  

2 

(a) 

Syrian 

5 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

s 

.1 

Welsh 

11 

Bulgarian 

123 

.9 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

56 

.4 

Canadian  (other  than  French) .. 

2 

(a) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

7 

(«) 

\ Croatian 

258 

1.9 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

(a) 

Cuban 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

Danish 

2 

Grand  total 

13, 458 

100.0 

19 

-’.l 

' English 

119 

.9 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father . . 

343 

2.5 

French  . . 

38 

.3 

Total  native-born 

9,541 

70.9 

' German 

112 

.8 

Total  foreign-born 

3,917 

29.1 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


By  reference  to  the  table  above  it  is  seen  that  about  seven-tenths 
'f  the  total  number  of  miners  were  native-born  and  three-tenths 
)reign-born.  Thirty-two  and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  the  total  were 
jative  whites  born  of  native  father,  while  35.7  per  cent  were  native- 
jbrn  negroes,  showing  the  fact  that  the  negro  constitutes  the  largest 


140 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


racial  element  among  the  southern  bituminous  mine  workers.  Thi 
group  of  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  or  the  second  genera 
tion  of  immigrants,  aggregates  only  one-fortieth  of  the  total  numbe 
of  employees  and  includes  small  groups  of  fourteen  races,  those  mos 
important  numerically  being  English,  German,  Irish,  and  Scotch. 

As  regards  the  races  of  recent  immigration,  the  South  Italian  ha 
the  largest  representation,  the  employees  of  that  race  forming  ove 
30  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  and  more  than  8 per  cent  of  the  tota 
number  employed.  The  North  Italian,  Slovak,  Magyar,  and  Polish 
in  the  order  named,  stand  next  to  the  South  Italian  in  numerica 
importance,  constituting  together  about  one-tenth  of  the  total  num 
her  employed.  The  Croatian  is  also  a prominent  race  and  in  th 
present  exhibit  forms  about  2 per  cent  of  the  total  mine  worker 
covered.  There  are  comparatively  small  numbers  of  immigrant 
from  Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe,  the  total  number  of  per 
sons  belonging  to  such  races  reporting  being  only  437,  or  3.2  pe 
cent  of  the  total  number  employed.  In  addition  to  the  races  already 
mentioned,  the  presence  of  the  Bulgarian,  Macedonian,  Idthuanian 
Montenegrin,  Roumanian,  Russian,  Slovenian,  and  Servian  is  indi 
cated  in  considerable  numbers.  Other  races  of  southern  and  easten 
Europe  are  also  represented  among  the  mine  workers  in  comparativeb 
small  numbers. 

For  the  purpose  of  giving  a more  local  application  to  the  racia 
movements  to  the  coal-mining  industry  of  the  South,  it  has  beei 
thought  profitable  to  present  the  history  of  immigration  to  the  coal 
producing  States  of  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Alabama,  wliicl 
nave  used  immigrant  labor  in  their  recent  remarkable  development 
In  addition  to  the  local  interest  attaching  to  such  a presentation,  i 
detailed  exhibit  of  this  kind  within  a limited  compass  is  valuable  fo 
com])arative  purposes.  The  situation  in  Alabama  is  first  considered 
followed  by  West  Virginia  and  Virginia. 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COAL  MINES  OF  ALABAMA. 

The  coal-producing  region  of  Alabama  is  divided  into  three  dis 
tinct  districts  or  basins  known  by  the  names  of  the  rivers  whicl 
drain  them — the  Warrior,  the  Coosa,  the  Cahaba.®  The  Warrio 
district  is  the  largest  and  contains  23  regular  seams  varying  in  thick 
ness  from  a few  inches  to  16  feet,  the  total  thickness  of  all  seam 
reaching  in  some  places  as  high  as  115  feet,  but  the  Cahaba  distric 
is  the  principal  producer.  The  county  of  Jefferson,  which  include 
the  city  of  Birmingham,  is  in  the  Cahaba  district  and  contribute 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  total  bituminous  coal  output  of  the  State 
The  total  coal  area  of  Alabama  is  estimated  to  be  6,500  square  miles. 
The  coal  development  of  the  State  began  about  1870,  and  with  th 
exception  of  the  years  1893  and  1894,  there  has  been  an  annua 
increase  in  the  coal  production.®  The  census  of  1840  reported  ; 
production  of  coal  in  Alabama  for  that  year  of  946  tons,  and  in  th 
census  of  1860,  10,200  tons  were  reported.  According  to  the  censu 
report  of  1870,  the  production  for  that  year  was  13,200  tons,  and  h 
1880  the  Tenth  Census  reported  a production  of  323,972  tons.*  Th 

« Report  on  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902,  United  States  Census  Bureau,  pp.  54,  16( 
167,  680. 

b Ibid.  pp.  167,  680,  681. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


141 


nsus  reports  of  1890  and  1902  give  the  following  figures  for  the  coal- 
■ ■ industry  in  the  State  of  Alabama  and  the  prmcipal  coal-pro- 


ining 
icing  counties: 


BLE 


409^ Development  of  bituminous  coal  mining  in  the  State  of  Alabama,  by  county, 


1902. 


om  report  on  Mineral  Industries,  1890,  United  States  Census  Bureau  p.  347.  Report  on  Mines  and 
Quarries,  1902,  United  States  Census  Bureau.] 


Census 
of  each 
specified 
year. 

Number 
of  mines. 

Average 

number 

Annual  production. 

County. 

of  wage- 
earners. 

Value. 

Short  tons. 

1902 

8 

1,712 

51,842,163 

6,975,929 

1,487,407 

5,85.5,536 

1,903,976 

1,107,651 

1902 

48 

6,954 

1902 

43 

2.313 

2,147,894 

1,453,680 

1 other  counties 

1902 

46 

1,951 

Total  for  Stoto  .... 

1902 

145 

12,930 

12,419,666 

10,  .354, 570 
3,572,983 

Totsl  for  

1890 

57 

6,975 

3,961,491 

The  coal  counties  are  riiount,  cyaiiiiitiu,  ii^uuwtui, 

[arion,  St.  Clair,  Shelby,  Tuscaloosa,  Walker,  and  Winston.  Rightly 
lore  than  one-half  of  the  coal  produced  comes  from  Jefferson  County 
lone,  and  over  89  per  cent  is  produced  in  Jefferson,  Walker,  and  J3ibb 
Dunties.®  Birmingham  is  located  in  the  east-central  portion  of 
efferson  County.  The  Cahaba  field  has  an  estimated  area  of  435 
[juare  miles,  and  lies  in  St.  Clair,  Jefferson,  Shelby,  and  Bibb  coun- 

IGS. 

The  measures  of  the  Cahaba  field  have  only  a thin  ledge  of  lime- 
tone  a few  feet  in  thickness  running  through  them,  and  more  resem- 
tle  the  measures  of  the  coal  fields  of  Arkansas  and  Oklahoma  than 
hose  of  the  middle  and  middle  western  States.  Owing  to  the  absence 
f any  considerable  amount  of  pyrites  of  sulphur,  the  seams  in  the 
'ahaba  field  are  more  easily  worked  than  those  of  Illinois.^ 

The  development  of  the  Cahaba  district  has  taken  place  largely 
within  the  past  twenty  years.  A brief  statement  shows  2,900,000 
ons  of  coal  mined  twenty  years  ago  compared  with  over  14,000,000 
ons  in  1907  and  about  11,000,000  tons  in  1908;  500,000  tons  of  coke 
nanufactured  twenty  years  ago  compared  with  more  than  3,000,000 
,ons  in  1908;  and  401,330  tons  of  pig  iron  twenty  years  ago  compared 
vith  1,400,000  tons  in  1908. 

The  United  States  Census  of  1900  gave  to  Birmingham  proper 
i population  of  38,415,  and  to  the  surrounding  communities  popu- 
ation  as  follows: 

moo 

?rattW.v: ; '’562 


Cardiff. 


658 




The  races  employed  as  miners  or  as  outside  men  at  the  mines  in  the 
Birmingham  district  are  negro,  native  white.  South  Italian,  Scotch, 

® Report  on  Mines  and  Quarries,  1902,  United  States  Census  Bureau,  pp.  167, 
580  681 

^ Geological  Survey  of  Alabama,  Report  on  Cahaba  Coal  Field,  by  Joseph  Squire, 
pp.  4-5. 


142 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Slovak,  French,  English,  Bulgarian,  German,  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Non 
Italian  the  order  in  which  they  are  named  being,  according  to  the 
numerical  strength.  Practically  no  Italians  are  miners;  they  are  en 
ployed  almost  altogether  on  the  mining  tipples  or  in  outside  work. 

The  first  immigrants  to  be  employed  in  the  mines  in  any  nur 
bers  were  the  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  Slovaks,  together  with  a few  Frenc- 
English,  and  Irish,  and  a small  number  of  South  Italians  as  outsid 
men.  They  were  first  employed  over  twenty  years  ago.  During  tf 
next  five  years  immigration  to  the  mining  communities  consists 
chiefly  of  Slovaks,  English,  and  Welsh,  with  a small  number  of  Iris 
Scotch,  Germans,  French,  and  South  Italians.  In  the  next  te 
years  an  increasing  number  of  South  Italians  were  employed,  with 
few  Slovaks,  Scotch,  and  French.  In  the  last  five  years  the  new( 
immigrants  in  mining  occupations  have  been  chiefly  Bulgarians  an 
North  and  South  Italians,  with  a small  number  of  French  au 
Scotch.  In  addition  to  the  above  races,  a few  Poles  have  bee 
miners  for  about  ten  years,  although  in  1904  a considerable  numb( 
were  brought  in,  but  departed  almost  immediately.  The  Bulgariai 
in  the  mining  communities  are  composed  entirely  of  those  wh 
have  drifted  away  from  the  steel  plant  at  Ensley,  Alabama,  whei 
they  were  first  employed.  A large  number  of  Slovaks  have  left  tt 
district  since  the  strike  of  1904. 

PRESENT  RACIAL  CLASSIFICATION  OF  MINE  EMPLOYEES  IN  ALABAMA. 

The  racial  composition  of  the  operating  forces  of  the  mines  in  Alj 
bama  at  the  present  time  is  shown  in  detail  in  the  following  table: 

Table  470. — Number  of  male  employees  in  Alabama  for  whom  information  was  secure' 
by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Numbf 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

White 

1,979 

English 

Negro 

4, 429 

French 

German 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 

Greek 

of  birth  of  father: 

Irish 

Austria-Hungary 

14 

Italian,  North . . 

f 

Canada 

2 

Italian,  South 

1. 

England 

29 

Lithuanian 

France 

1 

Macedonian 

Germany 

11 

Magyar 

< 

Greece 

1 

Mexican 

Ireland 

22 

Montenegrin 

Italy 

2 

Polish 

1 

Norway 

1 

Roumanian 

Scotland 

33 

Russian 

J 

Sweden 

2 

Scotch 

Servian 

Total 

118 

Slovak 

1 

Slovenian 

Total  native-born 

6,526 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Welsh 

Armenian 

2 

Austrian  trace  not  specified  t 

Bohemian 

5 

Belgian  trace  not  specified  t 

Bulgarian 

118 

Swiss  trace  not  specified")  . . . . 

Canadian  rothpr  than  Prpnnht 

1 

Croatian 

2 

Total  foreign-born 

9( 

Cuban 

1 

Danish 

2 

Grand  total 

7,4c 

Dutch 

6 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


143 


As  the  result  of  the  investigation  of  individual  employees,  7,495 
liners  in  the  Birmingham  district,  as  can  be  seen  from  the  preceding 
ible,  furnished  complete  data  as  to  their  nativity  and  race.  Of  the 
Dtal  number  thus  reporting  6,408  were  native-born  of  native  father, 
18  were  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  969  were  foreign-born, 
his  division  by  nativity  does  not  afford  a basis  for  a hard  and  fast 
lassification  of  the  mine  workers  by  general  nativity  and  race,  but 
/ does  corroborate  the  preceding  estimates  as  to  the  different  elements 
1 the  population  and  indicates  the  proportionate  racial  distribution 
1 the  operating  forces  at  the  mines.  This  is  especially  noticeable  in 
iie  smallness  of  the  proportion  of  foreign-born  as  compared  with  the 
3tal  number  reporting,  and  also  in  the  fact  that  69  per  cent  of  the 
ative-born  of  native  father  are  negroes. 

In  connection  with  those  native-born  of  foreign  father,  it  will  be 
bserved  that  this  group  of  118  employees  is  almost  entirely  com- 
osed  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  German,  with  the  addition  of  14 
liners  of  Austro-Hungarian  parentage.  The  entire  number  of  native- 
orn  of  foreign  father  only  constitutes  about  1.6  per  cent  of  the  total 
umber  reporting  as  to  race. 

The  number  of  foreign-born  furnishing  information  constitutes 
bout  13  per  cent  of  the  total.  In  this  group,  as  in  the  second  gen- 
ration,  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  German  make  an  important 
bowing,  numbering,  together  with  the  French  and  Welsh,  250  and 
irming  25.8  per  cent  of  all  foreign-born.  Of  the  more  recent  immi- 
rants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  the  largest  representation  is 
arnished  by  the  South  Italians,  followed,  in  the  order  of  their 
umerical  showing,  by,  the  Bulgarian,  Montenegrin,  North  Italian, 
lovak,  Slovenian,  Russian,  Greek,  and  Magyar  races.  These  races 
ompose  63  per  cent  of  the  total  foreign-born.  The  remaining  12  per 
ent  of  foreign-born  persons  are  scattered  among  16  different  races. 

ERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  IN  ALABAMA  COAL  MINES. 

As  regards  the  period  during  which  foreign-born  persons  have 
3sided  in  the  United  States  the  table  below  affords  a detailed  exhibit, 
y general  nativity  and  race : 

ABLE  471. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  Alabama  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


5y  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  Is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

Number  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 
years. 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

oreign-bom: 

Armenian 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

5 

i 

2 

2 

Bulgarian 

115 

1 

40 

50 

13 

2 

8 

Canadian  (other  than  French). 
Croatian 

1 

1 

2 

i 

1 

Cuban 

0 

Danish 

2 

1 

1 

144 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  471. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  Alabama  who  have  been  in  t 
United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race — Continued. 


Race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Number  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 
years. 


Under 

1. 


5 to  9. 


10  to  14. 


15  to  19. 


200' 

ove: 


Foreign-born— Continued. 

Dutch 

English 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  specified). 
Belgian  (race  not  specified).. 
Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

Total 


954 


30 


138 


101 


91 


50 


155 


61 


42 


The  races  of  most  recent  arrival  in  the  United  States,  as  show] 
in  the  table  above,  are  South  Italian,  Bulgarian,  and  Montenegrin 
The  majority  of  the  two  latter  races  have  been  in  the  country  les 
than  one  year  and  almost  all  under  three  years.  About  3 per  cen 
of  all  foreign-born  persons  employed  have  been  in  the  United  State 
less  than  one  year  and  14.5  per  cent  one  year  only.  On  the  othe 
hand,  of  the  46.5  per  cent  of  the  total  who  have  been  in  the  Unitei 
States  more  than  five  years,  about  44  per  cent  are  immigrants  froD 
Great  Britain  and  northern  Europe,  the  greater  part  of  whom  hav 
been  in  the  United  States  for  a period  longer  than  twenty  years 
Eliminating  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  Germans,  French,  and  a feT 
Italians,  the  larger  part  of  the  immigrants  employed  in  the  Bir 
mingham  mines  have  been  in  the  United  States  less  than  five  years 

HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COAL  FIELDS  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA 

West  Virginia  has  been  of  more  or  less  importance  as  a coal-pro 
ducing  State  since  it  was  formed  in  1863.  The  industry’s  mos 
striking  growth,  however,  has  been  made  since  the  year  1893.  Ii 
its  first  year  as  a State,  the  total  production  was  444,648  ® shor 
tons.  From  1863  to  1893  the  production  was  gradually  increased 
and  almost  every  year  showed  an  increase  over  the  one  immediatel} 
preceding  it.  In  the  year  last  mentioned  the  production  wa^ 
10,708,578  short  tons,'  and  since  then  the  increase  has  been  rapic 

® Production  of  Coal  in  1908,  p.  193.  E.  W.  Parker,  United  States  Geological  Sur 
vey,  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Industry  in  the  South. 


145 


id  'Constant.  For  the  past  twenty-seven  years  there  have  been 
ily  two  instances  in  which  production  has  shown  a decrease  in  one 
3ar  as  compared  with  the  one  preceding.  These  exceptions  were 
L 1895  and  1908,  both  years  of  financial  depression.  The  high- 
ater  mark  was  reached  in  1907,  when  48,091,583  short  tons  were 
lined. 

When  the  mining  industry  began  to  be  developed,  the  State  as  a 
hole  was  sparsely  settled,  and  the  expansion  of  the  industry  was 
irther  hampered  by  the  fact  that  topographically  the  sections 
intaining  the  best  coal  were  rugged  and  transportation  facilities 
ere  slowly  developed.  Because  of  these  conditions,  and  the  lack 
[ sufficient  capital  for  many  years,  the  operations  were  scattered 
nd  rather  small,  and  practically  all  labor  to  operate  the  mines  was 
icured  from  the  immediate  vicinity.  As  more  coal  was  mined  each 
ear,  and  new  mines  were  opened  up,  the  available  numbers  of  native 
eople,  always  small,  began  to  decline  and  the  negroes,  principally 
•om  Virginia,  began  to  be  attracted  to  the  coal  fields,  while  sorae 
bite  native  miners  from  adjoining  States  also  appeared.  Within 
lore  recent  years  the  mining  industry  has  been  consolidated  more 
ad  more  and  many  very  large  companies  have  been  formed.  The 
reatest  development  has  been  going  on  in  four  well-defined  fields, 
a presenting  a history  of  immigration  and  a discussion  of  the  con- 
itions  resulting  therefrom,  only  these  four  fields  will  be  discussed, 
hey  do  not  contain  all  the  counties  within  the  State  which  produce 
oal,  but  they  contribute  more  than  90  per  cent  of  the  total  output, 
hey  are  also  clearly  defined  and  have  certain  distinguishing  geo- 
raphic  and  physiographic  features.  Practically  all  the  inami- 
rant  laborers  employed  in  coal  mines  within  the  State  are  in  mines 
icluded  in  these  sections. 

Two  of  these  fields  are  located  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State 
nd  two  in  the  southern.  Those  in  the  northern  are  the  Fairmont,  or 
Jpper  Monongahela,  and  the  Elk  Garden,  or  Upper  Potomac,  districts, 
hose  in  the  southern  are  the  New  and  Kanawha  rivers  district,  which 
icludes  what  are  usually  popularly  divided  into  the  New  and  Kana- 
ha  river  fields,  and  the  Pocahontas  or  Flat  Top  district,  which  also 
icludes  Tazewell  County  in  Virginia. 

Although  conditions  in  many  respects  are  very  similar  in  all  these 
istricts,  there  have  been  certain  elements  entering  into  the  develop- 
aent  of  each  which  make  it  different  in  some  respects  from  the  others, 
nd  for  this  reason  the  divisions  above  referred  to  will  be  treated 
eparately. 

Fairmont  and  Elk  Garden  Coal  Fields  op  West  Virginia. 

The  Elk  Garden  field,  as  compared  with  the  other  coal-producmg 
listricts  of  the  State,  is  small.  Owing  to  this,  and  to  the  fact  that 
t adjoins  the  Fairmont  field  and  that  conditions  are  very  similar  in 
)oth,  they  will  be  treated  together.  The  Elk  Garden  field  is  made 
ip  of  Tucker,  Grant,  and  Mineral  counties.  ^ Tucker  County,  which 
iroduces  51  per  cent  of  the  coal  of  the  district  and  employs  72  per 
lent  of  the  immigrant  labor,  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by 
lounties  included  in  the  Fairmont  field.  The  Fairmont  coal  field  is 
composed  of  Barbour,  Harrison,  Marion,  Monongahela,  Preston,  and 
Caylor  counties,  and  in  1908  the  field  had  a production  of  9,581,436 


146 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


short  tons  and  employed  a total  of  11,470  men.  The  most  extensiv 
development  in  this  field  has  been  in  Harrison  and  Marion  counties 
In  1908  these  two  counties  produced  7,185,036  short  tons,  or  74.9  pe 
cent  of  the  entire  output  of  the  field  and  employed  7,440  men,  or  66. 
per  cent,  of  all  the  labor. 

The  first  mines  opened  were  operated  exclusively  by  native  whit 
labor  from  the  immediate  vicinity,  but  when  development  becam 
extensive  operators  had  to  bring  in  men  from  other  communities  t 
work  the  mines. 

This  condition  of  affairs  prevailed  from  1889  to  1892.  About  189 
or  1893,  not  being  able  to  secure  sufficient  numbers  of  American  white 
or  negroes,  some  of  the  larger  operators  began  to  bring  in  immigrants 
These  w^ere  secured  from  two  sources:  First,  a few  came  with  th 
Americans  from  the  soft-coal  region  of  southwestern  Pennsylvania 
and,  second,  from  labor  agencies  in  New  York — the  greater  numbe 
from  the  latter  source. 

The  numbers  secured,  however,  were  comparatively  small,  ani 
until  1897  the  immigrant  labor  employed  was  not  in  excess  of  10  pe 
cent  of  the  total  operating  forces.  The  first  immigrants  to  come  t' 
the  field  were  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Italians  (principally  North  Italians) 
and  within  a very  short  period  Magyars  began  to  arrive.  As  th 
production  of  coal  began  to  increase  and  additional  mines  wer 
opened  the  demand  for  labor  increased,  and  these  first  immigrant 
formed  a nucleus  for  the  attraction  of  additional  numbers  of  thei 
races.  The  following  brief  discussion  will  give  some  idea  of  th 
coming  of  the  most  prominent  races  to  the  fiMd: 

Italians. — The  Italians  have  been  an  important  race  in  this  fiel( 
almost  since  their  introduction,  and  have  outnumbered  any  other  sin 
gle  immigrant  race.  The  first  to  be  employed  in  numbers  of  any  con 
sequence  arrived  about  the  year  1892.  They  were  first  induced  t( 
come  to  mines  along  the  Monongahela  River  in  Marion  County,  anc 
were  only  employed  at  two  or  three  mines  for  the  first  few  years.  A; 
the  new  mines  were  developed  and  those  already  in  operation  increase( 
their  output,  they  kept  pace  with  this  progress,  and  are  now  founc 
practically  all  over  the  field.  This  race  has  centered  along  th< 
Monongahela  River  in  the  mining  towns  in  the  vicinity  of  Fairmon 
and  Clarksburg,  and  of  the  2,100  employed  in  and  about  mines  ii 
1908  about  75  per  cent  were  in  Marion  and  Harrison  counties. 

Slovaks  and  Poles. — The  Slovaks  and  Poles  entered  the  field  a 
about  the  same  time  as  the  Italians,  and,  like  the  Italians,  were  firs 
brought  to  mines  along  the  Monongahela  River  in  Marion  County 
At  the  time  when  immigrants  were  first  induced  to  come  to  the  field 
the  largest  mines  and  the  greatest  development  were  found  in  thi^ 
section.  Their  numbers  were  comparatively  small  until  1897 
When  the  industry  was  extended  these  races  increased  in  numbe] 
and  became  more  and  more  scattered.  The  town  of  Monongah  liae 
always  been  a center  for  Slovaks  and  Poles,  more  of  these  nationali- 
ties being  found  there  than  in  any  other  locality.  At  present,  these 
two  races  are  employed  in  about  equal  numbers  in  the  field,  the 
number  of  each  race  being  about  650.  Fully  80  per  cent  of  the  tota 
number  are  in  Marion  and  Harrison  counties. 

Magyars. — The  Magyars  first  secured  employment  about  1893,  a1 
first  only  in  small  numbers,  but  as  in  the  case  of  other  races,  they 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


147 


ave  been  constantly  increasing  in  numbers  and  spreading  out  to 
ew  mines.  The  first  members  of  this  race  came  from  the  neighbor- 
ig  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  and  have  been  added  to  by  emigra- 
,on  from  that  section,  by  recruits  drawn  from  labor  agencies  in 
few  York,  and  by  the  coming  of  friends  and  relatives  from  Europe 
■)  join  the  men  already  located  in  the  Fairmont  district.  Some  also 
ame  into  this  field  in  search  of  work  from  the  Connellsville  coke 
5gion  of  Pennsylvania  during  the  strike  of  1894. 

Oroatians. — The  Croatians  are  of  recent  arrival,  the  advent  of  the 
ace  dating  back  not  more  than  five  years.  They  came  in  largest 
umber  to  the  town  of  Monongah  where,  in  1907,  an  explosion 
filed  between  three  and  four  hundred  men.  Since  then,  the  Croa- 
ians  employed  there  have  increased  from  about  25  to  225.  They 
re  not  present  in  such  great  numbers  in  other  mines  of  the  region, 
s there  have  been  no  such  disasters  to  create  vacancies.  It  is  also 
worthy  of  note  that  the  majority  of  all  immigrants  coming  into  the 
eld  after  the  financial  depression  of  1907  were  Croatians.  They  very 
ften  came  in  bands  in  search  of  work,  and  in  some  instances  have 
een  known  to  walk  from  the  bituminous  regions  of  Pennsylvania  to 
his  field. 

Other  races  of  recent  immigrants  have  been  employed  in  the  field 
1 varying  numbers  for  the  past  seven  or  eight  years,  but  have  been 
s a rule  an  unsettled  class  rarely  accompanied  by  families.  The 
lost  prominent  races  among  these  recent  immigrants  are  Russians, 
athuanians,  Slovenians,  and  Ruthenians.  They  represent  about  3 
er  cent  of  all  labor  in  the  field. 

The  general  strikes  of  1894  and  1895,  which  affected  the  bituminous 
oal  fields  more  or  less  throughout  the  country,  were  felt  in  this 
eld.  In  all  these  strikes  the  operators  were,  as  a whole,  victorious, 
nd  since  then  the  field  has  been  nonunion.  The  strikes  affected  the 
reduction  of  the  field  to  a considerable  extent.  There  was  no 
eneral  bringing  of  immigrants  or  natives  as  strike-breakers,  but 
ome  immigrants  came  in  from  other  fields  where  the  strikes  were 
lore  severe.  Immediately  after  the  labor  difficulties  were  over, 
be  field  entered  upon  an  era  of  unprecedented  growth,  which  called 
Dr  more  men.  Moreover,  many  of  the  better  class  of  American  miners 
fit  the  field  and  moved  to  the  organized  regions  of  the  Middle  West 
nd  Southwest.  This  made  two  immediate  causes  for  the  employ- 
lent  of  immigrants,  and  great  efforts  were  put  forth  on  the  part  of 
mployers  to  secure  their  services. 

At  many  of  the  mines  no  immigrants  are  employed,  and  as  a rule 
he  companies  employing  immigrants  follow  a policy  of  mixing  the 
ifferent  races.  From  the  best  information  obtainable  the  racial 
lassification  of  the  total  number  employed  in  the  district  is  about 
s follows : 

Per  cent  of  total 

operating  forces. 


merican,  White 52.  5 

-inerican,  Negro 3.  4 

talian,  North  and  South i 18.  6 

lagyar 6.  5 

'ohsh 5.5 

lovak 5.  5 

roatian 3.  0 

English-speaking  and  German 2.0 

lOutheastern  European  races  not  specified 3. 0 


148 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  Harrison  and  Marion  counties,  where  the  greatest  development 
has  taken  place  and  where  most  of  the  immigrants  are  found,  th ' 
proportion  of  different  races  to  the  total  number  employed  is  abou  r 
as  follows : 1 


Per  cent  of  toi 
operating  forc( 

American,  White 46 

American,  Negro 3. 

Italian 21.' 

Magyar 6.!* 

Polish 6, 

Slovak 6.  ] 

Croatian 4. 

English-speaking  and  German 2.  ' 

Southeastern  European  races  not  specified 2.,^ 

For  the  purpose  of  gaining  a clearer  conception  of  the  history  oii 

immigration  to  this  district  and  the  resultant  changes  in  the  racei 
of  immigrants  employed,  a detailed  account  of  immigration  to  p 
representative  locality  will  be  valuable.  With  this  object  in  vie\ 
a typical  community  has  been  selected  which  will  be  designated  a I 
Community  Number  1.  This  locality,  which  is  little  more  than  .t 
mining  camp,  is  situated  in  Marion  County,  in  the  heart  of  the  sof 
coal  region  of  northern  West  Virginia.®  It  is  on  the  line  of  a traction 
company,  about  6 miles  from  the  county  seat  of  the  county  in  whicl 
it  is  located.  A trunk  line  railroad  also  has  a spur  running  out  t( 
the  town.  The  4 mines  and  coke  ovens  constitute  its  sole  industries 
The  output  of  the  4 mines  is  between  3,000  and  4,000  tons  per  day. 

The  racial  composition  of  the  town^s  population  is  constantly 
changing,  as  the  population  itself  constantly  fluctuates.  There  r 
a large  class  of  what  may  be  termed  floating  labor,  which  greatl} 
outnumbers  the  men  with  families  who  are  more  likely  to  remaii 
in  the  community.  This  fact  renders  it  almost  impossible  to  givi 
an  accurate  or  clear  account  of  the  coming  of  each  race  to  the  com 
munity  by  periods.  Moreover,  the  increases  or  decreases  in  the  popu 
lation  all  depend  upon  the  amount  of  work  available  at  differen 
times  in  the  mines. 


The  history  of  immigration  to  the  community,  however,  is  largely 
identical  with  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  coal  busin«sj 
in  the  locality.  For  this  reason,  and  from  the  fact,  as  stated  above 
that  it  would  be  impracticable  to  take  up  the  history  of  each  race 
separately,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  give  a general  account  of  th( 
coal-mining  industry  in  the  community.  A conception  of  the  immi- 
gration question,  as  locally  applicable,  can  be  made  clearer  in  thif 
way  than  by  taking  up  the  history  of  each  race  independently. 

Coal  mines  were  first  opened  in  the  community  in  the  year  1890 
At  that  time  the  production  of  coal  in  West  Virginia  was  small  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  present  time.  The  total  output  from  the  State 
m 1889  was  only  4,663,859  tons.  Competition  was  very  keen,  and  foi 
the  first  two  years  of  their  operation  the  local  mines  were  able  tc 
secure  sufficient  native  labor  to  handle  their  limited  output  of  aboul 
400  tons  a day.  The  production  of  coal  in  West  Virginia  rapidlj 
assumed  noteworthy  proportions,  however,  and  West  Virginia  coal 


In  1907  Marion  County  stood  fourth  in  point  of  coal  production  among  the  countief 
of  West  Virginia. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


149 


3on  established  itself  in  the  commercial  world.  By  1892  the 
utput  for  the  State  had  reached  7,777,570  tons,  and  in  1897  had 
icreased  to  1 1 ,705,829.  A very  active  demand  had  been  created,  and 
tie  operators  in  Community  No.  1 as  early  as  1892  found  themselves 
icing  an  insufficiency  of  labor  supply. 

To  increase  their  producing  ability,  the  operators  first  attempted 
be  introduction  of  negro  labor.  In  1892  two  carloads  of  negroes 
7ere  brought  in  from  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia, 
ffiese  proved  unsatisfactory.  Recourse  was  next  had  to  Italian 
ibor,  and  during  1893  and  1894  many  of  that  race  were  secured 
rom  New  York.  The  Italians  were  found  quite  satisfactory  as  work- 
aen,  but  it  soon  became  necessary  to  employ  more  men.  About  200 
;iavs  and  Poles  were  consequently  brought  in  from  New  York  through 
ibor  agencies. 

In  1894  occurred  the  great  soft  coal  strike.  The  West  Virginia 
ields  were  affected  in  common  with  the  rest.  The  controversy  was 
[uickly  settled  at  the  mines  in  Community  Number  1.  The  strikers 
\rere  unsuccessful,  and  within  a few  days  the  district  was  definitely 
cade  nonunion,  and  is  so  maintained  at  present.  Practically  all 
»f  the  employees  soon  went  back  to  work  and  it  was  unnecessary 
0 import  strike-breakers.  Shortly  afterwards,  however,  large  num- 
)ers  of  American  miners  began  to  go  out  to  the  union  districts  of 
i^ennsylvania  and  Ohio,  where  the  strike  had  been  successful.  To 
neet  this  second  great  deficit  in  the  labor  supply,  the  local  mines 
vere  forced  to  seek  foreign  labor  in  earnest.  Large  numbers  of 
mmigrants,  seemingly  without  distinction  or  preference  of  race, 
vere  brought  in  through  labor  agencies  in  1894.  From  that  time 
orward  the  employment  of  immigrant  labor  became  a fixed  policy. 

In  December,  1907,  there  occurred  an  explosion  in  which  a large 
lumber  of  men  were  killed.  The  whole  energies  of  the  company 
iffected  were  concentrated  upon  the  damaged  mines  with  the  object 
)f  reopening  them  as  soon  as  possible.  Within  two  months  the 
nines  had  been  cleared  and  were  ready  for  operation.  Full  time 
vas  guaranteed  for  their  operation,  and  forces  were  largely  drawn 
iway  from  the  other  shafts  and  concentrated  in  them.  There  was 
10  lack  of  men.  Attracted  by  the  guarantee  of  full  time,  more  than 
150  Croatians,  Magyars,  and  Austrians  came  in  from  the  Ohio  and 
Pennsylvania  fields.  A great  many  Poles  who  had  been  in  the 
town  previously  also  returned.  At  that  time  work  was  difficult  to 
ffitain  elsewhere  and  these  miners  gladly  availed  themselves  of  this 
opportunity. 

This,  in  brief,  is  the  history  of  immigration  to  the  locality.  The 
races  which  have  secured  work  may  be  seen  at  a glance  from  the  tables 
following  showing  the  racial  classification  of  employees  in  the  local 
mines  in  the  years  1907,  1908,  and  1909.“  The  series  of  three  tables 
will  also  exhibit  the  changes  in  racial  composition  of  the  forces  from 
7ear  to  year. 

® From  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Chief  Mine  Inspector  of  Virginia,.  Racial 
designations  are  confused,  but  are  sufidcient  to  indicate  the  racial  composition  of  the 
operating  forces. 


150 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  472. — Number  of  inside  and  outside  employees  in  Community  No.  7,  by  recce,  19  ^ 


Race. 

Inside 

men. 

Outside 

men. 

On  coke 
ovens. 

Tota 

American,  White 

196 

13 

205 

166 

5 

136 

3 

2 

56 

t 

5 

5 

I 

1 

Negro 

Italian 

34 

Polish 

Lithuanian 

Austrian 

2 

1 

Hungarian 

Scotch 

1 

Total 

586 

170 

64 

P 

i. 

Table  473. — Number  of  employees  in  Community  No.  1,  by  race,  July  1, 1908,  andMay, 

1909. 


JULY  1,  1908. 


Race. 

Number. 

Race. 

1 

Numb 

American,  White 

324 

Hungarian 

Negro 

24 

Slovak 

j 

Italian 

194 

Svrian 

, 

Polish 

45 

German 

» 

Lithuanian 

14 

Austrian 

14 

Total 



MAY  1,  1909. 


American,  White 

300 

30 

250 

100 

30 

10 

Slovak 

[ 

1 

Negro 

Croatian 

Italian 

Magyar 

Polish 

All  other  races 

Lithuanian 

Total 

Austrian 

\ 

As  regards  the  total  population  of  the  community  by  race,  tl 
following  table  based  upon  careful  estimates  is  submitted.  1 
addition  to  an  estimate  or  the  total  population,  the  effort  was  mac 
to  secure  the  number  of  boarders  and  families  of  the  immigrant  rac( 
in  order  to  show  the  transitory  character  of  a large  element  of  tl 
population.  In  this  connection  it  will  be  noted  that  the  floatir 
element  designated  as  boarders  constitutes  about  one-fourth  of  tl 
whole.  It  also  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  town  has  only  bee 
in  existence  since  the  year  1889. 


Table  474. — Estimated  population  of  Community  No.  1,  by  race,  1909. 


Race. 

Number  of 
families. 

Number  of 
boarders. 

Total 
number  < 
persons. 

Italian 

84 

174 

5 

Polish 

20 

115 

2 

Slovak 

10 

50 

1 

Croatian 

15 

100 

1 

Magvar 

20 

75 

1 

Austrian 

Lithuanian 

Other  races  “ 

Total 

159 

1,3 

American.  White 

1,2 

1 

Grand  total 

2,7 

Include  Irish,  German,  Scotch,  Syrian,  and  Hungarian, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


151 


New  and  Kanawha  Rivers  District. 

The  New  and  Kanawha  rivers  coal  field  is  situated  in  the  south 
3ntral  part  of  West  Virginia,  reached  by  the  Cincinnati  and  Ohio 
:ailroad  and  its  many  branches.  The  Virginian  Railway  also  taps 
lis  field  and  connects  it  with  the  eastern  coast,  and  the  Kanawha 
ad  Michigan  Railroad  affords  an  outlet  to  the  Lakes. 

This  field  ranks  second  in  point  of  production  of  the  four  fields 
nder  discussion.  Until  the  year  1906,  with  the  exception  of  1902, 
hen  its  output  was  greatly  reduced  by  a severe  strike,  it  was  first 
i point  of  production.  After  the  settlement  of  the  strike  it  again 
)ok;  the  lead,  and  did  not  relinquish  it  until  1906,  since  which  year 
le  Pocahontas  field  has  had  first  place.  For  several  years  prior  to 
888  the  production  of  the  New  and  Kanawha  rivers  field  was  more 
lan  the  combined  production  of  the  other  three.  This  field  includes 
lay,  Fayette,  Kanawha,  Nicholas,  Putnam,  and  Raleigh  counties. 
For  the  purposes  of  this  report  only  the  three  counties,  Fayette, 
[Kanawha,  and  Raleigh  will  be  considered,  as  they  produce  96  per 
3nt  of  the  coal  of  the  area  and  employ  95  per  cent  of  all  men  working 
t mines,  together  with  all  immigrant  mine  workers.  The  conditions 
i three  counties  under  discussion  vary  considerably  in  some  features, 
'ayette  and  Raleigh  counties  constituting  what  is  popularly  known 
3 the  New  River  Field. 

Small  numbers  of  immigrants  have  been  employed  in  both  Fayette 
ad  Kanawha  counties  since  1897,  but  they  were  very  few  and  con- 
ned only  to  certain  mines  and  one  locality  until  1902.  In  1893 
ne  company,  operating  at  Glen  Jean,  brought  in  a small  force  of 
lagyars  and  Slovaks  from  the  mines  of  Pennsylvania,  and  since  that 
me  these  races  have  been  employed  at  that  mine.  Many  of  those 
riginally  introduced  are  still  in  the  employment  of  the  company, 
ud  others  have  come  in  from  time  to  time.  About  100  men  were 
rought  in  during  1893,  almost  equally  divided  between  the  two  races 
bove  mentioned,  and  including  from  15  to  20  families.  At  this 
me  the  field  was  thoroughly  unionized,  and  through  the  efforts  of 
le  miners’  union  immigration  was  checked,  and  no  immigrants 
atered  the  other  mines  in  the  vicinity.  About  this  same  time  a 
m were  employed  in  several  mines  in  Kanawha  County,  but  they 
^ere  men  who  had  drifted  in,  were  scattered  about,  and  were  not  in 
afficient  numbers  to  have  an  influence  on  any  mine,  or  to  cause 
lore  to  come. 

In  the  year  1902  there  was  a very  severe  strike  which  greatly 
educed  the  output  of  the  field,  as  a majority  of  the  mines  were 
losed  for  a considerable  period.  This  strike  occurred  at  the  time  of 
ae  anthracite  strike  in  Pennsylvania  and  owing  to  the  unsettled  con- 
itions  of  labor  generally  prevailing  in  the  coal-mining  regions  coal 
as  commanding  a very  high  price.  The  operators,  after  being  con- 
inced  that  the  union  would  not  agree  to  their  terms,  began  to  bring 
1 men  to  break  the  strike.  Any  man  who  was  willing  to  work  in  or 
bout  the  naines  was  employed,  and  great  numbers  of  immigrants, 
s well  as  Americans  from  the  North  and  negroes  from  Virginia, 
forth  Carolina,  and  South  Carolina,  were  induced  to  come.  These 
len  were  secured  principally  by  agents  of  the  companies,  who  visited 
he  industrial  and  mimng  districts  of  the  North  and  the  towns  in 


152 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


agricultural  sections  of  the  southern  States  above  mentioned.  I 
means  of  regularly  organized  labor  agents  a large  number  of  imn 
grants  were  also  secured.  In  parts  of  the  Kanawha  field  the  stril 
was  settled  without  resorting  to  strike-breakers,  and  this  section 
still  unionized. 

The  operators,  by  using  the  methods  above  mentioned,  were  su 
cessful  throughout  the  New  River  field  and  in  one  part  of  the  K 
nawha.  Consequently  the  mines  resumed  operations  and  have  nev 
recognized  labor  organizations.  During  all  this  strike  period  tl 
mining  company  which  had  introduced  the  immigrant  labor  sop 
years  before  operated  steadily  with  two  shifts,  and  was  the  only  mil 
in  the  section  which  was  not  closed  during  the  strike. 

In  addition  to  the  fact  that  the  strike  marked  the  entrance  of  tl 
southern  and  eastern  Europeans  into  the  field,  it  also  serious 
affected  the  production  of  coal.  The  production  in  1902  in  this  fie: 
was  1,337,769  tons  less  than  the  year  preceding,  and  if  the  futu: 
growth  of  the  field  and  the  increase  shown  by  other  fields  not  affech 
may  be  used  as  an  indication,  these  figures  are  not  more  than  on 
half  the  actual  loss  in  production. 

After  the  strike  was  broken  a great  many  American  nainers  of  tl 
better  class  began  to  leave  the  field  and  go  to  the  organized  coal  di 
tricts  of  the  Middle  West.  This  action  on  the  part  of  old  employ ei 
continued  for  several  months  after  the  mines  had  resumed  operation 
and  left  a vacancy  wliich  had  to  be  filled.  Those  of  the  strike**breal 
ers,  therefore,  who  could  be  induced  to  stay,  were  prevailed  upon  \ 
do  so,  and  to  these  many  more  have  since  been  added.  The  demap 
for  men  was  made  much  greater  by  the  growth  of  the  fi«ld  both  i 
output  of  mines  already  in  operation  and  in  new  ones  opened,  an 
since  the  period  of  the  strike  the  influx  of  immigrants  from  continent: 
Europe,  and  of  negroes  from  Virginia  and  North  and  South  Carolir 
has  been  constant. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  a large  number  of  the  immigrants  comic 
to  this  field  were  secured  from  labor  agencies  and  ^‘brought  in  o 
transportation'’  and  to  the  further  fact  that  the  supply  of  laborei 
has  always  been  inadequate,  very  little  preference  has  been  show 
for  certain  races,  and  a great  number  of  races  are  represented  in  th 
field.  There  are  a few  races,  however,  which  have  been  employe 
throughout  the  period,  are  more  numerous  and  stable  than  the  res 
and  seem  to  be  the  races  from  which  will  come  the  greater  part  ( 
the  future  immigration  for  the  development  of  the  field.  Thes 
races  are  discussed  below  in  some  detail. 

Magyars  and  Slovaks. — Although  not  kindred  races  and  rarely  foun 
socially  commingling,  the  Magyars  and  Slovaks  are  treated  togethe; 
because  the  history  of  one  is,  with  the  possible  exception  of  som 
minor  details,  the  history  of  both.  Both  races  entered  the  fiel 
at  the  same  time  and  have  been  important  factors  in  its  recec 
development.  As  stated  before,  the  first  members  of  these  race 
to  come  to  this  field  came  in  1892  and  1893  from  Pennsylvank 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  all  the  other  mines  in  the  locality  wer 
organized  they  were  confined  to  this  one  plant.  Although  occasional! 
members  of  these  races  left  either  to  go  to  other  fields  or  to  return  t 
their  native  land,  the  force  was  constantly  replenished  by  th 
O-dvent  of  friends  from  Europe  and  from  other  sections  of  the  Unite 


153 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


;tates,  and  was  kept  intact  throughout  the  period  1892  to  1902. 
)ince  the  strike  of  1902  considerable  numbers  of  these  races  have  come 
Qto  the  region,  and  in  most  cases  both  races  are  represented  in  almost 
very  locality  where  immigrant  labor  is  employed.  Glen  Jean  has, 
lowever,  always  been  a headquarters  for  these  two  races  and  they  are 
acre  permanently  established  there  than  in  any  other  locality.  The 
;reat  majority  of  those  coming  have  been  either  single  men  or  mar- 
led men  not  accompanied  by  their  families,  and  owing  to  the  pros- 
)erous  condition  of  the  mining  industry  they  are  constantly  moving 
rom  mine  to  mine.  There  are  at  present  about  780  Magyars  and 
150  Slovaks  employed  in  this  field. 

Italians. — The  exact  date  of  the  entrance  of  members  of  the  Italian 
ace  into  this  field  is  somewhat  doubtful.  A few  have  been  employed 
it  two  mines  in  the  Kanawha  district,  however,  since  the  year 
.899.  That  year  is  believed  to  be  the  real  beginning  of  immigration 
)f  the  Italian  race  into  the  field.  The  number  employed  up  to  the 
itrike  of  1902  was  small,  and  it  was  in  this  year  that  they  began  to  come 
n earnest.  Some  were  brought  into  the  field  along  with  other  races  as 
itrike-breakers.  Since  the  strike  they  have  entered  in  greater  num- 
)ers  than  any  other  race,  and  greater  numbers  of  them  have  been 
lecured  through  labor  agencies  than  of  any  other  two  races.  The 
najority  of  those  employed  are  South  Italians.  A great  number  have 
;ome  into  the  field  from  railroad  construction  work  in  this  and  neigh- 
)oring  States  at  different  times  for  the  past  few  years,  and  the  influx 
vas  especially  great  after  the  financial  depression  in  October,  1907, 
vhen  practically  all  construction  work  was  stopped.  ^ 

At  present  there  are  about  1,500  Italians  employed  in  and  about  the 
nines  of  the  district.  The  greater  number  of  them  are  single  men  or 
nen  who  are  married  but  not  accompanied  by  their  families,  and  the 
)roportion  of  adult  males  to  families  is  much  larger  among  members 
)f  this  race  than  of  any  other  found  in  the  community.  The  Italian 
)opulation  of  the  various  mining  villages  where  they  are  found  is  con- 
itantly  shifting. 

Poles. — Polish  immigration  began  with  the  introduction  of  men  of 
hat  race  as  strike-breakers  in  1902..  Many  came  to  the  field  from 
)oth  the  hard  and  soft  coal  districts  of  Pennsylvania.  The  majority 
)f  those  found  in  the  field  were  originally  from  Austria,  while  some 
Yere  from  Russia,  and  a very  small  number  from  Germany.  As 
before  stated,  all  those  who  came  to  the  field  first  were  from  the 
ioal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  both  in  the  bituminous  and  anthracite 
'egions,  and  were  secured  by  agents  of  the  companies  operating  in  the 
ield  and  brought  in  on  transportation.  They  were  first  employed  in 
he  Loup  and  White  Oak  creeks  district  of  the  New  River  field  and 
ire  found  in  greater  numbers  here  than  in  any  other  section.  Since 
hey  have  been  employed  a great  number  have  gone,  but  others  have 
jome  in  and  the  Polish  population  has  been  constantljr  increasing. 
1 great  number  have  come  directly  from  the  coal-mining  fields  of 
iustria-Hungary. 

The  percentage  of  single  men  and  men  married  but  not  accompanied 
3y  their  families,  while  large,  is  smaller  among  the  Poles  in  this  field 
han  among  any  other  southern  or  eastern  European  races,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  Russians.  There  are  at  present  about  750  men 
this  race  employed  in  and  about  the  mines  in  the  region. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 ^11 


154 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


English,  Scotch,  and  Welsh. — Some  members  of  the  English,  Scotcl 
and  Welsh  races  have  been  in  this  field  since  its  development,  an 
many  of  the  fire  bosses,  foremen,  superintendents,  and  manager 
are  English  and  Scotch.  None  of  the  races  taken  singly  have  eve 
been  employed  in  sufficient  numbers  to  constitute  any  large  propoi 
tion  of  the  labor  supply  of  the  field.  A majority  of  the  members  c 
these  races  came  in  from  the  mining  districts  of  Pennsylvania  an 
other  mining  regions  of  the  United  States.  Some  have  come  direc 
from  the  coal  &lds  of  England  and  Wales.  Those  coming  direc 
from  Great  Britain  are  generally  accompanied  by  families,  and  tli 
proportion  of  single  men  contrasts  with  that  which  exists  amon 
the  races  of  continental  Europe.  They  usually  associate  freely  wit 
Americans  and  are  thoroughly  Americanized.  After  the  strike  o 
1902,  as  in  the  case  of  the  native  miners,  a considerable  number  o 
men  of  these  races  went  to  fields  that  had  been  organized.  Ther 
are  now  about  375  English,  100  Scotch,  and  50  Welsh  employed. 

Germans. — Germans  have  been  employed  in  the  mines  of  this  fieL 
for  several  years.  Small  numbers  were  employed  in  the  field  befor 
the  strike  of  1902,  but  they  were  members  of  the  race  who  had  bee; 
in  the  United  States  for  many  3^ears  and  had  drifted  into  West  Vii 
ginia  from  other  coal  fields,  principally  those  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
For  the  past  six  or  seven  years,  however,  the  German  immigratioi 
to  this  field  has  been  quite  active.  Not  so  many  have  come  as  com 
pared  with  the  more  prominent  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe 
but  a sufficient  number  to  be  considered  of  importance  in  the  labo 
supply  of  the  field.  These  immigrants  have  come  very  largely  fror 
abroad  directly  to  this  field  and  probably  one-third  or  more  are  fror 
Russia.  A majority  of  them  are  accompanied  by  families  or  ar 
joined  by  their  families  soon  after  arriving.  The  Germans  who  hav 
been  in  the  country  many  years  are  thoroughly  Americanized  am 
associate  freely  with  Americans.  The  more  recent  arrivals  lean 
English  much  more  quickly  than  the  southern  and  eastern  European 
and  maintain  a better  standard  of  living.  About  350  men  of  this  rac 
are  employed  in  and  about  the  mines  of  the  field. 

Lithuanians  and  Russians. — Along  with  the  other  immigrant  race 
brought  into  the  field  by  operators  to  take  the  place  of  strikinj 
miners,  and  later  to  help  in  further  development  of  the  field,  wer 
Lithuanians  and  Russians.  Some  members  of  these  races  were  securec 
from  the  anthracite  region  of  Pennsylvania  and  others  from  labo 
agencies.  Within  more  recent  years  a considerable  portion  of  th 
Russians  in  the  field  have  been  secured  from  employment  agencies 

The  Lithuanians  and  Russians  have  never  been  employed  in  a 
great  numbers  as  the  races  of  eastern  Europe  already  discussed 
Many  representatives  of  these  races  who  have  come  to  the  field  hav 
left  after  a short  period  of  time,  but  new  ones  are  constantly  arriving 
and  there  is  a slight  increase  from  year  to  year  in  the  total  numbe 
employed . Practically  all  of  the  Russians  are  either  single  men  or  mei 
who  are  married  and  not  accompanied  by  families.  As  a consequenc' 
they  live  very  largely  on  the  boarding  group  plan. 

The  Ijithuanians  employed  are  principally  young  single  men  wh< 
have  come  to  this  country  within  recent  years  to  avoid  militar}"  duty 
There  are,  however,  several  families  of  this  race  in  the  field,  am 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


155 


[le  proportion  of  families  is  much  higher  among  them  than  among 
lie  Russians.  The  young  men  move  frequently  and  the  number  of 
liis  race  is  constantly  changing.  There  are  employed  in  the  field  at 
resent  about  175  Russians  and  about  150  Lithuanians. 

Other  races. — Many  races  of  recent  immigration  in  addition  to 
hose  discussed  in  detail  have  also  been  employed  since  the  strike 
f 1902.  When  taken  separately  none  of  these  races  are  in  suffi- 
ient  numbers  to  be  of  importance,  but  taken  collectively  they  con- 
titute  a rather  important  element  of  the  fiehrs  labor  force.  They 
iclude  Roumanians,  Macedonians,  Spaniards,  Greeks,  Syrians,  Croa- 
ians,  and  a few  other  Slav  races  from  Austria-Hungary.  They  are 
sually  without  exception  bands  of  single  men  and  are  very  migra- 
ory.  " They  have  been  introduced  into  the  field  by  employment 
gencies  and  are  always  considered  temporary  employees.  Practically 
one  ever  enter  the  mines  as  miners,  but  engage  in  the  rough  un- 
killed work. 

In  1908  there  was  a total  of  about  350  men  of  these  various  races 
mployed  in  this  field.  The  development  in  the  field  for  the  past  ten 
ears  has  kept  pace  with  that  of  other  sections  of  the  State.  The 
apid  expansion  of  operations  has  called  for  the  addition  of  many  men, 
nd  the  recent  immigrants  were  the  most  available  source  of  supply, 
firoughout  the  period  1892  to  1907,  as  a general  rule,  there  has  been 
great  demand  for  labor  at  all  times,  and  not  much  selection  has  been 
racticed  in  getting  employees,  which  accounts  in  large  measure  for  the 
irge  variety  of  races  found.  It  is  estimated  that  one  large  company 
perating  in  this  field  has  spent  more  than  $50,000  since  1902  in  trans- 
orting  labor  to  its  mines. 

The  greatest  numbers  of  immigrants  have  come  to  Fayette  and 
laleigh  counties.  This  is  attributable  to  two  causes:  First,  in  a con- 
iderable  portion  of  Kanawha  County  and  of  the  district  known  as  the 
[anawha  field,  the  labor  is  organized,  and,  second,  the  greatest  pro- 
ortionate  increases  in  production  have  been  made  in  Fayette  and 
laleigh  counties.  Of  these  three  counties,  Raleigh  has  been  most 
gcently  developed,  and  it  is  the  only  one  which  showed  increase  in 
umber  of  men  employed  and  in  production  of  coal  in  1908. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  immigrants  have  been  employed  in  the  field 
3r  so  short  a time,  they  have  been  more  or  less  unsettled  and  have 
Iways  shown  a disposition  to  move  from  mine  to  mine.  This  dis- 
osition  was  especially  manifest  during  1908,  because  of  the  financial 
nd  industrial  depression.  They  were  constantly  moving  through- 
ut  that  year  in  search  of  the  places  offering  the  most  regular  employ- 
lent.  A great  many  of  them  went  back  to  Europe  to  await  better 
imes  and  others  were  constantly  coming  in  from  other  fields.  In 
lie  case  of  Italians  especially  there  was  a movement  from  abandoned 
ailway  construction  work  to  the  mines. 


156 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  is  an  estimate  of  the  number  and  percentaj 
of  the  various  races  employed  in  the  three  counties  collectively  ai 
in  each  county  separately: 


Table  Alb— Number  of  employees  in  each  specified  county,  by  race,  1908. 


Race. 

Fayette  County. 

Raleigh  County. 

Kanawha  County. 

Total. 

Per  ce- 
distrib 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

American,  White 

5,852 

47.2 

1,425 

55.0 

5,985 

73.5 

13,262 

5d 

American,  Negro 

3,493 

28.2 

465 

18.0 

900 

11.0 

4,858 

2] 

Italian 

1,000 

8.0 

148 

5.7 

425 

5.2 

1,573 

( 

Magyar 

450 

3.6 

122 

4.7 

227 

2.7 

799 

i 

Polish 

500 

4.4 

100 

3.8 

180 

2.2 

780 

i 

English 

300 

2.4 

56 

2.1 

20 

.2 

376 

] 

Slovak 

150 

1.2 

60 

2.3 

135 

1.6 

345 

] 

German 

225 

1.8 

35 

1.3 

85 

1.0 

345 

1 

Russian 

105 

.8 

30 

1.1 

55 

.6 

190 

Lithuanian 

85 

.6 

45 

1.7 

20 

.2 

150 

Scotch 

40 

.3 

40 

1.5 

20 

.2 

100 

Other  races 

175 

1.3 

75 

2.2 

90 

1.1 

340 

1 

Total 

12,375 

100.0 

2,571 

100.0 

8,141 

100.0 

23,087 

KX 

Pocahontas  Field. 

This  important  coal  field  includes  the  counties  of  McDowell,  Me 
cer,  Mingo,  and  Logan,  located  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  We.' 
Virginia,  along  the  Virginia  and  Kentucky  line,  together  with  tt 
adjoining  county  of  Tazewell,  in  Virginia.  The  field  is  penetrate 
by  the  main  line  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western  Kailway  and  its  man 
branches. 

The  Pocahontas  field  was  not  developed  until  the  construction  ( 
the  Norfolk  and  Western  Kailway  in  1882.  The  first  mines  wei 
operated  at  Pocahontas,  in  Virginia,  and  just  over  the  line  on  the  Wei 
Virginia  side  in  the  same  vicinity.  The  field  opened  suddenly  an( 
owing  to  the  fine  quality  of  coal  produced,  ready  markets  were  foun 
and  development  was  rapid  from  the  beginning.  After  starting  i 
Pocahontas  the  development  continued  toward  the  west  and  wj 
maintained  somewhat  ahead  of  the  railway  construction. 

On  first  opening  the  mines  such  of  the  natives  of  the  district  as  coul 
be  induced  to  work  at  mining  were  employed,  but  the  supply  of  labc 
was  inadequate  almost  from  the  beginning,  while  the  laborers  wei 
irregular  in  their  attention  to  work  and  generally  inefficient  as  mir 
employees.  On  the  opening  of  the  mines  negroes  from  the  agricu 
tural  sections  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  also  began  to  enter  th 
field,  and  within  a very  short  time  the  operators  were  sending  ou 
agents  and  inducing  men  to  come.  The  negroes  proved  to  be  goo 
employees,  but,  like  the  native  white  people,  were  inclined  to  be  irrego 
lar  workers.  It  was  also  hard  to  get  enough  men  of  these  two  races  t 
keep  up  with  the  expansion  of  the  industry,  and  in  1884  or  1885  a fe^ 
Magyars  were  induced  to  come  to  the  section  from  Pennsylvania,  wit 
the  idea  of  starting  immigration  to  the  coal  mines  of  the  section.  Th 
Magyars  were  followed  in  a short  time  by  Slovaks,  but  the  numbei 
of  both  were  small. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


157 


Before  1890  the  increase  in  production  was  rapid,  but  was  restricted 
:o  the  eastern  portion  of  the  field.  In  that  year  the  Norfolk  and 
vVestern  Railroad  crossed  the  Elkhorn  Mountains  and  pushed  on  to 
he  West,  giving  transportation  facilities  to  the  largest  and  at  present 
nost  important  part  of  the  field.  The  period  of  greatest  develop- 
nent  in  this  section  has  been  within  the  past  ten  years  or  since  1898. 

that  year  the  production  was  5,521,160  tons,  and  in  1907,  when 
he  greatest  production  was  reached,  it  was  16,777,893  tons,  or  slightly 
nore  than  three  times  that  of  1898.  This  period  has  also  been  the 
)ne  in  which  the  greatest  number  of  immigrants  have  arrived.  Prior 
;0  1898,  the  immigrants  were  few  and  confined  to  comparatively  few 
nines  and  localities,  but  since  that  time  they  have  been  generally 
‘mployed  over  the  district  and  almost  all  mines  have  some  immigrant 
abor.  Within  the  above  mentioned  period,  a considerable  area  of 
McDowell,  and  the  greater  part  of  Mercer  and  Mingo,  and  all  of  Logan 
counties,  have  been  developed.  Some  conception  of  the  remarkable 
expansion  of  the  industry  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  in  1904 
liOgan  County  produced  326  short  tons,  while  in  1909  the  output  of 
his  county  was  1,683,456  short  tons  of  coal. 

The  development  prior  to  1898  had  required  practically  all  the 
lative  labor  that  was  available,  and  to  carry  on  subsequent  develop- 
nent  labor  from  the  outside  sources  has  been  used.  This  has  been 
Ira wn  from  two  sources — first,  immigrants  secured  through  advertising 
ind  employment  agencies,  together  with  the  great  number  who  have 
‘ome  directly  from  abroad  and  from  other  sections  of  the  United 
States,  upon  the  representations  of  friends  and  relatives  in  this 
ield;  second,  negroes  from  the  rural  regions  of  Virginia  and  North 
ind  South  Carolina,  attracted  by  the  wages  paid  at  the  mines.  A 
;reat  number  of  the  immigrants  in  the  newer  fields,  especially  Italians, 
Nere  brought  in  by  railroad  contractors,  who  were  engaged  in  building 
he  roads  into  the  mining  districts,  and  on  completion  of  the  con- 
struction work,  they  entered  the  service  of  the  mining  companies, 
^ully  25  per  cent  of  the  Italians  employed  in  the  district  at  present 
fVere  brought  in  in  this  way. 

Magyars. — The  Magyar  is  the  most  important  immigrant  race 
employed  in  the  field  from  a numerical  standpoint,  and  has  con- 
ributed  more  toward  its  development  than  has  any  other.  Magyars 
irst  came  to  Pocahontas  about  1884  and  for  several  years  were 
employed  in  mines  in  this  vicinity  only.  Those  first  employed  were 
Tom  the  coal-mining  region  of  Pennsylvania  and  formed  a nucleus 
‘or  the  future  immigration  of  the  race  to  that  field.  From  time  to 
ime,  as  the  industry  grew,  the  number  of  Magyars  employed  increased. 
Vlany  have  come  direct  from  their  native  country  to  friends  and  rela- 
Ives  here,  others  have  come  from  sections  of  the  United  States  in 
'esponse  to  advertisements,  through  the  efforts  of  employment 
igencies  and  because  of  the  influence  of  friends  and  relatives  already 
n the  field.  A great  many  of  the  Magyars  leave  the  field,  but  the 
nflux  is  sufficient  to  maintain  a constant  increase.  Pocahontas  has 
ilways  been  the  center  for  the  Magyar  race,  and  a large  proportion 
bf  the  total  number  of  men  employed  in  that  community  are  Magyars. 
The  proportion  of  families  to  adult  males  is  much  greater  there  and 
js  much  more  stable  than  in  other  localities.  There  were  about  2,000 
'ilagyars  employed  in  and  about  mines  in  this  field  in  1908. 


158 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Italians. — Next  in  numerical  importance  to  the  Magyars  are  th 
Italians.  Members  of  this  race  have  been  employed  in  the  mine 
and  about  the  coke  works  of  the  field  since  1890.  A few  were  the 
employed  in  railroad  construction,  and  some  of  these  began  workin 
in  the  mines.  The  numbers  employed  were  very  small,  however,  an 
the  race  was  not  of  importance  until  about  1900.  The  period  c 
greatest  Italian  immigration  has  been  from  1902  to  1908.  In  tha 
period  the  development  of  the  industry  was  so  rapid  that  there  wa 
constant  recourse  to  employment  agencies  in  New  York  and  othe 
cities,  and  a larger  number  of  Italians  than  of  any  other  race  wa 
available.  The  percentage  of  families  among  the  Italians  is  ver 
small,  and  the  men  are  constantly  moving  from  mine  to  mine.  The^ 
live  for  the  most  part  in  groups,  which  in  many  cases  consist  solely  o 
males.  Many  each  year  leave  the  community  for  Europe,  but  ther 
are  always  new  arrivals  sufficient  to  keep  the  number  of  the  race  oi 
the  increase.  About  1,900  men  of  the  Italian  race  were  employed  ii 
the  field  in  1908,  and  fully  90  per  cent  of  them  were  South  Italians 

Slovaks  and  Poles. — Slovaks  were  employed  in  mines  in  the  vicinik 
of  Pocahontas  as  early  as  1886,  but  in  very  small  numbers.  The  firs 
representatives  came  in  from  the  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania.  As  will 
other  foreign  races  employed  in  the  field,  the  increase  was  very  sligh 
prior  to  1898.  The  Poles  arrived  in  this  field  about  1895,  and,  lik 
the  Slovaks,  the  first  were  from  the  bituminous  coal  fields  of  Penn 
sylvania.  Very  little  increase  occurred  until  about  1900.  During 
the  early  period  new  arrivals  were  constantly  being  employed,  bu 
many  of  the  older  representatives  of  the  race  were  moving  to  othe; 
localities.  For  the  past  eight  years  immigration  both  of  Slovaks  anc 
Poles  has  been  very  active.  Men  were  secured  from  labor  agencief 
in  New  York  and  from  other  coal  fields,  and  a great  many  came  fron 
abroad  direct  to  the  field.  The  proportion  of  families  among  th( 
Slovaks  and  Poles  is  much  smaller  than  among  the  Magyars,  bui 
greater  than  among  the  Italians.  About  850  Slovaks  and  610  Pole.' 
were  employed  in  the  field  in  1908. 

Russians  and  Lithuanians. — There  were  about  250  Russians  anc 
100  Lithuanians  employed  in  the  field  in  1908.  The  exact  date  oi 
their  arrival  is  unknown,  for  there  is  no  record  of  any  members  oi 
these  races,  except  that  probably  a few  arrived,  prior  to  1898.  They 
were  first  introduced  by  employers,  who  secured  them  from  New 
York  labor  agencies.  Some  men  have  been  bringing  in  their  families 
within  the  past  two  or  three  years,  but  the  majority  are  single  men  oi 
married  men  whose  families  are  in  Europe.  They  constantly  move 
about  from  mine  to  mine,  and  it  is  not  uncommon  for  a company  tc 
carry  25  or  30  men  of  either  race  on  one  pay  roll  and  on  the  succeed- 
ing pay  day  to  have  none. 

Other  races. — Probably  225  men  of  various  races  of  recent  immi- 
grants were  also  employed  during  1908.  These  men  were  principally 
Roumanians,  Croatians,  Greeks,  and  Syrians.  They  are  usually  found 
living  with  other  immigrant  races,  though  in  some  instances,  especially 
in  the  case  of  the  Greeks,  they  form  groups  and  live  entirely  by 
themselves.  They  are  constantly  moving  from  place  to  place  and  are 
never  accompanied  by  families.  Some  members  of  these  races  have 
been  employed  since  1900,  but  there  has  been  no  permanent  increase 
in  the.numbers  of  any  one  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South.  159 


During  the  last  three  months  of  1907  and  throughout  1908,  there 
fas  a great  deal  of  moving  from  place  to  place  within  the  field  by 
he  immigrant  population.  A considerable  number  also  went  either 
0 other  coal  fields  or  to  Europe,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  some 
ame  in  from  other  fields.  The  greater  part  of  the  moving  occurred 
fithin  the  field,  however,  in  the  effort  to  secure  regular  employment. 

The  following  tables  show  the  approximate  number  of  men  of  the 
arious  races  and  the  percentage  of  each  employed  in  the  district 
or  each  county  separately  and  for  the  district  as  a whole: 

Table  ilQ— Approximate  number  of  employees  in  the  Pocahontas  coalfields,  by  race. 


[Compiled  from  original  and  secondary  material.] 


Race. 

Employees . 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

jii6ric3»ii  ^Vhit©  

6,690 

34.4 

.in6ricsn , N Ggro  

6, 738 

34.7 

1,948 

10.0 

1,912 

9.8 

Impair 

861 

4.4 

613 

3.2 

242 

1.2 

97 

.5 

82 

.4 

255 

1.3 

19,438 

100.0 

'able  477. — Approximate  number  of  employees  in  each  specified  county  in  the  Pocahontas 

coal  fields,  by  race. 

[Compiled  from  original  and  secondary  material.] 


Race. 

McDowell 
County,  W.Va. 

Mercer  County, 
W.  Va. 

Logan  County, 
W.  Va. 

Mingo  County, 
W.  Va. 

Tazewell  Coun- 
ty, Va. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Number 
of  em-  I 
ployees. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Per 

cent 

distri- 

bution. 

jnerican,  White. . . 

3, 165 

27.5 

750 

32.6 

885 

50.3 

1,310 

59.2 

580 

34.6 

.merican,  Negro 

4,950 

43.1 

850 

37.0 

185 

10.5 

241 

10.9 

512 

30.5 

lagyar 

1,144 

10.0 

150 

6.5 

209 

11.9 

220 

9.9 

225 

13.4 

talian 

1,080 

9.4 

312 

13.1 

185 

10.5 

195 

8.8 

140 

8.3 

lovak 

470 

4.1 

75 

3.3 

86 

4.9 

125 

5.6 

105 

6.3 

’olish 

350 

3.0 

51 

2.2 

112 

6.4 

40 

1.8 

60 

3.6 

lussian 

168 

1.5 

21 

.9 

33 

1.9 

10 

.5 

10 

.6 

Lithuanian 

40 

.3 

22 

1.0 

15 

.9 

20 

.9 

0 

.0 

lerman 

43 

.4 

24 

1.5 

5 

.3 

0 

.0 

10 

.6 

)ther  races 

77 

.7 

45 

2.0 

46 

2.6 

52 

2.4 

35 

2.1 

Total 

11,487 

100.0 

2,300 

100.0 

1,761 

100.0 

2,213 

100.0 

1,677 

100.0 

The  racial  composition  of  the  field  may  be  rendered  more  appar- 
!nt  by  showing  the  elements  in  the  population  of  several  mining 
lommunities.  Communities  No.  1 and  No.  2,  submitted  below,  afford 
epresentative  types  of  localities  arising  from  the  opening  of  new 
nines  and  the  influx  of  an  immigrant  labor  supply. 

Community  No.  1 is  a purely  mining  community  and  one  of  a 
eries  of  small  towns  along  the  Tug  River.  Very  little  municipal  life 
s manifest.  The  town  itself  is  the  headquarters  of  a group  of  12 
nines,  all  operated  under  the  same  management.  The  general 


160 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


superintendent  and  chief  officers  of  the  mines  are  located  there,  an 
the  settlement  is  larger  than  any  other  connected  with  these  1 
mines. 

The  mines  began  operation  in  1902.  Previous  to  that  year  ther 
were  no  settlers  of  any  kind  except  some  scattered  mountaineen 
The  first  employees  were  negroes  and  native  whites,  the  former  bein 
in  the  large  maj ority . The  whites  native-born  of  native  father  were  fc 
the  most  part  mountain  people  who  were  unreliable  as  regular  worker 
and  few  in  number.  Negroes  could  not  be  secured  in  sufficient  forct 
and  were  unsatisfactory  as  steady  miners.  From  the  very  first  i 
was  realized  by  the  operators  that  the  local  labor  supply  was  insul 
ficient,  and  immigrants  were  obtained  from  New  York  in  as  larg 
numbers  as  possible  through  the  company's  agents.  At  present  th 
employees  number  about  3,000,  and  are  racially  classified  as  follows 

Per  cei 
distribi 
tiou. 


Native  white 25 

Negro 31 

Magyar 20 

Slovak 9 

Russian 1 

Polish 3 

Italian 8 

Roumanian 

Greek 

Swedish 

Other  races , 


Total 100. 


There  has  been  very  little  change  in  the  racial  composition  of  th 
force  during  the  past  five  years,  except  that  the  negroes  have  beei 
displaced  by  immigrants.  It  is  stated  that  since  this  displacemen 
has  taken  place  it  has  been  easier  to  retain  immigrants.  The  reasoi 
for  this  detention,  it  is  alleged,  is  that  the  companies  pursued  a policy 
of  eliminating  negroes  who  were  overbearing  to  the  immigrant  and  al 
who  showed  any  decided  tendency  toward  lawlessness. 

The  coal  mines  in  and  near  Community  No.  2 have  been  in  oper 
ation  since  the  year  1883.  The  earliest  immigrants  were  Magyan 
and  Russian  Hebrew^s.  The  former  were  employed  in  the  mines  anc 
the  latter  engaged  in  business.  Magyars  arrived  as  early  as  twent} 
years  ago  in  very  small  numbers.  The  largest  immigration,  however 
has  occurred  within  the  past  ten  years,  Italians,  Poles,  Slovaks 
Russians,  and  Magyars  arriving  during  that  period. 

The  present  population  of  the  community  is,  racially,  as  follows: 


Families. 

Individuals 

15( 

Polish 

6 

5< 

Magyar 

150 

70< 

50 

3(H 

Russian 

31 

Hebrew,  Russian 

3 

K 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South, 


161 


4CIAL  COMPOSITION  OF  MINE-OPERATING  FORCES  AT  THE  PRESENT 
TIME  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 


The  following  table  shows  the  nationalities  employed  in  the  West 
irginia  mines  and  their  relative  proportions  on  June  30,  1908: 

Table  478. — Nationalities  employed  in  the  West  Virginia  mines  June  SO,  1908. 


[From  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of  Mines  of  West  Virginia,  1908,  p.  92.] 


Nationality. 

Total 

number 

employed. 

Per  cent 
distribution 
of  em- 
ployees re- 
porting 
nationality. 

Per  cent 
distribution 
of  all  em- 
ployees 
reporting. 

merican  (white) 

23,979 

46. 312 

39. 645 

11,270 

21.  766 

18. 633 

6,046 

11. 677 

9. 996 

ung3.ria,n 

3,668 

7. 084 

6. 064 

1,901 

1,013 

3. 672 

3.143 

ustrian  

1. 956 

1. 675 

ussiB>n 

851 

1.644 

1.  407 

620 

1.197 

1.025 

ithuanian ........... ...................................... 

506 

.977 

.837 

Dglish ........... ............................................ 

488 

.943 

.807 

6nii3,n  

430 

.831 

.711 

264 

.510 

.437 

itvitch  

180 

.348 

.298 

147 

.284 

.243 

118 

.228 

.195 

115 

.222 

.190 

- ........... 

69 

.133 

.113 

plgiqn  ............... 

25 

.048 

.041 

23 

.044 

.038 

20 

.039 

.033 

dC6doni3.li 

13 

.025 

.022 

11 

.021 

.018 



8 

.015 

.013 

........ 

7 

.014 

.012 

ohemian 

5 

.010 

.008 

T'ntal  

51,777 

8,707 

100.000 

‘nVnnwn  «••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

14. 396 

rj-rand  .... 

60,484 

100.000 

162 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


As  a result  of  an  individual  investigation  among  mine  workers  i 
all  the  coal  districts  of  West  Virginia  original  data  as  to  race  an 
country  of  birth  were  received  from  5,963  employees.  The  detaile 
showing  is  submitted  in  the  table  below: 

Table  Number  of  male  employees  in  West  Virginia  for  whom  information  was  securer 

by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Numbei 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign- born,  by  race— Continued. 

White 

2,410 

English 

Negro 

380 

French 

'■ 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 

German 

of  birth  of  father: 

Greek 

] 

Austria-Hungary 

17 

Hebrew  fotber  than  Rnstsianl 

Belgium 

1 

Herzegovinian 

Canada 

1 

Irish 

1 

England 

37 

Italian,  North 

i 

France 

4 

Italian.  South. 

1 09 

Germany 

38 

Lithuanian 

A 

Ireland 

64 

Magvar 

H 

01 

Italy 

12 

Montenegrin 

ui 

1 

Russia 

8 

Polish 

1 

94 

Scotland 

33 

Roumanian 

0 

Sweden 

1 

Russian 

0 

c 

Switzerland 

2 

Ruthenian . . 

0 

Wales 

6 

Scotch 

2 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

1 

Servian 

2 

Slovak . - 

Total 

225 

Slovenian . 

do 

J 

Swed  isb 

Total  native-born 

3,015 

Svrian 

Welsh 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

2 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3 

Bulgarian 

5 

Total  foreign-born 

2,94:' 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

Croatian 

256 

Grand  total 

5,96; 

Dutch 

13 

In  the  table  above  only  2,790  persons,  or  46.8  per  cent,  are  native- 
born  of  native  father,  while  the  remaining  53.3  per  cent,  or  3,173, 
are  native-born  of  foreign  father  or  foreign-born.  The  showing  as  to 
persons  native-born  of  native  father  is  striking,  because  the  number 
of  native  whites  is  so  large  when  compared  with  the  negroes.  Of  the 
total  46.8  per  cent  the  whites  form  40.5  per  cent,  the  blacks  only  6.3 
per  cent.  Of  the  foreign-born,  the  South  Italians  represent  17.3  per 
cent  of  the  total  number  of  working  people  scheduled;  North  Italians, 
5.7  per  cent;  Slovaks,  5.6  per  cent;  Magyars,  5.4  per  cent;  Croatians, 
4.5  per  cent;  Poles,  4.1  per  cent;  Germans,  1.2  per  cent;  English,  0.9 
per  cent;  Irish,  0.3  per  cent;  Scotch,  0.4,  and  Russians,  1 per  cent. 

The  workers  considered  above  are  employed,  for  the  most  part, 
either  as  miners  and  coke  drawers  or  as  unskilled  laborers.  The 
preponderance  of  the  South  Italians  is  worthy  of  notice,  that  race 
being  exceeded  only  by  the  American  whites. 

Of  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  the  southeastern 
Europeans  form  the  largest  percentage. 

PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  FOREIGN-BORN 
EMPLOYEES  IN  THE  WEST  VIRGINIA  COAL  FIELDS. 

The  percentage  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years  is  presented  in  the  table  following  by  race 
of  individual. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


163 


'ABLE  Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  West  Virginia  who  have  been  in 

the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 

3v  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arriv,al  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is  made 
^ for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Number 

Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

3 

1 

2 

5 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

(uLlitii  tliciii  X^i  GHC  h)  - - - - - 

256 

13 

12 

51 

53 

33 

86 

7 

1 

lutcli  - - - - 

10 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

50 

1 

2 

1 

14 

3 

4 

25 

2 

2 

TGrTTia.n  

73 

3 

3 

12 

15 

4 

17 

4 

8 

7 

15 

2 

8 

4 

1 

1 

1 

Icbrcw  (othGr  tliJin  Russis-n) 

3 

3 

lerzegovinian 

ricln  

16 

2 

1 

2 

11 

talian  North  

339 

22 

9 

41 

45 

33 

123 

42 

18 

6 

talian  South  

1,015 

56 

20 

123 

122 

118 

439 

82 

40 

15 



40 

2 

4 

3 

10 

9 

8 

4 

ifapvar  

316 

27 

18 

57 

44 

21 

109 

20 

12 

8 

13 

244 

3 

9 

1 

ilontenegriii - 

^olish 

16 

9 

39 

34 

13 

89 

18 

16 

10 

33 

2 

5 

9 

7 

3 

7 

Russian  

41 

1 

4 

5 

10 

4 

11 

3 

1 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

26 

20 

1 

1 

1 

3 

20 

1 

5 

5 

1 

8 

Uovak 

331 

18 

12 

42 

44 

33 

121 

34 

15 

12 

ilAYTonion 

15 

2 

5 

2 

4 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

5 

2 

2 

1 

AI  iilcli 

6 

1 

5 

24 

1 

1 

7 

2 

2 

9 

1 

1 

VuslnBiU  (rSiCG  not  spGcifiGd) 

Total  

2,910 

104 

419 

399 

271 

1,059 

226 

134 

131 

1 167 

The  number  of  employees  furnishing  complete  data  is  2,910. 
3f  this  number,  1,059,  or  36.4  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United 
States  from  five  to  nine  years;  419,  or  14.4  per  cent,  have  been 
[n  the  United  States  two  years;  399,  or  13.7  per  cent,  have  been 
in  the  United  States  three  years;  271,  or  9.3  per  cent,  have  been  in 
the  United  States  four  years;  226,  or  7.4  per  cent,  have  been  in  the 
United  States  from  ten  to  fourteen  years;  167,  or  5.7  per  cent,  have 
been  in  the  United  States  under  one  year;  134,  or  4.6  per  cent,  have 
been  in  the  United  States  from  fifteen  to  nineteen  years;  131,  or  4.5 
per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  twenty  years  or  over;  104,  or 
3.6  per  cent,  have  been  in  the  United  States  one  year. 

More  South  Italians  entered  in  any  one  given  period  than  did  any 
other  race  represented.  Of  the  South  Italians,  439  have  been  in  the 
United  States  from  five  to  nine  years.  Those  that  have  been  in  the 
United  States  one  year  and  under  one  year,  however,  are  fewer  in 
numbers  than  are  those  in  any  other  period  of  residence.  It  is 
noticeable  that  very  few  of  the  Croatians  have  been  in  the  United 
States  over  nine  years,  and  that  more  have  been  in  the  United  States 
from  five  to  nine  years  than  appear  in  any  other  period.  The  North 
Italians,  like  the  South  Italians,  predominate  in  the  period  of  from 
five  to  nine  years’  residence.  Those  that  have  been  here  ten  years 
and  over  are  few.  The  Magyars,  Poles,  and  Slovaks  appear  mostly 
in  the  five  to  nine  year  period. 


164 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


HISTORY  OF  IMMIGRATION  TO  THE  COAL  FIELDS  OF  VIRGINIA. 

Big  Stone  Gap  Field. 

The  first  bituminous  coal  area  to  be  developed  in  the  Unitec 
States  was  in  the  Richmond  basin  of  Virginia.  In  1822  this  area  if 
reported  to  have  produced  54,000  short  tons  and  ten  years  later,  ii 
1832,  the  production  is  reported  to  have  reached  132,000  short  tons 
Within  a short  period  this  area  began  to  fall  off  in  production,  as 
other  fields  more  favorably  situated  as  to  quality  of  coal  and  ease  o; 
mining  were  developed.  Not  until  1882,  when  the  Norfolk  anc 
Western  Railroad  was  constructed  and  opened  the  Pocahontaf 
region,  did  Virginia  resume  any  importance  as  a coal-producing 
State.  In  1880  the  production  of  the  State  was  only  43,079  shori 
tons,  but  in  the  calendar  year  1889  it  had  increased  to  865,786  short 
tons;  more  than  600,000  tons  of  this  output  came  from  the  recently 
developed  Pocahontas  mines  in  Tazewell  County.  From  the  opening 
of  the  Pocahontas  field  until  the  construction  of  the  Clinch  Valle} 
division  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western  Railroad,  and  the  Cumberland 
Valley  division  of  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railway  in  1891 
the  greater  part  of  the  coal  mined  in  Virginia  was  from  the  Pocahontas 
field  in  Tazewell  County. 

At  present  there  are  three  important  coal  fields  in  Virginia — the  Big 
Stone  Gap  field,  the  Pocahontas,  and  the  Lee  County  or  Black  Moun- 
tain field.  Only  the  Big  Stone  Gap  and  the  Pocahontas  fields  are 
significant  in  connection  with  the  employment  of  immigrant  labor. 
The  Black  Mountain  field  was  not  opened  until  1905,  and  in  1908 
reached  a production  of  over  460,000  tons.® 

The  Big  Stone  Gap  coal  field  is  of  striking  importance  because  of 
the  production  of  a fine  quality  of  coke,  which  rivals  that  of  the  famous 
Connellsyille  coke  of  Pennsylvania.  This  field  was  not  opened  until 
1891.  Nine  new  mines  were  started  in  that  year  alone,  and  124,088 
tons  of  coal  were  mined  during  the  ensuing  year.  From  1893  to 
1902  the  annual  coal  production  of  Wise  County  greatly  increased. 
It  exceeded  1,000,000  tons  in  1899  and  in  1902  the  output  was 
2,422,417  tons.  By  comparing  the  output  of  1892  with  that  of  1902 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  production  was  increased  nearly  twenty  times. 
This  field  reached  its  highest  mark  in  1907,  with  a production  of 
3,145,845  short  tons,  while  in  1908,  owing  to  the  financial  depres- 
sion, the  output  was  reduced  to  2,558,874  short  tons.  The  growth 
in  coke  production  has  kept  pace  with  the  coal  mined,  more  than  60 
per  cent  of  the  total  output  being  made  into  coke. 

Owing  to  the  topography  of  the  Big  Stone  Gap  region,  the  oppor- 
tunities for  agriculture  are  meager,  and  it  was  accordingly  very 
sparsely  settled  when  the  mines  began  to  be  developed.  This  fact 
made  the  question  of  labor  important  from  the  beginning.  To 
develop  the  mines  almost  all  the  labor  had  to  be  brought  in  from 
other  parts  of  the  country.  This  labor  was  procured  from  three 
sources:  (1)  The  negroes  from  other  sections  of  Virginia,  (2)  white 

a The  Pocahontas  field  has  been  treated  under  West  Virginia.  That  part  of  the 
Virginia  territory  discussed  at  this  point  is  the  Big  ^tone  Gap  coal  field  or  Wise 
County. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


165 


borers  from  the  same  section,  and  (3)  immigrants  from  the  soft- 
)al  regions  of  Pennsylvania,  reinforced  by  friends  and  relatives  from 
)road.  .... 

All  the  coal  companies  operating  in  the  district  in  its  early  develop- 
ent  were  comparatively  small,  and  the  number  of  immigrants 
nployed  prior  to  1900  was  small.  The  first  immigrants  to  come 
to  the  field  were  Magyars  from  the  Pocahontas  region.  They 
•rived  in  1893  in  small  numbers  and  did  not  have  much  influence 
1 future  immigration  to  the  field.  In  1896  one  company  brought 
30ut  50  men  from  the  ConnellsviUe  coke  region  of  Pennsylvania, 
bout  15  of  the  50  were  accompanied  by  families,  the  remainder 
ther  being  single  or  having  families  in  Europe.  This  force  of 
nployees  was  composed  entirely  of  Magyars  and  Slovaks  in  about 
jual  numbers. 

The  Slovaks  and  Magyars  gradually  increased  in  numbers,  while 
le  arrival  of  scattered  representatives  of  other  races  of  southern 
id  eastern  Europe  soon  became  noticeable.  The  following  table 
ves  the  number  of  immigrants  employed  in  mines  and  at  coke 
orks  in  the  Big  Stone  Gap  field  in  September,  1908: 


agyar 

alian 

ovak 

^lish 

oumanian. 

jrvian 

uthenian.. 

ennan 

acedonian 
ithuanian. 
ther  races. 


634 

450 

200 

40 

38 

14 

12 

10 

7 

7 

25 


It  will  be  seen  that  immigration  to  this  region  began  in  1900,  and 
le  number  employed  has  increased  with  the  coal  and  coke  produc- 
on  of  the  district.  A brief  history  of  immigration,  by  races,  will  be 
[ interest. 

Magyars  and  Slovaks. — These  two  races  will  be  treated  together, 
3 they  entered  the  field  at  the  same  time.  The  first  important 
iflux  of  immigrants  of  these  races  occurred  in  Stonega,  Va.,  in  1896. 
'rior  to  1900  several  coal  mines  had  been  started  in  the  Big  Stone 
lap  field,  but  most  of  them  were  small  and  only  two  employed  more 
lian  300  men.  The  employment  of  immigrants  was  confined  to 
tiese  two  mines  almost  entirely  during  this  period  and  the  numbers 
mployed  were  small,  comparatively  speaking,  consisting  principally 
f the  two  races  under  discussion. 

From  1900  to  1906  many  more  mines  of  more  or  less  irnportance 
>ere  opened  and  the  original  companies  were  constantly  increasing 
beir  production.  More  men  were  therefore  required.  The  pro- 
ortion  of  immigrant  labor  employed  necessarily  increased  both  at 
be  old  and  new  mines,  because  the  increase  of  production  caused  a 
onstant  demand  for  labor.  The  numbers  of  Magyars  and  Slovaks 
t work,  especially  the  former,  kept  pace  with  the  production  of 
ioal  and  coke,  and  as  new  mines  were  opened  they  began  to  enter 
11  of  the  region.  Friends  and  relatives  of  the  earlier  arrivals  came 
|rom  Europe  and  members  of  the  same  races  were  secured,  by 
dvertising  and  other  inducements,  from  the  coal  fields  of  the 


166 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


North  and  West.  The  maximum  number  of  men  belonging  t 
these  races  employed  was  reached  in  1907,  when  about  900  Ma| 
yars  and  450  Slovaks  were  employed  in  the  Big  Stone  Gap  fieh 

Italians. — The  Italians  employed  in  the  Big  Stone  Gap  field  are  f( 
the  most  part  from  southern  Italy.  The  nrst  Italians  to  come  t: 
Big  Stone  Gap  came  to  Norton  in  1900.  They  were  not  employe 
in  any  considerable  numbers,  however,  until  about  1902.  Sine 
that  time  they  have  been  arriving  steadily  and  in  large  number^ 
the  greatest  numbers  coming  during  the  years  1905  to  1907.  Thei 
has  been  direct  immigration  from  Italy  to  the  locality  and  som 
have  been  diverted  from  railway  construction  camps  in  differer 
sections  of  the  South.  As  in  the  case  of  the  other  races,  the  greai 
est  numbers  were  employed  in  1907,  when  it  is  estimated  that  full 
650  were  at  work  in  and  about  the  mines.  The  Italians  employe 
in  the  Big  Stone  Gap  field  have  been  migratory  and  a very  sma 
proportion  of  the  adults  have  families  with  them. 

Poles. — A few  Poles  have  been  employed  since  1898,  but  the 
have  never  been  numerically  important.  Those  employed  hav 
always  been  more  or  less  migratory,  and  not  more  than  75  to  10 
have  been  employed  at  any  one  time.  The  majority  are  men  wh 
were  secured  during  the  month  of  August,  1908.  They  wer 
employed  because  of  a sudden  increase  in  production  at  a time  whe 
great  numbers  of  other  laborers  had  left  the  field  because  of  slacknes 
of  work.  None  of  them  were  accompanied  by  families,  and  the. 
may  all  be  considered  migratory. 


Chapter  III. 

ECONOMIC  STATUS. 


adustrial  condition  abroad  of  members  of  immigrant  households  studied — Principal 
occupation  of  immigrant  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  States — General 
occupation  of  women  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied — General  occu- 
pation of  males  at  the  present  time  in  the  households  studied — Occupations  entered 
in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry — Daily  earnings  in  the  South — Daily  earn- 
ings in  West  Virginia — Monthly  earnings  in  representative  coal  mines  in  southern 
West  Virginia — Relation  between  period  of  residence  and  earning  ability — Annual 
earnings  of  male  heads  of  families  studied — Annual  earnings  of  males  18  years  of 
age  or  over  in  the  households  studied — Annual  family  income — Wives  at  work — 
Annual  earnings  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied — 
Relation  between  the  earnings  of  husbands  and  the  practice  of  wives  of  keeping 
boarders  or  lodgers — Sources  of  family  income — Relative  importance  of  the  different 
sources  of  family  income — [Text  Tables  481  to  509  and  General  Tables  205  to  217]. 

'JDUSTRIAL  CONDITION  ABROAD  OF  MEMBERS  OF  IMMIGRANT  HOUSE- 
HOLDS STUDIED. 

Before  proceeding  to  a consideration  of  the  present  occupation  of 
tie  foreign-born  races,  both  males  and  females,  it  will  be  instructive 
3 ascertain  what  were  their  occupations  prior  to  their  arrival  in  this 
Duntry.  That  a clearer  understanding  of  their  previous  occupations 
lay  be  had,  the  males  and  females  will  be  considered  separately. 

Of  the  224  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of 
Dming  to  the  United  States,  206,  or  92  per  cent,  were  without  some 
rior  occupation;  6.3  per  cent  had  worked  for  wages;  while  the 
thers  had  worked  without  wages.  A detailed  showing  of  the  indus- 
dal  condition  of  each  race  is  made  in  the  following  table : 

ABLE  481. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

'his  table  Includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


ace  of  Individual. 

Number 

report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

With- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Working 

for 

wages. 

Working 

without 

wages. 

Working 

for 

profit. 

With- 
out oc- 
cuna- 
ti#i. 

Working 

for 

wages. 

Working 

without 

wages. 

W orking 
for 

profit. 

arman 

20 

19 

1 

95.0 

5.0 

0.0 

0.0 

alian.  South 

56 

56 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

agyar 

71 

64 

5 

2 

90. 1 

7.0 

2.8 

.0 

)lish 

59 

51 

6 

2 

86.4 

10.2 

3.4 

.0 

Total 

224 

206 

14 

4 

92.0 

6.3 

1.8 

.0 

167 


168 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  is  worthy  of  note  in  the  preceding  table  that  not  a single  Sout 
Italian  woman  had  a money-earning  occupation  prior  to  her  arrivj 
in  the  United  States;  also  that  95  per  cent  of  the  Germans  wei 
without  prior  occupation,  while  5 per  cent  had  worked  for  wage 
in  their  native  country.  Of  the  71  Magyars  reporting,  90.1  per  cer 
were  without  occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  s 
compared  with  86.4  per  cent  of  the  Poles  thus  reported.  On  th 
other  hand,  the  Poles  show  10.2  per  cent  of  their  number,  as  con 
pared  with  7 per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  who  had  previously  worke 
for  wages,  and  3.4  per  cent  of  their  number,  as  compared  with  2. 
per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  who  had  worked  without  wages  prior  t 
their  arrival  in  this  country.  In  the  table  next  presented  the  thre 
general  groups  are  divided  into  the  specific  occupations  of  whic 
they  are  composed. 

Table  482. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  females  w) 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(study  op  households.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreig 

born.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Per  cent  without  occu- 
pation. 

Per 

cent  working  for 
wages. 

Per  cent  working 
without  wages. 

I Per  cent  working  for  j 

Farm  laborers. 

In  domestic 
service. 

In  other  occu- 
pations. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  occu-j 
pations. 

Total. 

German 

20 

95.0 

0.0 

0.0 

5.0 

5.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0 

Italian,  South 

56 

100.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Magyar 

71 

90.1 

2.8 

1.4 

2.8 

7.0 

2.8 

.0 

2.8 

Polish 

59 

86.4 

1.7 

3.4 

5.1 

10.2 

3.4 

.0 

3.4 

Total 

224 

92.0 

1.3 

1.3 

3.6 

6.3 

1.8 

.0 

1.8 

Of  the  number  reporting  complete  data,  1.3  per  cent  were  fan 
laborers,  1.3  percent  servants  and  waitresses.  The  Poles  show  1. 

Eer  cent  and  3.4  per  cent,  respectively,  of  their  number  as  havin 
een  farm  laborers  or  servants,  waitresses,  etc.,  as  compared  wit 

2.8  per  cent  and  1.4  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  in  the  same  occupations 
The  Poles  also  show  5.1  per  cent  of  their  number,  as  compared  wit 

2.8  per  cent  of  Magyars,  in  all  other  occupations,  while  the  German 
show  5 per  cent  in  this  group.  Of  the  224  females  reporting,  4,  c 

1.8  per  cent,  report  that  they  had,  prior  to  coming  to  the  Unite 
States,  worked  as  farm  laborers  without  wages.  The  table  next  prc 
sented,  based  upon  892  males  in  the  households  studied,  who  wer 
16  years  of  age  or  over  when  they  came  to  this  country,  show 
that  only  15,  or  1.7  per  cent,  were  without  some  occupation  prior  t 
their  arrival  in  the  United  States;  514,  or  57.6  per  cent,  worked  fo 
wages;  291,  or  32.6  per  cent,  worked  without  wages;  and  72,  or  8. 
per  cent,  worked  for  profit. 


169 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


Table  ASS —Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males 
who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom.] 


Number— 

Per  cent— 

Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Race  of  individual. 

With- 

out 

occupa- 

tion. 

Working 

for 

wages. 

Working 

without 

wages. 

Working 

for 

profit. 

With- 

out 

occupa- 

tion. 

Working 

for 

wages. 

Working 

without 

wages. 

Working 

for 

profit. 

/^nrfTiOTl  . . . 

34 

23 

10 

1 

0.0 

67.6 

71.9 

59.0 

53.1 
53.5 

60.9 

29.4 
15.6 
32.2 

37.5 
30.8 

QO  1 

2.9 

6.3 

Q A 

Italian  Nortli 

64 

4 

46 

10 

4 

6.3 

Italian  South 

261 

1 

154 

84 

22 

. 4 

3.1 

o.  4 
ft 

jjittiiifinia.n  

32 

1 

17 

12 

2 

0.  o 

1 Q 1 

Mapvar 

198 

5 

106 

61 

26 

2. 5 
1.1 
.0 

io.  1 
fi  0 

Pn]iQh  

184 

2 

112 

59 

11 

6^.  1 
K7  1 

D.  U 

9 Q 

T?1  OOIQTI 

35 

14 

20 

1 

40. 0 
40.0 

0/.  1 
51.7 

8.3 

Slovak 

60 

24 

31 

5 

.0 

Total 

892 

15 

514 

291 

72 

1.7 

57.6 

32.6 

8.1 

Although  the  North  Italians  in  the  foregoing  tables  show  a larger 
percentage  of  persons  without  prior  occupation  than  do  immigrants  of 
any  other  race,  they  also  report  71 .9  per  cent  of  their  number  as  havmg 
worked  for  wages,  the  largest  per  cent  reported  by  any  one  race  ^d 
exceeding  the  proportion  of  Germans  by  4.3  per  cent.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Germans  report  13.8  per  cent  more  than  the  North  Italians 
as  working  without  wages,  and  3.4  per  cent  less  than  the  North  Ital- 
ians as  working  for  profits.  Of  the  261  South  Italians  only  one  had 
no  occupation  in  his  native  country,  while  59  per  cent  had  worked  tor 
wages,  32.2  per  cent  without  wages,  and  8.4  per  cent  tor  profits.  It 
will  readily  be  seen  that  the  percentage  of  South  Italians  previously 
working  for  profits  is  exceeded  by  that  of  only  one  other  race,  the 
Magyars,  who  report  13.1  per  cent.  The  Magyars  also  report  1.4  per 
cent  less  than  the  South  Italians  as  working  without  wages,  b.b  per 
cent  less  working  for  wages,  and  2.1  per  cent  more  than  the  South 
Italians  without  prior  occupation. 

Little  difference  exists  between  the  Lithuanians  and  Magyars  m 
the  number  working  for  wages  and  the  number  without  prior  occu- 
pation, but  the  percentage  of  Lithuanians  working  without  wages 
is  greater  than  that  of  the  Magyars  by  6.7.  The  per  cent  ot  Lithu- 
anians working  for  profits  is  smaller  than  the  per  cent  ot  Magyars 
in  the  same  group  by  6.8.  Forty  per  cent  each  of  Russians  and 
Slovaks,  as  compared  with  60.9  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  had  worked  tor 
wages  in  their  native  country,  while  the  proportion  of  Pol^  working 
without  wages  is  less  than  the  proportion  of  Russians  and  Slovaks  m 
this  group  by  25  and  19.6  per  cent,  respectively.  The  Poles  also  &how 
2.3  per  cent  less  than  the  Slovaks  and  3.1  per  cent  more  than  the 
Russians  as  working  for  profits. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 12 


170 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Proceeding  further  with  the  analysis,  the  following  table  shows  the 
percentage  of  persons  in  the  principal  occupations  which  are  combined 
to  form  the  industrial  groups  of  the  preceding  table: 

Table  484. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  Is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


Race  of  Individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  without  occu- 
pation. 

Per  cent  working  for  wages. 

Percent  working 
without  wages. 

Per  cent  work- 
ing for  profit. 

Farm  laborers. 

General  labor- 
ers. 

Miners. 

In  hand  trades. 

In  all  other  oc- 

cupations. 

Total. 

Fann  laborers. 

In  all  other  oc- 

cupations. 

Total. 

Farmers.  ’ 

In  all  other  oc- 

cupations. 

1 Total. 

German 

34 

0.0 

2.9 

14.7 

32.4 

5.9 

11.8 

67.6 

29.4 

0.0 

29.4 

2.9 

0.0 

2.9 

Italian,  North 

04 

6.3 

28.1 

10.9 

1.6 

25.0 

6.3 

71.9 

15.6 

.0 

15.6 

6.3 

.0 

6.3 

Italian,  South 

201 

.4 

32.6 

13.0 

2.3 

5.7 

5.4 

59.0 

32.2 

.0 

32.2 

8.4 

.0 

8.4 

Lithuanian 

32 

3.1 

31.3 

9.4 

9.4 

.0 

3.1 

53.1 

37.5 

.0 

37.5 

6.  3 

.0 

6.3 

Magyar 

198 

2.5 

27.3 

7.1 

2.5 

10.1 

6.6 

53.5 

30.3 

.5 

30.8 

13.1 

.0 

13.1 

Polish 

184 

1.1 

19.0 

9.2 

16.3 

14.7 

1.6 

60.9 

31.5 

.5 

32. 1 

6.0 

.0 

6.0 

Russian 

35 

.0 

11.4 

5.7 

.0 

8.6 

14.3 

40.0 

57.1 

.0 

57.1 

2.9 

.0 

2.9 

Slovak 

60 

.0 

26.7 

5.0 

.0 

6.7 

1.7 

40.0 

51.7 

.0 

51.7 

8.3 

.0 

8.3 

Total 

892 

1.7 

25.0 

9.8 

8.1 

9.8 

5.0 

57.6 

32.4 

.2 

32.6 

8.1 

.0 

8.1 

In  the  above  table  it  is  seen  that  of  the  entire  number  reporting, 
one-fourth  were  employed  as  farm  laborers  for  wages,  prior  to 
leaving  their  native  country;  less  than  one-tenth  each  as  labor- 
ers and  in  the  hand  trades;  5 per  cent  in  all  other  occupations; 
and  only  8.1  per  cent  as  miners.  A fraction  less  than  one-tliird  of 
those  reporting  worked  as  farm  laborers  without  wages;  and  8.1  per 
cent  worked  for  profits  as  farmers. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  also  that  three  races,  the  German,  Kussian,  and 
Slovak,  report  none  without  prior  occupation ; and  a larger  per  cent 
than  the  Poles,  are  reported  by  the  Russians  and  Slovaks,  as  farm  labor- 
ers without  wages.  The  ^sArth  and  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and 
Magyars,  who  were  employed  for  wages  as  farm  laborers,  vary  only 
slightly  in  the  proportions  reported,  the  South  Italians  reporting  the 
highest,  32.6  per  cent,  as  compared  with  27.3  per  cent  for  the 
Magyars.  A comparison  of  the  North  and  South  Italians  as  laborers 
and  in  hand  trades  shows  a marked  reversal  in  positions,  the  North 
Itahans  reporting  10.9  per  cent  employed  as  laborers  and  25  per  cent 
in  hand  trades,  as  compared  with  13  per  cent  and  5.7  per  cent,  re- 
spectively, of  South  Italians. 

Aside  from  the  Russians  and  Slovaks,  the  Lithuanians  report  a 
larger  per  cent  working  as  farm  laborers  without  wages  than  any  one 
of  the  other  races;  and  the  North  Italians  report  the  smallest — 15.6 
per  cent  of  the  latter  as  compared  with  37.5  per  cent  of  the  former — 
with  very  little  difference,  as  between  the  South  Italians,  Poles, 
Magyars,  and  Germans. 

Of  those  who  are  reported  as  having  worked  for  profits,  prior  to 
leaving  their  native  country,  all  were  farmers.  Of  the  several  races, 
the  Magyars  show  the  highest  percentage,  13.1,  as  compared  with  8.4 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


171 


oer  cent  of  the  South  Italians  and  8.3  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks.  Two 
races,  the  North  Italian  and  Lithuanian,  report  6.3  percent  each  as 
tiaving  worked  for  profits,  and  two  races,  the  German  and  Russian, 
2.9  peT  cent  each,  while  the  Poles  show  6 per  cent. 

The  above  table  also  shows  the  significant  fact  that  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  Germans  reporting  were  employed  as  miners  before 
coming  to  the  United  States;  whereas  the  Poles  report  a fraction  less 
than  one-sixth  of  their  number  as  having  been  employed  in  the  same 
capacity  before  coming  into  this  country.  After  the  Poles  come  the 
Lithuanians,  who  report  9.4  per  cent  as  miners  prior  to  leaving  their 
native  country.  It  is  also  important  to  note  that  the  Russians 
and  Slovaks  fail  to  show  a single  one  of  their  number  with  previous 
experience  as  a miner. 


PRINCIPAL  OCCUPATION  OF  IMMIGRANT  EMPLOYEES  BEFORE  COMING 
TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Table  485,  which  exhibits  the  result  of  the  study  of  the  occupation 
abroad  of  individual  mining  employees  of  foreign  birth  in  the  South, 
shows  that  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  total  were  engaged  in  farming 
or  farm  labor.  Seventy-three  and  nine-tenths  per  cent  were  farmers 
or  farm  laborers,  10.4  per  cent  miners,  7 per  cent  in  hand  trades, 
4 per  cent  in  general  labor,  1.6  per  cent  in  manufacturing,  and  3.1 
per  cent  in  other  industries  not  specified.  The  detailed  exhibits  for 
each  race  are  here  set  forth; 

Table  485.— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  each  specified  occupation  before 
coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  onlj^  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Number 

Per  cent  who  were  engaged  in — 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Mining. 

Farming 
or  farm 
labor 

General 

labor. 

Manu- 

facturing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

Bulgarian 

115 

2.6 

89.6 

0.0 

0.0 

4.3 

3.5 

2.5 
2.5 

Croatian 

242 

2.5 

85.9 

5.4 

.8 

2.9 

Italian  North  

353 

3.7 

77.6 

5.9 

.3 

9.9 

Italian  South  

1,072 

5.1 

78.4 

5.3 

1.1 

7.2 

2.9 

Magvar 

322 

5.0 

■ 78.3 

1.9 

1.6 

11.  5 

1.9 

Polish 

277 

7.2 

82.3 

4.0 

1.4 

4.3 

. 7 
2.7 

Slovak 

335 

10.4 

75.5 

3.3 

3.0 

5. 1 

Total  

3,307 

10.4 

73.9 

4.0 

1.6 

7.0 

3.1 

The  Bulgarians  show  a higher  percentage  of  farming  people  than 
does  anv  other  race  in  the  table  above,  89.6  per  cent  of  this  race 
being  thus  renorted.  The  Croatians  follow,  with  85.9  per  cent,  and 
the  Poles  rank  third,  with  82.3  per  cent.  The  Magyars  and  South 
Italians  report  78.3  per  cent  and  78.4  per  cent,  respectively,  and  the 
North  Italians  and  Slovaks  complete  the  group.  Each  of  these  races 
exceeds  the  general  average  of  73.9  per  cent. 


172 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Only  4 per  cent  of  the  members  of  all  races  were  laborers  in  indus 
tries  other  than  farming.  The  North  Italians  show  the  higlies 
percentage,  though  their  5.9  per  cent  is  closely  followed  by  the  5.‘ 
per  cent  of  the  Croatians  and  the  5.3  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians 
Four  per  cent  of  the  Poles  are  thus  reported,  and  3.3  per  cent  o 
the  Slovaks.  No  Bulgarians  were  laborers,  and  only  a very  few  o 

^^The  Slovaks  show  3 per  cent  engaged  in  some  branch  of  manufactur 
ino-,  the  Magyars,  Poles,  and  South  Italians  show  between  1 and  2 pe 
cent  the  Croatians  and  North  Italians  less  than  1 per  cent,  and  th 
Bulgarians  none.  The  hand  trades,  however,  were  much  mor 
common,  7 per  cent  of  all  reporting  an  occupation  in  this  class.  Th 
Magyars  lead,  with  11.5  per  cent,  the  North  Italians  following  wit] 
9.9  per  cent,  and  the  South  Italians  with  7.2  per  cent.  The  Sloval 
percentage  is  5.1,  and  the  Bulgarian  and  Polish  each  4.3.  Th 
Croatians,  with  only  2.9  per  cent  reporting  in  this  class,  show  a lowe 
proportion  than  any  of  the  other  races.  ^ 

As  already  stated,  only  10.4  per  cent  of  the  immigrants  of  all  race 
were  engaged  abroad  in  the  occupation  by  which  they  now  make  : 
living.  Moreover,  of  the  principal  races  tabulated,  the  Slovaks  alon 
report  even  that  percentage,  the  Poles,  who  rank  next,  showing  onl; 
7.2  per  cent.  The  Croatians  and  Bulgarians  report  but  2.5  per  cen 
and  2.6  per  cent,  respectively,  as  having  mined  abroad.  These  ar 
also  the  two  races  showing  the  largest  proportion  of  farmers  am 
farm  laborers. 

GENERAL  OCCUPATION  OF  WOMEN  AT  THE  PRESENT  TIME,  IN  Tffi 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  general  industrial  condition  of  the  foreign-bori 
since  their  arrival  in  the  United  States,  the  table  below  shows  fo 
the  southern  coal  fields  the  general  occupations  of  all  females  16  year 
of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied. 

Table  iSQ— General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  an 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  Includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  females  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race: 


Number 

Per  cent— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

In  do- 
mestic 
service. 

In  trade. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

Foreign-born: 

riprmnn  

25 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

98.3 

98.7 

100.0 

95.2 

0. 

Italian  South 

60 

1.7 

.0 

.0 

Magyar  

77 

1.3 

.0 

.0 

Polifjh  

63 

.0 

.0 

.0 

Slovak 

21 

4.8 

.0 

.0 

Grand  total 

292 

1.4 

.3 

.0 

98.3 

Totsl  forpign  fatliPX.. 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(al 

(a) 

(0) 

(0) 

Total  native-born 

10 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Total  foreign-bom 

282 

1.1 

.0 

.0 

98.9 

• Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


173 


The  significant  fact  brought  to  light  by  the  foregoing  table  is  that 
98  3 per  cent  or  practically  all,  of  the  females  both  native  and  foreign 
bom  are  at  home,  and  only  1.7  per  cent  are  engaged  in  domestic  or 
personal  service  or  in  trade.  The  South  Italians,  Magyars,  and 
aovaks  show  a small  proportion  of  the  women  engaged  in  domestic 
or  personal  service. 

general  occupation  of  males  at  the  present  time,  in  the  house- 
holds STUDIED. 

As  regards  the  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households 
studied  in  the  southern  coal-mining  localities,  the  table  below  shows 
their  general  industrial  condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

Table  AST.— General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS. 


This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent— 

In  bitu- 
minous- 
coal 
mining. 

Other- 
wise em- 
ployed. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

Foreign-born: 

TTricrliQh  

22 

38 

69 

286 

37 

215 

198 

37 

61 

100.0 

100.0 

95.7 

96.5 

94.6 
98.1 
79.3 

83.8 

96.7 

0.0 

.0 

2.9 
3.5 
5.4 

1.9 
20.7 
16.2 

3.3 

0.0 

.0 

1.4 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

O 

ooooooooo 

Tfolian  Mnrth  

Itd>li3*n  South.. 

Polish  

Grand  total 

985 

92.8 

7.1 

.1 

.0 

fn.s+nl  r\f  fnrpicrn  fn.t.llPT  ...  ...... 

11 

14 

971 

(a) 

(a) 

93.0 

(a) 

(a) 

6.9 

(a) 

(0) 

.1 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

lOlal  natlN  t3-L)Ulll  Ui  luicxgii 

'T'rkfal  ricjtiv’P-UnrTl  

Totsl  for6igii“born  

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Upon  examining  this  table  it  is  seen  that  93  per  cent  of  the  total 
for  all  races  of  foreign  birth  are  engaged  in  the  coal-mimng  industry, 
while  6.9  per  cent  are  engaged  in  outside  work.  The  races  which 
show  a proportion  above  the  average  engaged  in  work  other  than 
coal  mining  are  the  Polish  and  Russian,  20.7  per  cent  ol  the  former 
and  16.2  per  cent  of  the  latter  being  engaged  in  occupations  outside 
of  the  coal  mines. 

OCCUPATIONS  ENTERED  IN  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL-MINING  INDUSTRY. 


It  is  clear  that  the  larger  part  of  the  races  of  recent  immigration 
have  engaged  in  an  industry  for  which  they  had  no  training  or 
experience  abroad. 

A large  amount  of  the  coal  mined  in  the  northern  part  of  West 
Virginia  is  taken  out  by  machines.  Almost  without  exception  the 


174 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


machine  operators  are  American  whites.  The  Americans  are  alsc 
• trackmen,  motor  men,  and  a few  of  them  are  pick  miners.  For  the 
most  part  the  Slovaks,  Poles,  Croatians,  Magyars,  Italians,  and  negroes 
are  loaders  after  the  machines.  There  are  also  Slovak,  Italian,  and 
Polish  pick  miners.  On  the  coke  ovens  are  Americans,  Poles^ 
Slovaks,  and  Italians.  The  power-plant  employees  are  largely 
Americans.  In  general,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Americans  cut 
and  haul  the  coal,  lay  the  tracks,  and  do  all  the  skilled  work  hot! 
inside  and  outside  the  mines.  The  Italians,  Croatians,  Magyars,  and 
negroes  principally  load  the  coal  after  the  machines  and  do  the  rougl 
work  on  the  ovens  and  elsewhere.  Slovaks  and  Poles  are  often  pick 
miners  as  well  as  coke  pullers  and  loaders. 

In  many  mines  of  the  southern  coal  fields  of  West  Virginia  the 
Slovaks  and  Magyars  are  employed  almost  exclusively  in  pick  min- 
ing and  underground  work.  A great  many^  Italians  work  on  the 
tipples  and  other  outside  labor.  The  following  tables  covering  the 
occupations  of  races  in  mines  in  the  southern  part  of  West  Virginia 
exhibit  the  range  of  occu])ations  engaged  in  by  recent  immigrants.  ^ It 
will  be  noted  that  the  Italians  are  engaged  in  pick  mining  and  outside 
labor  in  largest  number,  while  almost  all  of  the  Magyars,  all  of  the 
Russians,  and  the  two  Slovaks  employed  are  pick  miners. 

The  following  series  of  three  tables  shows,  in  a summary  form,  the 
racial  composition  of  the  bituminous  mine-working  forces,  in  the  West 
Virginia  fields,  by  occupations.  In  connection  with  mine  No.  3,  coke 
ovens  were  operated: 

Table  488. — Number  of  coal  mine  employees  in  Mine  No.  1 in  West  Virginia,  by  race  am 

occupation. 


Occupation. 

Ameri- 

can. 

White. 

Ameri- 

can, 

Negro. 

Italian, 

North. 

Italian, 

South. 

Magyar. 

Russian. 

Slovak. 

Total. 

Pioir  minfir 

23 

19 

29 

35 

19 

2 

12' 

T'rapVmc^n 

12 

2 

2 

2 

li 

Miif'kpr 

2 

1 

rutohpr 

4 

1 

1 

2 

"R  ra.t  1 1 ppm  an 

1 

2 

Drivpr 

15 

4 

2 

2; 

Pan  tpndpr 

1 

Rlat.pman 

1 

nf  prmpn 

1 

Pralrp.TTian 

1 

1 

Tra.pppr 

6 

5 

1 

2 

1 

R 1 apVQm  i t h 

2 

Dnmppr 

1 

5 

Pnwn  prm  an 

1 

T .abnrpr 

2 

1 

16 

d 

Total 

73 

35 

1 

53 

44 

19 

2 

22 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South, 


175 


Table  Number  of  coal  mine  employees  in  Mine  No.  2 in  West  Virginia,  by  race  and 

,((-  ^ occupation. 


i) 


'W  Occupation. 

Ameri- 

can, 

White. 

Ameri- 

can, 

Negro. 

Italian, 

South. 

Italian, 

North. 

Magyar. 

Russian. 

Slovak. 

Total. 

l—l 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

20 

1 

3 

1 

3 
119 

19 

1 

4 
19 

1 

13 

— 

Blacksmitli  helper.... 

1 

Brakeman 

1 

Bratticeman 

1 

Car  coupler 

Ditcher 

1 

Dumper 

Driver 

1 

14 

1 

2 

1 

2 

22 

2 

1 

4 
11 

1 

5 

4 

2 

2 

Fan  tender 

Improving  mine 
drainage 

1 

Motorman 

Mucker 

Miner,  pick 

Outside  labor 

Powderman 

i 

19 

1 

20 

16 

35 

21 

Roadman 

Roadman  helper 

3 

2 

3 

Slateman 

Trapper 

5 

1 

2 

Total 

71 

34 

40 

3 

44 

21 

2 

215 

Table  490. Number  of  employees  in  Mine  No.  3 {coalmining  and  coke  manufacturing) 

in  West  Virginia,  by  race  and  occupation. 


Occupation. 

American , 
White. 

American, 

Negro. 

j English. 

§ 

g 

O 

1 

CO 

'o 

5 

d 

.S 

’3 

03 

3 

5 

7 

xi 

3 

o 

CO 

a 

4 

d 

.2 

in 

3 

cd 

18 

j Montenegrin. 

j Austrian. 

j Bulgarian. 

j Slovak. 

j Hebrew. 

j Roumanian. 

3 

o 

Pick  miner 

39 

1 

37 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

132 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

31 

16 

7 

3 

1 

29 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

16 

33 

Blacksmith 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Foreman 

Motorman 

Brakeman 

1 

2 

18 

4 

5 

2 

1 

9 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

12 

2 

1 

2 

4 

1 

Trackman 

Driver 

Spragger 

Tipple  boss 

20 

Tippleman 

Carpenter 

Stable  boss 

1 

1 

3 

23 

1 

12 

10 

Coke  puller  and  leveler 

Total 

90 

83 

13 

1 

6 

9 

51 

19 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

286 

176 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  another  mine,  which  had  an  average  working  force  of  300 
employees,  the  number  of  men  of  each  race  engaged  as  pick  miners 
was'  as  follows : 

American,  White 50 

American,  Negro 44 

English !...!..*”***!!!!  1 

German 4 

Italian,  South q7 

Slovak c 

Polish i 

Total 193 

Some  members  of  these  races  are  employed  as  coke  drawers,  but 
comj)aratively  few. 

The  Italians  employed  in  Virginia  are  found  principally  in  two 
occupations — those  of  coke  drawers  and  outside  laborers.  Very  few 
of  those  employed  have  entered  the  occupation  of  mining.  This  has 
been  due  very  largely  to  the  fact  that  they  are  afraid  of  the  dangers  con- 
nected with  coal  mining.  A vast  majority  of  those  employed  at  most 
plants  are  used  as  coke  drawers,  and  the  rest  are  used  principally  as 
laborers  on  the  yards,  as  loaders  into  cars  or  '‘forkers,”  or  on  the  tipple 
or  other  forms  of  unskilled  labor  on  the  outside.  The  majority  of  the 
coke  drawers  in  this  field  are  South  Italians  and  negroes.  The  other 
races  found  in  the  field,  such  as  Roumanians,  Servians,  Croatians,  etc., 
or  those  which  have  been  here  only  short  periods,  are  employed  almost 
exclusively  at  rough  unskilled  labor,  such  as  coke  loaders,  etc.  None 
of  them  have  entered  the  mines  except  at  one  mine  where  about  ten 
of  the  Roumanians  are  found  working  as  pick  miners. 

In  the  coal  and  coke  industries  of  Virginia,  as  in  southern  West 
Virginia,  the  occupations  are  of  three  general  classes — those  of  miners, 
coke  drawers,  and  company  men.  All  mining  is  done  by  the  piece 
at  so  much  per  mine  car,  and  all  coke  is  drawn  by  the  piece  or  at  a 
certain  price  per  oven,  while  all  other  employees  both  inside  and  out- 
side, such  as  drivers,  engineers,  trackmen,  timbermen,  and  yard 
laborers,  are  paid  a stated  wage  per  day,  and  are  termed  company 
men. 

As  already  stated,  the  first  immigrants  to  come  to  the  field  were 
Magyars  and  Slovaks,  who  were  brought  in  to  draw  coke.  These 
were  added  to  by  members  of  the  same  and  other  races,  which  have 
entered  almost  all  occupations.  Comparatively  few,  however,  are 
employed  as  company  men  except  as  rough  laborers,  tipple  employ- 
ees, coke  loaders,  etc.  The  Americans,  both  white  and  colored, 
usually  fill  the  positions  of  drivers,  and  the  American  whites  such 
positions  as  engineers,  firemen,  trackmen,  and  other  occupations  of 
like  character.  The  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and  Poles  are  employed  in 
greater  numbers  as  miners  than  in  any  other  occupation.  This  is  due 
principally  to  the  fact  that  no  knowledge  of  English  is  required. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


177 


DAILY  EARNINGS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

Information  was  also  secured  as  to  the  daily  earnings  of  12,084 
idividual  employees  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  South, 
'he  table  which  follows  shows  by  general  nativity  and  race  the  num- 
er  and  per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day: 

'able  491.— Per  cmi  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


Number 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amormt  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

81.25  or 
over. 

81.50  or 
over. 

82  or 
over. 

82.50  or 
over. 

83  or 
over. 

83.50  or 
over. 

lative-born  of  native  father: 
White  

3,887 

$2. 16 

98.9 

94.5 

65.8 

27.1 

12.9 

4.0 

Nppto  ..... ... 

4,405 

1.87 

95.4 

82.9 

44.1 

16.1 

7.9 

2.3 

oreign-born: 

B 

118 

2. 09 

100.0 

93.2 

68.6 

35.6 

13.6 

.8 

CrofiticiB  

239 

1.97 

100.0 

99.6 

55.6 

16.3 

3.8 

1.3 

En^lisli  

109 

2.  28 

98.2 

97.2 

84.4 

36.7 

13.8 

2.8 

Gsrm&n  

109 

2.  26 

99.1 

96.3 

84.4 

33.0 

14.7 

2.8 

Jt3.li3.11  . - - . - 

363 

2. 07 

97.2 

96.4 

65.3 

24.5 

11.0 

1.1 

It3li3Il  

1,048 

308 

2.  04 

96.8 

92.5 

59.2 

25.5 

11.7 

1.2 

HfQCTVQr  - 

2.11 

99.7 

98.4 

67.9 

24.7 

6.2 

1.3 

iTiagy  ai. 

Montenegrin 

82 

1.83 

100.0 

98.8 

48.8 

14.6 

1.2 

.0 

Pnli‘?h  .'.... 

264 

2. 15 

100.0 

98.5 

73.1 

31.1 

11.0 

2.3 



94 

2.  29 

100.0 

100.0 

85.1 

34.0 

16.0 

1.1 

Slovak 

351 

2.  37 

99.7 

98.3 

82.9 

43.3 

19.4 

8.0 

Grand  total 

12,084 

2. 04 

97.5 

90.7 

58.4 

23.4 

10.7 

2.9 

'otal  native-born  of  foreign 
father  

267 

2. 16 

99.3 

97.0 

66.3 

27.3 

12.4 

3.0 

^otsl  n3ti 

8,5.59 

3,525 

2.  01 

97.1 

88.6 

54.6 

21.5 

10.3 

3.1 

^ot3l  forpi£Ti“B*^T’Ti  

2. 12 

98.6 

95.9 

67.6 

28.0 

11.4 

2.4 

1 

*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
3St  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
nnual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year.  ♦ 


Upon  referring  to  the  above  table,  it  is  seen  that  of  the  entire  num- 
)er  reporting,  58.4  per  cent  earn  $2  or  over  per  day,  23.4  per  cent 

52.50  or  over,  and  2.9  per  cent  $3.50  or  over  per  day. 

As  between  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father  and  the  for- 
dgn-born  very  little  difference  in  the  percentages  of  each  race  report- 
ng  a specified  earning  per  day  exists.  Moreover,  both  show  to  a bet- 
ter advantage  than  do  the  native-born.  By  way  of  illustration,  of 
^hose  earning  between  $2  and  $2.50  per  day,  native-born  persons 
ihow  33.1  per  cent,  as  compared  with  39  per  cent  of  the  persons 
lative-born  of  foreign  father,  and  39.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born 
persons.  This  margin  decreases  until  the  earnings  reach  $3.50  or 
)ver  per  day,  at  which  point  the  native-born  report  a slightly  larger 
percentage  earning  the  specified  amount  than  do  the  others  or 
1.1  per  cent  earning  $3.50  or  over  as  compared  with  3 per  cent  of  the 
persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  and  2.4  per  cent  of  the  foreign- 
Dorn. 

Of  the  foreign-born  races  reporting,  the  Slovaks  show  higher  aver- 
age earnings  than  any  other  race,  reporting  43.3  per  cent  earning 

12.50  or  over,  as  compared  with  36.7  per  cent  for  the  English,  35.6 
per  cent  for  the  Bulgarians,  and  33  per  cent  Germans.  They  also 


178 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


report  8 per  cent  earning  over  $3.50  per  day,  as  against  4 per  ceni 
of  the  native  whites.  Among  persons  earning  $1.50  or  over,  the 
percentage  of  Slovaks  is  slightly  lower  than  that  of  three  othei 
races — the  Croatians  reporting  99.6  per  cent,  Poles  98.5,  and  Magyars 
98.4  per  cent. 

On  the  other  hand,  of  those  earning  $2  or  over  per  day,  the  Scotch 
lead  with  85.1  per  cent,  closely  followed  by  the  Germans,  English 
and  Slovaks,  in  the  order  named,  with  the  Poles  and  Bulgarians  nexi 
in  order.  Little  difference  exists  between  the  Magyars  and  North 
Italians.  The  South  Italians  and  Croatians  report  a smaller  percent- 
age earning  $2  or  over  per  day  than  do  the  other  races. 

Of  those  earning  $3  or  over,  the  Slovaks  lead  with  19.4  per  cent 
followed  by  the  Scotch,  Germans,  English,  Bulgarians,  South  Italians 
North  Italians,  and  Poles,  with  little  difference  between  the  last 
three.  In  the  group  earning  over  $3.50  per  day  the  Slovaks  report 
8 per  cent,  as  compared  with  4 per  cent  of  the  native  whites,  the 
Germans,  English,  Poles,  and  negroes  following,  with  the  per  cent 
ranging  from  2.8  on  the  part  of  the  Germans  and  English  to  2.3  pei 
cent  each  for  the  Poles  and  negroes. 

In  addition  to  the  daily  and  annual  earnings  of  males  of  18  or  more 
than  18  years  of  age,  it  is  of  importance  to  consider  the  earnings  ol 
the  younger  mining  employees.  With  this  object  in  view,  the  table 
below  is  submitted  to  show  the  number  and  percentage  of  794  males 
between  the  ages  of  14  and  18  years,  in  the  principal  races,  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day : 

Table  492. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  spedfiet 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

$1  or 
over. 

S1.25or 

over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

1.1 

White 

351 

$1.39 

86.0 

63.2 

46.7 

9.4 

Negro 

2G3 

1.22 

68.4 

52.9 

37.6 

7.6 

A 

Foreign-born : 

30.6 

Italian,  South 

49 

1.61 

91.8 

75.5 

69.4 

8.2 

Grand  total 

794 

1.34 

80.5 

60.8 

46.1 

11.5 

l.S 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

4.J 

father 

63 

1.41 

84.1 

57.1 

46.0 

17.5 

Total  native-born 

•677 

1.31 

79.0 

58.6 

43.1 

9.5 

1.2 

Total  foreign-born 

117 

1.53 

88.9 

73.5 

63.2 

23.1 

5.1 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


In  the  returns  for  all  races  set  forth  in  the  table  above,  it  is  seen 
that  about  four-fifths  earn  $1  or  more,  and  about  three-fifths  $1.25 
or  more  per  day.  Of  all  reporting,  46.1  per  cent  earn  $1.50  or  over, 
while  only  11.5  per  cent  have  a daily  earning  ability  of  $2  or  more. 
Twenty-one  per  cent  of  the  total  native-born  as  compared  with  11.1 
per  cent  of  the  total  foreign-born  earn  less  than  $1  per  day. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


179 


Only  14  per  cent  of  the  native-born  of  native  father,  and  15.9  per 
ent  of  native-born  of  foreign  father  exhibit  an  earning  capacity 
,f  less  than  $1  per  day.  Only  46.7  per  cent  of  native  whites  born 
»f  native  father,  however,  as  compared  with  63.2  per  cent  of  all 
oreign-born  persons  and  69.4  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians  earn 
laily  $1.50  or  more.  Moreover,  only  9.4  per  cent  of  the  native 
^^hite  persons  born  of  native  father,  as  against  23.1  per  cent  of  all 
oreign-born  persons  and  30.6  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians,  have 
laily  wages  of  $2  or  more  than  $2.  Foreign-born  persons  who  are 
•eceiving  under  SI  per  day  constitute  a proportion  9.9  per  cent  less 
ban  do  the  native-born  persons  of  the  same  wage  class. 

In  this  connection  it  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  daily  earning 
ibility  of  the  negroes  and  of  the  mine  workers  of  foreign  birth.  Of 
he  former  21.6  per  cent,  and  11.1  per  cent  of  the  latter  are  earning 
ess  than  $1  per  day.  Moreover,  only  52.9  per  cent  of  the  negroes  as 
contrasted  with  73.5  per  cent  of  the  total  foreign-born  and  75.5  per 
cent  of  the  South  Italians,  are  daily  receiving  a wage  of  $1.25  or  more 
than  that  amount.  Only  37.6  per  cent  of  the  negroes  as  compared 
vith  63.2  of  all  foreign-born  persons  and  69.4  per  cent  of  the  South 
Italians  are  classified  as  earning  $1.50  per  day  or  niore.  Of  all  the 
3mployees,  9.7  percent  earn  between  $2  and  $2.50  per  day.  The 
proportion  of  men  receiving  wages  in  excess  of  $2.50  is  slightly 
less  for  the  native-born  than  for  the  employees  considered  m the 
aggregate. 

DAILY  EARNINGS  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Daily  earnings  were  also  obtained  for  5,580  of  the  employees  in 
the  coal  and  coke  industries  of  West  Virginia.  9^  employees, 

5,250  are  18  years  of  age  or  over,  and  the  remainder,  330,  between 
14  and  18  years  of  age.  Of  the  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over, 
2,641,  or  about  50  per  cent,  are  native-born.  Ninety- three  and  one- 
tenth  per  cent  of  these  native-born  persons  are  of  native  fathers  and 
6.9  per  cent  of  foreign  fathers.  The  persons  native-born  of  native 
father  are,  in  turn,  about  86  per  cent  whites  and  about  14  per  cent 
negroes. 


180 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Figures  showing  in  detail  the  range  of  daily  earnings,  by  geners 
nativity  and  race  of  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over,  are  given  i 
the  following  table: 

Table  493.— iVwmfeer  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  West  Virginia  earnin 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


1 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Num-  1 

Aver- 

age 

1 

1 

1 

porting 

sarn- 

$1 

$1.25 

$1.50 

$1.75 

$2 

$2.50 

$3 

$3..50  1 

ings  ■ 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and  ) 

and 

and 

$4o 

^lete 

per 

der 

under 

under 

under 

under 

under 

under' 

under  under 

ovei 

data. 

day. 

SI. 

$1.25. 

$1.50. 

$1.75. 

$2. 

$2.50. 

$3. 

$3.50. 

$4. 

Native-born  of  native 

White 

2,107 

52. 18 

1 

14 

28 

252 

363 

898 

305 

176 

17 

i 

Negro 

352 

2. 10 

2 

5 

7 

64 

42 

174 

31 

11 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  country  of 

birth  of  father: 

10 

•2  19 

2 

4 

2 

1 

fa) 

1 

1 

(a) 

1 

30 

2.  30 

1 

1 

3 

15 

5 

3 

2 

. .V.., 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

32 

2.  26 

2 

6 

12 

7 

5 

57 

2.  23 

3 

14 

26 

5 

6 

1 

3 

(o) 

1 

2 

4 

(o) 

1 

3 

30 

2.  27 

1 

6 

12 

5 

6 

S\\  gcIbd 

1 

(a) 

1 

Qiir  l4''70T*loTirl 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

O >VI  IZicI  IctliU 

filos 

6 

(a) 

1 

3 

2 

Africa  (country  not 

specified) 

1 

(a) 

1 

Total 

182 

2. 22 

1 

1 

12 

37 

76 

28 

22 

3 

Total  native-born 

2,641 

2. 17 

4 

19 

36  1 

328 

442 

1,148 

364 

209 

21 

' 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and 

AT  c\T€k  o n 

3 

fa) 

1 

1 

1 

iVlUId>  V lall 

'Rnlcroricin 

5 

(a) 

5 

lall - 

Canadian  (other  than 

1 

(o) 

1 

r 1 micii  y-. 

rirnntian  

237 

1.97 

1 

63 

41 

93 

30 

6 

1 

9 

(o) 

1 

7 

XJ  U tvli. 

Tp.ngliQVi 

46 

2.  31 

2 

3 

21 

16 

3 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

riarman 

71 

2. 39 

2 

2 

40 

15 

9 

\jrt3i  i-LiaiA. 

15 

2. 07 

3 

10 

1 

1 

VTlCCii..  ................. 

Hebrew  (other  than 

"D  ncciiiri  \ 

1 

fo) 

1 

XV  tioolail  y. 

TTor^otynviTi  lii  n 

3 

(o) 

1 

2 

Xld  V li-iiaii 

16 

2.  60 

1 

1 

8 

3 

Italian,  North 

307 

2.  05 

2 

2 

53 

56 

129 

42 

19 

3 

Italian,  South 

895 

2.11 

4 

10 

174 

152 

.307 

128 

108 

9 

T 

39 

2.  29 

|!!!! 

3 

2 

3 

13 

10 

7 

Magyar 

282 

2. 10 

1 

4 

50 

35 

129 

47 

12 

1 

AT  ATI  tanafyrin 

12 

2.31 

5 

7 

Polish  

210 

2. 18 

2 

27 

21 

93 

44 

17 

1 

31 

1.  71 

4 

9 

12 

5 

1 

T?  nQQion 

40 

2. 11 

1 

7 

4 

17 

8 

2 

T?  iTt'ViPTiiiiTi 

4 

(o) 

4 

22 

2. 39 

3 

13 

2 

3 

LVll 

19 

2. 06 

2 

16 

1 

Slovak 

295 

2.40 

2 

19 

25 

119 

74 

31 

3 

ftl  ATTPTl  ion 

10 

2.  00 

1 

3 

4 

2 

oiu  V ciilaii 

3 

fa) 

2 

1 

O W - 

5 

(a) 

1 

2 

2 

Welsh 

6 

fo) 

1 

4 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 

fied)   

20 

2. 12 

1 

2 

15 

2 

Total  foreign-born — 

2, 609 

2.14 

8 

28 

416 

371 

1,060 

437 

221 

20 

Grand  total 

.5,250 

2. 16 

4 

27 

64 

744 

813 

j2,208 

801 

430 

41 

i: 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntai 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showir 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


181 


The  largest  proportion  of  the  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over 
arn  $2  and  under  $2.50  per  day.  j,o  f „„ 

Of  the  entire  number  of  employees  between  14  and  18  years  ot  age, 
lore  receive  between  $1  and  $1.25  per  day  than  receive  any  other 
ate  of  wages,  as  is  shown  in  the  next  table.  This  is  true,  also,  of 
he  native-born  persons,  treated  as  a group,  of  the  persons  native- 
,orn  of  native  fathers,  both  whites  and  negroes  and  of  the  persons 
ative-born  of  foreign  fathers.  Of  the  foreign-born,  more  are  paid 
t a rate  of  between  $1.75  and  $2  than  are  paid  at  any  other  rate, 
.wing  probably  to  the  fact  that  the  largest  proportion  of  the  toreign- 
lorn  mine  workers  are  engaged  in  occupations  usually  followed  by 

’’ The® wagerof ‘employees  between  14  &nd  18  years  of  age  in  West 
i^irginia  are  given  by  nativity  and  race  in  the  following  table: 

^ABLE  m.— Number  of  male  employees  U and  under  18  years  of  age  in  We^st  Virginia 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Aver- 

Number  earning  each  specified  amovmt  per  day. 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Un- 

r' 

$1 

and 
under  1 
$1.25. 

$1.25 
and 
under  1 
$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 
and 
under  1 
$2. 

$2 
and 
under  i 
$2.50. 

$2.50 
and 
under  1 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

194 

13 

$1.38 

1.15 

25 

2 

55 

8 

23 

31 

47 

2 

11 

1 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father: 

6 

4 

5 

3 

8 

3 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

■*i’ 

''3’ 

2 

1 

2 

...... 

1 

1 

2 

...... 

Austria-Hungary 

Engl^-iid. 

""2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 



Ireland 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

32 

1.51 

5 

8 

1 

5 

6 

4 

2 

1 

1.39 

32 

71 

1 24 

36 

55 

16 

3 

i 2 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Croatian 

Dutch 

! ? 

1 

21 

46 

4 

4 

1 

2 

1 

7 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1.55 

1.59 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

English 

ItciliRii  

'3' 

1 

4 

8 

4 

3 

4 

9 

3 

1 

3 

10 

5 

9 

1 

4 

Italian!  South 

1 

2 

1 

1 



Roumanian 

Scotch  

4 



1 

1 

I 

Slovak 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

•1 

91 

1.54 

9 

15 

11 

17 

J_ii 

14 

6 

Grand  total 

m 

1 

1.43" 

1 

’ ^ 

35 

1 

1 74 

1 

9 

1 ^ 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated, 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  m this  report  snowi  g 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

0 Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


182 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


MONTHLY  EARNINGS  IN  REPRESENTATIVE  COAL  MINES  IN  SOUTHERI' 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

In  addition  to  the  original  information  received  from  household: 
and  individuals,  transcriptions  were  also  made  from  the  pay  rolls  o 
representative  companies.  The  following  table  shows,  by  occupatioi 
and  by  race,  the  monthly  earnings  of  the  operating  force  in  a typica 
mine  in  southern  West  Virginia: 

Table  495. — Monthly  earnings  of  the  operating  force  in  a typical  coal  mine  in  southen 
West  Virginia,  by  occupation  and  race* 


Occupation  and  race. 

Number  of 

Amount  earned. 

employees. 

Aggregate. 

Average. 

Coke  puller: 

23 

$766. 05 

$33.3 

American,  Negro 

Italian,  South 

6 

227. 63 

37.9 

Total  

29 

993.68 

34.2 

Coke  loader: 

170. 82 

34.1 

American,  Negro 

5 

Italian,  South 

IG 

660.  43 

41.2 

Polish  . 

1 

18. 90 

18.9 

Total 

22 

850. 15 

38.6 

Other  occupations: 

18 

979.81 

54.4 

American,  White 

American,  Negro 

1 

32.50 

32.5 

English  

3 

292. 00 

97.3 

Italian  (not  specified) 

1 

56. 00 

56.0 

Total  

23 

1,360.31 

59.1 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  carninf»s  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntar 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showin, 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


From  another  representative  mine  in  the  same  section,  the  average 
monthly  earnings  have  been  computed  by  race  and  conjugal  condi 
tion  and  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Table  496. — Monthly  earnings  of  the  operating  force  in  a typical  coal  mine  in  southen 
West  Virginia,  by  conjugal  condition  and  race* 


Race  and  conjugal  condition. 

Number. 

Average 

earnings. 

Race  and  conjugal  condition. 

Number. 

Average 

earnings 

American,  White: 

Ma.rripd  

34 

37 

16 

18 

$50. 73 
28.89 

46.65 
27. 15 

Magyar: 

Married 

8 

36 

$45.3 
40. 1 

Rinplfi  

Single 

American,  Negro: 

M^rripH 

Russian: 

Married 

Ringlfi  

Single 

21 

45.6 

Italian,  South: 

\fflrripri 

Slovak: 

Married 

Ringlp 

40 

33. 72 

Single 

2 

42.8 

Italian,  North: 

Married 

Single 

3 

16.  38 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntar 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showin; 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


183 


ELATION  BETWEEN  PERIOD  OF  RESIDENCE  AND  EARNING  ABILITY. 

The  tables  next  presented  set  forth  the  effect  which  different 
eriods  of  residence  have  had  upon  the  daily  earning  ability  of  the 
rincipal  foreign-born  races  residing  in  the  southern  coal  fields. 

’ABLE  497. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States  * 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

Jv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
^ ^ only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 


N umber 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

Race  and  years  in  United  States. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

roatian: 

- 

150 

100.0 

100.0 

50.7 

13.3 

3.3 

1.3 

5 to  9 

81 

100.0 

98.8 

64.2 

21.0 

4.9 

1.2 

1 0 or  n vftr  

8 

100.0 

100.0 

62.5 

25.0 

.0 

.0 

talian.  North: 

Under  5 ..... 

156 

94.9 

94.2 

55.8 

16.0 

1.9 

.6 

5 to  9 

132 

98.5 

97.7 

72.0 

28.0 

17.4 

1. 5 

1 0 f^r  n vftr  

75 

100.0 

98.7 

73.3 

36.0 

18.7 

1.3 

talian.  South: 

Ttndf^r  f)  

475 

94.5 

88.0 

51.1 

21.3 

7.8 

1.1 

5 to  9 

425 

98.4 

96.5 

61.9 

28.5 

15. 5 

1.6 

10  or  over  ........ ..... 

148 

99.3 

95.3 

67.6 

30.4 

13.5 

.7 

lagyar: 



152 

100.0 

98.0 

62.5 

23.0 

5.3 

1.3 

5 to  9 

109 

100.0 

100.0 

75.2 

25.7 

6.4 

1.8 

10  or  over  

47 

97.9 

95.7 

68.1 

27.7 

8.5 

.0 

’oUsh: 

Under  5 

128 

100.0 

98.4 

64.8 

27.3 

10.2 

3.1 

5 to  9 

88 

100.0 

98.9 

79.5 

31.8 

9.1 

1.1 

10  or  over 

48 

100.0 

97.9 

70.7 

39.6 

16.7 

2.1 

Slovak: 

TTniior  S . ...... 

156 

100.0 

98.1 

80.8 

40.4 

20.5 

12.2 

tn  Q 

128 

100.0 

99.2 

84.4 

46.1 

21.9 

6.3 

10  or  over 

67 

98.5 

97.0 

85.1 

44.8 

11.9 

1.5 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  volmtary 
ost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showmg 
innual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


Cable  49S— Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  of 
age  or  over,  hy  race  arid  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States."^ 

(study  of  employees.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  males  reporting.] 

IN  UNITED  STATES  LESS  THAN  5 YEARS. 


Race. 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50  or 
over. 

Croatian 

150 

100.0 

100.0 

50.7 

13.3 

3.3 

1.3 

[talian,  North 

156 

94.9 

94.2 

55.8 

16.0 

1.9 

.6 

Italian,  South 

475 

94.5 

88.0 

51.1 

21.3 

7.8 

1. 1 

Magyar 

152 

100.0 

98.0 

62.5 

23.0 

5.3 

1.3 

Polish 

128 

100.0 

98.4 

64.8 

27.3 

10.2 

3.1 

Slovak 

156 

100.0 

98.1 

80.8 

40.4 

20.5 

12.2 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  _no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


184 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  493. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  18  years  ' 
age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United  States — Continued. 


IN  UNITED  STATES  5 TO  9 YEARS. 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

$1.25  or 
over. 

$1.50  or 
over. 

$2  or 
over. 

$2.50  or 
over. 

$3  or 
over. 

$3.50 

ovei 

Croatian 

81 

100.0 

98.8 

64.2 

21.0 

4.9 

] 

Italian,  North 

132 

98.5 

97.7 

72.0 

28.0 

17.4 

1 

Italian,  South 

425 

98.4 

96.5 

61.9 

28.5 

15.5 

1 

Magyar 

109 

100.0 

100.0 

75.2 

25.7 

6.4 

1 

Polish 

88 

100.0 

98.9 

79.5 

31.8 

9.1 

1 

Slovak 

128 

100.0 

99.2 

84.4 

46.1 

21.9 

e 

IN  UNITED  STATES  10  YEARS  OR  OVER. 


Croatian 

8 

100.0 

100.0 

62.5 

25.0 

0.0 

C 

Italian,  North 

75 

100.0 

98.7 

73.3 

36.0 

18.7 

1 

Italian,  South 

Magvar 

148 

99.3 

95.3 

67.6 

30.4 

13.5 

47 

97.9 

95.7 

68.1 

27.7 

8.5 

Polish 

48 

100.0 

97.9 

70.7 

39.6 

16.7 

2 

Slovak 

67 

98.5 

97.0 

85.1 

44.8 

11.9 

1 

1 

A comparison  of  the  specified  daily  earnings  of  the  principi 
foreign-born  races  having  a residence  of  less  than  five  years  in  th 
United  States  shows  that  the  Slovaks  lead  all  others  by  a wid 
margin,  this  race  reporting  80.8  per  cent  earning  over  $2  per  da} 
as  compared  with  64.8  per  cent  Poles  and  62.5  per  cent  Magyan 
the  two  next  in  rank.  In  this  same  class  the  North  Italians  show 
higher  per  cent  than  the  South  Italians  and  Croatians.  As  betwee 
the  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  Magyars  the  same  relative  position  is  main 
tained  up  to  and  including  those  earning  over  $3.50  per  day. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  each  race,  with  the  exception  of  th 
Croatian  in  the  $1.50  or  over  wage  group,  with  a residence  c 
between  five  and  nine  years  in  the  United  States  reports  a larger  pe 
cent  with  specified  daily  earnings  than  those  with  a residence  of  les 
than  five  years  until  a wage  rate  of  $3  per  day  is  reached.  At  thi 
wage  level  only  one  race,  the  Poles,  with  a residence  between  five  an( 
nine  years  shows  a smaller  per  cent  earning  this  amount  and  ovei 
than  the  members  of  the  same  race  who  have  resided  here  less  tha] 
five  years.  Of  those  earning  $3.50  or  over  per  day,  three  races,  th 
Croatians,  Poles,  and  Slovaks,  show  a smaller  per  cent  than  the  sam- 
races  with  a residence  under  five  years,  the  others  showing  a smaJ 
increase. 

Of  all  those  earning  $3.50  or  over  per  day,  during  all  periods  o 
residence,  the  Slovaks  show  a greater  decrease  than  any  other 
reporting  1.5  per  cent  with  a residence  of  ten  years  or  over  earning 
above  this  amount,  as  compared  with  6.3  per  cent  between  five  am 
nine  years,  and  12.2  per  cent  under  five  years. 

The  proportion  of  Croatians  earning  $1.25  or  over  and  $2  or  over 
during  all  periods  of  residence,  is  practically  the  same;  whereas,  64.^ 
per  cent  residing  here  between  five  and  nine  years  earn  $2  or  ovei 
and  21  per  cent  $2.50  or  over,  as  compared  with  62.5  and  25  pei 
cent  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  over;  and  50.7  and  13.3  pei 
cent,  respectively,  under  five  years.  With  the  North  Italians,  eacl 
succeeding  period  of  residence  shows  a higher  percentage  earning 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


185 


p to  S3. 50  per  day,  when  a slight  decrease  from  those  with  a resi- 
ence  of  between  five  and  nine  years  is  shown  by  those  who  have 
3sided  here  for  ten  years  or  more.  In  the  case  of  the  South  Ital- 
ms  the  per  cent  of  those  earning  $1.50  or  over,  $3  or  over,  and  $3.50 
r over  per  day  is  slightly  smaller  with  those  who  have  been  here  ten 
ears  or  over  than  with  those  with  a residence  of  between  five  and 
ine  years.  Of  those  earning  $2  or  over,  67.6  per  cent  have  been 
1 the  United  States  ten  years  or  over,  61.9  per  cent  between  five 
nd  nine  years,  and  51.1  per  cent  under  five  years.  The  South 
talians  earning  $2.50  or  over  report  30.4  per  cent  for  those  with 
tie  longest  period  of  residence,  28.5  per  cent  for  those  between  five 
nd  nine  years,  and  21.3  per  cent  for  those  under  five  years.  The 
‘oles  show  a higher  average  throughout,  according  to  the  number  of 
ears  in  the  United  States,  than  the  Magyars,  reporting  64.8  per 
ent  under  five  years,  79.5  per  cent  between  five  and  nine,  and  70.7 
er  cent  ten  years  or  over,  as  compared  with  62.5  per  cent,  75.2  per 
ent,  and  68.1  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  Magyars.  Of  the  Slovaks 
ssiding  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  80.8  per  cent  earn  $2 
r over  per  day,  and  40.4  per  cent  $2.50  or  over,  as  compared  with 
4.4  per  cent  and  46.1  per  cent,  respectively,  of  those  with  a resi- 
ence  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  85.1  per  cent  and  44.8  per 
ent,  respectively,  of  those  who  have  been  here  ten  years  or  over. 

With  the  exception  of  the  North  Italians,  and  to  a lesser  extent  of 
tie  South  Italians  and  Poles,  it  is  apparent  from  a study  of  the  above 
ables  that  a larger  percentage  of  the  other  races,  who  have  been  in 
his  country  between  five  and  nine  years,  show  higher  specified  daily 
arnings  than  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years 
r over,  or,  in  other  words,  the  earning  capacity  of  the  several  races 
eporting  increases  between  five  and  nine  years,  after  which  time  a 
ecrease  is  noted,  which  is  more  pronounced  with  some  races  than 
fith  others. 

ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  MALE  HEADS  OF  FAMILIES  STUDIED. 

An  indication  of  the  industriousness  of  the  men  of  a given  race 
lay  be  found  in  the  percentage  of  the  heads  of  families  regularly 
mployed.  Data  upon  this  subject  relating  to  the  coal  and  coke 
workers  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  are  printed  in  the  following 
able: 


Table  499. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

t 

Number  of 
selected 
families.a 

Number  of 
husbands. 

N umber  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Per  cent  of 
husbands 
at  work. 

Average 
yearly  earn- 
ings of  hus- 
bands at 
work. 

oreign-born: 

English 

8 

8 

8 

(«>) 

(P) 

(P) 

100 

ip) 

$663 

German 

17 

17 

17 

Italian,  North 

13 

13 

13 

544 

Italian,  South 

54 

54 

54 

456 

Lithuanian 

8 

8 

8 

(p) 

100 

(^>) 

480 

Magyar 

58 

58 

58 

Polish 

53 

53 

53 

100 

483 

Slovak 

19 

19 

19 

ip) 

477 

Total 

230 

230 

230 

100 

500 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  ft  Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


48296°— VOL  7—11 13 


186 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  total  number  of  families  included  in  the  preceding  table  is  23( 
and  the  total  number  of  husbands  the  same.  It  will  be  noted  tha 
all  the  husbands,  both  native  and  foreign  born,  are  reported  as  a 
work.  The  percentage  of  employment  is,  in  the  case  of  every  ract 

100. 

As  a result  of  the  investigation  in  the  coal  fields  of  Virginia  an 
West  Virginia,  reports  from  230  foreign-born  male  heads  of  families 
show  the  average  yearly  earnings  to  be  $500.  The  average  annus 
earnings,  together  with  the  range  of  annual  earnings,  is  shown  i 
detail  in  the  following  table: 

Table  500. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativity  and  race  c 

individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Num- 

ber 

working 

for 

wages. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Number  earning 

Per  cent  earning— 

-dl 

'Sii 

1 Under 

1 $400. 

Under 

$600. 

Under 

$800. 

Under 

$1,000. 

1 Under 

1 $200. 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$600. 

Lender 

$800. 

u 

oc 

c'= 

Foreign-born: 

KngH<;h 

8 

(a) 

6 

7 

(o) 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

German 

17 

!f(;(i3 

7 

15 

16 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(0.) 

(a) 

Italian,  North 

13 

544 

1 

10 

11 

13 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Italian,  South 

54 

450 

16 

45 

54 

54 

0.0 

29.6 

83.3 

100.0 

100. 

Lithuanian 

8 

(“) 

2 

7 

8 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(“). 

Magyar 

58 

480 

20 

45 

55 

58 

.0 

34.5 

77.6 

94.8 

100. 

Polish 

53 

483 

15 

43 

50 

52 

.0 

28.3 

81.1 

94.3 

98. 

Slovak 

19 

477 

7 

10 

18 

18 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Total 

230 

500 

61 

173 

217 

226 

.0 

26.5 

75.2 

94.3 

98. 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Uj)on  information  secured  from  230  male  heads  of  families  in  thir 
locality,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  average  yearly  earnings  are  $500 
Of  the  foreign-born  races  for  which  information  was  obtained,  tin 
Germans  report  the  highest  average  earnings,  or  $663,  followed  b} 
the  North  Italians  with  $544,  while  the  earnings  of  the  Poles,  Magyars 
Slovaks,  and  South  Italians,  in  the  order  named,  range  from  $483  t( 
$456  per  year.  None  of  the  male  heads  of  families  who  furnishec 
information  earn  less  than  $200,  and  only  1.7  per  cent  earn  $1,000  oi 
over  per  year,  while  75.2  and  26.5  per  cent  earn  less  than  $600  anc 
$400  per  year,  respectively. 

Only  three  races,  the  South  Italians,  Magyars,  and  Poles,  an 
reported  in  sufficient  numbers  to  admit  of  a comparison.  Of  thesi 
races,  the  Magyars  report  the  largest  proportion  earning  under  $40C 
and  the  smallest  proportion  under  $600  per  year.  As  between  the 
South  Italians  and  Poles,  there  is  little  difference  in  the  proportions 
earning  under  $400  or  $600  per  year,  the  former  reporting  a slightl}^ 
larger  proportion  than  the  latter  earning  each  of  these  amounts. 
The  entire  number  of  South  Italians  earn  less  than  $800  per  year, 
while  the  Magyars  and  Poles  show  each  a small  proportion  earning 
$800  or  over.  The  Poles  also  report  a small  proportion,  or  1.9  pei 
cent,  earning  $1,000  or  over  per  year. 


187 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


ANNUAL  EAKNINGS  OF  MALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  THE 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

In  addition  to  the  data  for  heads  of  families,  information  was  also 
secured  as  to  the  annual  earnings  of  all  male  members  of  the  families 
studied  who  were  18  years  of  age  or  older.  This  is  exhibited  in  the 
’olio wing  table,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 


Fable  501. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OB’  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 

Number  earning 

Per  cent  earning 

work- 

ing  for 

Aver- 

General  nativity  and  race 

wages 

age 

of  individual. 

and 

earn- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

Un- 

report- 

ings. 

der 

der 

der 

der 

der 

der 

der 

der 

ing 

amount. 

$200. 

$400. 

$600. 

$1,000. 

$200. 

$400. 

$600. 

$1,000. 

'Native-born  of  native  father, 

W hitp  

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

•Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of  father: 
English 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(«) 

1 

1 

(a) 

(«) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

frprman  

1 

1 

1 

Italian  N orth 

1 

1 

1 

Magyar  

4 

1 

3 

4 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

via,n 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

$695 

1 

1 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

0.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

60.0 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

97. 1 

Croatiari  

1 

1 

English  

18 

1 

2 

17 

Frpne.h  

1 

(“) 

576 

1 

1 

1 

(a) 

11.4 

(iprman  

35 

4 

21 

34 

Italian,  North 

1 56 

486 

1 

14 

45 

56 

1.8 

25.0 

80.4 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

264 

431 

2 

104 

231 

264 

.8 

39.4 

87.5 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

35 

475 

11 

26 

35 

.0 

31.4 

74.3 

100.0 

Magyar 

198 

432 

1 

83 

175 

198 

.5 

41.9 

88.4 

100.0 

Polish 

186 

451 

2 

63 

• 163 

185 

1.1 

33.9 

87.6 

99.5 

lioumanian 

3 

(a) 

389 

3 

3 

(a) 

11.4 

(a) 

57.1 

(a) 

91.4 

(a) 

97.1 

Russian 

35 

4 

20 

32 

34 

Slovak 

58 

407 

1 

32 

49 

57 

1.7 

55.2 

84.5 

98.3 

Grand  total 

899 

449 

11 

335 

756 

894 

1.2 

37.3 

84.1 

99.4 

Total  native-born  of  foreign 

father . 

7 

(a) 

(a) 

449 

1 

6 

7 

(a) 

(a) 

1.2 

(«) 

(a) 

37.5 

(«) 

(«) 

i 84.1 

(a) 

(a) 

99.4 

Total  native-born 

8 

1 

7 

8 

Total  foreign- born 

891 

11 

334 

749 

886 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  the  table  above  computations  for  averages  were  made  only  for 
;aces  reporting  10  or  more,  and  percentages  were  computed  only  for 
hose  races  reporting  20  or  more  persons.  Comparisons  can  only  be 
nade  therefore  for  foreign-born  English,  German,  North  and  South 
jitalian,  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Polish,  Russian,  and  Slovak  males. 
Vs  the  total  for  foreign-born  and  the  grand  total  includes  all  re- 
)orted,  the  averages  and  percentages  for  the  totals  are  computed 
m that  basis. 

Among  the  employees  of  foreign  birth  the  highest  average  wages 
,ire  earned  by  the  English,  followed  by  the  Germans.  The  former 
iverage  $695  against  $576  for  the  latter.  The  remaining  races  fol- 
ow  in  the  order  named  from  $486  for  the  North  Italian,  through  the 
iiithuanian,  Polish,  Magyar,  South  Italian,  and  Slovak  to  $389  for 


188 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  Russian.  All  of  the  North  Italians,  South  Italians,  Lithuanian 
and  Magyars,  and  99.5  per  cent  of  the  Poles  earn  under  $1,900  t 
against  97.1  per  cent  of  the  Germans  and  Russians.  Only  8.6  pt 
cent  of  the  Russians  earn  $600  or  over  as  compared  with  40  per  cei 
for  the  Germans.  Of  the  Russians  57.1  per  cent  earn  under  $4( 
as  compared  with  11.4  per  cent  for  the  Germans.  Of  the  Lithuaniai 
25.7  per  cent  earn  between  $600  and  $1,000,  as  do  19.6  per  cent  ( 
the  North  Italians.  Of  the  Poles,  1.1  per  cent  earn  under  $200,  33 
per  cent  under  $400,  87.6  per  cent  under  $600  and  99.5  per  cei 
under  $1,000. 

ANNUAL  FAMILY  INCOME. 

The  following  table  compiled  from  data  secured  from  230  foreig 
families,  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family,  tt 
average  annual  family  income  as  well  as  the  range  of  annual  income; 

Table  502. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  specified  amoun 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  race; 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  select- 

Average 

family 

income. 

— 1 f 

Per  cent  of  families  having  a totiiJ  in- 
come - 

ed  fami- 
lies, o 

Under 

$300. 

Under 

$500. 

Under 

$750. 

Under 

$1,000. 

Unde 

$1,50( 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

54 

$582 

3.7 

42.6 

83.3 

94.4 

100 

Magyar 

58 

774 

.0 

24.1 

46. 6 

75.9 

100 

Polish 

53 

663 

.0 

37.7 

73.6 

86.8 

100 

Total 

230 

699 

1.3 

28.3 

66.1 

84.3 

98 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


The  average  family  income  for  all  races  as  shown  by  the  abov 
table  is  $699  per  year.  The  South  Italians,  with  54  families  showin 
on  the  average  only  $582  each,  are  the  earners  of  the  smallest  amounts 
The  Magyars  make  a very  favorable  showing,  averaging  $774  pe 
family,  and  the  Poles,  with  $663,  earn  a smaller  amount.  The  com 
parison  of  the  races  as  to  earning  capacity  is  further  and  more  forci 
bly  brought  out  by  the  figures  appearing  in  the  columns  showini 
the  approximately  specified  amounts  received  by  each  family  durin< 
the  year. 

Of  the  230  families  only  four  received  as  much  as  $1,500.  The  Ital 
ians,  Magyars,  and  Poles  do  not  show  a single  family  earning  $1,50( 
or  over.  It  is  also  important  to  note  that  24.1  per  cent  of  th( 
Magyars  have  an  income  of  more  than  $1,000  annually.  The  Soutl 
Italians  have  42.6  per  cent  of  their  families  with  an  income  unde 
$500  yearly,  which  is  a larger  percentage  in  this  class  than  is  showi 
by  any  other  race. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


189 


WIVES  AT  WORK. 

The  yearly  earnings  of  the  heads  of  families  having  been  presented 
ogether  with  the  exhibit  of  the  annual  incomes  of  families  whose 
leads  were  employed  in  bituminous  coal  mining,  the  question  arises 
,s  to  what  measures  are  taken  to  augment  the  family  income  by  sup- 
ilementing  the  earnings  of  the  heads.  In  partial  answer  to  this  ques- 
ion  the  following  table  is  submitted.  It  shows  the  tendency  on  the 
lart  of  the  wives  of  the  employees  in  the  coal  and  coke  industries  of 
he  South  to  engage  in  gainful  occupations. 

Table  503. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number  of 
selected 
families.® 

Number  of 
wives. 

Nirnber  of 
wives  at 
work. 

I'oreign-born: 

Engli'^ti  

8 

8 

npryn  on  - 

17 

17 

1 

ftfllinn  North  

13 

12 

Jtnlinn  .^nnth  

54 

54 

4 

J.ithnflninn  

8 

8 

\faoryflr  

58 

58 

Pr>li«:h  

53 

53 

plnvfllr  

19 

19 

Total  

230 

229 

5 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


The  number  of  families,  as  shown  by  the  above  table,  is  230,  and 
he  number  of  wives  229.  The  table  shows  the  wives  of  one 
jerman  and  four  South  Italians  to  be  engaged  in  gainful  occu- 
lations.  The  occupations  of  boarding-house  keeper  and  lodging- 
louse  keeper  have  not  been  considered  gainful  occupations  for 
)urposes  of  this  table.  It  should  be  recalled  that  one  of  the  dis- 
.inctive  features  of  the  coal  and  coke  industries  is  the  fact  that  in 
he  great  majority  of  instances  the  employees  are  compelled  by  the 
/^ery  nature  of  their  work  to  live  in  small  and  isolated  communities. 
Joal  mines  are  seldom  located  in  or  near  considerable  towns.  Mine 
vork  can  be  done  only  by  men.  The  manufacturing  establish- 
nents  of  the  cities  and  towns  which  employ  so  large  a nuinber  of 
mmigrant  women  are  too  far  distant  to  be  accessible  to  the  wives  of 
ike  mine  workers.  For  these  continuance  in  the  home  or  entrance 
nto  domestic  service  are  then  the  only  alternatives.  All  the  commu- 
lities  of  the  South,  from  which  the  data  for  the  table  were  secured, 
ire  of  the  type  described.  It  will  have  been  noted  that  the  propor- 
,-ionate  number  of  married  women  at  work  is  very  small,  being 
ilightly  over  2 per  cent  of  the  total.  This  small  percentage  of 
employment  is  due,  in  all  probability,  to  the  lack  of  opportunity  of 
employment. 


190 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


ANNUAL  EARNINGS  OF  FEMALES  18  YEARS  OF  AGE  OR  OVER  IN  TH 
HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  total  number  of  females  in  the  households  studied  who  wer 
18  years  of  age  or  over  and  who  were  annually  earning  specific 
amounts  is  shown  in  tlie  following  table: 

Table  504. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  genen 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Under 

$200. 

Number  ( 

Under 

$300. 

sarning— 

Under 

$400. 

Under 

$500. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father,  Magyar. 

1 

1 

1 

Foreign-born; 

German 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Magyar 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Grand  total 

7 

« 

7 

7 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

1 

1 

1 

Total  native-born  

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

6 

6 

6 

6 

RELATION  BETWEEN  THE  EARNINGS  OF  HUSBANDS  AND  THE  PRACTIC 
OF  WIVES  OF  KEEPING  BOARDERS  OR  LODGERS. 

At  this  point  it  is  important  to  point  out  the  relation  between  th 
keeping  of  boarders  or  lodgers  and  the  earnings  of  the  heads  of  th 
families.  In  the  following  tables  the  proportion  of  the  families  c 
employees  in  the  coal  industry  in  the  South  in  which  the  wife  take 
boarders  or  lodgers,  or  has  employment,  is  shown  according  to  th 
earnings  of  husband  and  the  general  nativity  and  race  of  the  hea( 
of  the  family: 

Table  505. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  boarders  orlodgen 
by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Number 
of  se- 
lected 
families,  a 

Number  of  husbands 
earning— 

Number 
of  wives 
having 
employ- 
ment or 
keeping 
boarders 
or 

lodgers. 

N umber  of  wives  havin 
employment  or  keei 
ing  boarders  or  lodf 
ers  where  husband; 
earnings  are— 

Under 

$400. 

$400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600 
or  over. 

Under 

$400. 

$400 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600 
or  ovei 

Foreign-bom: 

Fnglish 

8 

8 

2 

(rermari 

17 

7 

10 

5 

4 

Italian,  North 

12 

i' 

8 

3 

10 

1 

6 

Italian,  South 

54 

16 

29 

9 

42 

11 

22 

Lithuanian 

8 

2 

5 

1 

7 

2 

4 

Magyar 

58 

20 

25 

13 

37 

14 

16 

Polish 

53 

15 

28 

10 

36 

10 

20 

Slovak 

19 

7 

9 

3 

13 

5 

5 

Total 

229 

61 

111 

57 

152 

43 

77 

3 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  Of  the  selected  families,  only  those  which  have  both  husband  an 
wife  present  appear  in  this  table. 


191 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


A.BLE  506  —Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps  hoarders  orlodg- 
ers,  hy  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

his  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  selected  families  reporting.  The  total, however, is  for  all 
races.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  where 
husbands’  earnings  are— 

Under 

$400. 

$400  and 
under 
$600. 

$600  or 
over. 

Total. 

Dreign-born: 

Tfolion  Smith  

68.8 

70.0 

66.7 

75.9 

64.0 

71.4 

100.0 

53.8 

60.0 

77.8 

63.8 

67.9 

MoP'vnr 

Polish 

Total  

70.5 

69.4 

56.1 

66.4 

Referring  to  the  total  of  the  preceding  tables  it  is  found  that  24.9 
er  cent  of  the  men  earn  $600  or  over,  and  56.1  per  cent  of  the  wives 
f this  class  contribute  to  the  family  support;  48.5  per  cent  of  the 
len  earn  from  $400  to  $600,  and  69.4  per  cent  of  the  wives  contri- 
ute;  and  26.6  per  cent  of  the  men  earn  less  than  $400,  and  70.5  per 
ent  of  the  women  of  this  group  contribute  to  the  family  income.  As 
3gards  the  several  races,  it  is  seen  that  of  the  husbands  earning  $600 
^ more,  the  wives  of  the  North  and  South  Italians,  Lithuanians,  and 
lovaks  all  contribute  to  the  support  of  the  family.  Sixty  per  cent 
f the  Polish  women  do  likewise,  as  well  as  53.8  per  cent  of  the  Magyars, 
'he  earnings  of  no  man  of  English  birth  reported  are  under  $600. 

Of  the  husbands  earning  less  than  $400,  all  the  wives  of  the  Lithu- 
nians  and  North  Italians  contribute.  Moreover,  70  per  cent  of  the 
lagyars,  68.8  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians,  and  66.7  per  cent  of 
be  Polish  wives  whose  husbands  earn  under  $400  contribute  to  the 
imily  income.  No  German  reported  has  earnings  of  this  lowest 
lass. 

The  most  common  yearly  wage  lies  between  $400  and  $600,  48.5 
er  cent  of  the  men  having  an  income  within  these  amounts.  The 
ercentages  of  wives  contributing  to  the  family  support  vary  more 
1 this  division  than  in  the  others.  The  South  Italian  with  75.9  per 
ent  ranks  first,  followed  by  the  North  Italian  with  75  per  cent, 
’olish  71.4  per  cent,  Magyar  64  per  cent,  German  57.1  per  cent,  and 
•lovak  55.6  per  cent. 

Of  the  three  races  most  widely  represented  the  South  Italian  women 
re  reported  as  sharing  most  com/nonly  in  the  support  of  their  fam- 
ies,  their  percentage  of  77.8  being  followed  by  67.9  per  cent  of  the 
*oles  and  63.8  of  the  Magyars. 

SOURCES  OF  FAMILY  INCOME. 

In  the  two  tables  next  presented  the  sources  of  family  income  are 
hown. 


192 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  table  immediately  following  exhibits  the  per  cent  of  familie 
having  an  income  from  husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgen 
and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family: 

Table  507. — Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wif 
children,  hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  c 
family. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.) 


Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number  of 
selected 
families.o 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

Husband. 

Wife. 

sources. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

54 

100.0 

7.4 

9.3 

70.4 

0. 

Magyar 

58 

100.0 

.0 

20.7 

63.8 

1. 

Polish 

53 

100.0 

.0 

5.7 

67.9 

1. 

Total 

230 

100.0 

2.2 

12.2 

63.9 

1. 

1 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Of  230  families  in  this  locality  from  whom  information  was  obtainec 
all  have  an  income  from  earnings  of  husband,  63.9  per  cent  from  pay 
ments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  12.2  per  cent  from  contributions  o: 
children,  2.2  per  cent  from  earnings  of  wife,  and  1.3  per  cent  fron 
other  sources.  Of  the  three  races  the  South  Italians  alone  report 
a proportion  of  families  having  an  income  from  earnings  of  wives 
the  proportion  receiving  an  income  from  this  source  amounting  t( 
7.4  per  cent.  The  Magyars  report  a considerably  larger  proportion 
20.7  per  cent,  of  families  receiving  contributions  from  children  thar 
do  the  other  races.  As  regards  those  receiving  an  income  fron. 
boarders  or  lodgers,  there  is  Tittle  difference  in  the  proportions  of  the 
several  races,  the  proportions  ranging  from  70.4  per  cent  of  the  South 
Italians  to  63.8  per  cent  of  the  Magyars;  while  of  those  families  hav- 
ing an  income  from  other  sources,  the  Magyars  and  Poles  each  show 
less  than  2 per  cent. 

The  following  table  shows  the  source  of  family  income  in  detail, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family: 

Table  508. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  oj 

family. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.a 

Husband. 

Husband 
and  wife. 

Husband 
and  chil- 
dren. 

Husband, 
wife,  and 
children. 

Husband 

and 

boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Source  or 
combina- 
tion of 
sources 
not  before 
specified. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

54 

18.5 

7.4 

3.7 

0.0 

64.8 

5.6 

Magyar 

58 

27.6 

.0 

6.9 

.0 

51.7 

13.8 

Polish 

53 

26.4 

.0 

3.8 

.0 

67.9 

1.9 

Total 

230 

28.3 

1.7 

4.8 

.4 

57.4 

7.4 

• For  selection  of  families,  see  p 284. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


193 


That  the  usual  sources  of  income  of  the  families  from  whom  infor- 
mation was  obtained  in  this  locality  are  the  husband  and  boarders  or 
lodgers,  and  the  husband  alone,  is  apparent  from  the  above  table. 
Small  proportions  only  get  their  entire  income  from  husband  and 
wife  or  from  husband  and  children,  the  South  Italians  alone  report- 
ing a proportion  whose  entire  income  was  derived  from  husband 
and  wife,  while  each  race  reports  a small  percentage  of  families 
deriving  their  entire  income  from  husband  and  children.  Of  the 
several  races,  a certain  proportion  of  whose  families  have  entire 
income  from  husband  alone,  the  South  Italians  show  the  smallest 
proportion,  or  18.5  per  cent,  as  compared  with  27.6  per  cent  of  the 
Magyars  and  26.4  per  cent  of  the  Poles.  The  Poles  show  the  largest 
proportion,  or  67.9  per  cent,  deriving  their  entire  income  from  hus- 
band and  boarders  or  lodgers,  while  the  Magyars,  with  51.7  per 
cent,  show  the  smallest  proportion  of  families  having  entire  income 
from  this  source.  Of  the  proportion  of  families  of  the  several  races 
having  entire  income  from  sources  or  combination  of  sources  not 
before  specified,  the  Magyars  report  the  largest,  and  the  Poles  the 
smallest  proportion. 

Although  the  heads  of  the  South  Italian  families  received  less 
assistance  than  the  family  heads  of  any  other  race,  the  family  income 
at  the  same  time  is  smaller.  The  earnings  of  the  wife  are  negligible 
for  all  races.  They  appear  as  a very  small  percentage  in  only  the 
South  Italian  families.  Certain  of  the  Magyar  and  Polish  families 
have  a small  income  from  other  sources  which  does  not  appear  in  the 
earnings  of  the  other  races. 

RELATIVE  IMPORTANCE  OF  THE  DIFFERENT  SOURCES  OF  FAMILY 

INCOME. 

The  concluding  table  which  immediately  follows,  exhibits,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  the  relative  impor- 
tance of  each  source  of  family  income  by  showing  the  proportion  of 
income  drawn  from  each  specified  source : 

Table  509. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband^  wife,  children, 

hoarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  families  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


Per  cent  of  total  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number  of 
selected 
families.® 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

Husband. 

Wife. 

sources. 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

54 

78.5 

0.4 

5.2 

16.0 

0.0 

Magyar 

58 

62.0 

.0 

8.0 

29.6 

.4 

Polish 

53 

72.8 

.0 

1.9 

24.9 

.3 

Total 

230 

71.6 

.1 

6.3 

21.7 

.2 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


For  the  South  Italian  race  the  earnings  of  the  husband  form  a 
larger  percentage  of  the  total  family  income  than  for  either  of  the 
others. 


194 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


The  earnings  of  the  husbands  in  58  Magyar  families  were  only  62 
per  cent  of  the  total  income — the  lowest  for  any  race.  These  may  be 
contrasted  with  the  54  South  Italian  families,  whose  husbands  earned 
78.5  per  cent,  and  with  the  53  Polish  families,  whose  husbands  earned 
72.8  per  cent.  The  contributions  of  cliildren,  amounting  to  8 per 
cent,  were  higher  for  the  Magyars  than  for  the  other  two,  but  the 
payment  of  boarders  and  lodgers  was  much  greater  than  among  the 
Soutli  Italians  and  4.7  per  cent  higher  than  among  the  Poles.  In* 
fact,  the  29.6  per  cent  contributed  to  the  Magyar  families  by  board- 
ers and  lodgers  is  the  highest  shown. 

On  the  basis  of  the  total  for  all  races,  the  two  important  sources  of 
family  income  are  those  arising  from  earnings  of  husband  and  the 
payments  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  71.6  per  cent  of  the  family  income 
l)eing  derived  from  the  first-mentioned  source,  and  21.7  per  cent  from 
the  latter. 


Chapter  IV. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS. 

legularity  of  employment— The  immigrant  and  organized  labor— Working  condi- 
tions in  Alabama  mines— Working  conditions  in  West  Virginia  coal  fields— Working 
conditions  in  Virginia  coal  fields — [Text  Tables  510  to  514  and  General  Table  218]. 

REGULARITY  OF  EMPLOYMENT. 

As  regards  the  regularity  of  work  offered,  as  well  as  the  compara- 
ive  industriousness  of  different  races,  the  accompanying  table  shows 
or  the  males  of  the  different  races  in  the  households  studied  the 
•elative  proportions  who  worked  a specified  number  of  months  during 
he  past  year. 

?ABLE  ^10 —Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  yeap  of  age  or  over  employed 
away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

12 

months. 

Per  cent  ^ 

9 months 
or  more. 

vorking— 

6 months 
or  more. 

3 months 
or  more. 

^'oreign-born: 

German 

35 

14.3 

22.9 

97.1 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

62 

25.8 

64.5 

96.8 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

272 

27.9 

50.4 

95.6 

100.0 

Lithuanian 

36 

16.7 

38.9 

97.2 

97.2 

Magyar 

207 

18.4 

32.4 

95.2 

99.5 

Polish 

187 

11.8 

44.4 

95.7 

99.5 

Russian 

37 

2.7 

35.1 

81.1 

94.6 

Slovak 

60 

16.7 

23.3 

90.0 

100.0 

Grand  total 

934 

20.2 

42.0 

95.0 

99.5 

^otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

11 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

■'otal  native-born 

13 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Total  foreign-born 

921 

19.9 

o 

41.8 

94.9 

99.  5 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  total  of  921  foreign-born  persons  it  is  seen  that  only  19.9 
Der  cent  worked  twelve  months,  41.8  per  cent  nine  months  or  over, 
and  94.9  per  cent  worked  six  months  or  over. 

' Of  the  North  Italians  and  South  Italians  25.8  per  cent  and  27.9  per 
[)ent,  respectively,  worked  twelve  months  of  the  year,  64.5  per  cent  of 
!:he  North  and  50.4  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians,  as  compared  with 
i;he  average  of  41.8  per  cent  for  all  foreign-born,  being  employed  nine 
Inonths  or  more. 

I The  Poles  stand  next  to  the  Italian  races  as  regards  tirne  worked, 
if  the  opportunities  for  employment,  therefore,  be  considered  the 
»ame  for  all  races,  in  point  of  industriousness,  the  North  and  South 
Italians  take  first  rank,  followed  by  the  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Magyars, 
Germans,  Slovaks,  and  Russians  in  the  order  named. 


195 


196 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


THE  IMMIGRANT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR. 

A very  small  proportion  of  natives  and  representatives  of  immi- 
grant races  in  the  South  are  identified  with  organized  labor.  Only  8 
per  cent  of  the  males  in  the  households  studied  report  affiliation  with 
trade  unions,  probably  the  large  majority  being  men  holding  member- 
ship cards  in  some  labor  organization,  but  who  at  present  are  working 
as  nonunion  men  for  the  reason  that  in  only  one  small  district  of  tlie 
southern  field  is  organized  labor  recognized. 

The  following  table  shows  in  detail  the  number  and  per  cent  oi 
males  21  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  are  mem- 
bers of  trade  unions: 

Table  511. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  who  are 
working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Affiliated 

uni 

Number. 

with  trade 
ons. 

Per  cent. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White  ... 

2 

1 

(a\ 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

\r'} 

German 

1 

(a\ 

Magyar 

1 

(a) 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

1 

(a\ 

English 

20 

0 0 

French 

1 

35 

(a)  ■ 

C 7 

German 

2 

Italian.  North 

59 

24  ! 

0*  / 
40  7 

Italian,  South 

250 

29 

w.  i 
116 

Lithuanian 

34 

196 

2 

J.1.  u 

5. 9 

Magyar 

1 

Q 

K 

Polish 

179 

. 0 

A ^ 

Roumanian 

3 

O 

*r.  0 

(a) 

ft 

Russian 

26 

Scotch 

2 

o.  o 
(a) 

1 ft 

Slovak 

55 

Grand  total 

8G6 

69 

1*  o 

ft  0 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father  ..  . 

2 

o.  U 

(a) 

Total  native-born 

4 

\ 

Total  foreign-born 

862 

68 

[a) 

7*  9 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


WORKING  CONDITIONS  IN  ALABAMA  MINES. 

Owing  to  the  difference  of  conditions  among  different  States,  and 
often  within  a State  itself,  the  general  working  conditions  in  the 
South  may  be  best  treated  according  to  the  coal-producing  States 
under  consideration.  Such  a method  is  also  of  greater  value  and 
interest  for  the  reason  that  it  affords  a local  application  to  the  topics 
treated  and  admits  of  a comparison  of  conditions  in  different  geo- 
graphical areas. 

The  number  of  hours  worked  per  day  and  per  week  in  the  Birmingham 
district  varies  according  to  occupations.  Contractors,  machine  run- 
ners, scrapers,  shooters,  loaders,  and  pick  miners  are  very  irregular  in 
their  hours  of  work,  while  the  firemen,  tipple  hands,  couplers,  trap- 
pers, and  motormen  work  ten  hours  per  day  and  fifty-five  hours  per 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


197 


sreek.  In  most  of  the  mines  the  hours  worked  are  ten  per  day  and 
ixty  per  week.  Sanitary  conditions  of  mines,  with  few  exceptions, 
nay  l)e  considered  good.  One  company  has  had  installed  in  its 
nines  an  electric  system.  This  system  eliminates  the  use  of  mules, 
hereby  reducing  to  an  appreciable  extent  the  dust  in  the  mines, 
rhe  same  company  contemplates  bettering  conditions  in  its  mines  by 
ns  tailing  a spraying  system. 

Because  of  the  location  of  the  mines,  the  mining  communities  that 
nuTOund  Birmingham  and  the  populated  suburban  districts  are  in 
groups  along  the  coal  veins  or  are  situated  singly  at  various  distances 
Torn  the  city.  The  largest  group  is  a line  of  communities  along  the 
Pratt  vein  northwest  of  the  city,  and  others  are  located  north,  north- 
east, and  south.  Each  mine  or  group  of  mines  has  its  own  settle- 
nent,  consisting  of  the  works,  the  company  ofhces,  residences,  of  the 
mperintendent'and  other  officials,  churches,  schools,  lodge  buildings, 
md  company  houses.  In  almost  all  instances  it  was  found  that  the 
and  on  which  churches  and  schools  were  located  had  been  given  by 
:,he  company.  In  some  cases  the  financial  assistance  of  the  corn- 
Danies  had  been  given  in  the  building  of  churches,  and  in  certain  locali- 
ies  it  was  found  that  the  companies  contributed  in  some  manner  to 
die  support  of  the  schools,  usually  by  supplementing  the  public 
Tinds.  In  the  majority  of  instances,  however,  a levy  upon  the 
employees  of  from  50  cents  to  $1  a month  was  made  by  the  companies 
md  taken  out  of  wages  for  the  support  of  the  schools.  The  companies 
lever  contributed  to  the  support  of  the  church,  however,  beyond 
[urnishing  land  for  the  buildings.  In  some  cases  the  companies  fur- 
lished  a building  or  rooms  for  the  use  of  local  lodges,  but  did  not 
contribute  to  their  support. 

The  prevailing  type  of  dwelling  rented  to  the  employees  by  the 
company  is  a 1 -story  frame  4 or  5 room  house.  Land  for  a yard  or 
garden  is  always  furnished,  but  it  is  quite  unusual  to  see  any  attempt 
it  gardening  or  the  maintenance  of  yards.  In  some  instances  the 
companies  furnish  lumber  for  fencing  at  cost,  but  even  this  does  not 
serve  to  stimulate  the  tenants  in  making  use  of  the  space  allotted 
them.  The  houses  are  usually  painted  and  in  fair  condition  and 
repair.  The  rooms  average  about  10  by  12  or  12  by  12  feet  in  floor 
space,  with  either  one  or  two  windows  of  ordinary  size.  Alniost 
every  house  has  a front  porch  and  some  a rear  porch.  The  interiors 
are  ceiled  or  whitewashed,  have  unpainted  floors,  and  possess  ample 
chimneys  for  heating  and  cooking  purposes. 

One  family  of  native  whites  usually  occupies  a house.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  negro  tenants  show  a tendency  to  crowd  rnore  than 
one  family  into  a 1 -family  dwelling  or  to  the  accommodation  of  an 
unlimited  number  of  boarders.  In  the  foreign  settlements  adjoining 
some  mines,  boarding  houses  conducted  on  the  group  plan  are  regu- 
larly found.  In  the  Slovak  settlements,  where  the  immigrants  have 
been  located  for  some  time,  there  is  evidence  of  permanent  settle- 
ment and  a development  of  family  life.  In  the  former  instances 
the  houses  are  usually  rented  from  the  company  by  the  room;  in 
the  latter  instance  the  tenants  own  their  homes  to  a large  extent. 

As  a general  rule,  negro  miners  occupy  a poorer  kind  of  house  than 
either  the  native  white  or  the  immigrant.  In  a settlement  where 
negro  miners  are  the  chief  labor  supply  the  2-room  cabin  is  the 


198 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


rule  and  untidiness  and  insanitary  conditions  are  everywhere  evi, 
dent.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  of  all  the  negro  tenants  that  extrem 
carelessness  marks  their  houses  and  grounds,  due  not  only  to  thei 
own  lack  of  care,  but  also  to  the  lack  of  any  attempt  on  the  part  c 
the  companies  to  keep  the  houses  in  good  repair. 

In  none  of  the  mining  communities  were  tliere  furnished  othe 
than  dry  closets  which  were  usually  in  an  insanitary  conditior 
For  each  house  there  was  a closet,  without  much  regard  for  drainag 
or  distance  from  dwellings. 

In  addition  to  tlie  4 and  5 room  houses,  and  to  the  2-room  cabin 
occupied  by  negioes,  there  occur  occasionally  3-room  cabins  as  we 
as  6 to  9 room  2-story  dwellings.  The  former  are  occupied  b 
negroes  as  well  as  native  whites,  and  the  latter  are  used  by  immigran 
boarding  groups.  As  in  the  cases  already  noted,  these  houses  ar 
also  fnxme,  painted  or  whitewashed,  although  kept  in  a rather  untid; 
condition.  In  the  case  of  all  of  the  houses  occupied  by  miners  nf 
weatherboarding  is  used;  all  of  them  are  boarded  and  stripped 
None  of  the  compaii}^  quarters  give  the  impression  of  comfort,  al 
though  this  unfavorable  view  is  enhanced  by  the  smoke  and  dir 
from  the  mines  and  tipples.  The  soil  is  generally  very  poor  and  th 
smoke  and  dust,  as  well,  should  be  taken  into  consideration  with  th 
lack  of  cultivated  gardens  or  of  improved  grounds.  No  attempt  a 
welfare  work  in  beautifying  grounds,  or  in  fact  in  any  direction,  ha 
been  made  in  any  instance.  As  a general  rule,  however,  the  house 
in  this  district  are  better  than  those  in  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsyl 
vania.  There  is  less  congestion,  more  space  is  given  between  th 
houses,  and  they  are  kept  in  better  repair.  The  3 and  4 story  tene 
ment  in  the  mining  communities  in  this  district  is  never  found,  am 
hence  the  opportunity  for  the  grouping  of  a large  number  of  familie 
is  made  impossible,  and  sanitary  conditions  are  rendered  greatk 
superior  to  those  existing  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  average  rents  of  the  houses  in  the  mining  districts  are  as  follows 

Rent  per  month 


2- room  houses 

3- room  houses 

4- room  houses 

5- room  houses 

6- room  houses 
9-room  houses 


§3.  00-13.  5 
2.  50-  4.  5 
6.  00-  8.  0 
7.  00-10.  0 
8.0 
10.  0 


The  rents,  of  course,  vary  according  to  the  company  owning  th< 
house. 

While  there  are  only  two  large  communities  in  the  district  in  whicl 
immigrant  miners  form  any  considerable  portion  of  the  population 
it  is  important  to  note  that  in  these,  as  well  as  in  those  where  natiy< 
whites  and  negroes  live,  the  tendency  toward  racial  segregation  i; 
quite  evident.  The  most  distinct  segregation  in  all  instances  is  th( 
almost  absolute  separation  of  negroes  from  other  races.  This  is  mon 
clearly  evident  in  company  quarters  than  it  is  in  the  sections  o 
cities  and  towns  occupied  by  workingmen. 

In  general  it  may  be  stated  that  the  type  of  company  house  varie; 
more  with  the  company  than  with  the  race  of  the  tenant,  with  tw( 
exceptions:  (1)  The  housing  conditions  of  the  Italians,  Greeks,  am 
Macedonians  are  better  than  those  of  negroes;  (2)  in  most  instance; 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


199 


the  English,  Irish,  vScotch,  and  Welsh  live  in  better  houses  than  does 
any  other  race  except  the  native  white. 

In  every  mining  community,  with  the  exception  of  a few  imme- 
diately adjacent  to  towns,  the  company  store  or  commissary  is 
found.  These  are  owned  by  the  companies  outright  and  operated 
directly  by  company  employees.  The  method  of  conducting  these 
stores  is  based  upon  a credit  system  whereby  the  laborer  is  given 
dollar  sets  of  coupons  in  five  and  ten  cent  denominations,  or  else 
his  time  book  is  kept  in  the  store  and  the  laborer  is  allowed  an  amount 
of  purchases  equal  to  the  time  worked.  A careful  investigation 
of  prices  in  several  of  these  commissaries,  as  compared  with  the 
market  prices  in  the  workingmen’s  districts  in  Birmingham,  reveals 
very  slight  differences.  It  was  stated  by  a number  of  employers, 
however,  that  the  companies  operated  their  commissaries  with  the 
expectation  of  making  about  a 20  per  cent  profit,  and  it  was  further 
stated  that  negroes  were  considered  cheaper  laborers  because  they 
showed  a decided  tendency  to  spend  ail  they  made  in  purchases  at 
the  company  stores.  The  stores  themselves  are  operated  in  a cleanly 
manner,  are  well  stocked,  and  are  lenient,  as  many  instances 
showed,  in  the  matter  of  credits.  In  no  case  was  it  discovered 
that  the  companies  impose  any  obligation  upon  the  employees  to 
patronize  the  companies’  stores  to  the  exclusion  of  others.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  other  stores  are  accessible  enough  in  the  Birmingham 
district  to  have  a considerable  patronage  among  the  miners  of  out- 
lying communities,  and  such  seems  to  be  the  case.  On  the  other 
hand,  when  it  is  realized  that  the  companies  have  only  one  pay  day  a 
month  on  which  they  settle  with  their  employees  in  currency,  issuing 
scrip  or  store  orders  in  the  interim,  good  only  at  their  own  stores  or 
at  that  of  the  individual  with  whom  an  agreement  exists,  it  is  appa- 
rent that  the  patronage  of  the  employees  is  more  or  less  compulsory. 
This  is  but  a natural  conclusion  when  it  is  realized  that  the  mine 
worker,  as  a rule,  purchases  the  necessities  of  life  from  day  to  day. 

Instances  are  rare  where  the  operatives  do  not  receive  benefits 
from  the  companies  in  one  form  or  another  in  addition  to  their 
wages.  These  benefits  are  usually  in  the  form  of  churches,  schools, 
and  lodge  rooms.  Each  company  has  its  own  method  of  dealing 
with  this  situation,  some  giving  more  liberally  than  others.  By 
way  of  illustration,  one  company  donates  a certain  sum  each  ;^ear 
toward  the  maintenance  of  churches  and  schools;  another  provides 
the  land  upon  which  these  buildings  may  be  erected;  others  erect 
and  maintain  buildings  free  of  cost  for  the  above-mentioned  pur- 
poses. By  some  companies  every  employee  is  assessed  a fixed  sum 
each  month  to  be  added  to  the  county  school  fund,  thereby  mak- 
ing it  possible  to  have  a nine  instead  of  a six  months’  school  term. 
These  assessments  range  from  35  cents  for  each  employee,  in  some 
of  the  mines,  to  50  cents  and  $1  in  others,  the  head  of  a family  paying 
the  larger  assessment.  In  addition  most  of  the  companies  furnish 
hospital  and  medical  service  at  a very  small  cost  to  the  employee. 
One  company  furnishes  such  service  in  most  cases  free  to  its  em- 
ployees. The  usual  rate  of  assessment  for  medical  attention  for  a 
single  man  is  from  50  to  75  cents  per  month  and  $1  per  month  for  a 
family. 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


Another  benefit  received  by  the  operative  in  most  companies  is  thd 
payment  of  a certain  amount  in  case  of  accidents,  the  amount  paicj 
being  based  upon  the  wage  received  by  the  employees.  In  some 
instances  a monthly  payment  is  required  of  each  employee;  in  othen 
no  charge  is  made,  the  company  in  both  cases  protecting  itself  from 
loss  by  carrying  insurance  on  its  employees  in  some  employer’s  liabilit} 
company. 

With  one  or  two  exceptions,  there  has  been  very  little  frictior' 
among  the  races  employed.  In  one  instance,  where  Italians  andj 
negroes  were  employed,  and  not  segregated  at  work,  the  feeling 
became  so  strong  that  the  Italians  were  compelled  to  leave  the  mine 
Had  it  been  possible  to  separate  these  races,  the  employer  is  of  tin 
opinion  that  the  Italians  would  have  proven  satisfactory.  Any  effort] 
on  his  part,  however,  to  retain  the  Italians  would  have  resulted  in  the] 
loss  of  his  trained  negro  miners,  a loss  that  would  have  seriously] 
crippled  operations  at  the  time.  Dissension  occasionally  arises  among] 
the  southern  European  immigrants.  In  one  instance  it  became  neces-il 
sary  to  employ  interpreters  to  manage  them. 

In  general  the  segregation  of  races  at  work  which  shows  most  clearly 
in  the  majority  of  the  mines  is  that  of  the  native  white  from  the; 
negro.  This  is  very  pronounced,  even  so  far  as  to  put  the  two  race^i 
not  only  in  separate  rooms  but  in  different  parts  of  the  mine,  excepti 
where  contract  labor  is  employed.  This  separation  of  the  negro  ele- 
ment is  confined  largely  to  the  natives,  as  in  only  a very  few  cases  arc 
any  of  the  immigrant  races  separatecl  from  the  negro. 

WORKING  CONDITIONS  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA  COAL  FIELDS. 

Because  of  the  nonunion  or  open-shop”  regnlations  under  whicL 
most  of  the  mines  of  WTst  Virginia  are  operated,  the  ten-hour  day 
prevails  in  a vast  majority  of  cases.  Of  613  mines  of  West  Virginia 
reporting  to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  as  to  men  employed 
and  hours  worked  in  1908,  403  mines  employing  39,550  men  worked 
ten  hours  per  day;  180  employing  14,426  men  worked  nine  hours; 
and  30  employing  1,242  men  eiglit  hours  per  day.® 

Many  of  the  mines  in  the  Kanawlia  field  of  the  New  and  Kanawha 
rivers  district  are  operated  under  agreements  with  labor  organiza- 
tions, and  in  these  mines  the  hours  per  day  are  never  more  than 
nine.  This  is  the  only  section  of  the  State  where  any  number  of. 
mines  worthy  of  consideration  are  operated  under  union  agreements.; 
Within  the  past  few  years  many  vigorous  attempts  have  been  made 
to  organize  the  coal  mines  of  West  Virginia,  but  in  a majority  of  cases 
these  attempts  have  been  unsuccessful. 

There  is  considerable  difference  in  the  number  of  hours  worked 
per  day  or  week  in  the  same  mines  by  men  engaged  in  the  different 
occupations.  Pick  miners,  machine  runners,  scrapers,  and  coke 
drawers  may  not  work  the  full  ten,  nine,  or  eight  hours,  as  the  case 
may  be,  as  their  work  is  on  a piece  basis  and  they  may  stop  work 
at  their  own  discretion.  In  most  cases,  however,  they  enter  the 
mines  simultaneously  with  the  company  men  and  quit  at  about 
the  same  time.  Such  employees  as  loaders  (when  employed  by  the 

Production  of  Coal  in  1908.  E.  W.  Parker,  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


201 


lay),  road  men,  drivers,  and  most  others  who  are  paid  a stipulated 
»rice  per  day,  work  ten  hours  in  practically  all  nonunion  mines,  and 
ight  and  nine  in  the  mines  where  organized  labor  is  employed, 
engineers,  firemen,  and  pumpers  often  work  seven  days  per  week,  and 
leven  or  twelve  hours  per  shift.  Hours  are  usually  irregular  with 
oke  drawers.  They  are  assigned  to  a certain  number  of  ovens  per 
lay  and  the  time  required  depends  on  the  individual  ability  of  the 
aborer.  Other  outside  men,  such  as  laborers  and  chargers,  work 
lie  regulation  hours  adopted  by  the  company  employing  them. 
Jnder  normal  conditions  a great  many  of  the  employees,  with  the 
xception  of  coke  drawers  and  outside  laborers,  work  two  shifts  or 
urns. 

At  a majority  of  the  mines  of  the  West  Virginia  fields  the  employees 
ire  paid  once  a month.  At  the  mines  where  agreements  with  the 
inion  are  in  force  they  are  paid  twice  a month,  and  outside  of  the 
inion  districts  there  are  individual  companies  which  pay  twice  a 
nonth.  The  payments  are  ostensibly  in  cash,  but  as  a matter 
»f  fact  the  employee  receives  only  a part  of  his  wages  in  cash  be- 
cause various  deductions  are  usually  made  from  his  gross  earnings, 
riiese  deductions  cover  as  a rule  a large  variety  of  items,  prominent 
imong  them  being  the  store  account,  medical  fees,  and  rent  and 
mithing.  In  addition  to  these  more  or  less  fixed  charges  the  miners 
lave  to  bear  the  cost  of  powder,  which  usually  amounts  to  a con- 
iderable  item  in  the  course  of  a month. 

Every  mining  company  has  a company  store,  and  if  one  company 
iperates  several  mines,  even  in  the  same  locality,  there  is  usually  a 
tore  for  each  locality,  or  at  least  there  is  one  for  each  village.  These 
tores  are  always  situated  so  as  to  be  convenient  to  employees.  They 
arry  a varied  and  well-assorted  stock  of  general  merchandise, 
rhe  prices  of  provisions  vary  at  the  different  stores,  and  in  some  iso- 
ated  communities  are  excessive.  In  many  localities  there  are  inde- 
)endent  stores  in  near-by  towns,  and  in  stores  so  located  they  usually 
neet  the  prices  of  their  competitors  on  all  articles.  Many  of  the 
ompanies  are  large,  and  by  buying  in  large  quantities  are  able  to 
inderbuy  their  independent  competitors,  and  can  therefore  offer  a 
)etter  quality  of  goods  at  the  same  or  lower  prices.  The  stocks  carried 
)y  the  company  stores  are  in  many  instances  larger,  more  varied,  and 
>f  better  quality  than  those  carried  by  independent  dealers  having  the 
ame  class  of  trade. 

It  is  very  convenient  to  trade  at  the  company  stores.  In  most 
nstances  the  companies  own  large  tracts  of  land  and  keep  out  com- 
)etitors  very  largely.  If  the  operation  is  near  a small  town,  the  com- 
)any  store  is  located  more  conveniently  to  the  residents  of  the  mining 
ullage  than  the  independent  one.  Another  convenience  furnished  to 
he  employee  by  the  company  is  trading  scrip,  which  is  good  only 
it  the  company  stores.  This  scrip  is  issued  between  pay  days  to 
:over  the  whole  or  part  of  the  working  time  which  the  employee 
nay  have  to  his  credit.  It  is  issued  by  the  company  pay-roll  clerk 
n SI,  $2,  S3,  S5,  S8,  and  SIO  denominations,  and  wlicnever  a pur- 
chase is  made  the  amount  is  usually  punched  out  of  the  scrip.  When 
he  scrip  is  issued  the  pay-roll  clerk  charges  the  amount  against  the 
■mployee’s  time.  In  some  cases  employees  have  store  books,  and 
Vhen  goods  are  purchased  a ticket  representing  the  amount  of  the 

! 48296°— VOL  7—11 14 


202 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


purchase  is  given  the  pay-roll  clerk  by  the  store  clerk,  and  tliis  iij 
charged  against  the  employee.  The  name  of  the  article  purchase* 
and  its  cost  are  entered  on  the  purchaser’s  store  book,  which  is  kept  b' 
him.  The  system  most  in  use  in  West  Virginia  is  the  one  where  scrij 
is  issued. 

This  scrip  is  always  worth  its  face  value  in  trade  at  the  compam 
store,  and  it  is  the  only  form  of  payment  made  between  pay  days 
In  some  cases  individuals,  saloons,  and  independent  storekeepers  bm 
the  scrip  at  from  65  to  85  per  cent  of  its  face  value  and  use  it  in  buyin] 
provisions  from  the  company  store.  In  some  cases  small  indepen&en 
storekeepers  get  a large  portion  of  their  goods  by  buying  scrip  at  fron 
65  to  75  per  cent  of  its  face  value  from  thriftless  employees  and  usin^ 
it  in  the  purchase  of  goods  at  the  company  store.  Because  of  the  fac 
that  in  a great  many  cases  small  dealers  were  thus  buying  goods  whicl 
they  used  in  establishing  competition  with  them,  many  companiei 
have  ruled  that  the  scrip  shall  not  be  transferable.  In  a majority  o; 
communities  the  selling  of  scrip  is  not  allowed,  but  the  method  out 
lined  is  still  practiced  in  some  localities. 

The  Americans,  both  white  and  colored,  usually  spend  a greate] 
percentage  of  their  earnings  at  the  company  store  than  do  the  recem 
or  southern  and  eastern  European  immigrants.  This  is  especial!} 
true  with  regard  to  the  negro,  who  usually  can  draw  but  a smal 
percentage  of  his  earnings  in  cash  each  pay  day. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  average  earnings  and  the  aver- 
age deductions  for  provisions  at  the  company  store  of  58  pick  minen 
of  the  five  most  prominent  races  employed  by  one  company  in  south- 
ern West  Virginia.  Thirty-five  of  the  58  men  worked  twenty-six  days, 
or  full  time,  and  the  others  worked  almost  every  day  in  the  month, 


Race. 

Number  of 
employees 
included. 

Average 
earnings 
per  man. 

Average 
deductions 
for  provi- 
sions per 
man. 

American,  White 

21 

$78. 18 
58. 83 

$26. 4f 
23. 2J 

American,  Negro 

16 

Magyar  and  Slovak 

17 

76.68 

1.22 

Italian,  South 

4 

69. 11 

5.77 

The  store  at  which  the  purchases  indicated  in  the  table  were  made 
is  located  near  independent  stores,  and  the  lowness  of  the  expendi- 
tures made  by  all  immigrant  races  is  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  fact 
that  they  draw  most  of  their  earnings  in  cash  and  trade  at  these 
independent  stores.  Another  fact  which  makes  the  accounts  of  the 
American  whites  and  negroes  higher  than  those  of  other  races  is  that 
practically  all  of  the  men  have  families,  while  in  the  case  of  the  Italians 
only  one  family  is  represented,  and  but  six  of  the  men  included  in  the 
group  of  Magyars  and  Slovaks  have  families.  The  differences  in  the 
case  of  the  Italians  and  Magyars  and  Slovaks  is  explained  by  the  fact 
that  all  the  Italians  live  together  under  the  boarding-boss  system, 
and  each  man  buys  his  own  food.  The  other  two  races  board  at  a 
stipulated  price  per  month  for  board,  lodging,  and  washing.  The 
Italians  here  buy  about  one-half  of  their  provisions  from  the  company 
store,  while  the  other  immigrant  races  buy  only  in  very  small  quan- 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


203 


ities.  The  American  whites  and  negroes  are  less  thrifty  than  other 
•aces  and  usually  buy  everything  needed  at  the  company  store. 

The  expenditures  included  in  this  statement  are  only  those  for 
lousehold  necessities  and  clothing,  and  do  not  include  such  other 
•barges  as  rent,  doctor’s  fees,  powder,  and  smithing,  which  come  out 
»f  every  miner’s  earnings,  and  constitute  a deduction  of  considera- 
te importance. 

The  following  tables  show  for  a representative  mine  and  coke  plant 
uverage  monthly  earnings  and  deductions  from  earnings  of  employees, 
ogether  with  the  amount  of  cash  actually  received: 


'able  512. — Monthly  earnings  of  employees  in  southern  West  Virginia,  deductions  from 
earnings,  and  amount  received,  by  race  and  occupation* 


Race  and  occupation. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 

Amount  earned. 

Amount  deducted. 

Amount  received. 

Aggregate. 

Average. 

Aggregate. 

Average. 

Aggregate. 

Average. 

oke  loader: 

American,  Negro 

5 

$170.82 

$34. 16 

$103. 50 

$20.70 

$67. 32 

$13. 46 

Italian,  South 

16 

660. 43 

41.28 

101. 00 

6.31 

559. 43 

34.97 

Polish 

1 

18.90 

18.90 

7.00 

7.00 

11.90 

11.90 

Total 

22 

850. 15 

38. 64 

211.50 

9. 61 

638. 65 

29.03 

oke  puller: 

American,  Negro 

23 

766.05 

33.31 

480. 90 

20. 91 

285. 15 

12.40 

Italian,  South 

6 

227. 63 

37.94 

40. 00 

6. 67 

187.63 

31.27 

Total 

29 

993. 68 

34.26 

520. 90 

17. 96 

472. 78 

16.30 

ther  occupations: 

American,  White 

American,  Negro 

18 

979.81 

54.43 

» 391.72 

21.76 

588.09 

32.67 

1 

32. 50 

32.50 

.50 

.50 

32.00 

32.00 

English 

3 

292. 00 

97.33 

62.25 

20. 75 

229.75 

76.58 

Italian  (not  specified). 

1 

56.00 

56. 00 

14.00 

14.  00 

42.00 

42.00 

Total 

23 

1,360.31 

59.14 

468. 47 

20. 37 

891.84 

38.78 

*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
St  time  or  lost  time  from  shut  downs  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
inual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


The  average  earnings  and  deductions  for  the  mining  employees  is 
ubmitted  below,  by  race  and  conjugal  condition: 

'able  513. — Average  monthly  earnings  and  amount  deducted  from  earnings  of  mine 
employees  of  a representative  mine  and  cole  plant  in  southern  West  Virginia,  by  race  and 
conjugal  condition* 


Race  and  conjugal  condition. 


Number 
of  em- 
ployees. 


Average- 


Earnings. 


Deductions. 


Money 

received. 


merican,  White: 

Married 

Single 

merican,  Negro: 

Married 

Single 

alian  (South),  single 
alian  (North),  single 
agvar: 

Married 

Single 

ussian,  single 

ovak,  single 


$22. 76 
15.03 

34. 79 
18.  74 
9.40 
11.08 

31.35 
18.  .57 
22.15 
21.25 


$27.97 

13.86 

11.86 
8.41 

24.32 
5.  .30 

14.00 
21.  ()1 
23.  .54 
21.  .55 


♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
St  time  or  lost  time  from  shut  downs  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
onual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 


204 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


In  some  isolated  communities  the  prices  charged  at  the  company 
stores  are  much  in  excess  of  a legitimate  profit,  and  the  company 
store  in  all  cases  is  decidedly  a paying  institution.  They  are  usually 
economically  conducted  and  have  no  bad  debts,  as  credit  is  rarely 
extended  beyond  the  amount  due  the  employee  in  wages.  In  many 
of  these  isolated  communities  it  costs  more  to  get  provisions  laid 
down  at  the  stores  because  of  their  inconvenient  location,  and  this 
accounts,  at  least  in  part,  for  the  higher  prices. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  mines  in  West  Virginia  are  located  in 
more  or  less  isolated  localities,  where  no  houses  are  available  other 
than  company  houses,  practically  all  are  tenants  as  well  as  employees 
of  the  mining  company. 

In  a majority  of  cases  the  country  surrounding  the  company  vil- 
lage is  rough  and  sparsely  settled.  Owing  to  the  rugged  topography, 
there  is  rarely  enough  level  land  for  the  company  village  to  be  con- 
densed and  all  buildings  put  in  regular  rows.  The  company  stores 
are  centrally  located  and  the  houses,  from  50  to  150  in  number,  are 
scattered  on  hillsides  and  in  the  narrow  valleys.  They  are  con- 
structed of  a cheap  grade  of  lumber,  and  many  of  them  give  the 
impression  of  being  only  temporary  structures.  They  vary  in  size,  as 
already  pointed  out,  from  two  rooms  to  six  or  eight,  are  usu^ly  painted 
red  or  steel  gray,  and  all  are  alike.  There  are  three  general  types  of 
houses  found  in  the  coal-mining  villages  of  the  State,  and  it  is  not  un- 
common to  find  all  of  them  represented  in  the  same  village.  The 
most  general  type  found,  especially  in  the  older  established  villages, 
gives  every  appearance  of  cheapness  and  lack  of  permanence.  This 
is  a one-story  structure  of  from  two  to  four  or  sometimes  five  or  six 
rooms.  They  are  usually  boxed  on  the  outside  with  10  or  12  inch 
boards  nailed  on  vertically  with  3-inch  strips  over  the  cracks.  They 
are  either  ceiled  with  good  dressed  and  matched  lumber,  or  plastered 
and  in  some  cases  papered,  in  addition  to  being  either  ceiled  or  plas- 
tered. They  are  usually  two  rooms  long,  and,  if  there  are  more  than 
two  rooms,  the  additional  rooms  are  usually  built  as  a wing  running 
back  from  the  front  part.  A rather  narrow  porch  is  built  on  the  front 
of  the  house,  and  in  some  cases  in  the  rear.  The  double  houses  are 
two  stories  high,  two  rooms  wide,  and  two  long.  If  they  contain 
six  rooms,  the  rear  ones  are  only  one  story  high;  and  if  there  are 
eight  rooms,  the  front  and  rear  are  both  two  stories.  The  houses 
are  divided  by  a main  wall  running  from  front  to  rear,  each  sec- 
tion or  side  accommodating  one  family.  Double  chimneys  are 
usually  constructed  in  the  front  rooms,  with  open  fires  as  the  source 
of  heat.  These  houses  have  narrow  porches  at  the  front  running 
the  width  of  the  house,  with  railings,  or,  in  some  instances,  an  out- 
side continuation  of  the  dividing  wall,  which  cuts  the  porch  into  two 
sections.  The  houses  are  either  ceiled  or  plastered  and,  in  some  cases, 
papered.  They  are  always  painted  on  the  outside,  and  while  not 
attractive  are  usually  comfortable  and  kept  in  a very  good  state  of 
repair.  The  third  type  of  house  found  in  mining  villages  is  better  in 
quality  and  general  appearance,  and  occurs  less  frequently  than  any 
other.  This  type  of  house  is  a single  one-story  building  of  four  or 
five  rooms  and  hall,  and  finished  both  inside  and  out  with  better 
material  than  that  usually  found  in  the  types  above  described. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


205 


The  rent  charged  by  the  different  companies  varies  widely  and,  as  a 
rule,  includes  coal  if  the  employee  will  carry  it  from  the  mining  tipple. 
If  coal  is  delivered,  an  extra  charge,  usually  just  sufficient  to  meet  such 
expenses  as  are  incurred  in  the  delivery,  is  made.  When  a house 
and  fuel  are  furnished,  which  is  the  case  in  most  instances,  the  rent 
ranges  from  $1.50  to  $2  a month  per  room,  or  from  $6  to  $8  per 
month  for  a 4-room  house.  Some  companies  have  a fixed  rule  of 
$2  per  room  per  month  for  3-room  houses,  and  where  an  employee 
rents  a house  containing  more  than  three  rooms  a charge  of  $1  per 
month  is  made  for  each  additional  room. 

Where  such  extra  conveniences  as  electric  lights  or^  gas  are  fur- 
nished, an  extra  charge  is  made.  Some  companies  claim  to  furnish 
these  at  actual  cost,  while  others  make  a good  profit  on  the  service. 
In  no  cases  are  the  houses  supplied  with  running  water  inside,  and 
the  closest  approach  to  it  is  a h3^drant  in  the  yard.  In  most  places 
where  outside  hydrants  are  found,  they  are  arranged  so  that  each  will 
serve  from  six  to  eight  families.  In  many  of  the  villages  water 
is  secured  from  wells,  and  in  some  communities  practically  all 
houses  are  served  by  one  or  two  springs.  Wfiiere  wells  are  found 
they  are  barely  deep  enough  to  secure  a lasting  supply,  and  each 
well  is  located  so  as  to  supply  from  three  to  ten  families.  Some 
wells  are  equipped  with  pumps  and  others  are  furnished  with  buckets 
and  windlass.  Cases  were  found  in  some  villages  where  employees 
were  securing  all  water  for  household  purposes  directly  from  a river 
without  any  filtration. 

The  general  sanitary  conditions  of  the  average  mining  village 
of  West  Virginia  are  not  good.  The  drainage  is  surface  entirely, 
and  although  in  its  natural  state,  owing  to  the  topography,  the 
soil  drains  readily,  when  obstructed  by  buildings  and  household 
garbage  it  is  considerably  impeded.  Toilets  are  generally  dry  and 
of  the  earth  vault  variety.  Owing  to  the  rolling  character  of  the 
ground  surrounding  houses,  the  lots  have  no  uniform  size,  and  the 
distance  between  houses  and  between  the  houses  and  toilets  is  not 
uniform.  The  toilets  are  often  some  distance  from  the  houses,  but 
if  the  houses  face  the  store,  or  main  part  of  the  village,  as  they 
usually  do,  the  toilets  located  in  the  rear  are  on  higher  ground  than 
the  houses.  Most  of  the  companies  clean  their  villages  at  least  once 
each  year,  when  all  toilets  and  grounds  about  the  houses  are  cleansed 
and  lime  applied.  In  some  cases  this  process  is  carried  on  twice  each 
year.  The  insanitary  conditions  are  largely  due  to  the  inhabitants 
themselves.  'The  recent  immigrants  usually  have  from  two  to 
twelve  boarders  to  the  family,  and  the  houses  are  poorly  kept. 
Little  regard  is  given  to  appearance,  and  in  the  3^ards  about  these 
boarding  houses  will  be  found  various  forms  of  household  garbage. 
Waste  water  is  usually  thrown  from  the  door  or  from  some  convenient 
window. 

The  negroes  do  not  show  much  greater  diligence  as  regards  sanita- 
tion than  the  average  recent  immigrant  of  southern  and  eastern 
Europe.  There  is  a marked  improvement  in  general  houseliold  con- 
ditions among  the  families  of  the  southern  and  eastern  European 
races  who  have  lived  many  years  in  the  United  States.  As  the 
period  of  residence  increases,  the  tendency  to  keep  boarders  or  lodg- 
ers seems  to  decline.  The  South  Italian  has  less  regard  for  sanitary 


206 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


conditions  than  has  any  other  race.  This  is  due  very  largely  to  the' 
fact,  especially  in  the  southern  fields,  that  the}^  have  been  coming  in 
large  numbers  only  within  recent  years,  and  the  number  of  families 
is  comparatively  small.  They  live  very  largely  in  groups  composed 
of  men  only,  and  no  thought  or  time  is  devoted  to  keeping  up  attrac- 
tive abodes.  The  houses  of  American  whites,  English,  Scotch,  and 
Germans  are  usually  very  well  kept,  and  a majority  of  the  families 
of  these  races  do  not  keep  boarders.  In  households  where  boarders 
are  kept,  more  individuals  are  found  per  room.  The  general  living 
conditions  of  the  races  of  northern  Europe  are  a great  improvement 
over  conditions  found  in  the  homes  of  immigrants  from  southern 
and  eastern  Europe. 

The  general  conditions  in  coal-mining  localities  in  West  Virginia 
are  not  conducive  to  the  ownership  of  homes  by  mine  employees.  In 
the  first  place,  a majority  of  the  mines  are  in  isolated  districts,  more 
or  less  cut  off  from  other  communities  because  of  ruggerl  topography, 
bad  roads,  and  poor  transportation  facilities.  If  an  employee  should 
invest  in  a home  near  his  work  and  for  any  reason  he  should  be  thrown 
out  of  work  the  property  would  not  be  valuable,  because  there  are  no 
other  industries  near  in  which  he  could  find  employment.  The 
coal  mines  often  have  periods  when  work  is  irregular,  or  suspend  oper- 
ations for  months  at  a time,  which  facts  tend  to  make  coal-mining 
labor  migratory.  Another  fact  opposed  to  home  ownership  which 
exists  in  some  locations  is  found  in  the  policy  of  various  companies 
not  to  sell  either  land  on  which  to  build  houses  or  the  houses  them- 
selves, because  in  either  case  they  would  be  cutting  into  a very 
profitable  part  of  their  business.  The  mining  companies  often  own 
such  large  tracts  that  no  other  available  land  suitable  for  building 
purposes  is  to  be  had  convenient  to  the  work. 

In  addition  to  wages  paid,  the  only  benefits  received  by  operatives 
in  either  the  northern  or  southern  coal  fields  of  West  Virginia  are  in 
the  form  of  medical  and  hospital  service.  Even  these  are  usually 
maintained  by  a fund  contributions  to  which  are  required  of  the  mine 
workers.  At  every  mining  village  a resident  ph^-sician  is  maintained. 
Hospital  service  is  often  a few  miles  away  from  the  mining  villages. 
The  charges  for  this  service  are  usually  one  dollar  per  month  for 
every  operative  who  is  married  and  has  a family.  Some  companies 
in  addition  levy  an  assessment  upon  eacli  employee  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a miner’s  hospital.  The  rates  charged  differ  with  different 
companies,  but  represent  the  average  charges.  The  following  notice, 
issued  by  a coal-mining  company  in  southern  West  Virginia,  outlines 
the  insurance  system  usual  in  that  section: 

To  employees: 

Commencing  this  date  all  employees  of  this  company  will  be  charged  25  cents  per 
month  (or  fraction  thereof)  each  for  accident  insurance. 

In  case  an  employee  receives  an  injury  by  an  accident  while  at  his  work  or  in  going 
to  or  returning  therefrom  and  is  disabled  for  work  thereby,  he  will  be  paid  ^6  per 
week,  ten  days  constituting  the  first  week  of  disability.  In  no  case  will  benefits  be 
allowed  longer  than  twenty  weeks  nor  for  more  than  the  above  prescribed  amounts. 

In  case  of  the  death  of  an  employee  resulting  from  an  accident,  the  sum  of  $50  will 
be  paid  to  his  legal  heirs  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the  funeral  expenses,  etc. 

In  case  of  the  loss  of  a limb  the  claimant  may  draw  at  once  the  whole  of  his  twenty 
weeks’  benefits  on  application. 

In  case  of  the  death  of  an  employee  from  natural  causes,  $35  will  be  paid  to  his  legal 
heirs  to  defray  funeral  expenses. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


207 


In  case  an  employee  receives  an  injury  he,  or  some  one  in  his  behalf,  must  report 
he  fact  promptly  at  the  office  of  the  companjr  and  must  have  a physician’s  attend- 
— the  resident  physician  of  the  company,  if  practicable — whose  certificate  of  dis- 
ibility  he  shall  present  at  the  office  on  making  application  for  benefits. 

Should  any  person  while  drawing  benefits  become  inebriated  or  engage  in  any  kind 
)f  work,  or  do  anything  to  retard  his  recovery,  he  shall  forfeit  all  further  benefits. 

Should  any  person  who  has  been  drawing  benefits  return  to  work,  and  after  twc 
lays  find  himself  unable,  he  shall  report  to  the  office  and  to  the  physician,  when  hia 
benefits  shall  continue,  the  number  of  days  worked  being  deducted  therefrom. 

An  old  sprain,  wound,  or  sore,  or  any  wound  received  in  a quarrel  or  brawl,  or  by 
he  discharge  of  firearms,  will  not  entitle  any  person  to  receive  benefits,  nor  any 
lilment  of  the  body  caused  by  the  elements,  such  as  sunstroke,  frostbite,  or  arising 
Tom  miasma  consequent  on  marshy  land,  wet  work  in  mines,  insufficient  ventilation, 
umes  from  ammunition  used  in  mines,  or  anything  of  like  nature. 

In  case  of  the  death  of  an  employee,  or  of  a member  of  an  employee’s  family,  the 
company  will  provide  a grave,  if  buried  on  the  premises. 

Copies  of  this  order  may  be  secured  by  applying  at  the  office. 

During  the  years  1905  to  1907  employment  in  most  of  the  mines 
n West  Virginia  was  steady  throughout  the  year.  In  1908,  owing 
:o  the  industrial  depression,  employment  was  very  irregular  in  most 
nines  of  the  State.  During  1907,  59,029  men  worked  an  average 
)f  two  hundred  and  thirty  days,  while  in  1908,  56,861  men  were 
employed  an  average  only  of  one  hundred  and  eighty-five  days, 
[n  almost  every  mining  establishment,  from  which  data  were  secured, 
throughout  the  State  of  West  Virginia,  short  time  was  worked  during 
;he  year  1908.  Several  establishments  were  entirely  closed  down 
‘or  months  at  a time — some  for  three  and  others  for  six  months. 
The  majority  of  establishments,  however,  operated  during  the 
mtire  year  on  short  time,  the  usual  number  of  days  worked  in 
iach  week  being  three,  four,  and  four  and  a half.  As  examples  of 
the  foregoing,  one  important  establishment  was  closed  entirely  for  a 
period  of  three  months,  covering  July,  August,  and  September, 
1908;  another  operated  on  short  time  from  January  1 to  October  1 
md  on  full  time  for  the  remainder  of  the  year;  in  another  estab- 
ishment  unemployment  during  the  year  averaged  three  days  per 
yeek;  another  operated  approximately  four  days  out  of  each  week 
luring  the  entire  year;  while  in  another  the  pick  miners  worked 
ipproximately  three  days  in  each  week  throughout  the  year,  though 
he  day  laborers,  who  were  few  in  numbers,  worked  full  time  of  six 
lays  per  week  throughout  the  entire  year. 

As  has  been  stated  before,  only  a small  proportion  of  the  employees 
working  in  mines  and  at  coke  plants  in  West  Virginia  are  organized. 
There  has  never  been  any  organization  in  the  Pocahontas  field,  and 
he  unions  have  not  been  recognized  in  the  Fairmont  field  since  1894, 
nor  in  the  New  River  field  since  1902.  In  many  cases  deputies  are 
imployed  by  the  mining  companies  to  keep  order,  and  besides  this 
hey  inquire  into  the  business  of  strangers  coming  into  the  villages. 
VEany  companies  do  not  permit  agents  selling  articles  to  canvass  the 
tillage  without  first  obtaining  the  permission  of  some  officer  of  the 
company.  This  rule  exists  in  many  instances  for  the  purpose  of 
seeping  labor  organizers  from  working  up  a union  sentiment  among 
he  men.  At  the  establishments  where  organized  labor  is  employed 
he  agreement  with  the  union  does  not  permit  the  company  to  employ 
leputy  sheriffs. 


208 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Some  difference  is  noted  in  the  racial  make-up  of  mines  in  the 
union  and  nonunion  districts  of  the  State.  Many  small  mines 
throughout  all  the  district  included  in  this  report  employ  only  native 
white  labor,  and  many  others  have  only  native  whites  and  negroes. 
There  are,  however,  no  large  mines  or  companies  without  a rather 
large  complement  of  either  negroes  or  immigrants,  and  in  a majority 
of  cases,  especially  in  the  southern  field,  of  both. 

The  proportion  of  native  white  employees  is  much  higher  in  the 
union  districts  even  with  large  establishments  than  in  the  nonunion. 
The  following  table  gives  the  racial  make-up  of  two  companies  in  the 
same  county  in  one  of  the  southern  fields,  employing  about  the  same 
number  of  men.  One  of  these  companies  operates  under  agreement 
with  the  miners’  union  and  has  a nine-hour  day.  The  other  employs 
nonunion  men  exclusively  and  has  a ten-hour  day. 

Table  blA— Racial  distribution  of  employees  in  a union  and  in  a nonunion  mine. 


UNION  MINE. 


Race. 

Number  of 
employees. 

Per  cent 
distribu- 
tion. 

420 

51.  C 

120 

14.  f 

23 

2.^ 

250 

30.  < 

10 

1.5 

Total 

823 

100.  ( 

— 

NONUNION  MINE. 


217 

28.5 

156 

20.  { 

103 

13.5 

12 

l.( 

14 

lA 

9.i 

75 

134 

17.  ( 

30 

3.i 

19 

2.i 

Total 

760 

100.  ( 

a “ Other  races”  include  Lithuanian,  Slovak,  and  Roumanian. 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  percent^age  of  American  white  minen 
is  much  less  in  the  nonunion  than  in  the  union  mines.  Prior  to  the 
strike  of  1902  very  few  negroes,  and  no  immigrants  other  than  a few 
English,  were  employed  in  the  mines  that  are  now  nonunion.  Tht 
Italians  and  negroes  employed  at  the  mines  included  in  this  table 
are  principally  in  rough  labor  positions  and  loading  coal  after  the 
machines,  occupations  that  American  whites  will  not  enter  generally 
In  1908  wages  for  all  classes  of  positions  were  from  8 to  20  per  cent 
higher  in  the  union  mines  inclueled  in  the  above  table  than  in  the 
nonunion  ones,  and  other  conditions  of  employment,  including  houn 
and  the  absence  of  the  company  deputy,  were  better.  These  facb 
are  directly  responsible  for  the  greater  number  of  American  whiter 
employed  at  these  mines. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


209 


WORKING  CONDITIONS  IN  VIRGINIA  COAL  FIELDS. 

The  general  conditions  of  employment  in  the  Virginia  coal  hel^s 
are  practically  the  same  as  those  obtaining  in  West  Virgmia  with  the 
exception  of  some  changes  in  working  conditions  arising  from  ttie 
more  recent  developments  in  Virginia.  The  question  of  an  adequate 
supply  of  labor  has  always  been  an  important  one  in  the  Big  Stone 
Gap  field,  and  more  or  less  competition  on  the  part  of  operators  has 
existed  at  all  times.  Immigrants  have  been  employed  practically 
from  the  beginning,  and  operators  have  gone  to  considerable  expense 
through  advertising  and  other  channels  to  get  them  established. 
Considerable  vigilance  has  been  exercised  on  the  part  of  employers  to 
keep  the  miners  and  other  employees  from  organizing.  At  one  time, 
when  an  attempt  was  made  to  organize,  gua^rds  were  maintained  at 
some  of  the  plants  to  keep  labor  organizers  out,  and  great  care  was 
exercised  in  examining  all  who  sought  to  gain  access  to  the  properties 
of  the  coal  companies.  At  present,  deputies  or  marshals  are  kept  at 
some  of  the  larger  plants,  whose  duty  it  is  to  preserve  order  and  to 
inspect  or  inquire  into  the  nature  of  any  trespasser’s  or  visitors 
business. 

The  hours  of  work  per  day  in  practically  all  mines  in  this  field  are 
ten  for  company  shift  men  or,  in  other  words,  men  who  receive  a 
certain  wage  per  day  for  their  work.  The  miners  and  coke  drawers, 
and,  in  some  instances,  coke  forkers,  are  paid  on  a piece  basis,  and  there 
are  no  regulations  as  to  the  number  of  hours  they  work,  except  that 
all  work  is  required  to  be  between  certain  hours.  Under  normal  con- 
ditions, the  mines  run  six  days  per  week,  but  in  1908,  owing  the 
financial  depression,  many  operators  did  not  average  more  than  half 
time,  and  some  even  less.  In  every  establishment  in  the  field  short 
time  was  worked  from  October,  1907,  to  June,  1908.  Sorne  estab- 
lishments were  entirely  closed  for  several  months  at  a time,  and 
others  operated  throughout  the  period,  but  on  short  time  of  from  two 
to  six  days  per  week,  with  an  average  of  probably  three  or  three  and 
one-half,  in  practically  all  cases  the  labor  force  was  substantially 
reduced,  and  the  population  was  constantly  shifting.  The  recent 
immigrants  left  the  field  in  considerable  numbers,  especially  the 
single  men  and  those  not  accompanied  by  their  families.  A great 
many  returned  abroad.  Those  who  remained  moved  about  the  field 
in  search  of  plants  offering  the  most  regular  work. 

There  is  no  uniform  wage  scale  for  this  region,  and  the  prices  paid 
for  the  different  classes  of  labor  vary.  In  1906  and  1907  there  was 
great  demand  for  labor  in  all  lines  of  work  in  and  about  the  mines, 
and  a great  deal  of  competition  existed.  Wages  were  constantly 
being  raised  in  order  to  induce  men  to  enter  the  employment  of  the 
different  companies,  and  this  condition  kept  the  laborers  in  a state 
of  umest  and  tended  to  make  employees  migratory,  especially  those 
not  accompanied  by  families.  It  had  the  further  effect,  a great  many 
employers  claim,  of  making  the  more  shiftless  element  of  the  native 
whites  and  the  negroes  more  irregular,  for  the  reason  that  the  wages 
paid  were  so  high  that  it  was  only  necessary  to  work  from  two  to  four 
days  per  week  to  earn  enough  money  to  supply  their  wants. 

The  operators  furnish  medical  service  to  employees,  for  which  a 
charge  of  50  cents  for  individuals  and  $1  for  families  is  deducted  from 


210 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


each  man’s  pay.  All  companies  have  at  least  one  resident  physician, 
and  some  of  the  larger  concerns  two,  the  fee  paid  entitling  the  em- 
ployee or  any  member  of  his  family  to  all  medical  attention.  Two 
of  the  companies  maintain,  in  addition,  well-equipped  hospitals,  with 
trained  nurses  to  attend  any  cases  of  serious  accident  or  sickness. 
No  extra  assessment  is  placed  upon  the  employees  for  such  service. 

One  company  maintains  a free  library  or  reading  room  for  the  bene- 
fit of  all  employees,  but  very  few  of  the  immigrants  patronize  it. 
Two  companies  have  built  churches  for  their  immigrant  employees, 
and  all  have  contributed  to  the  erection  of  churches  without  regard 
to  religious  denomination. 

In  practically  every  case  the  employers  have  given  considerable 
assistance  toward  the  improvement  of  the  public  schools.  This  has 
been  done  both  by  substantial  contributions  to  the  Qrection  of  good 
schoolhouses  aiul  by  increasing  the  length  of  the  school  term.  The 
average  length  of  the  public  school  term  in  most  of  the  villages  is 
from  five  to  seven  months,  and  in  a number  of  cases  the  companies 
supplement  the  public  funds  in  sufficient  amount  to  make  a nine 
months’  term  possible.  In  one  of  the  larger  coal-mining  villages  of 
the  field  the  company  erected  a large  modern  school  building,  equip- 
])ed  it  with  modern  desks,  steam  heat,  electric  lights,  and  turned  it 
over  to  the  public  school  authorities  of  the  county. 

In  most  instances  all  employees  live  in  houses  rented  to  them  by 
the  company.  None  of  the  employees  have  ever  shown  a tendency 
to  buy  homes.  This  has  probably  been  due  to  two  causes.  The 
mining  villages  are  all  in  isolated  localities  and  if  work  should  cease 
or  an  employee  be  discharged  or  desire  to  change  employers  that 
locality  would  not  be  convenient  to  any  other  work;  and  very  little 
land  convenient  to  the  mines  is  for  sale,  the  companies  usually 
controlling  large  tracts  of  adjacent  property  which  they  do  not  care 
to  sell. 

Topographically  the  country  composing  the  Big  Stone  Gap  field 
is  very  broken,  being  a deeply  dissected  region  made  up  of  . ravines 
and  steep  ridges  which  attain  an  altitude  of  4,000  feet  above  sea  level 
in  some  sections.  There  are  no  towns  of  importance  in  the  region. 
Norton,  the  terminjtl  point  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western  and  Louisville 
and  Nashville  railways,  is  a town  of  probably  2,500  inhabitants  and 
constitutes  the  business  center  as  well  as  the  largest  town  of  the  field. 

In  all  the  mining  localities  the  companies  operating  the  mines 
control  large  tracts  of  land  and  own  all  houses  used  by  employees. 
Business  activity  in  the  mining  villages  is  confined  solely  to  the  com- 
pany store.  There  are  no  industrial  enterprises  of  any  nature  in  the 
region  outside  of  the  mines  and  coke  works,  and  the  opportunities  to 
engage  in  agricultural  pursuits  are  very  limited. 

In  the  level  valley  lands  is  always  located  the  company  store, 
usually  as  near  the  center  of  the  whole  village  as  possible.  The  coke 
ovens,  mining  stables,  machine  shops,  and  such  other  buildings  as 
may  be  necessary  are  also  located  on  the  low  lands  along  the  banks 
of  the  streams. 

The  houses  for  employees  are  built  on  the  surrounding  hillsides,  or, 
if  sufficient  room  is  available  after  other  company  buildings  have 
been  located,  some  of  them  are  in  the  valley.  In  some  cases  the 
villages  are  located  on  main  streams  where  some  small  tributary 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


211 


3nters,  and  in  such  cases  houses  are  often  found  along  the  banks  of 
the  streams.  In  many  cases  the  valleys  are  so  narrow  that  the  yil- 
lages  are  considerably  scattered  and  available  space  for  the  location 
of  houses  is  very  limited. 

As  can  be  readily  understood  from  the  foregoing  description  the 
villages  have  no  general  plan,  but  are  of  necessity  irregular.  All 
companies  employing  any  considerable  number  of  diferent  races  have 
their  employees  colonized  by  races,  principally  because  of  the  desire 
of  the  employees  themselves  for  segregation. 

In  the  majority  of  instances  there  are  no  yards  surrounding  the 
company  houses,  but  in  some  cases  the  houses  are  inclosed  by  a fence 
built  of  rough  boards.  There  is  no  uniform  distance  between  houses, 
and  conditions  are  rarely  such  that  as  many  as  two  parallel  rows  of 
bouses  can  be  built.  An  average  rent  for  the  whole  district  would 
be  about  $2  per  room,  including  the  cost  of  coal  for  household 
purposes.  For  houses  of  more  than  four  rooms  the  rate  per  room 
above  mentioned  is  usually  reduced.  The  houses  are  of  many 
types  and  sizes,  and  practically  no  village  in  the  whole  region  has  a 
uniform  type.  Three  general  types  are  found  throughout  the  region 
under  which  will  fall  a majority  of  the  houses,  and  all  types  will  be 
found  together  in  some  towns.  Many  of  the  houses  are  of  two  or 
three  rooms,  one  story  high,  and  built  of  rather  cheap  material. 
Often  the  house  is  weatherboarded  with  10  or  12  inch  boards,  un- 
dressed and  nailed  on  vertically,  with  a narrow  strip  over  the  cracks. 
These  houses  are,  as  a general  rule,  painted  red  or  some  other  color 
which  does  not  show  dirt  readily.  They  are  always  either  ceiled 
with  dressed  and  matched  lumber  or  rough  ceiled  and  papered. 
They  are  heated  by  open  fires  and  coal  stoves,  and,  although  they 
have  the  appearance  of  temporary  structures,  are  comfortable. 
When  placed  on  the  side  of  hills,  there  is  no  grading  of  the 
ground  for  the  foundation,  but  pillars  of  brick,  stone,  or  wood  are 
built  so  as  to  make  them  level.  Very  often  one  side  of  the  house 
is  several  feet  above  the  ground  while  the  other  is  very  close  to  the 
ground.  In  some  communities  double  houses  are  found.  These  are 
of  two  sizes  and  are  two  stories  high.  They  are  either  of  six  rooms 
to  the  house  or  three  to  the  section,  or  eight  and  four,  respectively. 
Where  these  houses  have  six  rooms,  the  front  rooms  are  built  two 
stories  high,  with  a back  room  of  one  story,  and  a dividing  wall  from 
front  to  rear  cuts  the  house  into  two  sections.  The  only  difference 
between  this  and  the  eight-room  types  is  that  in  the  latter  the  back 
rooms  are  two  stories.  Houses  of  this  type  whenever  found  in  the 
region  are  constructed  of  dressed  lumber,  painted  on  the  outside,  and 
ceiled  with  regulation  3-inch  ceiling,  dressed  and  matched.  They  are 
heated  either  by  open  fires  or  by  coal  stoves. 

In  two  villages  types  of  houses  were  found  which  were  a distinct 
improvement  over  those  described  above.  These  were  the  four-room 
single  houses,  one  story  in  height,  built  of  a good  quality  of  lumber  and 
well  painted.  The  houses  have  an  8-foot  hall  and  are  either  plastered 
or  papered  on  the  inside.  They  are  usually  found  in  new  plants  which 
have  been  constructed  within  recent  years.  The  quality  and  appear- 
ance of  houses  built  in  more  recent  years  are  very  much  better  than 
Ithose  built  within  the  first  half  of  the  region’s  developrnent.  Very 
little  attention  is  given  to  sanitary  conditions  in  the  mining  villages. 


212 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


There  is  no  town  government  of  any  kind,  and  all  movements  fo 
civic  betterment  must  come  from  the  company.  Very  little  attentioi 
is  given  to  cleaning  their  own  premises  or  the  village  by  the  employee 
themselves.  The  drainage  is  surface,  and  owing  to  the  general  con 
tour  of  the  country,  if  not  obstructed,  all  water  soon  runs  off  naturally 
No  waterworks  of  any  kind  exist  in  the  various  company  towns,  am 
all  toilets  are  necessarily  dry.  In  many  places  the  toilets  are  rathe: 
close  to  houses  and  are  on  higher  elevations  than  the  houses. 

An  a])|)arently  inseparable  adjunct  of  the  bituminous  coal  mine  ii 
the  Big  Stone  Gap,  Clinch  Valley,  and  Pocahontas  fields  of  Virginia 
is  the  so-called  company  store.  No  mining  company  is  without  at  leas 
one  store,  and  where  mines  are  operated  in  different  localities  then 
is  a store  for  each  mine.  Located  usually  within  a short  distance  o: 
the  mine  ti})ple,  and  flanked  on  either  side  by  the  company  houses 
it  is  generally  both  the  social  and  geogra})hical  center  of  the  ordinar} 
mining  community.  The  most  familiar  type  of  building  is  a larg( 
one-story  frmne  structure.  A wide  porch  extends  across  the  front 
and  at  one  side,  and  under  the  same  roof  are  often  located  the  officer 
of  the  mine  superintendent  and  the  clerical  force.  Frequently  th( 
office  of  postmaster  is  filled  by  one  of  the  employees,  in  which  cast 
the  postoffice  is  also  located  in  the  building. 

A large  and  varied  assortment  of  merchandise  is  carried.  Sucl 
prime  necessities  of  the  coal  miner  as  powders,  mine  oil,  drills,  and 
picks  are,  of  course,  always  in  stock,  and  in  addition  to  these  articles 
almost  every  commodity  for  which  a demand  exists  in  a mining 
community  may  be  purchased.  Although  the  store  is  patronized 
to  some  extent  by  all  classes,  the  bulk  of  its  patronage  is  supplied  by 
the  employ^ees  of  the  mining  company.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
purchases  are  made  through  the  medium  of  company  scrip  which  is 
issued  in  lieu  of  money  to  the  employee  who  wishes  to  draw  on  his 
wages  in  advance  of  pay  day.  On  the  first  of  the  month  the  employee 
is  given  what  is  known  as  a stoppage  card.  The  name  of  the  mining 
company  is  printed  at  the  top  of  the  card,  beneath  which  is  written  the 
name  of  the  employee.  The  days  of  the  month  in  figures  are  printed 
consecutively  on  the  face  of  the  card.  When  scrip  is  desired  the  card 
is  presented  to  the  pay  roll  clerk  and  the  amount  of  scrip  issued  is 
written  in  after  the  date  of  issue.  The  scrip  is  in  denominations  of 
$1,  $2,  $3,  S4,  $5,  $6,  $8,  and  $10. 

When  the  purchases  are  made  the  scrip  is  presented  at  the  store 
with  the  stoppage  card  and  the  price  of  the  articles  purchased  is 
punched  out  on  the  margin  of  the  scrip.  Scrip  is  seldom  issued  in 
excess  of  the  credits  due  the  employee  on  the  books  of  the  company. 

Criticism  is  often  directed  by  the  employees  against  the  company 
stores,  but  the  charges  made  are  usually  without  foundation.  In 
the  more  isolated  communities  where  other  stores  are  not  accessible 
the  smaller  companies  sometimes  take  advantage  of  the  situation 
and  charge  extortionate  prices,  but  the  larger  companies  seldom 
exact  more  than  a reasonable  profit,  and  by  purchasing  their  goods 
in  large  quantities  are  frequently  able  to  sell  the  employee  a better 
article  than  he  could  obtain  elsewhere  for  the  same  price. 

In  almost  every  community  will  be  found  independent  stores, 
which,  if  not  as  convenient  as  the  company  store,  are  easily  reached, 
and  the  employee  may  trade  at  such  stores  if  he  desires  to  do  so.  He 


213 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


I not  required  to  patronize  the  company  store.  The  employee  who 
as  collected  his  earnings  in  scrip  during  the  month  and  has  no  balance 
ue  him  on  pay  day  may  be  compelled  to  trade  at  the  company  store 
ecause  of  his  inability  to  obtain  credit  elsewhere,  but  aside  from  the 
xed  charges  for  house  rent  and  medical  attendance  assessed  against 
ae  employee,  there  is  no  influence  exerted  by  the  company  to  prevent 
im  from  drawing  his  entire  earnings  in  cash  and  spending  the  money 
s his  inclination  dictates.  Among  the  boarding  groups  of  the  immi- 
rant  coal  miners  it  is  sometimes  the  practice  to  order  groceries  in 
irge  quantities  from  cities.  Others  frequently  buy  the  greater  part 
f their  supplies  from  the  grocery  stores  and  markets  conducted  by 
lembers  of  their  own  race,  which  spring  up  in  nearly  all  communities 
ettled  by  immigrants. 


fiiuatfEBMie 


Chapter  V. 

[THE  DEMAND  FOR  IMMIGRANT  LABOR  AND-  THE  EFFECTS  OF 

ITS  EMPLOYMENT. 

Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants  in  Alabama  coal  mines — Methods  used  to 
secure  immigrant  labor  for  Alabama  mines— Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants 
I in  West  Virginia — Methods  used  to  secure  immigrant  labor  in  West  Virginia — 
I Reasons  for  employment  of  immigrants  in  Virginia  coal  fields — Effect  of  employment 
of  immigrants  in  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  coal  fields. 

REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  ALABAMA  COAL  MINES. 

In  general,  it  maybe  said  that  immigrants  have  been  employed  in 
the  Birmingham  district  because  of  three  teasons.  In  the  first  place, 
gome  have  been  employed  because  of  their  peculiar  skill  in  certain 
3ccupations.  These  are  almost  entirely  Scotch,  Welsh,  and  English, 
with  a few  Italians  who  have  had  experience  in  the  mines  in 
lorthern  Italy.  A second  cause  for  the  employment  of  immigrants 
tias  arisen  from  labor  disturbances.  Two  strikes  have  occurred  in  the 
aistory  of  the  district  as  the  result  of  the  activity  of  the  United  Mine 
W^orkers  of  America.  The  first,  which  occurred  in  1904,  was  caused 
by  the  effort  of  the  unions  to  continue  the  wage  scale  of  1903  with  the 
operators.  This  scale  was  a sliding  one,  based  on  the  price  of  pig  iron, 
IS  follows; 

Sliding  scale  of  miners^  rates  per  ton  mined,  1903, 


[Rates  based  on  the  Pratt  vein.] 


Price  of  pig 
iron  per  ton. 

Miners’  wage 
per  ton  for 
coal  (pick 
mined). 

$8. 00 
9.00 

9. 50 

10. 50 

11. 50 
and  over. 

$0. 47i 
.50 
.52i 
.55 

} .57i 

This  scale  was  refused  as  a basis  for  wage  payments  by  all  of  the 
iperators  except  the  smaller  firms  which  mined  coal  for  local  con- 
sumption. In  the  strike  that  ensued  many  representatives  of  the 
southern  European  races  were  brought  in.  The  presence  of  immi- 
grants, the  fact  that  a large  number  of  negroes  were  employed,  and 
he  failure  of  the  union  men  to  stand  by  the  union,  caused  the  strike 
,0  fail. 

The  second  strike  occurred  in  1908.  In  the  intervening  time  the 
nine  workers  had  been  actively  engaged  in  organization.  When  the 
)perators  announced  that,  on  account  of  the  industrial  depression,  a 
:ut  of  nearly  20  per  cent  per  ton  of  coal  mined  would  be  made,  a ‘Svalk- 
)ut”  took  place  oyer  the  entire  district.  The  larger  companies  im- 
)orted  a number  of  immigrants  for  employment  in  their  mines.  Very 
icw  of  these  men  remained.  Another  demand  made  by  the  strikers  was 


215 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


the  abolition  of  contract  labor  and  the  payment  to  each  miner  ol 
a wage  graded  according  to  the  difficulty  of  the  vein.  The  operators 
refused,  as  they  did  in  1904,  to  recognize  the  union,  and  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  of  obtaining  work  elsewhere  and  the  hard  times,  as  well 
as  the  fact  that  the  operators  could  afford  to  suspend  work  during  the 
depression,  the  strike  failed  in  every  particular.  Many  of  the  immi- 
grants brought  in  as  strike-breakers  during  the  strike  of  1908  went 
away  after  the  strike  failed,  because  in  a majority  of  instances  the  old 
employees  were  taken  back  by  the  operators  on  condition  that  the}’ 
sever  their  connection  with  the  unions. 

The  immigrants  are  considered  less  troublesome  in  strikes  than 
are  the  negroes.  Their  serious  violations  of  law  are  chiefly  by  the 
Italians,  a number  of  whom  have  been  convicted  for  offenses  com- 
mitted during  the  strike  of  1908.  The  negro  is  considered  difficult  tc 
handle  in  a strike  because  of  his  ignorance  and  excitability. 

The  third  and  principal  reason  for  employing  immigrants  ha^ 
been  the  general  scarcity  of  labor.  This  involves  a consideratior 
of  the  normal  labor  supply  and  the  general  labor  situation  in  the 
Birmingham  district.  The  salient  points  of  the  labor  situation  ma} 

be  outlined  as  follows:  ^ • i t -i  - 

There  is  a residual  or  basic  supply  of  labor  fairly  distributee 
throughout  the  district.  This  residue  is  present  at  every  mine,  anc 
in  some  cases  is  sufficient  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  employer.  Foi 
example,  at  practically  all  of  the  smaller  mines  a scarcity  of  laboi 
has  not  been  felt  to  any  great  extent,  while  at  the  larger  mines  to 
residual  or  basic  supply  has  not  been  sufficient.  This  residua, 
supply  may  be  summarily  described  as  follows: 

(1)  A very  few  native  whites  from  the  vicinity  and  the  southerr 
States 

(2)  Skilled  workers  drawn  from  the  coal  industries  in  other  sections 
of  the  United  States,  principally  from  Pennsylvania. 

(3)  A considerable  number  of  negroes  from  the  Birmmghan 
district,  augmented  by  others  drawn  from  various  localities  in  th( 
southern  States,  chiefly  from  the  plantations. 

Certain  conditions  have  arisen  which  render  the  above-descnbec 
residual  supply®  either  insufficient  or  unsatisfactory  for  the  demand 
of  the  employers.  These  conditions  may  be  outlined  as  follows: 

(1)  The  demand  for  labor  has  outgrown  the  supply,  as  stated  above 
by  reason  of  the  development  of  coal  and  other  industries.  It  r 
worthy  of  note  that  this  demand  has  come  almost  exclusively  fron 
those  companies  which  have  had  the  greatest  expansion.  The  coa 
operators,  for  example,  who  have  not  increased  their  capacity  to  am 
great  extent  have  not  experienced  the  scarcity  to  the  same  degree 
and  their  experience  has  been  due  more  to  an  indirect  drawing  awa] 
of  a portion  of  their  labor  supply  to  the  larger  employers.  On  th< 
other  hand,  the  new  mines  have  felt  the  severest  scarcity  and  hay* 
been  forced  to  take  measures  toward  increasing  the  supply  by  arti 

ficial  means.  ^ i ^ ^ 

(2)  These  new  operators  practically  agree  as  to  the  unsatisractor 
qualities  of  the  ordinary  or  residual  labor  supply.  The  native  whit 

« It  is  important  to  take  these  elements  into  account.  The  term  residual  is  sinii)! 
suggested  so  as  to  distinguish  it  from  that  portion  of  the  labor  supply  of  the  distric 
called  into  existence  by  other  causes. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


217 


who  comes  from  the  small  farm  is  at  best  only  a temporary  employee 
who  is  enticed  by  cash  wa^es  during  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  and 
who  as  a general  rule  is  a shiftless  person.  Furthermore,  the  number 
of  these  whites  is  very  small.  On  the  other  hand,  the  negro,  while 
possessing  many  excellent  qualities,  such  as  a capacity  for  heavy 
work  and  tractability,  is  too  irregular  and  shiftless  in  his  habits  to 
be  exclusively  depended  upon.  He  is  usually  a good  miner,  because 
in  that  occupation  he  can  work  whenever  he  chooses  and  as  long; 
but  as  a day  worker  he  is  unsteady,  because  he  will  work  only  long 
enough  to  make  a living  wage.  At  times  of  greatest  demand,  when 
work  is  most  plentiful  and  wages  are  highest,  he  is  most  irregular, 
at  the  very  time  when  he  is  most  needed.  Moreover,  it  is  believed  by 
some  employers  that  the  negro,  as  a worker,  is  deteriorating  physically. 
It  is  asserted  that  members  of  the  younger  generation,  through  dis- 
sipation and  the  influences  of  city  life,  are  less  capable  of  hard  work 
than  those  who  came  from  the  plantations.  Finally,  it  is  stated  that 
a large  number  of  the  negroes  are  emigrating  from  this  district  and 
other  sections  of  the  South,  to  the  North  and  West. 

As  the  result  of  the  foregoing  considerations  the  employers  claim 
that  they  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  labor  supply  of  the  district,  par- 
ticularly of  the  unskilled  portion,  which  is,  of  course,  the  largest. 
Because  of  this  shortage  of  labor  in  normal  times  the  companies  (1)  are 
in  constant  danger  of  being  tied  up  by  strikes,  and  are  hampered  by 
the  fact  that  the  laborers  are  aware  of  the  situation,  and  (2)  are  at  a 
disadvantage  as  compared  with  other  localities  where  similar  indus- 
tries are  carried  on,  by  reason  of  the  inefficiency  of  the  unskilled  labor. 

Because  of  the  labor  situation,  as  well  as  of  other  conditions,  a 
change  in  the  labor  supply  has  taken  place  in  th<|  following  way: 

(1)  English,  Irish,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  miners,  to  some  extent 
skilled,  have  come  in  of  their  own  accord. 

(2)  The  larger  employers  have  brought  in  Italians,  Greeks,  Mace- 
donians, Slovaks,  Bulgarians,  and  other  southern  European  races 
during  the  past  ten  years  for  use  as  unskilled  laborers  in  the  mines, 
and,  to  a lesser  extent,  as  miners.  This  has  been  due  more  or  less  to 
the  adoption  of  a steady  policy,  and  is  entirely  distinct  from  the 
policy  of  occasionally  importing  immigrants  as  strike-breakers. 

The  net  gain  to  the  labor  supply  due  to  the  coming  of  immigrants 
has  been  the  settling  of  the  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh,  and  English,  and  to 
a small  extent  of  the  Slovaks,  Greeks,  and  Italians.  To  this  net  gain 
may  be  added  the  fact  that  immigrants,  especially  of  the  southern 
European  races,  come  more  frequently  of  their  own  accord  than  they 
formerly  did.  But  as  a general  rule  this  immigration  is  very  shifting, 
never  becoming  to  any  great  extent  settled  or  dependable.  In  this 
connection  some  of  the  employers  complain  that  the  southern  States 
are  discriminated  against  by  claims  of  unhealthfulness,  low  wages,  and 
so  forth.  Aside  from  this,  it  seems  to  be  unquestionably  true  that 
immigration  of  the  southern  European  races  has  not  lasted  long 
enough  as  yet  to  cause  large  colonies  of  immigrant  communities  to 
develop  the  racial  community  characteristics  which  would  overcome 
the  tendency  of  recent  immigrants  to  return  to  their  native  lands,  as 
they  have  done  in  other  sections  of  the  United  States.  In  short,  for 
jsome  reason,  as  employers  claim,  the  immigrant  of  this  class  is  not 
satisfied,  and  does  not  hesitate  to  say  so,  especially  when  he  knows 
, 48296°— VOL  7—11 15 


218 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


that  the  employer  wants  him.  There  exists  also  a local  prejudice 
against  the  immigrant  of  this  class  on  the  part  of  the  natives,  both 
'^ites  and  negroes,  and  an  unfavorable  impression  against  him  on 
the  part  of  many  of  the  smaller  employers  in  the  coal  and  steel  indus- 
try. For  this  reason,  therefore,  the  immigrant  is  difficult  to  retain. 
Consequently,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  employer,  it  would  seem 
that  there  is  a necessity  for  more  labor.  Whether  this  is  a legitimate 
demand  from  the  standpoint  of  wages  and  of  living  conditions  is,  of 
course,  a matter  of  dispute. 

Bearing  directly  upon  the  question  of  the  labor  supply  in  the 
Birmingham  district  is  the  growing  practice  of  the  coal  operators  of| 
using  convicts  in  the  mines.  Of  recent  years  there  has  been  a decided' 
tendency  toward  the  employment  of  convicts  in  this  capacity,  some 
eight  or  ten  communities  being  composed  of  them.  The  usual* 
arrangement  made  with  the  state  and  the  county  authorities  requires' 
the  company  to  pay  a certain  rate  into  the  public  treasury  for  eachl 
miner.  This  is  based  upon  the  amount  of  coal  mined.  The  company 
must  furnish  stockades,  guards,  and  housing  for  the  convicts.  The 
rates  vary  between  SIO  and  $12  per  month  per  convict. 

In  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  employers  this  system  presents 
partial  solution  of  the  labor  question  in  the  coal  mines  for  two  reasons:] 

First,  the  convicts,  who  are  almost  altogether  negroes,  are  forced' 
to  work  steadily,  their  output  may  be  depended  upon,  and  their  cost: 
is  less  to  the  company. 

Second,  as  the  result  of  the  policy,  there  is  a steadily  increasing, 
supply  of  efficient,  steady,  and  trained  negro  miners.  After  the  con- 
vict has  worked  in  the  coal  mines  for  several  years  he  has  learned  a 
trade  thoroughly.  Not  only  does  he  become  a trained  miner,  but'i 
owing  to  the  systein  of  rigid  discipline  and  enforced  regularity  ob 
work,  he  becomes  through  habit  a steady  workman,  accustomed  toj 
regular  hours.  When  his  term  ends  he  almost  invariably,  according; 
to  the  statements  of  the  employers  who  have  used  convict  labor, 
continues  to  be  a coal  miner  for  the  reason  that  he  does  not  know, 
how  to  do  anything  else,  and  because  he  has  been  taught  how  to  do 
one  thing  well  and  to  earn  a good  wage.  The  result  of  the  practice 
of  using  convicts  on  the  lease  system,  as  stated  above,  is  that  every 
year  there  is  set  at  liberty  a number  of  experienced  and  efficient] 
miners,  and  at  the  same  time  there  is  being  trained  a larger  number,: 
for  future  years.  Of  the  best  negro  miners,  it  is  stated,  the  ex-con- 
victs are  in  the  majority  wherever  they  have  been  employed,  and  it| 
is  estimated  that  50  per  cent  of  the  negro  coal  miners  in  the  district 
are  ex-convicts. 

In  recapitulating  the  labor  situation  in  the  Birmingham  district, 
which  is  so  closely  bound  up  with  the  question  of  immigration,  it 
may  be  stated  that  a very  small  proportion  of  the  miners  and  the 
outside  men  are  immigrants.  Immigrants  at  the  time  of  the  investi- 
gation composed  not  over  10  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  mine 
employees  and  probably  less  than  5 per  cent  of  the  miners.  The 
consensus  of  opinion  among  the  larger  operators  seems  unquestion- 
ably to  be  that  immigration  of  foreign  labor  will  be  necessary  in  then 
great  development  which  is  expected  in  the  future  of  coal-mining i 
operations  in  the  district,  as  it  is  indeed  necessary  under  present| 
normal  conditions.  I 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


219 


METHODS  USED  TO  SECURE  IMMIGRANT  LABOR  FOR  ALABAMA  MINES. 

"WTiere  the  immigrants  do  not  apply  for  employment  along  with  the 
natives  the  companies  usually  secure  this  class  of  labor  by  one  of 
three  methods:  (1)  Through  employment  bureaus,  (2)  through  com- 
pany agents  sent  to  cities  or  industrial  centers,  and  (3)  through  con- 
tracts with  labor  agents  in  other  cities.  This  applies  to  the  races 
from  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  but  not  to  the  English,  Irish, 
Scotch,  and  Welsh,  who  invariably  make  application  as  do  the 
natives. 

REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

A considerable  percentage  of  the  labor  in  the  Fairmont  and  Elk 
Garden  districts  of  West  Virginia  or  the  northern  field  of  the  State 
has  been  composed  of  immigrants  for  about  twelve  or  fifteen  years. 
This  has  been  due  to  two  causes.  The  strikes  occurring  in  1894 
and  1895  determined  that  the  field  was  nonunion,  and  many  of  the 
American  miners  left  for  the  Middle  West  or  other  organized  mining 
districts.  At  the  same  time  there  has  been  a pronounced  tendency 
among  the  Americans  to  enter  industries  other  than  mining.  This  has 
left  openings  which  have  been  filled  by  immigrants  from  southeastern 
Europe.  This  field  is  not  so  conveniently  situated  with  respect  to 
the  large  centers  of  negro  population  as  the  other  two  fields  in  the 
southern  portion  of  the  State,  and  fewer  members  of  this  race  have 
been  employed  as  compared  with  the  other  fields. 

The  employment  of  immigrants  in  the  New  and  Kanawha  rivers 
districts  arose  from  two  causes.  First,  as  already  stated,® 
the  strike  of  1902  caused  a great  many  of  the  better  class  of 
American  white  miners  to  leave  the  field;  their  places  had  to  be 
filled  and  the  labor  most  available  at  the  current  mining  prices 
was  that  of  immigrants.  Second,  even  if  the  strike  had  not  occurred, 
the  immigrants  would  have  been  ultimately  necessary  because  of 
the  great  extension  of  the  coal-mining  industry  in  this  field.  The 
strike  occurred  at  about  the  beginning  of  the  period  of  greatest  de- 
velopment. It  would  have  been  impossible  to  procure  American 
laborers  to  carry  out  this  development,  because  of  their  tendency 
during  the  past  ten  years  to  leave  the  mining  industry  in  this  locality 
of  their  own  volition. 

In  the  Pocahontas  field  practically  the  same  influences  have  been 
at  work  as  in  the  New  River  district.  The  primary  reason  for  the 
employment  of  immigrants  in  the  Pocahontas  field  has  been  the 
remarkable  expansion  of  the  industry.  Although  the  strike  of  1902 
did  not  reach  as  large  proportions  in  this  field  as  in  the  New  River 
territory,  for  the  reason  that  the  Pocahontas  field  was  unorganized, 
it  had  some  effect,  and  considerable  numbers  of  native  miners  left 
the  region,  creating  vacancies  which  were  filled  by  recent  immigrants. 

I The  extraordinary  expansion  of  mining  in  the  region  for  the  past 
fifteen  years,  however,  has  been  the  chief  factor  in  the  introduction 
|of  immigrant  employees.  During  the  past  seven  years  alone  employ- 
'Oaent  has  been  found  for  10,000  men.  An  illustration  of  this  unusual 
;iemand  for  labor  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  one  company,  which  has 
developed  since  1903  along  the  Tug  River  branch  of  the  Norfolk 


o See  p.  152. 


220 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


and  Western  Railroad,  employs  3,000  men  at  the  present  time.  The 
development  in  Mercer,  Mingo,  and  Logan  counties.  West  Virginia, 
has  covered  about  the  same  period  and  has  been  equally  rapid. 

Under  these  conditions  it  has  been  necessary  to  draw  on  other  com- 
munities for  labor.  The  operators  of  the  region  have  secured  labor 
extensively  from  three  sources:  First,  from  the  negro  population  of 
^Tu•th  Carolina  and  Virginia;  second,  from  the  immigrants  m the  coal 
fields  of  Pennsylvania;  ^tbird,  from  abroad,  through  immigrant  friends 
and  relatives  who  settled  in  the  field. 

The  same  conditions  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  as  in  the 
Pocahontas  and  New  River  fields,  have  made  necessary  the  employ- 
ment of  recent  immigrants.  The  primary  reason  in  all  the  coal- 
mining districts,  as  already  pointed  out,  has  been  the  remarkable 
expansion  of  the  industry"  ami  the  impossibility  of  securing  other 
labor  of  a satisfactory  character.  The  situation  has  been  intensi- 
fied by  unfavorable  labor  conditions  at  various  times.  After  the 
strikes  of  1894  and  1902  native  miners  emigrated  to  coal  fields  in 
other  States,  leaving  their  places  to  be  filled  by  immigrants. 

Briefly  summarizing  the  forces  which  have  been  operative  over 
the  entire  State,  the  wide  extent  of  employment  of  immigrant  labor 
mav  be  said  to  be  due  to  the  following  causes: 

(a)  The  remarkable  expansion  of  mining  operations  in  the  State 
within  a short  period  of  time,  making  necessary  a very  large  increase 
in  the  number  of  employees. 

(h)  The  lack  of  a native  labor  supply  for  the  following  reasons: 
(1)  The  native  whites  from  the  mountain  country  near  by  are  irreg- 
ular, being  willing  to  work  in  the  mines  only  at  certain  periods  of  the 
year  when  the  farm  and  cattle  grazing  do  not  demand  their  presence 
at  home.  A large  portion  are  also  unsatisfactory  as  miners  because 
of  their  lack  of  efficiency.  (2)  The  negro  miners  are  not  sufficient 
in  number  and  are  not  reliable,  their  habits  of  work  being  very 
irregular.  It  is  claimed  that  they  will  ordinarily  work  only  a few 
da}^  per  week,  thus  making  necessary  a large  number  to  keep  the 
mines  in  full  operation. 

(c)  The  existence  of  strikes  and  labor  controversies  has  at  times 
accentuated  the  normally  keen  demand  for  labor,  and  the  immigrant 
employed  at  first  temporarily,  on  his  own  implication  or  as  a strike- 
breaker, has  remained  permanently  in  the  field. 

METHODS  USED  TO  SECURE  IMMIGRANT  LABOR  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

The  methods  adopted  to  secure  immigrant  labor  have  been  the 
same  in  all  sections  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  They  may  be 
summarized  as  follows: 

(a)  During  seasonal  periods  of  shortness  in  the  labor  market 
foremen  or  representatives  of  the  various  companies  have  been  sent 
to  the  cities  in  the  East,  or  to  other  mining  localities,  to  offer  induce- 
ments to  miners  and  other  immigrant  laborers  to  enter  the  employ 
of  the  company  seeking  labor. 

(b)  Miners  and  other  laborers  have  been  secured  through  laboi 
agencies.  The  price  paid  these  labor  agencies  varies.  It  usually 
ranges  from  $1  to  S2  per  head,  or  $5  per  family,  with  the  company 
paying  all  transportation  charges. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


221 


REASONS  FOR  EMPLOYMENT  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  VIRGINIA  COAL  FIELDS. 

At  the  risk  of  repetition  it  may  be  profitable  to  set  forth  in  detail 
the  situation  which  has  called  for  the  employment  of  labor  in  the 
Big  Stone  Gap  field  of  Virginia.®  Immigrants  have  been  employed 
in  this  field  for  three  distinct  reasons,  viz:  (1)  Their  experience  in 
coke  production;  (2)  the  inefficiency  of  native  labor,  and  (3)  the 
scarcity  of  other  labor  and  the  development  of  industry. 

When  the  production  of  coke  in  the  region  was  started,  considerable 
difficulty  was  experienced  in  getting  efficient  labor.  All  work  con- 
nected with  its  production  is  hard  and  rough.  The  difficulty  of 
breaking  and  drawing  the  coke  from  the  oven  is  intensified  by  the 
heat.  In  order  that  the  best  results  may  be  obtained,  both  in  quality 
of  product  and  in  maximum  production,  the  coke  must  be  drawn 
regularly.  The  employees  who  were  available  in  this  locality  were 
both  irregular  and  unadapted  to  the  work,  and  none  of  them  was 
very  anxious  to  work  on  the  coke  yards  in  any  capacity. 

In  1896  the  largest  operator  in  the  field  sent  to  the  Connellsville 
coke  region  in  Pennsylvania  and  procured  50  Magyars  and  Slovaks, 
and  they  were  practically  all  used  in  the  coke  yard  either  as  drawers  or 
laborers.  Once  established  in  the  region  the  difl'erent  races  increased, 
at  first  gradually  and  later  rather  rapidly,  until  they  reached  their 
present  proportions — about  35  per  cent  of  all  labor. 

The  country  throughout  this  section  was  sparsely  settled  when  the 
mines  were  opened,  and  there  were  no  centers  of  population  within  a 
reasonable  distance  from  which  men  could  be  drawn.  Throughout 
the  period  of  greatest  development  in  this  and  other  coal  fields,  the 
question  of  labor  was  acute  at  all  times  and  it  has  been  one  of  the 
greatest  causes  for  the  employment  of  recent  immigrants. 

When  immigrants  were  being  introduced  into  the  district  there 
was  a disposition  on  the  part  of  employers  to  select  races  which 
conformed  to  their  standards  of  efficiency,  but  as  the  industry  devel- 
oped and  the  men  began  to  scatter  while  demand  increased,  almost 
anyone  seeking  employment  w^as  given  work.  This,  in  a large 
measure,  accounts  for  the  diversity  of  races  found  in  the  district. 
In  the  earlier  days  the  employers,  as  a rule,  tried  to  get  only  Magyars 
and  Slovaks,  and  the  South  Italians,  at  present  second  in  numbers 
among  all  foreign  races,  were  not  employed  as  long  as  a supply  of 
men  belonging  to  the  other  races  was  available.  This  is  probably 
one  reason  why  the  Italians  were  not  employed  earlier  than  was 
actually  the  case. 

EFFECT  OF  EMPLOYMENT  OF  IMMIGRANTS  IN  VIRGINIA  AND  WEST 
VIRGINIA  COAL  FIELDS. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  the  employment  of  immigrants  upon  former 
employees,  there  has  been  a decidedly  marked  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  American  whites  throughout  the  two  Virginias  for  the  past 
six  years  to  abandon  the  occupation  of  coal  digging  and  to  enter  the 
better  class  of  positions  about  the  mines.  The  American  whites 
employed  in  the  Pocahontas  and  New  River  fields  are  used  almost 

“The  Pocahontas  field,  so  far  as  it  lies  in  Virginia,  has  been  treated  in  discussing 
the  situation  in  West  Virginia.  See  p.  156. 


I 


222 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


exclusively  as  foremen,  subforemen,  or  in  other  positions  of  more  or 
less  managerial  ability  or  sldll,  for  which  the  companies  pay  a stipu- 
lated price  per  day  or  per  month.  On  the  other  hand,  there  has  been 
a strongly  marked  tendency  for  native  miners  to  leave  the  coal 
fields  and*^  seek  employment  in  other  coal-mining  sections.  A con- 
stantly diminishing  number  of  natives  are  found  employed  as  pick 
miners.  In  the  northern  section  of  the  State,  where  machines  are 
largely  used,  it  may  be  stated  in  general  that  the  Americans  cut  and 
haul  the  coal,  lay  the  tracks,  and  do  all  the  skilled  work  both  inside 
and  outside  the  mines,  and  are  usually  paid  by  the  day  or  month. 
The  immigrants  and  negroes  are  the  pick  miners  and  coke  pullers. 
They  are  also  engaged  in  doing  all  the  rough  work  around  the  mines 
and  coke  ovens  and  in  loading  the  coal  after  the  machines.  At  the 
same  time  there  has  been  a constant  abandonment  of  the  field  by 
the  native  miners  who  have  usually  sought  work  in  the  Middle  West 
or  other  unionized  districts.  It  is  also  a matter  of  general  comment 
that  tlie  second  generation  of  native  miners  are  not  entering  the  coal 
mines  in  any  part  of  the  State. 

This  displacement  of  the  native  American  as  a miner  may  be  said 
to  be  due  to  the  following  causes:  (1)  The  expansion  of  the  coal  indus- 
try has  made  available  a large  number  of  executive  or  other  positions 
requiring  a knowledge  of  English  or  some  skill  which  the  American 
possessed  and  the  immigrant  or  negro  did  not;  (2)  these  positions, 
whether  or  not  they  carried  as  large  a compensation  as  that  of  the 
miner,  have  been  considered  the  higher  class  of  positions  about  the 
mines;  (3)  the  necessary  employment  of  the  immigrants  as  miners 
or  laborers,  because  of  the  development  of  the  industry,  produced 
working  conditions  or  working  relations  unsatisfactory  to  the  native 
miner.  Consequently,  a large  part  of  the  native  whites  abandoned 
the  field  entirely  to  the  immigrant,  as  evidenced  by  the  exodus  of 
native  miners  on  the  occasion  of  the  unsuccessful  conclusion  of  various 
strikes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  native  whites  who  remained  in  the 
coal  fields  have  preferred  employment  in  occupations  other  than  that 
of  digging  coal  even  when  such  employment  brought  smaller  earnings. 
As  the  result,  the  immigrants  and  negroes  have  more  and  more  exten- 
sively been  employed  as  miners  and  inside  workmen,  while  the  natives 
occupy  the  executive,  skilled,  and  other  positions  carrying  a fixed 
compensation  by  the  day  or  month.  The  resultant  situation  is  the 
same  as  that  which  obtains  in  other  coal-mining  sections  of  the  country, 
but  has  been  more  a cause  of  comment  in  the  West  Virginia  and 
Virginia  mines  for  the  reason  that  the  displacement  of  the  American 
has  been  unusually  rapid  and  has  been  attended  by  numerous  and 
bitter  strikes  and  labor  controversies.  There  is  a tendency  now 
toward  the  displacement  of  the  negro  in  all  grades  of  work  by  the  recent 
immigrant,  due  in  large  measure  to  the  irregular  working  habits  or 
lack  of  industry  of  the  negro.  Although  it  is  not  clear  that  the 
employment  of  the  immigrant  has  reduced  wages  or  produced  more 
unsatisfactory  working  conditions,  it  is  obvious  that  if  immigrant 
labor  had  not  been  available  either  a much  higher  wage  would  have 
been  paid,  more  labor-saving  devices  used,  or  less  development  would 
have  been  possible.  It  is  also  apparent  that  efforts  toward  the  organ- 
ization of  the  miners  in  the  two  States  have  been  largely  unsuccessful 
because  of  the  availability  and  employment  of  immigrant  labor. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  ki  the  South. 


223 


I The  immigrant  labor  supply  has  had  practically  no  effect  upon  the 
establishment  of  new  industries  in  the  localities  where  it  has  been 
employed  for  the  reason  that  the  mining  communities  are  usually 
detached  or  isolated  and  concerned  only  with  the  mining  of  coal.  So 
■far  as  the  mining  industry  is  concerned,  the  operators  have  been 
vitally  dependent  upon  immigrant  labor,  and  the  present  degree  of 
development  would  have  been  impossible  without  this  source  of  labor 
supply. 


Chaptek  VI. 


INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS  AND  EFFICIENCY  OF  IMMIGRANT 
EMPLOYEES  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

General  industrial  progress— Opinions  of  employers  according  to  specified  standards 
as  to  the  progress  of  immigrant  mine  workers— Preferences  of  coal  operators  for  dif- 
ferent races  of  immigrant  employees. 

GENERAL  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS. 

In  the  southern  West  Virginia  coal  fields  the  advancement  of 
immigrant  employees  in  the  line  of  occupations  has  been  very  slow, 
and  few  have  attained  the  position  of  foremen.  At  every  estab- 
lishment in  the  southern  West  Virginia  fields  in  which  this  phase  of 
the  subject  was  studied  the  employers  reported  that  as  a general 
rule  immigrants  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe  are  not  moving 
upward  in  the  scale  of  occupations.  The  older,  northern  European 
immigrants — the  Scotch,  English,  and  Irish — have  rapidly  risen  from 
inferior  positions  to  those  of  foremen,  or  bosses. 

OPINIONS  OF  EMPLOYERS  ACCORDING  TO  SPECIFIED  STANDARDS  AS  TO 
THE  PROGRESS  OF  IMMIGRANT  MINE  WORKERS. 

In  nearly  every  establishment  in  the  southern  West  Virginia  coal 
fields  from  which  information  on  the  subject  of  the  relative  efficiency 
of  immigrants  and  natives  was  secured,  the  racial  composition  of 
the  working  force  was  different.  This  condition  prompted,  of  course, 
different  statements  on  the  subject,  and  as  these  opinions  of  employers 
can  not  be  combined  into  one  general  statement,  they  are  given 
separately  and  according  to  the  following  qualities  of  efficiency: 
Industriousness,  effectiveness,  adaptability,  tractability,  supervision, 
sobriety,  progressiveness,  and  use  of  English  as  affecting  efficiency. 

In  one  mining  establishment  in  which  Italians,  Russians,  and 
American  whites  and  negroes  were  employed,  the  South  Italian 
miners  were  said  to  be  the  most  industrious  of  all  the  races  employed, 
and  they  were  reported  to  work  more  steadily  than  either  Russians 
or  the  natives.  The  Russian  miners,  however,  produced  more  coal 
per  man  in  a given  time  than  any  of  the  others.  The  South  Italians 
were  less  tractable  and  less  capable  of  supervision,  but  they  had  a 
greater  tendency  toward  sobriety  than  any  of  the  other  employees. 
§0  far  as  progress  was  concerned,  the  native  whites  led  all  others, 
but  the  Italians  and  Russians  were  more  progressive  than  the 
American  negro.  Inability  to  use  English  was  said  to  have  had  no 
effect  whatever  upon  the  efficiency  of  the  non-English-speaking 
immigrants. 

In  a second  establishment  in  the  same  locality,  in  which  Poles  and 
South  Italians  were  the  only  immigrants  employed,  the  operators 
stated  that  the  immigrants  worked  much  more  steadily  than  the 
native  negroes  and  were  somewhat  more  industrious  than  the 

225 


226 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


native  whites.  The  native  whites  and  negroes  were  found  to  b(  ■ 
more  effective  and  adaptable  than  the  recent  immigrants,  becaus(,  t 
the  latter  had  no  mechanical  aptness.  Here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  coal 
mining  district,  the  Italians  were  more  sober  than  any  of  the  othei  • 
employees,  and  the  inability  on  the  part  of  the  Polish  and  Italiar  I 
miners  to  speak  English  was  considered  a decided  barrier  to  then  i 
advancement  in  the  scale  of  occupations. 

In  the  case  of  another  company  where,  due  to  the  races  employed 
the  only  comparison  is  between  the  Italians  and  native  whites  anc  ; 
negroes,  it  was  said  that  the  Italians  were  much  more  industrious 
than  the  native  whites,  but  that  the  native  whites  were  more  effective  • 
as  workmen  and  more  adaptable  in  their  occupations.  The  Italians 
were  declared  to  be  more  sober  than  the  natives  and  more  progressive 
than  the  native  negroes.  The  inability  of  the  Italians  to  use  English 
did  not  affect  their  efficiency  as  workmen,  but  made  necessary  a 
higher  degree  of  supervision. 

In  still  another  mine,  where  South  Italians  and  natives  only  were 
employed,  the  Italians  were  said  to  be  more  industrious  than  the 
natives  and  to  lose  as  little  time  from  work  as  possible.  The  natives, 
however,  were  more  effective  as  miners  and  the  amount  of  coal  pro- 
duced per  man  by  this  class  of  labor  was  far  in  excess  of  that  pro- 
duced by  the  Italians.  The  Italians  were  tractable  and  were  said  never 
to  d^obey  orders.  They  also  exhibited  a marked  tendency  toward 
sobriety.  Although  they  consumed  a large  quantity  of  whisky  and 
beer,  the  Italians  were  less  given  to  intoxication  than  the  natives. 
The  Italians  were  said  to  take  a greater  interest  in  their  homes  than 
was  shown  by  the  natives.  They  cultivate  gardens  around  them  and 
in  other  ways,  try  to  make  them  attractive. 

At  another  establishment  where  the  comparison  was  among  Slovak, 
Magyar,  Polish,  Russian,  South  Italian,  and  native  employees,  the 
immigrants  were  said  to  be,  as  a rule,  more  industrious  than  the  native 
operatives.  The  Alagyars,  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Russians  were  more 
eflective  as  workmen  than  the  natives  and  all  of  the  immigrants  were 
said  to  be  far  below  the  standard  of  sobriety  set  by  the  natives.  The 
native  whites  were  more  progressive  than  the  immigrants,  but  the 
latter,  in  turn,  were  more  progressive  than  the  native  negroes. 

The  officials  of  another  company  visited  stated  that  the  Magyars 
were  the  most  industrious  race  represented  among  the  employees; 
that  the  Italians  and  Poles  were  preferable  to  the  native  whites  in 
this  respect,  and  that  the  native  whites  were  more  industrious  than 
the  native  negroes.  The  inability  of  certain  of  the  immigrants  to  use 
the  English  language  was  a hindrance  to  their  selection  for  places  of 
supervision,  but  the  immigrants  lost  less  time  from  work  on  account 
of  inebriet}^  than  did  the  natives.  The  natives  were  more  progressive 
than  the  immigrants  and  required  less  supervision. 

At  another  establishment  where  Italians,  Germans,  Bohemians, 
Poles,  Scotch,  and  natives  were  employed,  the  statement  was  made 
that  “each  race  of  immigrants  is  regarded  as  being  100  per  cent  more 
industrious  than  the  natives,’’  and  that  each  race  of  immigrants  is 
superior  to  the  native  in  sobriety.  During  the  year  there  were  50 
arrests  for  intoxication  among  the  natives.  Both  immigrants  and 
natives  seemed  satisfied,  it  was  said,  with  their  position  and  displayed 
little  desire  to  advance.  The  efficiency  of  the  immigrants,  as  coal 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  ki  the  South. 


227 


liners  and  unskilled  laborers,  was  not  affected  by  their  inability  to 
se  the  English  language.  ^ r-  • • r*  i j 

In  the  case  of  another  company  in  the  southern  West  Virginia  held, 
here  Lithuanian,  Slovak,  Polish,  and  Magyar  immigrants,  together 
ith  the  native  whites  and  negroes,  were  employed,  each  race  of 
nmigrants  was  considered  to  be  more  industrious  than  the  natives, 
he  Slovaks  mined  the  greater  quantity  of  coal  per  day  per  man. 
itheiwise  there  was  no  difference  as  regards  effectiveness  between 
le  immigrants  and  the  natives.  All  of  the  immigrants  were  easier 
3 handle,  and  were  more  tractable  than  the  natives,  but  the  immi- 
rant  employees  were  said  to  practice  sobriety  less  than  the  native 
peratives.  The  immigrants  were  also  considered  less  progressive 
tian  the  natives.  The  natives  usually  lived  in  the  community  per- 
lanently,  while  the  immigrants  were  migratory.  Inability  on  the 
art  of  the  immigrants  to  use  English  was  not  thought  a great  dis- 
d vantage  to  their  efficiency  as  workingmen,  for  the  reason  that 
iterpreters  were  always  available.  The  opinion  of  the  employers 
7as  that  the  immigrants  spend  30  per  cent  of  their  earnings  for  intoxi- 

ants.  • . 1-0  1 

At  the  plant  of  another  company  where  English,  Scotch,  Poles, 
nd  natives — whites  and  negroes — were  employed,  the  natives  were 
aid  to  be  the  least  industrious  of  all  the  employees.  The  immigrants 
rere  thought  to  be  more  attentive  to  work  than  the  natives,  and  also 
lore  tractable.  The  Poles  required  more  supervision  than  any  of 
be  other  immigrants  or  the  natives.  As  regards  sobriety  little 
ifference  was  noted  among  the  immigrant  races.  For  the  non- 
Inglish-speaking  immigrants  more  supervision  was  required. 

At  another  mine  where  Spaniards,  Poles,  and  natives  were  employed 
he  Spanish  miners  were  said  to  be  slightly  more  industrious  than 
he  Poles  and  the  Poles  more  industrious  than  the  natives.  Span- 
irds  and  Poles  were  more  tractable  than  the  natives  and  required 
3ss  supervision.  The  Spaniards  and  Poles  usually  drank  large 
[uantities  of  beer  and  whisky,  but  seldom  became  intoxicated,  and 
ist  less  time  from  work  from  this  cause  than  the  natives.  The 
latives  were  progressing  more  rapidly,  it  was  claimed,  but  the  ina- 
)ility  of  the  immigrants  to  use  English  had  little  influence  upon  their 
vork  or  usefulness  as  miners. 

At  another  plant,  where  the  operating  force  included  Poles,  Eng- 
ish,  Germans,  Magyars,  Scotch,  Italians,  and  natives,  the  Poles  were 
aid  to  make  most  excellent  coal  miners,  but  the  frequency  of  holi- 
lays  among  them  was  a serious  disadvantage  to  their  employment, 
rhe  Italians  were  thought  the  least  industrious.  All  other  races  were 
iractically  of  the  same  degree  of  industriousness.  For  effectiveness 
n work  the  English  and  Scotch  were  preferred.  Poles,  Magyars,  and 
talians  were  considered  the  least  tractable,  and  more  supervision 
vas  required  for  them  than  for  the  natives  or  the  English-speaking 
mmigrants.  The  Italians  consumed  more  intoxicating  liquors  than 
imy  of  the  other  employees,  but  intoxication  with  them  was  not  on 
;he  increase,  as  was  the  case  with  the  Poles  and  the  natives.  Inabil- 
ty  to  speak  English  was  thought  a decided  disadvantage  to  immi- 
!p:ants,  as  more  supervision  over  their  work  was  required.  The 
English  and  Scotch  were  considered  the  most  skilful  miners  employed. 


228 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


PREFERENCES  OF  COAL  OPERATORS  FOR  DIFFERENT  RACES  OF  IMMl  1 

GRANT  EMPLOYEES. 


As  regards  the  order  of  preference  among  races  employed  th 
opinions  of  employers  differed,  due  to  the  employment  of  differen  i 
races  in  different  places.  A general  opinion  on  this  subject  could  no 
be  arrived  at,  but  the  opinions  of  individual  emplo3^ers  representing.! 
different  establishments  located  in  the  southern  West  Virginia  field  h 
were  as  follows: 

Com2)any  1. — As  coal  miners,  Russians,  natives,  and  Italians  wer- • 
preferred  in  the  order  named. 

Company  2. — As  unskilled  laborers,  native  negroes,  native  whites  s 
and  Italians  were  preferred  in  the  order  named.  In  all  positions  o 
authority  and  responsibility  native  whites  were  preferred  to  th 
immigrants. 

Company  S. — As  laborers,  native  negroes,  Italians,  and  nativi  ’ 
whites  were  preferred  in  the  order  mentioned.  As  foreman  am 
trainers  the  native  whites  were  preferred. 

Company  4. — As  miners,  native  whites,  native  negroes,  and  Italiant  1 
were  preferred  in  the  order  named.  Italians  gave  complete  satisfac  ’ 
tion  as  coal  miners. 

Company  5. — Native  negroes  were  preferred  for  all  the  occupatiom  1 
other  than  foremen  and  mechanical  workmen.  Magyars  and  Poles  wen  \ 
satisfactory  workmen,  and  were  it  not  for  the  frequency  of  holida}  1 
celebrations  among  them  they  would  make  excellent  coal  miners. 

Company  6. — I\iagyars  were  considered  the  most  useful  employees 
in  mining  coal,  and  the  North  Italian  was  next  in  order  of  preference 
The  only  objection  to  native  laborers  was  the  fact  that  they  could  noi 
be  induced  to  work  steadily.  The  immigrants  were  no  more  efficieni 
in  the  unskilled  occupations  than  the  natives,  but  because  of  th 
irregularity  of  the  supplv"  of  native  laborers  Magyars,  Poles,  anc 
Italians  were  more  useful  and  satisfactory. 

Company  7. — As  miners,  Germans,  North  Italians,  and  natives  were 
preferred  in  the  order  mentioned,  there  being  little  preference  as 
between  Polish  immigrants  and  native  whites. 

Company  8. — Poles,  Magyars,  Lithuanians,  and  Slovaks  were  pre- 
ferred to  natives  as  coal  miners,  because  they  were  considered  better 
producers  of  coal  than  either  the  native  whites  or  the  negroes.  Theii 
tendency  toward  the  use  of  intoxicants  was  the  greatest  objection  tc 
their  employment,  while  the  freciuency  of  holidays  celebrated  by  them 
was  another  distinct  disadvantage. 

Company  9. — The  English  and  Scotch  were  regarded  as  the  best 
miners  and  were  preferred  in  this  occupation  to  the  Poles  and  the 
natives. 

Company  10. — English,  native  whites,  Poles,  and  native  negroes 
were  preferable  in  the  order  named  for  positions  as  miners. 

Company  11. — Out  of  Polish,  Spanish,  and  native  employees,  the 
Spaniards  were  given  first  preference  and  Poles  second  for  places  as 
miners. 

Company  12. — Native  whites,  native  negroes,  Scotch,  Poles,  Mag- 
yars, and  Italians  were  preferred  in  the  order  named  for  positions  as 
miners. 


Chapter  VII. 

HOUSING  AND  LIVING  CONDITIONS. 


eneral  housing  conditions — Systems  of  domestic  economy — Rent  in  its  relation  to 
standard  of  living— Boarders  and  lodgers— Size  of  apartments  occupied— Size  of 
households  studied — Congestion — [Text  Tables  515  to  529  and  General  Tables  219 
to  230]. 

GENERAL  HOUSING  CONDITIONS. 

As  reg:ards  general  housing  conditions  in  the  Virginia  and  West  Vir- 
inia  fields,®  very  little  selection  of  houses  can  be  made  by  employees 
ecause  in  almost  every  instance  the  mines  are  in  isolated  localities 
nd  the  mining  companies  own  all  the  houses  in  the  immediate  vicinity, 
ome  houses  are  better  located  and  in  better  condition  than  others, 
nd  there  is  always  considerable  demand  for  these  dwellings.  If  one 
ecomes  vacant  the  first  employee  making  application  will  be  assigned 
) it,  provided  he  is  of  the  race  located  in  that  section  or  vicinity, 
)r  the  reason  that  the  different  races  employed,  especially  where 
ley  are  in  any  considerable  numbers,  are  colonized.  The  negroes, 
3 a rule,  live  in  a section  of  their  own,  and  the  different  races 
f southern  and  eastern  European  immigrants  live  together.  The 
nmigrants  always  prefer  this  segregation,  and  it  is  granted  and  con- 
dered  as  an  inducement  to  their  permanency. 

The  races  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  found  in  this  field  concern 
lemselves  very  little  about  the  houses  in  which  they  live.  This 
especially  true  of  the  South  Italians,  and  to  a marked  extent 
f the  newer  immigrants  of  other  races.  The  principal  item  they 
insider  is  rent,  and  considerable  sacrifices  in  appearance  and 
imfort  will  be  undergone  if  by  doing  so  this  charge  is  reduced.  The 
egroes,  and  a great  number  of  the  native  whites  also  seem  to  show 
ut  very  little  pride  in  the  appearance  of  their  surroundings. 

The  household  conditions  among  the  immigrant  homes  when  taken 
3 a whole  are  bad.  This  is  very  marked  in  the  case  of  the  South 
:alians.  A great  number  of  boarding  groups  consisting  only  of 
len  are  to  be  found,  and  such  groups  are  usually  crowded,  and  the 
ouse  as  well  as  such  scant  furnishings  as  may  be  found  in  it  are 
ery  unclean.  Where  there  are  families  large  numbers  of  boarders 
r lodgers  are  kept,  and  in  such  homes  conditions  are  far  from  clean, 
3 it  would  be  practically  impossible  to  keep  a house  in  a satisfactory 
indition  where  several  men  were  constantly  entering  with  their  min- 
ig  clothes,  or  in  those  worn  about  the  coke  yards.  Comparatively 
|!W  boarding  groups  composed  of  men  only  will  be  found  among  the 
llagyars  and  Slovaks,  but  a great  majority  of  households  of  these  races 
jave  boarders  and  lodgers.  In  many  houses  lieds  will  be  found  in 
very  room  but  the  kitchen,  and  in  a few  instances  they  were  found  in 
jiat  room.  It  is  not  unusual  to  find  a family  of  three  or  four  keeping 

“For  a discussion  of  housing  and  living  conditions  in  the  Alabama  fields,  see 
fiapter  IV,  pp.  196-200. 


229 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


2ao 


from  four  to  ten  boarders  in  a four-room  house.  In  all  such  house 
home  life  is  absent,  and  the  condition  of  the  houses,  especially  of  th 
rooms  occupied  by  boarders,  is  very  bad.  In  some  few  cases  familie 
were  found  where  no  boarders  were  kept,  but  they  were  usually 
families  that  had  lived  several  years  in  this  country,  and  condition 
were  much  better  than  in  the  boarding  houses.  The  knowledge 
all  races  above  mentioned  as  to  sanitary  conditions  and  their  interes 
in  proper  sanitary  precautions  is  very  meager.  Waste  water  an( 
garbage  are  usually  thrown  out  the  door  or  a convenient  window 
The  household  conditions  in  homes  of  the  negroes  are  not  muc 
better  from  the  standpoint  of  cleanliness,  than  those  of  recen 
immigrants,  but  not  so  many  boarders  are  found  in  the  averag 
household.  The  regard  for  good  sanitary  conditions  is  about  th 
same  with  the  negroes  as  with  the  races  of  foreign  birth.  Th 
houses  of  the  immigrants,  as  well  as  those  of  the  negroes,  are  ver 
poorly  furnished,  both  with  regard  to  quality  and  quantity.  Thi 
is  due  probably  to  the  fact  that  the  homes  are  generally  considered 
more  or  less  temporary. 

There  is  a great  difference  in  conditions  in  the  homes  of  native-bori 
white  employees.  In  the  first  place,  there  are  fewer  boarders  pe 
family,  and  usually  not  more  than  two  to  the  room  where  they  ar 
kept.  In  a great  many  cases  there  are  no  boarders  whatever, 
general,  it  may  be  said  also  that  the  homes  of  the  American  white) 
are  kept  much  cleaner  and  there  is  more  furniture  which  is  of  a bette 
quality.  There  are  some  American  whites  who  are  exceptions,  bu! 
they  are  representative  of  the  more  shiftless  class. 


SYSTEMS  OF  DOMESTIC  ECONOMY. 


Before  entering  upon  the  detailed  study  it  will  be  profitable  t(! 
consider  briefly  the  general  situation  and  the  conditions  which  ma^^ 
be  treated  descriptively,  but  do  not  permit  of  statistical  present ation^ 
The  racial  composition  of  the  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  coal  field! 
has  been  treated  in  a preceding  cliapter,  in  which  it  has  been  seer 
that  the  Lithuanian,  Magyar,  Polish,  Russian,  Slovak,  and  North  anc 
South  Italian  races  have  contributed  the  largest  quota  of  alien  labor  tt 
the  development  and  operation  of  the  mines.  The  system  of  domestic: 
economy  adopted  by  these  races  differs  but  slightly  from  the  system? 
in  vogue  among  the  same  races  in  coal-mining  industries  in  otheil 
sections  of  the  United  States,  but  in  consequence  of  the  small  propop 
tion  of  families  to  the  entire  immigrant  population  the  boarding  and 
lodging  system  enters  to  some  extent  into  the  economic  condition  o] 
almost  every  household.  A large  proportion  of  the  alien  employees 
are  unmarried  men  and  form  a floating  population,  constantly  shiftingi 
from  one  mine  to  another,  influenced  by  minor  reasons  often,  but 
usually  moving  because  of  the  belief  that  some  advantage  in  wage?! 
or  other  conditions  of  employment  will  be  gained  by  the  change.  Ir 
a community  of  100  immigrant  laborers  there  will  probably  be  not 
more  than  a dozen  families,  and  in  almost  every  home  boarders  oi; 
lodgers  will  be  encountered.  The  unmarried  immigrant  boards  and 
lodges  with  a family  of  his  own  race  where  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  but 
lines  are  loosely  drawn  between  the  Slavic  races,  and  frequently  Slavs | 
Russians,  and  Lithuanians  will  intermingle  in  the  same  group.  Thd 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


231 


■ad  of  the  household  is  generally  known  as  the  ‘‘boarding  boss.” 
e is  usually  a man  of  influence  among  his  boarders,  the  recognized 
ider  of  the  group,  and  advises  them  in  their  dealings  with  the  coal 
>erators. 

Two  general  systems  of  domestic  economy  are  practiced  by  the 
)arding  and  lodging  groups  in  this  section,  and  in  these  there  is 
tie  difference  in  the  general  methods  pursued,  though  there  are 
casional  variations  in  the  minor  details.  The  group  most  frequently 
icountered  is  conducted  on  the  usual  boardinghouse  plan  with  a 
w additions  introduced  by  the  southern  and  eastern  European 
imigrant.  The  financial  management  of  these  groups  is  simple, 
le  boarder  pays  a certain  sum  monthly  to  the  boarding  boss  for 
)ard,  a place  to  sleep,  and  for  having  his  clothes  washed.  A uni- 
rm  price  is  usually  charged  in  each  separate  community,  which 
tries  from  $15  to  $18  per  month  in  the  different  coal  fields.  When 
e second  system  is  followed  the  lodger  pays  a certain  sum  monthly 
r having  his  food  cooked,  his  clothes  washed,  and  for  a place  to 
3ep.  Three  dollars  per  month  is  the  usual  rate  paid  by  the  lodgers 
tiere  this  system  prevails. 

Various  methods  are  followed  in  buying  the  food.  In  some 
stances  the  lodger  buys  the  food  and  takes  it  to  the  wife  of  the 
)arding  boss,  who  cooks  it  for  him.  In  other  groups  all  purchases 
e made  by  the  boarding  boss,  and  at  the  end  of  the  month  or  on 
ly  day  the  grocery  bill  is  apportioned  into  equal  shares,  each  lodger, 
course,  paying  one  share.  In  some  groups  the  boarding  boss,  if 
s family  consists  only  of  his  wife  and  an  infant  child  or  two,  pays 
fly  one  share,  his  family  receiving  their  food  free  as  additional 
•mpensation  for  his  wife’s  labor.  In  other  groups,  where  the 
mily  is  a large  one,  the  boarding  boss  is  assessed  one  and  a half 
ares  or  often  two  shares,  accounts  of  expenditures  for  the  family 
id  for  the  lodgers  being  usually  kept  separately.  The  earnings  of 
ly  of  his  children  who  may  be  employed  for  wages  are  appropriated 
j the  boarding  boss  until  the  child  has  reached  the  age  of  21,  and 
equently  it  will  be  a few  years  later  before  the  child  asserts  a claim 
a portion  of  his  wages,  after  which  he  is  charged  the  same  rate  for 
)ard  and  lodging  as  the  regular  boarders. 

The  labor  of  washing  and  cooking  for  the  group  is  all  per- 
rmed  by  the  wife  of  the  boarding  boss,  and  the  capacity  of  the 
avic  or  South  Italian  woman  for  such  work  seems  practically 
ilimited.  A group  of  12  lodgers  is  not  considered  unusually  large, 
id  frequently  15  or  20  wifi  be  found  occupying  a four-room 
)use,  which  must  also  shelter  the  family  of  the  boarding  boss, 
tiese  boarders  are,  of  course,  usually  kept  at  the  sacrifice  of  family 
:‘e  and  household  cleanliness  as  well;  the  houses  are  frequently 
owded  to  their  capacity,  with  beds  in  every  room,  the  kitchen 
eluded.  In  some  communities  the  situation  is  relieved  to  some 
:tent  during  the  summer,  the  men  sleeping  in  sheds  built  against  the 
)use.  Aside  from  the  expenses  of  food  and  clothing,  the  Slavic, 
ithuanian,  or  South  Italian  coal  miner  spends  little  money  except 
r intoxicants,  but  his  bill  for  this  item  is  large.  The  south  Euro- 
ian  immigrant  in  the  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  coal  fields  is  a 
ibitual  drinker,  and  there  is  no  social  observance  from  a wedding 
* a funeral  in  which  intoxicants  are  not  used  freely.  The  expenses 


232 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


of  every  boarding  group  include  one  or  two  cases  or  kegs  of  be(j 
weekly,  and  beer  is  always  conveniently  near  for  the  refreshment  (■ 
the  laborer  after  a day’s  work  in  the  mine.  There  is  comparative! 
little  disorder  among  this  class,  however,  resulting  from  intoxicant!! 
and  their  sprees  are  not  followed  by  the  “laying-off”  spells  whic 
characterize  the  negro  coal  miner  when  drinking.  In  addition  t 
the  boarding  and  lodging  households  are  the  “batching”  group: 
some  of  which  are  found  in  every  community.  The  South  Italia 
adopts  this  system  of  living  more  often  than  the  Slav,  but  occasional! 
groups  of  Poles  and  Ilussians  are  found.  The  financial  arrangemeni 
of  these  groups  are  not  usually  complicated.  A small  house  c 
shack  is  rented  and  the  men  buy  and  cook  their  own  food,  sharin 
equally  in  the  expenses  of  rent,  light,  and  fuel.  The  group  is  usuall 
composed  of  three  or  four  individuals  and  the  most  intelligent  of  th 
number  is  sometimes  chosen  boss,  who  has  charge  of  all  expendhture:! 
More  often,  however,  there  is  nothing  in  common  between  ther 
further  than  the  occupancy  of  the  same  house  and  the  joint  use  ci 
stove  and  cooking  utensils. 

With  continued  residence  in  this  country  the  Slav  or  South  Italia 
immigrant  conforms  more  closely  to  American  standards  of  living 
and  gradually  places  a higher  valuation  on  the  privacy  and  con 
fort  of  the  family  life  in  the  home  of  the  American  laborer.  In  eac 
community  there  are  usually  a few  families  without  boarders  c 
lodgers,  and  the  neat  and  orderly  interior  of  these  households  is  i 
contrast  to  the  uncleanly  and  congested  boarding  houses. 


RENT  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  STANDARD  OF  LIVING. 

The  rent  payments,  both  of  the  households  and  of  the  individual 
of  the  bituminous  mining  localities  of  the  South,  throw  a valuabl 
light  upon  the  prevailing  standard  of  living  and  will  be  considere 
before  entering  upon  the  discussion  of  housing  and  congestion.  I 
this  connection  the  following  tabulation  shows  the  average  rent  pc 
month  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  person  paid  by  305  housi 
holds  of  the  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  coal  fields  which  were  studie 
in  detail.  The  presentation  is  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  c 
household. 


Table  515. — Average  rent  'per  months  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of 
households 

Average  rent  per—  ; 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

1 

Apartment. 

t 

Room. 

Person.! 

H 

Foreign-born; 

I 

$5.91  i 

$1.41 

$1. , 

English 

11 

German 

21 

5.  79 

1. 58 

1. : 

Italian,  North 

25 

5.80 

1.58 

1. : 

Italian,  South 

74 

6. 10 

1.62 

Lithuanian 

12 

6.21 

1.43 

l: 

Magyar 

72 

7.67 

2.02 

Polish 

69 

6.02 

1.83 

1.1 

Slovak 

21 

6. 93 

1.89 

i.( 

Total 

305 

6. 46 

1.75 

l.i; 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


233 


From  the  preceding  table  it  is  seen  that  the  average  rent  paid  per 
aonth  per  apartment  by  the  Magyars  is  higher  than  that  of  any  other 
ace — 72  Magyars,  or  23.6  per  cent  of  the  entire  number  reporting, 
how  an  average  rent  of  $7.67  per  month  per  apartment.  Next  to  the 
lagyars  are  the  Slovaks  and  Lithuanians,  who  pay  an  average  rent 
f $6.93  and  $6.21  per  ngLonth,  per  apartment,  respectively.  Very 
ttle  difference  exists  between  the  average  rent  paid  by  the  South 
talians  and  the  Poles. 

Comparing  the  older  immigrant  races,  the  English  and  Germans, 
nth  the  more  recent  immigrants,  it  will  be  seen  that,  although  the 
verage  rent  per  month  per  room  is  higher  among  the  more  recent 
nmigrants,  the  average  per  person  is  lower.  The  Magyars  pay  a 
igher  average  rent  per  room  than  do  the  Slovaks  and  Poles.  The 
Dwest  average  rent  per  person  and  per  room  of  the  races  of  recent 
nmigration  is  paid  by  the  Lithuanians.  A comparison  of  the 
ithuanians  with  the  English  shows  that  the  Lithuanians’  average 
snt  per  month  per  room  is  2 cents  higher  than  that  of  the  English, 
Pile  the  English  average  a higher  rent  per  person  than  do  the 
Lithuanians.  A similar  comparison  may  be  made  between  the 
lorth  and  South  Italians — the  former  paying  an  average  monthly 
3nt  of  $1.58  per  room  and  $1.18  per  person,  as  compared  with 
1.62  per  room  and  97  cents  per  person  for  the  South  Italians. 
Vhth  the  exception  of  the  North  Italians,  whose  standard  of  living 
5 similar  to  that  of  the  English  and  Germans,  it  may  be  said  in  gen- 
ral  that  the  more  recent  immigrant  races  manifest  a tendency  to 
rowd  together,  due  to  a desire  to  decrease  their  individual  rent  or 
ost  of  living,  as  shown  by  the  average  rent  per  person. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each 
pecified  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race 
f head  of  household. 

ABLE  516. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment^ 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


eneral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  of 
households 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Per  cent  paying— 

paying  rent 
and  report- 
ing amount. 

Under 

$5. 

Under 

$7.50. 

Under 

$10. 

Under 

$12.50. 

Dreign-born: 

German 

21 

$5. 79 

23.8 

85.7 

90.5 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

25 

5.80 

16.0 

88.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Italian,  South 

74 

6. 10 

27.0 

74.3 

91.9 

100.0 

Magyar 

72 

7.67 

.0 

61.1 

83.3 

90.3 

Polish 

6.02 

11.6 

82.6 

91.3 

94.2 

Slovak 

21 

6. 93 

4.8 

61.9 

90.5 

100.0 

Total 

305 

6. 46 

13.1 

74.1 

90.8 

96.4 

None  of  the  Magyar  households  pay  under  $5  per  apartment, 
'Pile  6.7  per  cent  pay  over  $12.50.  The  rent  paid  by  Polish  house- 
olds  is  also  comparatively  high,  only  11.6  per  cent  of  this  race 
aying  under  $5,  and  5.8  per  cent  paying  over  $12.50.  The  German, 
Prth  Itahan,  and  South  Italian  races  have  all  of  their  numbers 
aying  under  $12.50,  and  23.8  per  cent,  16  per  cent,  and  27  per  cent, 
ispectively,  paying  under  $5. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 16 


234 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  table  next  presented,  sets  forth,  by  general  nativity  and  racj 
of  head  of  household,  the  per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specii 
fied  rent  per  month  per  room. 


Table  517.— Per  cent  of  households  'paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  h 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  total,  however,  Is  for  all  races 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 


Average 
rent  per 
room. 


Under  SI. 


Per  cent  paying— 


Under  $2. 


Under  $3. 


1 

Under  $ j 

f 

I 


Foreign-born: 

German 

Italian,  North 

ItaUan,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Total 


Of  the  total  of  305  households  paying  rent  64.3  per  cent  pay  lesj 
than  $2,  96.1  per  cent  less  than  $3,  and  3.9  per  cent  between  $1 
and  $4  per  month  per  room.  From  a comparison  of  the  differer^ 
races  it  is  seen  that  the  per  cent  of  Jylagyars  paying  under  $3  is  smalk^ 
than  that  of  any  other  race.  No  race  reports  a payment  of  over  Sti 
per  room  per  month.  It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  the  Germarfl 
and  North  Italians  pay  less  per  month  per  room  than  any  other  racd 
Although  the  South  Italians  report  2.7  per  cent  paying  less  thai 
$1  per  month,  they  have  only  68.9  per  cent  paying  under  $2,_q 
compared  to  80  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians.  Of  those  pay  mi 
between  $2  and  S3  the  North  Italians  report  16  per  cent,  while  ih\ 
South  Italians  report  28.4  per  cent.  Very  little  difference  exisii 
between  the  Poles  and  South  Italians  as  to  the  amount  paid  p( 
month  per  room.  Although  the  Slovaks  have  a smaller  per  cen 
paying  under  S2  than  the  Magyars,  their  entire  number  pay  les 
than  $3  pnr  month  per  room. 

Owing  to  the  widespread  use  of  company  houses  and  the  un 
formity  of  rent  payments  for  such  apartments,  a much  better  enteric  i 
as  to  standard  of  living  is  afforded  by  the  rent  per  month  per  persoi; 
The  average  rent  per  month  per  person  has  already  been  considerec 
and  in  the  following  table  a showing  by  nativity  and  race  as  to  tl 
extent  or  range  of  rent  payments  per  month  per  person  is  made. 


21 


305 


$1.  58 
1.58 
1.62 
2. 02 
1.83 
1.89 


1.75 


4.8 

.0 

2.7 

.0 

1.4 

.0 


90.5 

80.0 

68.9 
43.1 
66.7 

42.9 


1.3 


64.3 


100.0 

96.0 

97.3 

90.3 

97.1 
100.0 


3.1 


100.1  t 

100.  a 
100.  a 
100.1  I 
100.1  C 
100. 


100.' 


235 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


Table  518. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(study  of  households.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


Number  of 
households 

Average 
rent  per 
person. 

Per  cent  paying— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Under  $1. 

Under  S2. 

Under  S3. 

Under  $4. 

i'oreign-born: 

German 

21 

SI.  11 

28.6 

76.2 

85.7 

100.0 

Italian,  North 

25 

1. 18 

20.0 

76.0 

92.0 

92.0 

Italian,  South 

74 

.97 

45.9 

87.8 

95.9 

98.6 

Magyar 

72 

1.14 

41.7 

79.2 

88.9 

97.2 

Polish 

69 

1.01 

39.1 

89.9 

98.6 

100.0 

Slovak 

21 

1.01 

33.3 

95.2 

100.0 

100.0 

Total 

305 

1.05 

37.4 

85.6 

94.4 

98.4 

Of  the  total  number  of  305  households  85.6  per  cent  pay  less  than 
12,  37.4  per  cent  pay  less  than  $1  per  month  per  person,  8.8  per 
lent  pay  between  $2  and  S3,  and  98.4  per  cent  pay  less  than  S4.  On 
lomparing  the  Germans  wdth  races  from  southern  and  eastern  Europe, 
^6.2  and  85.7  per  cent  pay  under  $2  and  S3,  respectively,  the  remain- 
ng  14.3  per  cent  paying  between  S3  and  S4  per  month  per  person. 
3n  the  other  hand,  the  North  Italians,  although  20  per  cent  of  their 
lumber  pay  less  than  SI  and  76  per  cent  less  than  S2,  report  8 per 
lent  paying  over  S4  per  month.  Next  to  the  North  Italians  are 
;he  Magyars,  with  41.7  per  cent  paying  less  than  SI,  79.2  per  cent 
laying  less  than  S2,  and  1.4  per  cent  paying  over  S4  per  month. 
The  Poles  report  89.9  per  cent  paying  less  than  S2  and  98.6  per  cent 
ess  than  S3,  as  compared  with  87.8  per  cent  less  thai4  S2  and  95.9 
ler  cent  less  than  S3,  for  the  South  Italians.  The  South  Italians 
lave  1.4  per  cent  paying  over  S4  per  month  per  person,  while  the 
intire  number  of  Poles  pay  less  than  this  amount.  The  Slovaks 
.’eport  95.2  per  cent  paying  less  than  $2,  while  the  remaining  4.8  per 
lent  pay  between  $2  and  S3  per  month  per  person. 


236 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


BOARDERS  AND  LODGERS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  households 
keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household: 


Table  519 —iVum6er  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  hoarders  or  lodgers,  by  general  s 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rinformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the  . 
^ entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodgmg.J 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 

Households  keep-i 
ing  boarders  or 
lodgers. 

holds. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Foreign-bom: 

11 

4 

(a) 

21 

5 

23.8 

44.0 

25 

11 

76 

45 

59. 2 > 

12 

9 

(o) 

64.9 

74 

48 

69 

46 

66.7 

21 

15 

71.4 

309 

183 

59.2 

1 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  309  foreign-born  households  studied  in  this  locality,  59.2  per] 
cent  keep  boarders  or  lodgers.  The  Slovaks,  it  will  be  noted,  report  > 
the  largest  proportion,  or  71.4  per  cent,  and  the  Germans  the  smallest - 
proportion,  or  23.8  per  cent.  Following  the  Slovaks,  with  slight 
differences  in  the  proportions  reported,  are  the  Poles,  Magyars,  and  i 
South  Italians,  in  the  order  named,  the  South  Italians  reporting  59.2 
per  cent.  The  North  Italians,  on  the  other  hand,  while  reporting  a : 
considerably  smaller  proportion  than  the  South  Italians,  indicate 
that  a much  larger  proportion  of  their  number  keep  boarders  or 
lodgers  than  do  the  Germans. 

The  table  following  shows  the  average  number  of  boarders  or 
lodgers  per  household,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. Two  averages  are  given;  the  first  based  upon  the  total 
ber  of  households,  and  the  second  upon  only  those  households  which 
have  boarders  or  lodgers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


237 


.'able  520. — Average  number  of  hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[nformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


Number  of 

Average  number  of 
boarders  or  lodgers 
per  household — 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number  of 
house- 
holds. 

households 
keeping 
boarders  or 
lodgers. 

Number  of 
boarders  or 
lodgers. 

Based  on 
total  num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Based  on 
number  of 
households 
keeping 
boarders  or 
lodgers. 

i'oreign-born: 

English 

11 

4 

11 

1.00 

(a) 

German 

21 

5 

12 

.57 

Italian,  North 

25 

11 

32 

1.28 

2.91 

Italian,  South 

76 

45 

183 

2. 41 

4. 07 

Lithuanian 

12 

9 

23 

1.92 

(o) 

Magyar 

74 

48 

188 

2.54 

3.92 

Polish 

69 

46 

138 

2.00 

3.00 

Slovak 

21 

15 

51 

2. 43 

3.40 

Total 

309 

183 

638 

2. 06 

3.49 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Based  on  the  total  number  of  households,  the  average  number  of 
)oarders  or  lodgers  per  household  is  2.06,  while,  if  based  on  the  total 
lumber  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  the  average  is 
ncreased  to  3.49.  The  Magyars  report  the  largest,  and  the  Germans 
he  smallest,  average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household, 
)r  2.54  and  0.57,  respectively.  Following  the  Magyars,  and  reporting 
in  average  only  slightly  lower,  are  the  Slovaks  and  South  Italians, 
^^hile,  in  the  case  of  the  other  races,  the  average  nurnber  of  boarders 
)r  lodgers  per  household  ranges  from  2 for  the  Polish  to  1 for  the 
English  households. 

These  averages  are,  without  exception,  materially  increased  when 
he  number  oi  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household  is  based  on  the 
lumber  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers.  On  this  basis  the 
50uth  Italians,  with  an  average  of  4.07,  and  the  North  Italians,  with 
m average  of  2.91,  report  the  highest  and  lowest  average  number  of 
hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  respectively.  The  Magyars,  it 
;vill  be  noted,  report  a slightly  lower  average  than  the  South  Italians, 
ir  3.92,  while  the  Slovaks  and  Poles  report  an  average  number  of 
hoarders  or  lodgers  per  household  of  3.40  and  3,  respectively. 


238 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


SIZE  OF  APARTMENTS  OCCUPIED. 

Of  the  total  number  of  households  studied  the  table  which  follows  ’ 
shows,  by  race,  the  per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  oi 
each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

Table  521. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  oj 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

JThis  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races,  j . 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 

number 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 

Percent  of  households  occupying  apartments 
of  each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

of  house- 
holds. 

per 

house- 

hold. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or 
more. 

Foreign-born: 

German 

21 

3.67 

0.0 

4.8 

42.9 

42.9 

0.0 

9.5 

O.C 

Italian,  North 

25 

3.68 

8.0 

8.0 

.0 

80.0 

.0 

4.0 

.C 

Italian,  South 

7G 

3.78 

6.6 

10.5 

25.0 

36.8 

6.6 

10.5 

3.8 

Magyar 

74 

3.85 

.0 

.0 

37.8 

47.3 

8.1 

5.4 

1.4 

Polish 

69 

3.29 

2.9 

5.8 

59.4 

24.6 

5.8 

1.4 

.C 

Slovak 

21 

3.67 

.0 

4.8 

47.6 

33.3 

9.5 

.0 

4.8 

Total 

309 

3.70 

3.2 

5.5 

35.3 

41.1 

6.5 

6.8 

l.C 

From  an  examination  of  the  table  above  it  is  evident  that  the  type 
of  apartment  or  house  most  generally  occupied  by  races  of  recent 
immigration  in  the  mining  localities  of  the  South  contains  4 rooms, 
41.1  per  cent  of  the  total  number  being  of  this  size.  On  the  other 
hand,  35.3  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  households  have  apartments 
of  3 rooms.  Only  2 households  live  in  1-room  apartments,  and  22,  or 
5.5  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  occupy  2-room  apartments.  At  the 
other  extreme  it  is  found  that  13.3  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
households  have  apartments  of  5 or  6 rooms,  and  less  than  2 per  cent 
have  apartments  containing  7 or  more  rooms. 

As  regards  the  tendencies  exhibited  by  certain  races  as  to  the  size 
of  apartment  occupied,  the  North  and  South  Italians,  together  with 
the  Poles,  Slovaks,  and  Germans,  seem  inclined  to  secure  apartments 
of  small  size.  About  one-tenth  of  the  South  Italian  houseliolds  and 
a few  Germans,  Poles,  North  Italians,  and  Slovaks  have  2-room 
apartments.  On  the  other  hand,  about  the  same  number  of  the  races 
mentioned  above  have  households  occupying  apartments  of  5,  6, 
or  more  than  6 rooms,  so  that  the  bad  showing  in  one  direction  is 
counterbalanced  by  the  favorable  showing  at  the  other  extreme.  As 
regards  the  smallness  of  apartments,  the  Polish  households  make  the 
worst  exhibit,  with  the  Slovaks  not  far  in  advance.  Of  the  Polish 
households  68.1  per  cent  and  of  the  Slovak  52.4  per  cent  have  apart- 
ments of  3 rooms  or  less;  59.4  per  cent  of  the  Polish  and  47.6  per  cent 
of  the  Slovak  households  occupying  apartments  of  3 rooms.  Of  the 
Magyars  37.8  per  cent,  of  the  South  Italians  25  per  cent,  and  of  the 
Germans  42.9  per  cent  also  have  apartments  of  3 rooms  only.  More- 
over, if  the  standard  of  the  average  immigrant  households  be  con- 
sidered a 4-room  apartment,  the  wSouth  Italian,  Slovak,  and  especially 
the  Polish  households  are  seen  to  be  below  the  general  average, 


239 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


^hile  the  German  and  Magyar  households  are  slightly  above  the 
eneral  standard,  and  the  North  Italians  are  far  in  advance  of  any 
ther  race,  as  four-fifths  of  the  North  Italian  households  have  apart- 
lents  of  4 rooms. 

SIZE  OF  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 


The  number  of  persons  living  in  apartments  of  each  specified  num- 
fer  of  rooms  is  of  much  significance  in  forming  a conception  of  gen- 
ral  living  conditions  and  the  degree  of  congestion  existing  in  the 
Duseholds  of  recent  immigrants.  In  this  connection  the  following 
able  sets  forth  the  conditions  which  prevail  in  immigrant  households 
a the  coal-mining  fields  of  the  South,  showing  for  each  race  the  per 
ent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons : 


'able  522— Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  ho  usehold. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


This  table  includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  households  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 


[eneral  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 


'oreign-born: 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Total 


Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
house- 
hold. 

Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  or 
more 

21 

5. 19 

0.0 

19.0 

14.3 

14.3 

14.3 

0.0 

14.3 

9.5 

9.5 

4.8 

25 

4. 92 

8.0 

12.0 

16.0 

16.0 

4.0 

20.0 

8.0 

12.0 

0.0 

.0 

76 

6. 25 

.0 

7.9 

14.5 

11.8 

11.8 

11.8 

14.5 

9.2 

5.3 

13.2 

74 

6. 72 

.0 

4.1 

6.8 

12.2 

16.2 

13.5 

14.9 

8.1 

2.7 

21.6 

69 

5.  94 

.0 

5.8 

13.0 

10.1 

20.3 

10.1 

11.6 

13.0 

7.2 

8.7 

21 

6.86 

.0 

.0 

4.8 

14.3 

9.5 

19.0 

23.8 

.0 

9.5 

19.0 

309 

6. 13 

.6 

6.5 

11.7 

12.0 

16.2 

12.0 

13.3 

9.7 

5.5 

12.6 

Twelve  and  six-tenths  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  households 
)f  all  races  are  represented  by  10  or  more  persons,  27.8  per  cent  are 
)f  8 or  more  persons,  41.1  per  cent  of  7 or  more  persons,  and  53.1  per 
;ent  have  6 or  more  persons.  A more  detailed  analysis  of  the  tables 
hows  some  striking  differences  in  the  number  of  persons  per  house- 
lold. 

I CONGESTION. 


' The  conclusion  from  the  data  at  hand  is  that  all  rooms  of  the 
ipartments  occupied  by  the  recent  immigrant  households  are  not 
only  congested  but  that  the  sleeping  rooms  are  overcrowded  and 
^iaxed  to  their  utmost  capacity  to  accommodate  the  persons  who  are 
assigned  to  them.  From  a sanitary  standpoint  the  sleeping  rooms 
ire  wholly  inadequate.  This  statement  becomes  even  more  apparent 
vhen  the  following  series  of  tables  is  studied.  The  first  shows  the 
average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping 
room. 


240 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


[ 


Table  523. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per  sleeping  room! 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Total 
number  of 
house- 
holds. 

i 

Average  number  of  persons  per— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Apart- 

ment. 

Room. 

Sleepingl 

room,  j 

■ 

Foreign-born; 

English 

11 

5.00 

1.20 

1 

2.5' 

German 

21 

5.19 

1.42 

3.2, 

Italian,  North 

25 

4.92 

1.34 

2.8: 

Italian,  South 

7G 

6.25 

1. 66 

2.91 

Lithuainan 

12 

6.  67 

1.54 

3.0, 

Magvar 

74 

6. 72 

1.74 

3.1 

Polish 

69 

5.94 

1.81 

2.9 

Slovak 

21 

6.86 

1.87 

3. 0 

j 

Total 

309 

6. 13 

1.66 

3.0j 

The  above  table  is  clear  in  itself  and  needs  very  little  commentii 
It  is  well  worth  while  to  note,  however,  the  high  average  of  personjuj 
per  sleeping  room  for  all  households  of  recent  immigration  and  th(  ' 
tendencies  exhibited  by  the  Slovaks,  Magyars,  Lithuanians,  Ger 
marts,  Poles,  and  South  Italians,  which  races,  with  the  exception  o ■: 
the  last  two  mentioned,  are  in  excess  of  the  average  for  all  raceh 
in  the  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room.  The  same  tendenc\i 
holds  good  in  the  relative  showing  as  to  the  average  number  of  per 
sons  per  apartment  and  per  room. 

The  table  which  follows  presents  data  relative  to  the  number  ol 
persons  per  room. 


Table  524. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(.STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
room. 

Number  of  households 
having  each  specified 
number  of  persons 
per  room. 

Per  cent  of  household;! 
having  each  specifier 
number  of  persons  pei 
room. 

holds. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

1 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

1.20 

9 

2 

(a) 

76.2 

(a) 

28.6 

(a) 

9.5 

(a) 

0.( 

.t 

German 

21 

1.42 

16 

6 

2 

Italian,  North 

25 

1.34 

20 

5 

2 

80.0 

20.0 

8.0 

Italian,  South 

76 

1.66 

69 

33 

6 

2 

90.8 

43.4 

7.9 

2.( 

Lithuanian 

12 

1.54 

12 

4 

2 

2 

(a) 

(O) 

(o) 

(a) 

Magyar 

74 

1.74 

68 

31 

7 

1 

91.9 

41.9 

9.5 

1.4 

Polish 

69 

1.81 

64 

33 

3 

92.8 

47.8 

4.3 

.( 

Slovak 

21 

1.87 

21 

9 

1 

100.0 

42.9 

4.8 

.( 

Total 

309 

1. 66 

279 

123 

23 

5 

90.3 

39.8 

7.4 

1.^ 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Considering  the  total  number  of  households  of  foreign-born  head,! 
the  table  above  shows  that  90.3  per  cent  have  one  or  more  per- 
sons per  room,  39.8  per  cent  have  two  or  more  persons  per  room,; 
and  7.4  per  cent  have. three  or  more  persons  per  room.  As  regards 
the  several  races,  the  Germans  indicate  a comparative!}^  small  amount 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


241 


f congestion,  76.2  per  cent  of  the  households  of  this  race  having  one 
r more  persons  per  room,  and  28.6  per  cent  having  only  two  or  more 
ersons  per  rbom.  An  even  better  showing  is  made  by  the  North 
talian  households,  of  which  only  20  per  cent  have  two  or  more  persons 
er  room.  On  the  other  hand,  47.8  per  cent  of  the  Poles,  43.4  per 
ent  of  the  South  Italian,  42.9  per  cent  of  the  Slovak,  and  41.9  per 
ent  of  the  Magyar  households  have  two  or  more  persons  per  room, 
'our  and  eight-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Slovak  homes  have  an  average 
f three  or  more  persons  per  room.  Of  the  South  Italian  households, 
.9  per  cent,  9.5  per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  and  4.3  per  cent  of  the 
’oles  have  an  average  of  three  or  more  persons  per  room.  Of  the 
louth  Italians,  2.6  per  cent,  and  1.4  per  cent  of  the  Magyars  have  an 
verage  of  four  or  more  persons  per  room.  A considerable  proportion 
f the  households  of  all  races  have  three  or  more  persons  per  room. 

The  prevailingly  crowded  condition  of  practically  all  households  of 
ecent  immigrants  in  southern  coal  communities  having  thus  been 
lade  manifest  it  will  be  profitable  to  inquire  how  far  the  congestion 
5 limited  to  the  general  living  conditions  and  how  far  it  affects  the 
leeping  and  other  household  arrangements.  An  interesting  light  is 
brown  upon  this  question  by  the  following  table,  which,  as  compared 
nth  the  preceding  table  exhibiting  number  of  persons  per  room, 
bows  the  number  and  percentage  of  households  having  each  specified 
umber  of  persons  per  sleeping  room. 


'able  525. — Persons  -per  sleeping  room,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OE  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


eneral  nativity  and 
race  of  bead  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  per- 
sons per 
sleeping 
room. 

Number  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Per  cent  of  households  having 
each  specified  number  of 
persons  per  sleeping  room. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

2 or 
more. 

3 or 
more. 

4 or 
more. 

5 or 
more. 

6 or 
more. 

oreign-born: 

English 

11 

2. 50 

8 

3 

2 

(o) 

(a) 

.(“) 

(a) 

(o) 

German 

21 

3.21 

21 

12 

7 

2 

1 

100.0 

57.1 

33.3 

9.5 

4.8 

Italian  North 

25 

2.86 

20 

15 

6 

80.0 

60.0 

24.0 

.0 

.0 

Italian,  South 

76 

2.  97 

71 

44 

15 

6 

93.4 

57.9 

19.7 

7.9 

.0 

Lithuanian 

12 

3.08 

12 

5 

4 

2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

Magyar 

74 

3.13 

67 

42 

18 

11 

3 

90.5 

56.8 

24.3 

14.9 

4.1 

Polish 

69 

2. 95 

63 

40 

18 

3 

1 

91.3 

58.0 

26.1 

4.3 

1.4 

Slovak 

21 

3.06 

20 

13 

3 

2 

1 

95.2 

61.9 

14.3 

9.5 

4.8 

Total 

309 

3.00 

282 

174 

73 

26 

7 

91.3 

56.3 

23.6 

8.4 

2.3 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


1 Upon  examining  the  table  it  is  seen  that  91.3  per  cent  of  the  house- 
lolds  of  all  races  have  two  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  56.3 
>er  cent  have  three  or  more  persons,  23.6  per  cent  have  four  or  more, 
nd  8.4  per  cent  have  five  or  more  persons. 

None  of  the  German  households  have  less  than  two  persons  to  a 
leeping  room.  Fifty-seven  and  one-tenth  per  cent  of  the  house- 
lolds  of  this  race  have  three  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  and 
;3.3  per  cent  have  four  or  more  persons  to  a sleeping  room.  In  the 
ase  of  the  North  Italian  homes,  it  is  a striking  fact  compared  with 
ither  races  that  20  per  cent  of  the  households  have  on  an  average  less 
ban  two  persons  sleeping  in  a room,  and  while  24  per  cent  of  the 


242 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


households  have  between  four  and  five  persons  to  a sleeping  roon 
none  of  the  households  have  more  than  five  persons.  On  the  othed 
hand,  19.7  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households  have  four  or  mor  i 
persons  for  each  sleeping  room,  and  7.9  per  cent  have  five  or  mor  ; 
persons.  It  is  worthy  of  note  also  that  56.8  per  cent  of  theMagya  v 
households  have  three  or  more  persons  sleeping  in  a room,  24.3  pei 
cent  have  four  or  more  persons,  and  14.9  per  cent  five  or  more  persons  ' 
A greater  proportion  of  the  Polish  households  also  have  three  or  morio 
and  four  or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  but  not  so  great  a percent » 
age  have  five  or  more  sleeping  in  a single  room  as  in  the  case  of  th^ 
Magyars.  The  Slovak  households  in  general  make  somewhat  th 
same  showing  as  do  the  Polish. 

An  added  significance,  however,  is  given  to  the  foregoing  showing 
with  regard  to  congestion,  when  a more  detailed  examination  i, 
made  of  the  relative  use  of  rooms  and  the  extent  to  which  the  room, 
of  the  households  are  used  for  sleeping  or  for  other  purposes.  Ii 
the  following  table,  which  shows  the  number  and  percentage  of  room: 
not  used  for  sleeping,  the  real  situation  as  regards  crowding  anc 
living  arrangements  in  the  immigrant  households  in  the  South  it 
made  manifest. 

Table  526. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  eacl 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  house- 
hold. 

Average 

number 

Number  of  households 
sleeping  in — 

Per  cent  of  households 
sleeping  in— 

number 
of  house- 
holds. 

of  sleep- 
ing rooms 
per  house- 
hold. 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

room. 

All 

except 

2 

rooms. 

All 

rooms. 

All 

except 

room. 

All 

except 

2 

rooms. 

Foreign-born; 

English 

11 

4. 18 

2.00 

1.62 

9 

(a) 

0.0 

8.0 

(a) 

23.8 

12.0 

(«) 

47.  f 

German 

21 

3.67 

5 

10 

Italian,  North 

25 

3.68 

1.72 

2 

3 

15 

60.  C 

Italian,  South 

76 

3.  78 

2.11 

5 

31 

28 

6.6 

40.8 

36.8 

Lithuanian 

12 

4. 33 

2.17 

1 

2 

4 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

Magyar 

74 

3.85 

2. 15 

34 

29 

.0 

45. 9 
65.2 

39.2 

Polish 

69 

3.  29 

2. 01 

4 

45 

17 

5.8 

24.6 

Slovak 

21 

3.67 

2.  24 

13 

7 

.0 

61.9 

33.3 

Total 

309 

3. 70 

2.04 

12 

133 

119 

3.9 

43.0 

38.5 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


243 


If  from  the  foregoing  table  the  column  showing  the  average  number 
rooms  per  household  be  presented  with  the  column  from  Table 
!3,  showing  the  average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  the  races 
Lving  the  greatest  number  of  persons  per  apartment  are  seen  to 
!ive  apartments  of  the  smaller  number  or  rooms.  This  is  especially 
)table  in  the  case  of  the  South  Italians,  Magyars,  Poles,  Lithuanian, 
id  Slovak  households  and  the  general  significance  of  the  situation 
ay  be  seen  by  a glance  at  the  table  below. 

tBLE  527. — Average  number  of  rooms  per  apartment  and  average  number  of  persons  per 
apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Average 
number  of 
rooms  per 
apartment. 

Average 
number  of 
persons  per 
apartment. 

reign-born: 

English.  ............................ 

4. 18 

5. 00 

German ........... ......... ..... .................. .... 

3.67 

5. 19 

Italian,  N orth 

3.68 

4. 92 

Italian,  South 

3. 78 

6. 25 

Lithuanian 

4. 33 

6.67 

Magyar .... ... .......... ............... ....... 

3.85 

6. 72 

3.  29 

5. 94 

Slovak 

3.  67 

6.86 

Total  

3.  70 

6.13 

If  the  comparison  be  carried  further  and  the  average  number  of 
arsons  per  room  be  compared  with  the  average  number  of  roorns 
)r  household  the  same  tendencies  hold  good.  This  comparison  is 
ade  in  the  table  below. 


lble  528. — Average  number  of  rooms  per  apartment  and  average  number  of  persons  per 
room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Average 
number  of 
rooms  per 
apartment. 

Average 
number  of 
persons  per 
room. 

reign-born: 

English - 

4. 18 

1.20 

(rfirman  .... 

3.67 

1. 42 

Italian,  North 

3.68 

1.34 

Italian,  South 

3. 78 

1.66 

Lithuanian - 

4. 33 

1.54 

Magyar 

3. 85 

1.74 

Polish  

3. 29 

1.81 

Slovak  

3. 67 

1.87 

Total  

3. 70 

1. 66 

From  the  above  comparisons,  as  well  as  from  the  series  of  tables 
•eceding,  the  existence  of  congestion  among  immigrant  households, 
id  the  relative  extent  to  which  it  exists  among  households  of  the 
fferent  races,  is  apparent.  The  fact  that  the  different  households 
•ntain  an  increasingly  large  number  of  persons  in  the  face  of  a 
^creasing  number  of  rooms,  suggests  again  the  question  as  to  sleep- 
g arrangements  which  has  already  been  partially  answered.  Addi- 
Dnal  light,  however,  upon  this  point  may  be  obtained  from  the 


244 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


prec(jding  table,  as  well  as  the  following  comparison,  showing  i : 

Earallel  columns,  by  race,  the  average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  pt 
ousehold  and  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Table  529. — Average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  per  apartment  and  average  number  ' 
persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  i 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Average  Average  i 
number  of  number  c 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


sleeping 
rooms  per 
apartment. 


persons  pe  , 
sleeping  \ 
room. 


Foreign-born: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Magvar 

Polish 

Slovak 


2.00  2.1 

1.62  3.1 

1.72  2.! 

2.11  2.1 

2.17  3.( 

2. 15  3. ; 

2.01  2.{ 

2.24  3.( 


Total 


2.04  3.( 


The  presentation  of  the  above  averages  by  race  simply  brings  int* 
comparable  form  the  average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room  an( 
the  average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  available.  The  point  of  greates 
significance  lies  in  the  comparison  of  the  average  number  of  sleeping 
rooms  with  the  average  number  of  rooms  per  household  and  in  th 
conclusion  regarding  the  extent  to  which  the  rooms  of  the  households 
are  used  for  sleeping.  By  referring  to  the  preceding  tables  it  will  b( 
seen  that  the  average  number  of  rooms  per  household  for  all  house 
holds  is  3.70  and  the  average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  2.04,  leaving 
an  average  of  1.66  rooms  available  for  other  purposes  than  sleeping 
This  showing  is  not  so  bad  as  it  might  be  for  it  indicates  that,  consid 
ering  all  races  together,  there  is  a kitchen  available  which  is  not  usee 
for  sleeping,  and  that  in  many  households  there  may  be  a dining  o] 
living  room  independent  of  the  sleeping  rooms.  On  the  other  hand 
it  clearly  points  out  also  that  only  part  and  not  all  races  have  a dining 
or  living  room  which  is  not  used  for  sleeping.  As  a matter  of  fact,  b} 
referring  to  the  exact  percentages,  it  is  seen  that  43  per  cent  of  al 
the  households  use  all  rooms  except  1 for  sleeping,  while  3.9  pei 
cent  use  all  rooms  for  that  purpose,  and  only  38.5  per  cent  of  all  havt 
2 rooms  available  above  those  used  for  sleeping.  The  conclusior 
is  clear,  therefore,  that  only  about  38  per  cent  of  the  households 
have  a kitchen  and  dining  or  living  room  not  used  as  a sleeping  room, 
that  43  per  cent  have  a kitchen  only,  which  must  serve  also  as  a 
dining  ancl  living  room,  and  that  about  4 per  cent  have  neithei 
dining,  living  room,  nor  kitchen  in  addition  to  their  sleeping  rooms. 

If  the  same  situation  be  examined  by  races,  the  best  showing  is 
made  by  the  North  Italian  households  of  which  60  per  cent  have 
2 rooms  available  in  addition  to  the  rooms  used  for  sleeping.  Of 
the  German  households  47.6  per  cent  also  have  space  for  a dining 
room  or  living  room  and  kitchen  besides  the  rooms  used  for  sleeping, 
while  23.8  per  cent  have  1 room  in  addition  to  the  sleeping  rooms. 
The  worst  showing  is  made  by  the  Polish  households,  5.8  per  cent  of 
which  use  all  rooms  for  sleeping,  65.2  per  cent  all  rooms  except  1, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


245 


ad  24.6  per  cent  all  rooms  except  2.  Of  the  Slovak  households 
1.9  per  cent  have  only  1 room  available  for  cooking,  eating,  and 
ving,  and  33.3  per  cent  of  the  same  race  have  2 rooms  for  these  pur- 
oses.  While  6.6  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian  households  use  all 
)oms  of  their  apartments  to  sleep  in  and  40.8  per  cent  use  all  rooms 
icept  possibly  the  kitchen,  36.8  per  cent  of  the  households  have  2 
)oms  in  addition  to  their  sleeping  rooms.  Only  in  the  case  of  the 
orth  Italians,  South  Italians,  Poles,  and  Lithuanians  are  the  house- 
olds  of  any  race,  even  in  small  numbers,  found  to  be  sleeping  in 
11  rooms  of  their  apartments. 


/ 

/ 


Chapter  VIII. 

SALIENT  CHARACTERISTICS. 


jteracy — Conjugal  condition — Visits  abroad — Age  classification  of  employees  and 
members  of  their  households — [Text  Tables  530  to  544  and  General  Tables  231  to  240]. 


LITERACY. 

The  general  literacy  of  bituminous  coal  mine  employees  in  the 
>outh  is  shown  by  the  following  table  based  on  a detailed  study  of 
3,043  individual  mine  workers. 

’able  530.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by 

general  nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.) 


1 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

Jative-born  of  native  father: 

White  

4,242 

05.3 

94.6 

N - 

4,639 

66 

69.7 

67.5 

Jative-born  of  foreign  fether,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

England 

97.0 

95.5 

Germany 

48 

93.8 

93.8 

Ireland 

85 

96.5 

94.1 

Scotland .... ........................... ................ 

66 

98.5 

98.5 

?oreign-born,  by  race: 

Unitarian  . ......... ... 

123 

87.8 

87.8 

C.rnatiaTi  . ............ 

251 

73.7 

71.7 

English. 

117 

96.6 

96.6 

Garman  

109 

100. 0 

100.0 

Irish  ......... 

44 

93.2 

9.3.2 

T t.al  i an  "NT  nrt.h  

389 

68.9 

66.3 

Italian,  South. 

1, 149 
341 

58.1 

54.5 

Magyar. 

8819 

88.6 

Mfintpripgrin  

91 

62.6 

1 62.6 

Palish  ................. 

296 

80.7 

78.0 

P nssian  

77 

76.6 

68.8 

Rpnf.ph  

100 

100.0 

99.0 

Rlnvalr  ............ 

380 

86.6 

85.5 

Rlnvpnian  

57 

61.4 

69.6 

Grand  total 

13,043 

80.3 

78.5 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father... 

341 

96.5 

94.7 

rnta.1  Tiativp-bnrn  

9,222 

3,821 

82.5 

81.0 

ratal  fnrpijm-hnm  

75.0 

72.6 

_ 

It  is  worthy  of  special  mention,  that  the  per  cent  of  literate  persons 
aative-born  of  foreign  father  is  much  higher  than  that  of  persons 
aative-born  of  native  father,  as  well  as  that  of  the  foreign-born — 
the  first  named  reporting  96.5  per  cent  who  can  read  and  94.7 
per  cent  who  can  both  read  and  write,  as  compared  with  82.5  and 

247 


248 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


81  per  cent  of  the  native-born,  and  75  and  72.6  per  cent  of  the  foreign 
born,  respectively.  That  the  per  cent  of  literate  persons  among  th 
native-born  is  largely  reduced  by  the  presence  of  negroes  is  true,  yet 
comparison  of  the  native  whites  with  the  native-born  of  foreigii 
father  shows  a larger  per  cent  of  illiterates  on  the  part  of  the  formej 
than  of  the  latter.  The  native  whites  report  only  4.7  per  cent  wh 
can  not  read  and  5.4  per  cent  who  are  not  able  to  both  read  am 
write,  as  compared  with  30.3  per  cent  and  32.5  per  cent,  respectively! 
of  the  negroes  who  are  so  reported.  ^ 

Of  the  native-born  of  foreign  father,  those  whose  fathers  wer  ^ 
born  in  Scotland  report  only  1.5  per  cent  of  illiterates.  On  th 
other  hand,  persons  native-born  of  English  father  report  3 per  cen/ 
who  can  not  read,  and  4.5  per  cent  who  can  not  both  read  and  write  i 
The  percentage  of  literacy  which  ranks  second  is  shown  by  the  secon(  > 
generation  Irish,  wTo  report  96.5  per  cent  who  can  read  and  94.  9 
per  cent  who  can  both  read  and  write.  The  employees  whose  father  d 
were  born  in  Germany  show  the  largest  per  cent  of  illiterates  with 
6.2  per  cent  of  their  number  who  can  neither  read  nor  write. 

Of  the  foreign-born  the  Germans  lead,  reporting  no  illiterates,  fob 
lowed  by  the  Scotch,  who  report  100  per  cent  who  can  read  ancj 
only  1 per  cent  who  can  not  both  read  and  write ; while  the  English  r! 
who  come  next  to  the  Scotch,  report  3.4  per  cent  of  illiterates.  TEf 
Irish  report  6.8  per  cent  of  illiterates.  While  only  23.4  per  cem^ 
of  the  Kussians  are  unable  to  read,  31.2  per  cent  are  unable  both  t(f 
read  and  to  write,  indicating  a wider  margin  between  those  who  car  > 
both  read  and  write  and  those  who  can  only  read  than  is  shown  b} 
any  other  race. 

The  percentage  of  illiterates  reported  by  the  Magyars,  Bulgarians 
and  Slovaks  varies  very  little,  ranging  from  11.1  per  cent  of  th( 


Magyars  to  13.4  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  who  can  not  read,  and  11.4 


per  cent  of  the  Magyars  to  14.5  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks  who  can  noli 
both  read  and  write.  The  Poles  and  Russians,  in  the  order  given  ' 
follow  the  above  named  races,  the  Poles  reporting  80.7  per  cent  whc^ 
can  read  and  78  per  cent  who  can  both  read  and  write,  as  compared', 
with  76.6  and  68.8  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  Russians.  TEi 
Croatians  show  a larger  percentage  of  literacy  than  the  North 
Italians;  and  the  percentage  of  literacy  of  the  Slovenians,  while  lowei- 
than  that  of  the  Croatians  and  North  Italians  and  slightly  lowen 
than  the  Montenegrins,  is  higher  than  that  of  the  South  Italians. 
As  a matter  of  fact,  the  greatest  illiteracy  is  shown  by  the  South  i 
Italians,  of  which  race  only  58.1  per  cent  can  read  and  only  54.5  per; 
cent  can  both  read  and  write. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South, 


249 


The  following  table  shows,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  the 
adividual  employee,  the  per  cent  of  5,745  employees  in  the  West 
Trginia  mines  who  can  read  and  who  can  both  read  and  write. : 

'able  531. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  West  Virginia  who  read  and  per  cent  who 
read  and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STODY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  who- 


Read. 


Read  and 
write. 


ative-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father:  Ireland 
oreign-born,  by  race: 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

otal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

otal  native-born 

otal  foreign-born 


2,317 

344 

63 

249 

50 

70 

330 

996 

314 

240 

42 

323 


5,745 


223 

2,884 

2,861 


96.3 

89.5 

96.8 

73.9 
98.0 

100.0 

64.8 

57.6 

88.9 

81.7 

78.6 

86.7 


84.3 

96.4 

95.5 
73.1 


95.5 

88.1 

95.2 

71.9 

98.0 
100.0 

62.4 

54.0 

88.5 

79.2 

66.7 

85.8 


82.5 

94.2 

94.5 

70.5 


Of  all  the  employees  82.5  per  cent  both  read  and  write.  The  per- 
entage  of  persons  who  both  read  and  write  among  the  foreign-born 
15  70.5  as  against  94.5  for  all  the  native-born.  Subdividing  the 
ative-born  according  to  nativity  of  father  into  native-born  of 
ative  father  and  native-born  of  foreign  father,  it  is  seen  that  the 
teracy  of  the  two  groups  is  almost  identical,  the  percentage  being 

4.5  for  the  former  and  94.2  per  cent  for  the  latter.  Among  persons 
, ative-born  of  native  father,  a marked  difference  is  noted  between 
ae  percentages  for  whites  and  those  for  negroes.  Of  the  former, 

5.5  per  cent  are  able  to  read  and  to  write;  of  the  latter,  only  88.1 
er  cent.  As  regards  the  foreign-born  employees  the  highest  per- 
antage  of  literates  is  found  among  the  Germans,  all  of  whom  can 
ead  and  write.  The  English  are  second  among  the  races  of  any 
umerical  importance  with  a proportion  of  literacy  amounting  to  98 
er  cent,  and  Magyars  and  Slovaks  follow.  The  lowest  percentage 
I that  reported  for  South  Italians,  only  54  per  cent  of  whom  can 
had  and  write.  The  figure  for  North  Italians  is  62.4  per  cent,  that 
)r  Croatians  71.9  per  cent,  and  that  for  Poles  79.2  per  cent. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 17 


250 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


If  the  foreign-born  be  divided  into  two  groups,  the  natives  o 
northern  and  western  Europe  being  included  in  the  first  and  th 
natives  of  southern  and  eastern  Europe  in  the  second  group,  th 
following  showing  is  secured : 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

• 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Nnmbe 
who  read 
andwriti 

Group  I: 

13 

11 

Group  II— Continued. 

Herzegovinian 

3 

50 

49 

Italian,  North 

330 

2i 

2 

2 

Italian,  South 

996 

5. 

70 

70 

Lithuanian 

38 

16 

15 

Magyar 

314 

2 

26 

25 

Montenegrin 

13 

3 

3 

Polish 

240 

n 

6 

3 

Roumanian 

33 

Russian 

42 

Total 

0 186 

0 178 

Ruthenian 

4 

20 

323 

Group  II: 

— 

Servian 

Slovak  

2 

3 

2 

Slovenian 

15 

Bohemian 

Tinlcrarinn  

5 

3 

Syrian 

5 

Croatian 

249 

179 

Total 

6 2,649 

61,8 

16 

13 

Greek 

— 

a Not  including  1 Canadian,  other  than  French. 
b Not  including  one  Hebrew,  other  than  Russian, 


and  24  Austrians,  race  not  specified. 


The  percentage  of  literates  is,  for  the  first  group,  95.7,  and  for  th 

In  addition  to  the  information  secured  from  individual  employet 
in  all  the  southern  coal-producing  States,  data  as  to  literacy  were  als 
secured  from  the  members  of  the  households  studied  in  the  Soutl 
The  following  table  indicates  the  degree  in  which  they  are  able  t 
read  and  write  any  language: 


Table  532. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent  who  re( 
and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  vndividuat. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  on  ly  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  race 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who  read. 

Per  cent  who  reac 
and  write. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Total. 

Male. 

Fe- 

male. 

Totf 

Foreign-bom: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

26 

40 

69 

291 

39 

224 

207 

64 

14 

26 

16 

65 

10 

80 

71 

24 

40 

66 

85 

356 

49 

304 

278 

88 

100.0 

90.0 

92.7 

53.6 

43.6 
92.9 
76.3 

82.8 

92.9 

84.6 

1 93.8 
26.2 
60.0 
76.3 
69.0 
70.8 

97.5 

87.9 

92.9 

48.6 

46.9 

88.5 

74.5 

79.5 

100.0 

87.5 

91.3 

52.6 
38.5 
92.0 

75.4 
81.3 

92.9 

84.6 
93.8 
26.2 
30.0 
76.3 

67.6 

66.7 

9/ 

8( 

91 

41 

3( 

81 

71 

71 

Grand  total 

1,041 

336 

1,377 

75.2 

67.6 

73.3 

74.1 

66.1 

71 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

36 

1,005 

24 

30 

306 

56 

66 

1,311 

90.6 
88.9 

74.7 

100.0 

90.0 

65.4 

94.6 

89.4 

72.5 

90.6 

88.9 

73.5 

100.0 

90.0 

63.7 

9- 

8‘ 

71 

Upon  comparing  the  relative  degree  of  literacy  shown  by  the  tot 
number  of  persons  native-born  and  the  total  number  of  persoi 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


251 


native-born  of  foreign  father  in  the  preceding  table  it  is  seen  that  5.4 
per  cent  of  the  total  males  and  females  of  the  second  generation,  as 
compared  with  10.6  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  persons  native- 
born  are  unable  to  either  read  or  write.  On  the  other  hand,  14.2  per 
cent  more  of  the  total  native-born  males  than  of  the  total  foreign- 
born  males  can  read  and  15.4  per  cent  more  can  both  read  and 
write,  and  34.6  per  cent  more  native-born  females  can  read  and  36.3 
per  cent  more  can  read  and  write  than  of  females  of  foreign  birth. 
Considering  the  total  of  both  sexes  from  the  standpoint  of  illiteracy, 
10.6  per  cent  only  of  the  native-born  as  contrasted  with  28.8  per  cent 
of  the  foreign-born  can  neither  read  nor  write. 

When  the  illiteracy  of  the  different  immigrant  races  is  examined 
some  startling  exhibits  are  presented.  Of  the  total  number  of  Lithu- 
anians 63.3  per  cent  and  52.2  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians,  together 
with  27  per  cent  of  the  Poles  and  22.7  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks,  can 
Qot  read  and  write.  Comparatively  speaking,  a somewhat  better 
showing  is  made  by  the  Magyars,  one-eighth  of  the  total  number  of 
this  race  being  unable  to  read  and  write.  Among  all  the  races  above 
mentioned  a greater  degree  of  illiteracy  is  shown  among  the  females 
than  among  the  males,  73.8  per  cent  of  the  South  Italian,  70  per  cent 
the  Lithuanian,  32.4  per  cent  of  the  Polish,  23.7  per  cent  of  the 
Magyar,  and  33.3  per  cent  of  the  Slovak  females  being  illiterate. 

The  English  and  North  Italian  races  stand  out  prominently  in  the 
legree  of  literacy  they  show.  All  the  English  males  and  all  but  7.1 
3er  cent  of  the  females  can  read  and  write,  and  all  except  8.7  per  cent 
)f  the  North  Italian  males  and  all  except  6.2  per  cent  of  the  females 
ire  literate.  The  German  is  more  illiterate  than  the  North  Italian, 
12. 5 per  cent  of  the  males  and  15.4  per  cent  of  the  females  being  with- 
)ut  the  ability  to  read  and  write. 

It  is  also  important  to  inquire  into  the  effect  of  the  period  of  resi- 
lence in  this  country  upon  the  ability  of  the  immigrant  to  read 
ind  write.  In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  percentage  of  1,311 
oreign-born  persons  in  the  South  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  can 
•ead  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States. 

[“able  533. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
( who  read  and  write,  hy  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

I 

t (STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


1 

1 Race  of  individual. 

1 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by  years  in 
United  States. 

Percent  who  read  and  write,  by 
years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

I'nder  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

llnglish 

40 

96.4 

100.0 

(a) 

96.4 

100.0 

(a) 

erman 

66 

83.3 

92.3 

100.0 

81.0 

92.3 

100.0 

kalian.  North 

85 

91.9 

95.0 

(a) 

90.3 

95.  0 

(o) 

■alian.  South 

356 

4.3.9 

55.6 

75.0 

42.7 

55.6 

75.0 

ithuanian 

49 

50.0 

46.2 

43.8 

40.0 

38.5 

31.3 

Magyar 

304 

88.8 

86.8 

89.8 

88.3 

85.5 

89.8 

blish 

278 

74.3 

77.9 

65.2 

7.3.3 

76.5 

65.  2 

lovak 

88 

78.4 

«0.2 

72.7 

75.7 

82.8 

72.7 

Total 

1,311 

70.4 

75.9 

77.6 

69.1 

74.6 

76.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


252 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


From  a glance  at  the  preceding  table  it  is  evident  that  there  is  an 
intimate  relation  between  period  of  residence  and  literacy,  illiteracy 
decreasing  as  period  of  residence  increases.  Of  all  the  immigrant 
races  the  greatest  improvement  in  literacy  growing  out  of  an  extended 
period  of  residence  is  found  in  the  case  of  the  South  Italians,  75  per 
cent  of  the  persons  of  this  race  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten 
years  or  more  being  able  to  read  and  write  as  compared  with  43.9  per 
cent  of  the  race  who  had  been  in  the  country  under  five  years.  All 
of  the  Germans  of  ten  years’  residence  or  over  can  read  and  write  as 
contrasted  with  only  83.3  per  cent  who  have  been  in  the  country 
less  than  five  years.  The  North  Italians  also  exhibit  a considerable 
degree  of  advancement  in  the  longer  residence  periods.  Instead  of 
improvement,  an  opposite  tendency  is  noticeable  among  the  Lithu- 
anians, Slovaks,  and  Magyars.  Among  these  races  a smaller  percent- 
age of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  more 
can  read  and  write  than  of  those  of  a shorter  residence. 

In  connection  with  the  general  subject  of  literacy  it  will  be  of  value 
to  compare  the  relative  status  of  the  foreign-born  upon  the  basis  of 
their  age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States.  This  compari- 
son is  presented  in  the  following  table,  which  shows  the  literacy  of 
foreign-born  persons  in  the  households  studied,  10  years  of  age  or 
over^by  age  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  the  United  States: 


Table  534— Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  oj 
individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


(This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.]  I 


Race  of  iudividual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  read,  by 
age  at  time  of  coming 
to  United  States. 

Per  cent  who  read  and 
write,  by  age  at  time 
of  coming  to  United 
States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

JJjjgljcIi  . 

40 

100.0 

96.8 

100.0 

96.8 

84.5 

91.5 

47.8 
36.4 

87.6 
72. 2 
79.0 

Gcrinsn.  

66 

100.0 

86.2 

100.0 

ItsliclTl  T^nrth  

85 

(a) 

92.7 

jtalian  

356 

47.6 

48.7 

47.6 



49 

40.0 

47.7 

40.0 

fi  p"  vfir 

304 

90.9 

88.3 

90.9 

Polish 

278 

84.6 

78.4 

84.6 

Slovak 

88 

71.4 

80.2 

57. 1 

Total  

1,311 

78.4 

72.0 

77.5 

70.7 



a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Upon  comparing  the  two  groups  in  the  above  table,  it  is  seen  that 
of  foreign-born  persons  who  were  less  than  14  years  of  age  when  they 
came  to  this  country  78.4  per  cent  can  now  read  and  77 .5  per  cent  can 
both  read  and  write,  while  of  those  persons  who  were  over  14  years 
old  when  they  came  to  the  United  States  only  72  per  cent  can  now 
read  and  70.7  per  cent  both  read  and  write.  The  greater  proportion 
of  those  under  14  at  time  of  cojning  to  this  country  who  can  both 
read  and  write  is  probably  due  to  the  greater  adaptability  of  the 
younger  immigrant  as  well  as  to  the  effects  of  the  American  public 
school  system. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


253 


As  regards  the  different  races  it  is  worthy  of  notice  that  of  the  Ger- 
nans  and  English  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  when  they  came 
,0  this  country  all  are  able  both  to  read  and  to  write,  and  these  same 
•aces  as  compared  with  all  other  foreign-born  persons  show  a greater 
legree  of  literacy  in  the  group  of  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of 
heir  arrival.  The  Magyars,  Slovaks,  and  Poles  who  were  14  years 
)f  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  coming  to  the  United  States  also 
ixhibit  a relatively  high  proportion  of  literacy  as  compared  wit'i  the 
louth  Italians  and  Lithuanians.  The  two  latter  races  in  both  age 
youps  exhibit  more  than  50  per  cent  of  illiterates,  and  no  degree  of 
advancement  in  the  age  group  under  14  as  compared  with  the  group 
•ver  14  years  of  age. 

CONJUGAL  CONDITION. 

As  regards  the  conjugal  condition  of  the  coal-mining  employees  of 
he  South,  the  tables  next  submitted  show,  by  general  nativity  and 
ace,  the  number  and  per  cent  of  persons  who  report  themselves  as 
ingle,  married,  or  widowed. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  conjugal  condition  of  the 
idividual  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over^  studied  in  the  bitumi- 
ous  coal  mines  of  the  South,  classified  according  to  race  and  general 
ativity. 

ABLE  535.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  conjugal  condition, 
by  general  nativity  and  race.  ’ 

(study  of  employees.) 


his  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

Per  cent  who  are — 

complete 

data. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

itive-born  of  native  father; 

White 

3,729 

4,2b9 

47 

78 

43 

115 

237 

111 

108 

43 

329 

1,008 

41 

313 

80 

26.0 

35.1 

27.7 

46.2 
43.9 

32.2 

42.2 
13.5 
32.4 

30. 2 

71  9 

Negro 

4 1.  Z 

2. 8 
4.6 

itive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of 
ather: 

England 

uu.  0 

79  9 

Ireland 

/ Z.  0 

±1  J. 

. 0 

Scotland 

7 

6. 4 

0 A 

reign-born,  by  race: 

Bulgarian 

00.  / 

G4.3 
56. 5 

2.  4 

Q K 

Croatian 

0. 0 

1 Q 

English 

82. 9 

1.  0 

Q A 

German 

ft 

0.  D 
0 0 

Irish 

0*1.  0 
ft 

2.  8 

Italian,  North 

35!  6 

36.2 

65.9 

31.9 
65.0 
43. 8 

7. 0 

Italian,  South 

00.  0 
02.9 
34. 1 

. 9 

Lithuanian 

. y 

A 

Magyar 

60. 1 

1 y 

Montenegrin 

35. 0 

1.  y 

A 

Polish 

276 

82 

98 

353 

49 

54. 3 

• u 

1 42 

Russian 

43.9 
12. 2 

54. 9 

1.  0 

1 0 

Scotch 

ftft  7 

1.  2 

A 1 

Slovak 

32. 6 

00.  i 

4. 1 

1 A 

Slovenian 

30.‘6 

VJU.  U 

6Q  4 

1.  4 

A 

uy.  'i 

. U 

Grand  total 

11,711 

32.6 

54. 9 

Q 1 

0.  i 

tal  native-born  of  foreign  father 

237 

8,235 

42.6 
31. 2 

64.3 

0 c; 

tal  native-born 

2.  0 

tal  foreign-born 

3^476 

35!  9 

UO.  i 

L9  ^ 

0.  / 

1 A 

' 0 

1.  0 

254 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


It  is  seen  that  64.3  per  cent  are  married,  32.6  per  cent  are  single, 
and  3.1  per  cent  are  widowed.  The  proportion  of  married  men  is 
higher  among  the  native-born,  considered  as  a whole,  than  among 
the  foreign-born,  but  lower  among  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign 
father  than  among  either  foreign-born  or  persons  native-born  of 
native  father.  The  proportion  of  widowed  is  more  than  twice  as 
high  for  the  native-born  as  for  the  foreign-born.  ^ 

The  foreign  races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  married  men 
are  the  Scotch,  English,  Slovenian,  ^Magyar  and  Slovak,  m the 
order  mentioned.  The  Scotch  and  English  have  a higher  proportion 
of  married  men  than  have  the  native  whites  born  of  native  father. 
The  hio-hest  percentages  of  single  men  are  reported  by  the  Eithu- 
anians,'^Iontenegrins,  Russians,  Poles,  and  Croatians.  The  Irish  have 
by  far ’the  largest  proportion  of  widowed  men.  ^ ^ 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of  married  men  is,  m general, 
higher  among  the  races  of  old  immigration  than  among  the  races  of 

recent  immigration.  . j.  i i 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  proportion  of  male  employees 
in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  specified  age  groups  and  general 
nativity  and  race: 

Table  536.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  age  groups  and 

by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races.] 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

Number  reporting  g 

complete  data.  g- 

Native-born  of  native 
father; 

1,569 

White 

Negro 

1,979 

Foreign-born: 

76 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

124 

English 

19 

German 

21 

Italian,  North 

168 

Italian,  South 

553 

Magyar 

141 

Polish 

119 

Slovak 

148 

Grand  total 

5,260 

Total  native-born  of 

foreign  father 

97 

Total  native-born 

3,C4o 

Total  foreign-born — 

1,615 

30  to  44  years  of  age. 


45  years  of  age  or 
over. 


20  years  of  age  or 
over. 


Per  cent  who 
are— 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed,  j 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed,  j 

Single. 

Married. 

1 Widowed. 

Single. 

Married. 

1 Widowed. 

49.3 

49.8 

1.0 

1,488 

11.9 

85.5 

2.6 

672 

2.8 

89.6 

7.6 

3,729 

26.0 

71.2 

2.8 

56^3 

42.1 

1.6 

1,466 

22.2 

72.9 

4.9 

824 

7.3 

81.6 

11.2 

4,269 

35.1 

60.3 

4.6 

42. 1 

55.3 

2.6 

33 

15.2 

78.8 

6. 1 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

115 

32.2 

64.3 

3.5 

66. 1 

33.9 

.0 

97 

15.5 

82.5 

2.1 

16 

18.8 

75.0 

6.3 

237 

42.2 

56. 5 

1.3 

36.  8 

63.2 

.0 

42 

14.3 

85.7 

.0 

50 

4.0 

88.0 

8.0 

111 

13. 5 

82.9 

3.6 

2.8 

61. 9 

38. 1 

.0 

65 

30.8 

69.2 

.0 

22 

9.1 

77.3 

13.6 

108 

32.4 

64.8 

58.3 

41.7 

.0 

129 

13.2 

86.0 

.8 

32 

6.3 

87.5 

6.3 

329 

35.6 

63.5 

.9 

54. 8 

44.7 

.5 

383 

15.4 

83.6 

1.0 

72 

4.2 

93.1 

2.8 

1,008 

36.2 

62.9 

.9 

1 fi 

58. 9 

40.4 

.7 

144 

8.3 

90.3 

1.4 

28 

17.9 

71.4 

10.7 

313 

31.9 

66. 1 

l.y 

68. 9 

31. 1 

.0 

137 

27.0 

69.3 

3.6 

20 

10.0 

90.0 

.0 

276 

43.8 

54. 3 

1.8 

60.8 

39.2 

.0 

165 

12.7 

85.5 

1.8 

40 

10.0 

85.0 

5.0 

353 

32.6 

66. 0 

1.4 

55.3 

43.7 

1.0 

4,479 

i 17.5 

79.5 

3.0 

1 1,972 

6.3 

84.9 

8.8 

11,711 

32.6 

64.3 

3.1 

69. 1 

30.9 

.0 

88 

; 31.8 

63.6 

4.5 

, 52 

11.5 

84.6 

3.8 

237 

42.6 

i 54.9 

2.S 

53. 6 

45. 1 

1.3 

3,042 

1 17.5 

78.8 

3.7 

1,548 

5.5 

85.1 

9.4 

8,235 

1 31. 2|  60.1 

3.7 

59.3 

40.3 

.4 

1,437 

17.5 

81.0 

1.5 

, 424 

9.4 

84.0 

1 6.6 

3, 476 

i 35.9  62.5 

1.6 

1 

: Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


In  all,  5,260  employees  are  reported  from  20  to  29  years  of  age 
Of  these,  43.7  per  cent  are  married.  The  proportion  of  married  men 
is  for  those  who  were  native-born  of  foreign  father,  30.9  per  cent;  toi 
all  the  native-born,  45.1  per  cent;  and  for  all  the  foreign-born,  40.. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


255 


»er  cent.  The  races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  married  men 
re,  in  the  order  mentioned,  the  English,  Bulgarian,  American  white, 
nd  South  Italian;  those  having  the  smallest  proportion,  the  Polish 
nd  Croatian.  For  the  English  the  figure  is  63.2  per  cent;  for  the 
*oles  it  is  31.1  per  cent. 

There  were  reported  4,479  employees  from  30  to  44  years  of  age. 
)f  these,  79.5  per  cent  were  married.  The  proportion  of  married 
aen  is,  for  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  63.6  per  cent; 
or  all  the  native-born,  78.8  per  cent;  and  for  all  the  foreign-bom,  81 
ter  cent.  The  races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  married  men 
re,  in  the  order  mentioned,  the  Magyar,  North  Italian,  and  Eng- 
sh;  those  having  the  smallest  proportion  are  the  German,  Polish, 
Bulgarian,  and  American  negro.  For  the  Magyars  the  figure  is  90.3 
ter  cent;  iPor  the  Germans,  69.2  per  cent. 

A total  of  1,972  employees  45  years  of  age  or  over  furnished  infor- 
lation.  Of  these,  84.9  per  cent  are  married.  The  proportion  of 
larried  men  is,  for  the  persons  native-born  of  foreign  father,  84.6 
er  cent;  for  all  the  native-born,  85.1  per  cent;  and  for  all  the  foreign- 
orn,  84  per  cent.  The  races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  married 
len  are  the  South  Italians  and  Poles;  those  having  the  smallest 
roportion,  the  Magyars,  Croatians,  and  Germans. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  proportion  of  married  men  increases 
dth  the  age  of  the  group.  This  is  true,  not  only  of  the  employees 
s a whole  and  of  the  native  and  foreign  born,  but  of  all  or  nearly 
11  of  the  races.  There  is,  however,  as  will  be  noted,  a pronounced 
ifference  in  the  rate  of  increase  for  the  different  races. 

The  table  immediately  following  makes  a comparison  of  the  races 
dth  regard  to  the  conjugal  condition  of  individuals  in  the  house- 
olds  studied,  by  sex  and  age. 

ABLE  537. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


'his  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  Individual. 

20  to  29  years  of 
age. 

30  to  44  years  of 
age. 

45  years  of  age  or 
over. 

20  years  of  age  or 
over. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are— 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are — 

1 Number  reporting 

1 complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are — 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Per  cent  who 
are — 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widow'ed. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Single. 

Married. 

Widowed. 

Dreign-born; 

Italian,  South 

140 

74.3 

25.7 

0.0 

109 

14.7 

84.4 

0.9 

11 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

260 

46.2 

53.5 

0.4 

1 Magyar 

65 

66.2 

33.8 

.0 

112 

12.5 

83.9 

3.6 

22 

.0 

9.5.5 

4.5 

199 

28.6 

68.8 

2.5 

1 Polish 

94 

70.2 

29.8 

.0 

79 

7.6 

91.1 

1.3 

7 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

180 

41.1 

58.3 

.6 

) Slovak 

18 

72.2 

27.8 

.0 

33 

9.1 

90.9 

.0 

8 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

59 

27.1 

72.9 

.0 

j Grand  total 

411 

72.0 

27.5 

.5 

420 

15.7 

82.4 

1.9 

67 

6.0 

89.6 

4.5 

898 

40.8 

57.8 

1.4 

ptal  native-born  of  for- 

lelgn  father 

5 

(a) 

(o) 

(a) 

6 

(tt) 

(a) 

(a) 

jatal  native-born 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

a 

1 

(“) 

(o) 

(a) 

1 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

7 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

j3tal  foreign- born 

406 

71.9 

27.8 

.2 

419 

15.5 

82.6 

1.9 

66 

6.1 

90.9 

3.0 

891 

40.5 

58.2 

1.2 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


256 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


Table  537. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 


Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-bom 


20  to  29  years  of 

30  to  44  years  of 

45  years  of  age  or 

20  years  of  age  or 

age. 

age. 

over. 

over. 

bJO 

•S  cS 

Per  cent  who 

W) 

Per  cent  who 

to 

•So 

Per  cent  who 

tJD 

d 

^ C3 

Per  cent  who 

are— 

are— 

II 

are— 

0'S 

are— 

P 

2 

’3) 

.2 

tH 

'O 

0) 

o 

a>  0) 
>^2 

2 

'3) 

(U 

'B 

0) 

o 

2 

fcH  ^ 

fis 

2 

W) 

'd 

.2 

d 

a> 

o 

s 

I-i  ^ 

a ^ 

2 

So 

P 

d 

1 

o 

S 

3 8 

_d 

C3 

3 8 

d 

c3 

d o 

_d 

_d 

12; 

a 

iz; 

m 

s 

;z; 

s 

;zi" 

S 

s 

is 

37 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

18 

0.0 

100.0 

0.0 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

59 

0.0 

100.0 

0.1 

25 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

36 

.0 

100. 0: 

.0 

9 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

70 

.0 

100.0 

.(1 

37 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

23 

.0 

100. 01 

.0 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

61 

.0 

100.0 

■j 

9 

(«)  1 

(“) 

(a) 

12 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

21 

.0 

100.0 

129 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

121 

.o' 

100.0 

.0 

21 

0.0 

95.2 

4.8 

271 

.0 

99.6 

1 

(«) 

1 

.0 

(a) 

(a) 

100.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.0 

1 

5^ 

o 

(a) 

(a) 

99.6 

(“) 

2 

2 

(a) 

.0 

(«) 

100.0 

(a) 

.0 

4 

127 

119 

21 

.0 

95.2 

4.8 

267 

TOTAL. 


Foreign-born: 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

Grand  total 

177 

90 

131 

27 

58.8 
, 47.8 
50.4 
48.1 

41.2 

52.2 
49.6 
51.9 

0.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

127 

148 

102 

45 

12.6 

9.5 

5.9 

6.7 

86.6 

87.8 

93.1 

93.3 

0.8 

2.7 

1.0 

.0 

15 

31 

8 

8 

0.0 

1 .0 
(a) 
(a) 

100.0 

96.8 

(a) 

(a) 

0.0 

3.2 

(a) 

(a) 

319 

269 

241 

80 

37.6 
21.2 

30.7 
20.0 

62.1 

77.0 
68.9 

80.0 

0.: 

l.{ 

!( 

540 

54.8 

44.8 

.4 

541 

12.2 

86.3 

1.5 

88 

4.5 

90.9 

4.5 

1,169 

31.3 

67.5 

1.1 

Total  native-born  of  for- 

fpfViAr 

6 

7 

533 

(a) 

(a) 

54.8 

(a) 

(a) 

45.0 

(a) 

(a) 

.2 

6 

11 

1,158 

(a) 

45.5 

31.2 

(a) 

36.4 

67.8 

(a) 

18.1 

l.( 

Total  native-born 

Total  foreign-born 

3 

538 

(a) 

12.1 

(a) 

86.4 

(a) 

1.5 

1 

87 

(a) 

4.6 

(a) 

92.0 

(a) 

3.4 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  891  foreign-born  males  20  years  of  age  or  over  40.5  per  cent 
are  single,  58.2  per  cent  are  married,  and  1.2  per  cent  are  widowed. 
The  Slovaks  show  the  highest  percentage  of  married  persons,  their 
showing  being  72.9  per  cent.  The  Magyars  also  show  a percentage 
of  married  persons  largely  in  excess  of  the  single,  68.8  per  cent  of 
this  race  being  thus  reported.  The  South  Italian  and  Polish  males 
report  considerably  higher  percentages  of  single  persons  than  do  the 
other  races,  the  former  showing  46.2  per  cent  single,  53.5  per  cent 
married,  and  0.4  per  cent  widowed,  and  the  latter  41.1  per  cent  single, 
58.3  per  cent  married,  and  0.6  per  cent  widowed. 

All  the  South  Italians  are  married,  as  are  95.5  per  cent  of  the 
Magyars,  the  one  exception  in  the  case  of  the  last  named  race  being 
a widower. 

Of  the  foreign-born  males  between  30  and  45  years  of  age  82.6  per 
cent  are  married,  15.5  per  cent  are  single,  and  1.9  per  cent  are  wid- 
owed. The  Slovaks  show  90.9  per  cent  married  and  9.1  per  cent 
single.  One  of  the  Poles  is  widowed  and  6 are  single,  the  remaining 
91.1  per  cent  being  married.  The  South  Italians  show  a greater  pro- 
portion single  than  do  the  other  races;  14.7  per  cent  of  them  are 
reported  unmarried,  84.4  per  cent  married,  and  0.9  per  cent  widowed. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South.  257 


Of  the  younger  men,  20  to  29  years  of  age,  the  greater  proportion 
are  unmarried,  this  percentage  being  71.9  per  cent  as  compared  with 
27.8  per  cent  married  and  0.2  per  cent  widowed.  Among  the  four 
races  under  discussion  the  South  Italians  show  the  largest  percentage 
of  single  men  and  the  Magyars  the  lowest.  Their  percentages  are  74.3 
and  66.2,  respective^,  the  Poles,  with  70.2  per  cent  single,  and  Slo- 
vaks, with  72.2  per  cent,  ranking  between  the  two  first  mentioned 
Iraces.  There  are  no  widowers  among  the  young  men  of  these  four 
races. 

In  its  bearing  upon  the  general  character  of  the  immigrant  labor 
supply  the  location  of  the  wives  of  the  foreign-born  employees  is 
probably  of  greater  importance  than  the  general  conjugal  condition 
of  the  foreign-born  mine  workers.  As  regards  this  point,  the  tables 
uext  submitted  are  designed  to  show  for  each  race  and  for  certain 
groups  made  upon  a basis  of  residence,  what  proportion  of  the  mar- 
ried employees  of  foreign  birth  have  their  wives  in  this  country  or 
abroad. 


Table  538. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  United  States  and 
per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  husbands  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign- 

born.] 


Bulgarian 

Croatian 

English 

Berman 

kalian.  North, 
Italian,  South. 

Magyar 

Polish 

scotch 

Slovak 

Total... 


Race  of  husband 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Per  cent  reporting 
wife — 


In  United 
States. 


Abroad. 


73 

133 

91 

67 

206 

622 

207 

146 

80 

224 


2,117 


8.2 

34.6 

98.9 

85.1 

66.5 

56.6 

51.7 

65.1 
100.0 

59.8 


59.3 


91.8 

65.4 

1.1 

14.9 

33.5 
43.4 
48.3 

34.9 

.0 

40.2 


40.7 


Table  539. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband 
and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 

By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  200  or  more  husbands  reporting.] 


Race  of  husband. 


Number  having  been  in  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years  who 
report  location  of  wife. 


Per  cent  having  been  in  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years  who 
report  wife  abroad. 


Under  5. 


5 to  9. 


10  or  over. 


Total. 


Under  5. 


5 to  9. 


10  or  over. 


Total. 


talian.  North, 
talian.  South. 

diagyar 

Uovak 


53 

210 

91 

66 


87 

286 

82 

93 


66 

126 

34 

65 


206 

622 

207 

224 


67.9 

70.0 

73.6 

68.2 


31.0 

33.2 

32.9 

37.6 


9.1 

22.2 

17.6 

15.4 


33.5 

43.4 

48.3 

40.2 


258 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  preceding  tables  show  that  the  northern  European  races,  sucl 
as  the  English,  French,  and  German,  lead  in  the  proportion  of  marriec  ; 
men  with  wives  located  in  this  country.  The  races  reporting  tht 
smaller  numbers  of  those  whose  wives  are  with  them  are  the  Bui 
garian,  and  Croatian.  Of  the  races  reporting,  8 have  over  50  pe: 
cent  of  their  men  with  wives  in  this  country,  and  who  are  presum- 
ably maintaining  established  conditions  of  family  life  in  the  Uniteo 
States  in  the  coal-mining  localities. 

Among  those  who  have  been  in  this  country  ten  years  or  over,  th( 
South  Italians  have  the  greatest  proportion  of  persons  whose  wivet 
are  abroad,  and  the  North  Italians  the  lowest,  though  but  four  races 
are  thus  classified.  Among  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
under  5 years,  all  four  races  reporting  show  that  about  two-thirds  o] 
the  married  men  have  their  wives  abroad. 

VISITS  ABROAD. 

An  indication  of  the  stability  of  the  immigrant  labor  employed  in  8 
given  industry  and  district  is  furnished  in  considerable  measure  b} 
the  tendency  exhibited  by  the  men  of  each  race  to  visit  their  native 
land.  The  following  table  shows,  by  period  of  residence  in  the  United 
States  and  race  of  individual,  what  proportion  of  the  foreign-borr 
males  reporting  from  the  bituminous  mines  of  the  South  have  made 
visits  abroad  since  coming  to  this  country.  The  first  general  divi- 
sion of  the  following  table  shows,  by  period  of  residence  in  the  United 
States,  the  number  of  persons  reporting  this  information;  the  second 
division  makes  the  same  showing  by  percentages. 

Table  540. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  Uniteo 

States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-born.] 


Race. 

Number  in  United  States— 

Per  cent  reporting  1 or  more  visits,  bj 
years  in  United  States. 

Under 

5 years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  more. 

Total. 

Under 

5 years. 

5 to  9 
years. 

10  years 
or  more. 

Total. 

Bulgarian 

101 

8 

1 

no 

1.0 

50.0 

(a) 

4.f 

Croatian 

154 

83 

7 

244 

11.0 

26.5 

14.3 

16.4 

English 

13 

17 

74 

104 

7.7 

29.4 

27.0 

25.  C 

Italian,  North 

145 

117 

78 

340 

16.6 

35.9 

42.3 

29.1 

Italian,  South 

471 

409 

142 

1,022 

317 

12.1 

30.3 

33.1 

22.3 

Magyar 

160 

113 

44 

14.4 

25.7 

29.5 

20.  £ 

Polish 

118 

91 

48 

257 

3.4 

14.3 

20.8 

10.  £. 

Slovak 

139 

119 

62 

320 

7.9 

27.7 

29.0 

19.4 

Total 

1,618 

1,074 

676 

3,36S 

9.4 

26.8 

30.2 

19.1 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  the  total  number  of  3,368  individuals  reporting,  1,618  have  been  in 
the  United  States  under  five  years,  and  of  these  9.4  per  cent  have  made 
visits  abroad;  1,074  have  been  in  the  United  States  from  five  to  nine 
years,  and  26.8  per  cent  of  that  number  have  made  visits  abroad.  Of 
the  number  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  for  ten  years  or  more, 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


259 


1.2  per  cent  have  made  visits  abroad.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
■oportion  of  those  who  have  made  visits  abroad  increases  with  years 
residence  in  the  United  States.  The  grand  total  shows  that  19.1 
‘r  cent  of  the  persons  reporting  have  made  visits  to  their  native 


nds.  . 1 

The  North  Italians  show  the  largest  proportion  of  those  reporting 
ho  have  made  visits  abroad.  Of  this  race,  145  persons  are  reported 
. have  been  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  and  16.6  per 
nt  of  that  number  have  made  visits  abroad.  Of  the  total  number 
■ 104  persons  of  English  birth  who  reported  this  information,  25  per 
!nt  have  made  visits  abroad.  The  race  reporting  in  largest  num- 
irs  is  the  South  Italian.  A total  of  1,022  persons  reported,  of  whom 
n have  been  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  409  from  five  to 
ne  years,  and  142  for  ten  or  more  years.  Of  those  who  have  been 
this  country  under  five  years,  12.1  per  cent  have  made  visits 
Droad:  of  those  here  from  five  to  nine  years,  30.3  per  cent  have 
lade  visits  abroad;  and  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States 
tr  ten  or  more  years,  33.1  per  cent  have  made  visits  abroad.  It 
ill  be  noticed  that  in  the  case  of  this  race,  as  with  many  others,  the 
[•oportion  of  those  who  have  made  visits  abroad  increases  with 
ngth  of  residence  in  this  country. 

The  table  next  submitted  shows  the  number  of  mine  workers  in 
lest  Virginia  who  are  of  foreign  birth  and  who  have  made  one  or 
tore  visits  abroad.  The  relation  between  period  of  residence  and 
isits  to  native  land  is  also  exhibited. 


Table  541. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees  in  West  Virginia,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.] 


260 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Total. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 

more 

vis- 

its. 

CO  « 

ea 

CO 

04 

O 

CO 

2 

vis- 

its. 

(M 

: 

1-H  O (N 
^ CO 

05 

CD 

12 

rH  04 

CD 

00 

'i 

1 

visit. 

37 

1 

7 

i-H  05  05  lO  CQ 

O O lO 

CD  CD  04 

r-S  04  rH 
rfi 

rH  ^ 

CO  .,  ■) 
04  ’ 

No 

vis- 

its. 

C<l‘0rHC^t^CDi-Hi-IT}<i-HC000'^'^C0C0C^t:^OO’^C0rHe0(Nf-H^C^»0 
O CO  Oi-H  O O CO  CO  rH  00  (M  IM  y-i  f-i  Oi  ^ i-H 

(N  (M  O (N  1-t  (M 

04 

O , 

oT  .* 

N um- 
ber. 

CO^Oi-l(NOOl>*T-«CO'^i-tCOOr-HOiOOOOC^05COOOTtir-(f-HOO'^CO^'^Cv* 
Oi-H  i-HCSt^cOOii-iOCOfN 

ca  (NOO  (N  <N 

o 

04'* 

In  U nited  States  10  years  or  over. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
vis- 
its. 

CO 

rH  00 

04 

CO 

rH 

00 

f-H  »0  CO 

CO 

CD 

; 

1 

1 

visit. 

CO 

CO 

1-H  r-l  O 

(N  (M  1-H 

<N 

Tt< 

00 

98 

No 

vis- 

its. 

1-)  O CO  1-H  CO 

(N  i-i 

CD  o o 

COt^  t-H  (N 

33 

CO 

04 

34 

2 

rH  04  04 

299 

Num- 

ber. 

CO  rH 

00  Ol  O 05 

O (N  (N  CO 

O 

lO 

O 

04 

05  04  rH  tH  CO  04 

CD 

CO 

In  United  States  5 to  9 years. 

Number  reporting — 

3 or 
more 
vis- 
its. 

. o 

04 

oo 

(N.S  “ 

(N 

00 

lO 

CO 

CD 

1 

visit. 

20 

1 

4 

O O I-H  (N 

CO  05  <N 

05  CO 

CO 

[ 213j 

No 

vis- 

its. 

s 

05 

1-H 

(N  O lO  00 

CD  CO 

C^l 

CD  Ttl*CD  rH 

CD 

tv.  .-1  ca 

lO 

5 1 

Num- 

ber. 

(N 

82 

1 

13 

lO 

CO  ^ 05  o 

O 00  o 

rH  CO  y-i 

00  CD  rH 

I>CD^04  04 

O 

00 

939 

In  United  States  under  5 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
vis- 
its. 

: 

2 

vis- 

its. 

CO  (M 

CO 

04 

L.“ 

1 

visit. 

91 

2 ^ 

o 

04 

CO  CO 

O 04 

rH  04 

124 

No 

vis- 

its. 

rH  lO 

OCO'^ 

CO 

CO  T-i 

CO 

(N(M050<MOO(Mr^COrHTyi(McD 

O (M  CO  rH  00  04  rH  rH 

T-t  CO  rH  rH 

ca 

00 

00 

O 

Nimi- 

ber. 

T-i  lO 

CO  CO 

r}<  Tti 

CO  t-H 

CO 

HjiC005C004rHOl'^C0rH*^C000 
04r^  iOrHO504rH  04 

rH  CO  rH  rH 

2 

1 

12 

bn 

Number 

report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

COlOi-KNOOt^rHO-^.-HCOOi-HOOOOOIMOlMOO'^T-l.-HOO'^eOlO'^fN 
■<*<  0.-H  .-H  05  CC  05  .-H  O CO  (N  (NrHt^rH  (M 

(N  IMOO  (M  (N 

3 ! 

>D 

C4 

1, 

Race. 

c 

t- 

c 

V 

T 

c 

0 

c 

c 

1 

a 

a 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

y 

X 

c 

c 

p 

c 

c 

.i: 

a 

a 

is 

uo  c 

y 

ii 

H : 

3 > 

1 : 

3 • 

3 : 

5 ; 

^11 

.1 

SI 

ii 

If* 

p 

3 p 

:l 

3 

U 

3 a 

c 

c 

u 

P 

P 

c 

.C 

a 

t 

1 

11 

r 

3 

? 

3 

3 

Ls 

5 E 

> a 

ih 

3 

3 

3 

3 

J3 

3 

3 “ 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

T.1t>.nc.n?OT5 

1 

3 ^3  § 
3 >>+■ 
3 bcf 

i 03  c 

3 

i 

3 

si 

Jl£ 

c 

‘f 

c 

y 

3 

3 

Ii 

3 o 

SI 

c 

0 

5.3: 

II 

1 

3 

b 

1 

is 

5a 

Slovak 

ftlnirpnian 

3 

3.C 
3." 
j 'Z 
■ a 

3 ^ 
2a 

3 

3 p 
3 a 

5 -j: 
: > 
2a 

if 

■t'a 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Total 

Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


261 


Of  the  2,551  employees  covered  by  the , preceding  table  2,012,  or 
,.9  per  cent,  have  not  visited  their  native  countries  since  coming  to 
e United  States.  Some  423,  or  16.6  per  cent  of  the  total  number, 
^ve  made  a single  trip,  86,  or  3.4  per  cent,  two  trips,  and  30,  or  1.2 
1 per  cent,  three  or  more  trips. 

The  races  are,  in  the  order  of  their  numerical  importance,  the 
luth  Italian,  the  Magyar,  the  North  Italian,  the  Slovak,  the  Croa- 
in,  the  Polish,  the  German,  and  the  English.  Analyzing  the  figures 
r each  of  these  races  in  turn,  it  appears  that  of  South  Italians,  75.5 
r cent  have  not  visited  their  native  land  since  coming  to  the  United 
ates.  Of  the  total,  19.2  per  cent  have  made  one  visit,  3.6  per  cent 
^0  visits,  and  1 .6  per  cent  three  or  more  visits.  For  the  Magyars,  the 
rcentage  of  visits  is  lower.  Of  this  race  78.2  per  cent  of  the  men  have 
it  made  trips  abroad,  17.4  per  cent  one  trip,  3 per  cent  two  trips, 
A 1.3  per  cent  three  or  more  trips.  Of  the  North  Italians,  70.1 
r cent  have  not  revisited  Italy,  23.7  per  cent  have  made  one  visit, 
5 per  cent  two  visits,  and  0.7  per  cent  three  or  more  visits.  Of  the 
ovaks,  about  80.2  per  cent  have  never  been  abroad  since  landing 
the  United  States,  14.7  per  cent  have  made  one  trip,  4.3  per  cent 
^0  trips,  and  0.7  per  cent  three  or  more  trips.  Of  the  Croatians, 
.5  per  cent  have  never  visited  their  native  land,  15.3  per  cent  have 
en  abroad  once,  0.8  per  cent  twice,  and  0.4  per  cent  three  or  more 
nes.  Of  the  Poles,  7.7  per  cent  have  made  one  trip  and  2.9  per 
nt  two  trips,  and  89.5  per  cent  have  not  been  abroad  since  coming 
the  United  States.  None  of  the  men  of  this  race  have  made  more 
an  two  visits  to  their  native  country  and  the  same  is  true  of  the 
^rmans,  who  follow  next  in  the  order  of  numerical  importance, 
jout  92  per  cent  of  the  Germans  have  never  revisited  Germany,  6 
r cent  have  made  one  visit  only,  and  1.5  per  cent  two  visits.  Of 
e English,  76.6  per  cent  have  not  been  abroad,  14.8  per  cent  have 
ade  one  visit,  2.1  per  cent  two  visits,  and  6.4  per  cent  three  or 
Ore  visits. 

The  races  reporting  employees  who  have  made  no  visits  to  their 
live  lands  are,  in  descending  order  of  percentages,  the  German, 
)lish,  Croatian,  Slovak,  Magyar,  English,  South  Italian,  and  North 
alian.  Im  the  percentage  of  those  who  have  made  one  visit  only 
i'l’oad,  the  North  Italians  lead,  with  the  South  Italians  and  the 
agyars  in  second  and  third  places,  respectively.  The  Croatians, 
e English,  and  the  Slovaks  all  report  approximately  the  same 
oportion  of  single  visits,  while  the  Poles  and  the  Germans  occupy 
e seventh  and  eighth  places.  The  North  Italians  rank  first  also 


oatians  follow  in  the  order  mentioned.  In  the  proportion  of 
pployees  who  have  made  three  or  more  visits  abroad,  the  English 
k outrank  the  other  races,  with  a percentage  of  6.4.  The  percentage 
Dst  nearly  approaching  this  is  that  reported  for  the  South  Italians, 
3 per  cent.  The  Magyars  follow  with  1.3  per  cent,  the  North 
alians  and  Slovaks  0.7  per  cent  each,  and  the  Croatians  0.4  per  cent. 
} has  already  been  stated,  no  Germans  or  Poles  hav«  made  more 
an  two  visits  abroad.  The  figures  and  statements  just  given  relate 
all  the  employees,  irrespective  of  years  of  residence  in  the  United 


262 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


f 


States.  The  percentages  are,  therefore,  to  a certain  extent,  lackin 
in  significance.  In  order  to  determine  the  tendency  on  the  part  c 
the  men  of  different  races  to  pay  visits  abroad,  the  relation  must  b 
known  between  the  average  number  of  their  visits  and  their  averag 
residence  in  the  United  States.  Data  upon  this  point  are  also  give 
in  the  above  table,  length  of  residence  being  shown  by  five-yea 
periods. 

Of  the  2,551  employees  reported,  1,176,  or  46.1  per  cent,  have  bee 
in  the  country  less  than  five  years;  939,  or  36.8  per  cent,  between fiv 
and  ten  years;  and  436,  or  17.1  per  cent,  ten  years  or  over.  It  i 
interesting  to  compare  the  percentages  of  visits  for  each  of  thes 
groups  with  those  for  the  total,  and  those  for  each  of  the  other  groupt 
This  is  done  in  the  following  table: 

Table  542. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  mine  employees  in  West  Virginia  making  visi 
abroad,  by  years  in  the  United  States. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Total 

number. 

Per  cent  reporting— 

Years  in  United  States. 

No 

visits. 

1 visit. 

2 visits. 

3 or  moi 
visits. 

Under  5. .............. ........ 

1,176 

88.3 

10.5 

0.9 

0 

5 fn  Q 

939 

71.9 

22.7 

4.6 

10  or  over 

436 

68.6 

19.7 

7.6 

4 

Total - 

2,551 

78.9 

16.6 

3.4 

1 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  percentage  of  employees  who  have  made  n 
visits  abroad  is  larger  for  persons  in  the  United  States  less  than  fiv 
years  than  for  the  entire  number  of  employees  or  for  those  in  th 
United  States  for  a longer  period  than  five  years.  In  the  colum 
in  which  these  figures  appear  the  proportion  of  those  who  hav 
made  no  visits  as  a rule  decreases  with  length  of  residence.  C 
the  employees  who  have  made  one  visit  abroad  10.5  per  cent  hav 
been  in  the  United  States  under  five  years,  22.7  per  cent  betwee 
five  and  ten  years,  19.7  per  cent  ten  years  or  over,  wlfile  16.6  pe 
cent  of  the  total  employees  have  made  one  visit  to  their  native  lane 
For  employees  who  have  made  two  visits  the  figures  are  as  follows 
In  the  United  States  under  five  years,  0.9  per  cent;  all  employees 
3.4  per  cent;  in  the  United  States  five  to  ten  years,  4.6  per  cent;  i 
the  United  States  ten  years  or  over,  7.6  per  cent. 

Of  the  employees  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  under  fiv 
years,  0.3  per  cent  and  0.9  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  her 
between  five  and  ten  years,  as  well  as  1.2  per  cent  of  all  employees 
and  4.1  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  country  ten  yeai 
or  over  have  made  three  or  more  visits  to  their  native  land. 

Considered  as  a whole,  the  figures  of  the  table  seem  to  indicat 
about  what  a more  comprehensive  tabulation  might  be  expecte 
to  show.  With  few  exceptions,  both  the  relative  nurnber  of  employee 
visiting  their  native  countries  and  the  number  of  visits  for  each  thoi 
sand  men  employed  increase  with  length  of  residence  in  this  country 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


263 


AGE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  EMPLOYEES  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THEIR 

HOUSEHOLDS. 


For  the  purpose  of  showing  the  ages  of  all  foreign-born  persons 
1 the  households  studied  in  connection  with  this  industry  in  the 
outh,  the  following  series  of  tables  is  herewith  presented.  The  first 
f this  series  shows  the  per  cent  of  persons  in  each  specified  age 
roup,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  ancl  race  of  head  of  household. 

ABLE  543. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

his  table  includes  only  races  with  80  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  races.] 

MALE. 


reneral  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14and  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

)reign-born; 

German 

64 

10.9 

18.8 

1.6 

3.1- 

25.0 

31.3 

9.4 

Italian,  North 

86 

14.0 

3.5 

.0 

9.3 

37.2 

31.4 

4.7 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

343 

12.2 

4.7 

.9 

7.9 

41.1 

30.3 

2.9 

334 

12.0 

10.2 

2.4 

6.9 

25.1 

35.6 

7.8 

Polish 

271 

19.9 

6.6 

.4 

5.9 

31.7 

32.1 

3.3 

Slovak 

90 

8.9 

7.8 

1.1 

3.3 

30.0 

40.0 

8.9 

Total 

1,280 

14.1 

7.7 

1.3 

6.7 

32.1 

32.8 

5.2 

FEMALE. 


»reign-born: 

German 

45 

15.6 

26.7 

2.2 

11.1 

8.9 

22.2 

13,3 

Italian,  North 

29 

27.6 

13.8 

3.4 

6.9 

27.6 

20.7 

.0 

Italian,  South 

98 

25.5 

9.2 

1.0 

3.1 

37.8 

19.4 

4.1 

Magyar 

136 

25.7 

13.2 

3.7 

5.2 

18.4 

28.7 

5.1 

Polish 

121 

27.3 

13.2 

3.3 

1.7 

33.1 

20.7 

.8 

Slovak 

49 

42.9 

20.4 

.0 

.0 

16.3 

20.4 

.0 

Total 

518 

26.6 

14.5 

2.7 

3.9 

24.9 

23.4 

4.1 

TOTAL. 


reign-born: 

German 

109 

12.8 

22.0 

1.8 

6.4 

18.3 

27.5 

11.0 

Italian,  North 

115 

17.4 

6.1 

.9 

8.7 

34.8 

28.7 

3.5 

Italian,  South 

441 

15.2 

5.7 

.9 

6.8 

40.4 

27.9 

3.2 

Magyar 

470 

16. 0 

11.1 

2.8 

6.4 

23.2 

33.6 

7.0 

Polish 

392 

22.2 

8.7 

1.3 

4.6 

32.1 

28.6 

2.6 

Slovak 

139 

20.9 

12.2 

.7 

2.2 

25.2 

33.1 

5.8 

Total 

1,798 

17.7 

9.7 

1.7 

5.9 

30.0 

30.1 

4.9 

I The  fact  that  the  largest  proportion  of  foreign-born  males  in  the 
)uth  for  whom  information  was  secured  are  of  working  age  is 
ddenced  by  the  above  table,  70.1  per  cent  being  20  years  of  age  or 
/er,  as  compared  with  23.1  per  cent  under  16.  Sixty-four  and  nine 
nths  per  cent  are  from  20  to  44  years  of  age.  Of  those  under  6 years 
age,  the  Poles  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  19.9  per  cent,  and  the 
ovaks,  with  8.9  per  cent,  the  smallest.  In  the  second  age  group, 
• of  those  from  6 to  13  years  of  age,  the  Germans,  with  18.8  per  cent, 
LOW  the  largest  proportions,  the  other  races  ranging  from  10.2  per 
nt  of  the  Magyars  to  3.5  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians.  Of  those 


264 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


from  20  to  29,  and  of  those  from  30  to  44  years  of  age,  the  Soutl  I 
Italians  show  the  largest  proportion,  or  41.1  per  cent,  in  the  first  grou] 
and  the  smallest,  or  30.3  per  cent,  in  the  second  group.  The  smalles  ! 
proportion,  25  per  cent,  in  the  first  group  is  shown  by  the  Germans  i 
while  the  largest,  40  per  cent,  in  the'  second  group  is  shown  by  tb  ' 
Slovaks.  The  proportions  of  the  several  races  in  the  other  age  group  < 
varv  so  little  that  a comparison  is  not  considered  necessary.  Of  th 
518"females  furnishing  information,  43.8  per  cent  are  under  16  years  o i 
age,  and  24.9  and  23.4  per  cent  are  shown  in  the  age  groups  from  2(  i 
to  29  and  30  to  44  years  of  age,  respectively.  The  most  interestinc  I 
feature  of  the  above  tables  is  the  large  number  of  Slovaks  under  ( ) 
years  of  age,  as  compared  with  the  number  of  those  of  that  age  ii  > 
the  other  races.  The  foreign-born  as  a whob  show  17.7  per  cent  o i 
their  number  in  this  age  group.  The  largest  proportion  of  Soutl 
Italians  and  Poles  is  found  in  the  age  group  of  20  to  29  years,  and  o . 
the  Magvars  in  the  group  from  30  to  44  years  of  age. 

The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  male  employees  withii  l 
each  age  group,  by  general  nativity  and  race: 


Table  544.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general  nativity  an»  \ 

race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  totals,  however,  are  for  all  races,  1 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  within  each  specified  age  group. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Under 

14. 

14  to  19. 

20  to  24. 

25  to  29. 

30  to  34. 

35  to  44. 

45  to  54. 

55  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

4,365 

4,778 

66 

0.1 

13.9 

19.5 

16.5 

15.3 

19.1 

11.6 

3. 

Negro 

.5 

9.8 

20.2 

21.4 

14.4 

16.4 

13.5 

3. 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

England 

.0 

28.8 

22.7 

16.7 

7.6 

15.2 

6.1 

3. 

Germany 

49 

.0 

22.4 

18.4 

6.1 

6.1 

24.5 

20.4 

2. 

Ireland 

86 

.0 

9.3 

11.6 

10.5 

10.5 

31.4 

22.1 

4. 

Scotland 

66 

.0 

37.9 

16.7 

15.2 

10.6 

7.6 

7.6 

4. 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bulgarian 

122 

.0 

4.9 

22.1 

41.0 

9.8 

17.2 

3.3 

1. 

Croatian 

257 

.0 

7.4 

28.8 

1 19.5 

17.1 

21.0 

5.4 

11 

English 

119 

.0 

5.9 

5.9  i 

1 10.1 

16.8 

18.5 

28.6 

German 

112 

.0 

3.6 

8.0  j 

i 10.7 

30.4 

27.7 

16.1 

3. 

Ir^h 

44 

.0 

2.3 

4.5 

4.5 

6.8 

20.5 

45. 5 

15. 

Italian,  North 

401 

.2 

17.0 

23.2 

19.2 

15.5 

17.0 

7.5 

Italian,  South 

1,176 

.0 

14.1 

24.8 

22.2 

15.7 

16.9 

5.  4 

Lithuanian 

41 

.0 

.0 

26.8 

19.5 

19.5 

29.3 

4.9 

Magyar 

344 

.0 

8.4 

18.3 

23.0 

12.8 

29.1 

7.0 

1. 

Montenegrin 

91 

.0 

12.1 

33.0 

19.8 

20.9 

7.7 

6.6 

Polish 

296 

.0 

6.8 

19.3 

20.9 

19.9 

26.4 

5.7 

1. 

Russian 

85 

.0 

3.5 

22.4 

23.5 

15.3 

27.1 

8.2 

11. 

Scotch 

101 

.0 

2.0 

5.9 

8.9 

13.9 

21.8 

29.7 

Slovak 

387 

.0 

8.8 

18.6 

19.6 

17.8 

24.8 

10.3 

Slovenian 

55 

.0 

10.9 

5.5 

27.3 

27.3 

21.8 

7.3 

Grand  total 

13,375 

.2 

11.8 

20.3 

19.2 

15.1 

18.6 

11.5 

3. 

Total  native-born  of  for- 
eign father 

342 

.0 

30.7 

17.8 

10.5 

7.9 

17.8 

12.0 

3. 

Total  native-born 

9,485 

.3 

12.5 

19.8 

18.8 

14.6 

17.7 

12.6 

3. 

Total  foreign-born 

3,890 

(a) 

10.2 

21.4 

20.3 

16.3 

20.7 

9.0 

2. 

a Less  than  0.05  per  cent. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South.  265 


Of  the  13,375  male  employees  shown  in  the  preced-mg  table,  the 
greatest  proportion  in  any  one  age  group  are  from  20  to  24  years 
)ld.  The  next  largest  proportion  are  from  25  to  29  years  of  age,  while 
ilightly  less  than  half  are  30  years  of  age  or  over.  It  is  noticeable 
hat  a very  small  proportion  are  55  years  of  age  or  over. 

The  table  shows  that  the  employees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign 
ather  show  the  highest  per  cent  of  persons  under  30  years  of  age, 
bllowed  by  the  foreign-born  employees  and  the  negroes.  Of  the 
■mployees  who  are  from  30  to  54  years  of  age  those  of  foreign  birth 
[md  those  who  are  native-born  whites  of  native  father  show  the  same 
j)roportions,  closely  followed  by  the  negroes,  while  the  per  cent  of 
jimployees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father  in  these  groups  is 
jonsiderably  smaller  than  that  shown  for  the  other  nativity  groups, 
i Of  the  employees  who  are  55  years  of  age  or  over  there  is  little 
inference  between  the  proportions  in  each  nativity  group.  Of  the 
mployees  who  are  native-born  of  foreign  father  those  whose  fathers 
i^ere  born  in  England  show  the  highest  per  cent  who  are  from  14  to 
i:9  years  of  age  and  those  whose  fathers  were  born  in  Ireland  the 
iiighest  per  cent  who  are  from  30  to  55  years  of  age  or  over, 
i Of  the  foreign-born  employees,  the  North  Italians  alone  show  a 
I mall  proportion  who  are  under  14  years  of  age  and  the  highest  per 
|ent  who  are  from  14  to  19;  no  Lithuanians  are  included  in  this  age 
jroup.  It  is  noticeable  in  the  groups  including  persons  from  20  to  24 
[ears  of  age  and  25  to  29  years  of  age,  that  the  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
[nd  Germans  generally  show  smaller  proportions  than  the  more 
ecently  arrived  immigrant  employees. 

: 48296°— VOL  7—11 18 


ri¥f  0 10. 


. ,.  oa.’  btiA  ^ Ic  h-^yf^r  t^^-;  m 

a-\fc  *i/U  .si  i-ol';  f->rJ  ‘»»J>  f 

►ii.  Ci  t uil  * KlOel^a  V : iff UJ  i'J d#  -‘^'1  Jt  ^ 

■:  vfeiii  r .'A  T^  ;%«k1^  eTjr,  c 

t<i  ^fii  aejti  '’'‘**59®“ 


-y 

y 


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- J.  :^'i  4i; i 

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r=->\ 


^i' 


Chapter  IX. 


GENERAL  PROGRESS  AND  ASSIMILATION. 

Ownership  of  homes — Status  of  children  in  the  households  studied — Citizenship  in 
the  South — Citizenship  in  West  Virginia — Ability  to  speak  English— [Text  Tables 
545  to  556  and  General  Tables  241  to  249]. 

OWNERSHIP  OF  HOMES. 

The  proportion  of  the  families  of  a given  group  of  workmen  who  live 
in  homes  owned  by  themselves  may  fairly  be  regarded  as  an  indica- 
tion, at  least,  of  the  social  and  industrial  progress  of  the  group.  It 
also  seems  probable  that  unless  they  intend  to  reside  permanently 
in  the  United  States  the  members  of  an  immigrant  family  will  not, 
in  the  majority  of  instances,  purchase  property  of  such  an  immovable 
character  as  a dwelling  house.  The  statistics  of  the  ownership  of 
homes  on  the  part  of  immigrant  races  may,  therefore,  be  considered 
of  value  as  showing  the  permanency  of  the  immigrant  population. 
In  this  connection,  however,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  oppor- 
tunities of  mine  workers  to  acquire  homes  are  limited  as  compared 
with  employees  of  other  industries.  Data  relative  to  the  ownership 
of  homes  have  been  secured  from  the  families  studied.  In  the  follow- 
ing table  the  figures  are  given,  by  race  of  head  of  household,  for 
employees  in  the  coal  and  coke  industries  of  the  South. 

Table  545. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Total 

number 

of 

families. 

Owning  home. 

Number. 

Percent. 

Foreign-bom: 

English 

12 

(a\ 

German 

21 

0 n 

Italian,  North 

15 

u.  u 
(a) 

61.6 

Italian,  South 

62 

bl 

Lithuanian 

11 

74 

(a) 

2. 7 

Magyar 

2 

Polish 

66 

. 0 

Slovak 

20 

!o 

61.1 

Total 

281 

63 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

& Not  Including  1 family  not  reporting  complete  data. 


Of  the  total  number  of  281  families  furnishing  information  for  the 
above  table,  only  three  are  reported  as  owning  homes.  Of  these 
wee,  two  are  of  the  Magyar  and  one  of  the  South  Italian  race.  It 


267 


268 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


is  obvious,  therefore,  that  the  percentage  of  ownership  is  too  small 
to  serve  as  a basis  of  comparison  between  the  standards  of  the  differ- 
ent races.  The  figures  do,  however,  point  strongly  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  ownership  of  property  is  not  general  among  the  immigrant 
mine  workers  of  tne  district  covered  by  these  data.  The  fact  that 
onl}^  a negligible  proportion  of  the  employees  live  in  homes  owned  by 
themselves  would  seem  to  indicate  either  unfavorable  conditions  of 
employment,  lack  of  disposition  to  save,  an  intention  of  merely 
temporary  residence,  or  a combination  of  these  factors  in  varying 
proportions. 

It  is  important  to  recall,  however,  that  in  the  Pennsylvania  coal 
and  coke  localities  the  percentage  of  families  owning  homes  is  per- 
ceptibly larger  than  in  the  South;  that  in  the  Southwest  it  is  much 
larger  than  in  Pennsylvania;  and  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  Middle 
West  the  em})loyees  make  a better  showing  than  in  any  other  region. 
The  above  statement  is  true  not  only  of  the  employees  as  a whole  but, 
in  general,  of  the  very  races  present  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  South. 
This  being  the  case,  and  for  the  additional  reason  that  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  individuals  of  a given  race  settled  in  different  sections  of  the 
country  would  differ  widely  in  their  tendency  to  save  or  to  make  the 
United  States  their  permanent  place  of  residence,  the  probabilities 
would  appear  to  favor  the  inference  that  the  extremely  low  percentage 
of  ownership  of  homes  reported  for  the  South  is  due  to  relatively 
unfavorable  conditions  of  employment. 

STATUS  OF  CHILDREN  IN  THE  HOUSEHOLDS  STUDIED. 

The  following  table  shows  the  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age 
in  the  households  studied  in  the  South  who  were  at  home,  at  school, 
and  at  work: 

Table  Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age  at  horrid,  at 

school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  and  by  birthplace  of  child. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  Includes  only  races  with  20  or  more  children  born  in  the  United  States  and  also  20  or  more  chil- 
dren born  abroad  ] 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  father. 

Birthplace  of 
child. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number— 

Per  cent— 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

At 

work. 

Foreign-born,  Magyar 

f United  States. 
(Abroad 

35 

29 

4 

12 

28 

15 

3 

2 

11.4 

41.4 

80.0 

51.7 

8.6 

6.9 

Among  the  Magyars,  the  only  race  with  enough  children  of  foreign- 
born  fathers  to  be  considered,  it  is  seen  that  similar  percentages  of 
the  native-born  children  and  of  the  foreign-born  children  of  this  race 
are  at  work,  although  a much  larger  percentage  of  the  native-born 
children  are  at  school  than  of  the  foreign-born. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


269 


CITIZENSHIP  IN  THE  SOUTH. 

The  following  table  shows  the  present  political  condition  of  foreign- 
born  males  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over 
and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race. 

Table  547. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.] 


Number 

Number— 

Per  cent— 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Fully  natu- 
ralized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Fully  natu- 
ralized. 

Having 
first  papers 
only. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3 

2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

0.0 

(o) 

Bulgarian. 

7 

(o) 

0.0 

Urnatian 

66 

Danish 

1 

i 

(a) 

(a) 

55.  6 

(a) 

(o) 

28.9 

Dutch 

6 

3 

1 

English.  

45 

25 

13 

French 

12 

4 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

19.8 

(O) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

12.6 

German 

29 

17 

3 

Hphrftw  (other  than  Rn.ssian) 

1 

Irish 

21 

17 

2 

Italian , N orth 

111 

22 

14 

Italian,  South 

315 

31 

24 

9.8 

7.6 

Lithuanian 

15 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

3.6 

(a) 

(a) 

9. 1 

Maeerlonian 

2 

Magyar 

no 

4 

10 

Polish 

95 

6 

4 

6.3 

4.2 

Roumanian 

3 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(°) 

11.2 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

8.8 

Russian 

16 

1 

Scotch  

38 

32 

5 

Servian 

5 

Slovak 

125 

14 

11 

Slovenian 

16 

6 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

Swedish 

2 

1 

1 

Syrian 

2 

Welsh 

3 

1 

1 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

14 

3 

5 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

3 

1 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

1 

Total 

1,067 

186 

109 

17.4 

10.2 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


It  appears  from  the  data  presented  in  the  above  table  that  17.4 
per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  males  for  whom  information  was  secured 
are  fully  naturalized  and  that  10.2  per  cent  have  first  papers  only. 
The  proportion  of  individuals  fully  naturalized  is  very  much  larger 
for  the  English  than  for  any  other  of  the  races  for  which  percentages 
have  been  computed  and  larger  for  the  North  Italians  and  Slovaks 
than  for  the  South  Italians,  Poles,  and  Magyars.  The  English  have 
by  far  the  largest  and  the  Poles  and  South  Italians  have  the  smallest 
proportion  of  individuals  having  first  papers  only. 


270 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


j 


The  following  table  shows  the  political  condition  in  the  southeri 
coal  fields  of  individual  employees  of  foreign  birth  who  'were  21  year; 
of  age  at  the  time  of  their  arrival,  by  general  nativity  and  race,  anc 
by  period  of  residence  in  this  country : 

Table  548. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-hom  male  employees  who  were  21  year 
of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  years  in  the  United  States  am 
race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  include 
only  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  foreign-bom.] 


Race. 

In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 



In  United  States  5 
years  or  over. 

N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent — 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Per  cent — 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
corii- 
plete 
data. 

t 

Per  cent—  I 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

Having 

first 

papers 

only. 

Fully 

natu- 

ralized. 

HaATiii 

first 

papers 

only. 

Italian,  North 

61 

9.8 

3.3 

50 

32.0 

24.0 

Ill 

19.8 

12. 

Italian,  South 

223 

2.7 

6.3 

92 

27.2 

10.9 

315 

9.8 

7. 

Magyar 

80 

.0 

5.0 

30 

13.3 

20.0 

110 

3.6 

9. 

Slovak 

83 

1.2 

8.4 

42 

31.0 

9.5 

125 

11.2 

8. 

Total 

070 

2.7 

8.1 

397 

42.3 

13.9 

1,067 

17.4 

10.: 

The  above  table,  which  gives  information  from  1,067  employee; 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over,  discloses  the  fad 
that  17.4  per  cent  are  fully  naturalized  and  10.2  per  cent  have  lirsi 
papers  only.  Of  the  1,067  mine  workers  who  reported,  670  have  beer 
in  the  United  States  between  five  and  nine  years,  and  report  2.7  pei 
cent  fully  naturalized  and  8.1  per  cent  as  having  first  papers  only 
On  the  other  hand,  the  397  employees  who  have  been  in  the  Unitec 
States  ten  years  or  over  report  43.2  per  cent  fully  naturalized  anc 
13.9  per  cent  with  first  papers  only. 

It  IS  interesting  to  note  also  that  the  North  Italians,  South  Italians 
and  Slovaks  are  the  only  races,  with  a residence  in  the  United  State; 
of  between  five  and  nine  years,  who  report  a percentage  of  theii 
number  as  fully  naturalized,  the  North  Italians  reporting  9.8  per  cent 
South  Italians  2.7  per  cent,  and  Slovaks  1.2  percent.  Eight  and 
four-tenths  per  cent  of  the  Slovaks,  6.3  per  cent  of  the  South  Italians^ 
5 per  cent  of  the  Magyars,  3.3  per  cent  of  the  North  Italians,  and  S 
per  cent  of  the  Poles  have  secured  first  papers  only. 

Of  those  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  ten  years  or  over,  th( 
North  Italians  show  by  far  the  largest  per  cent  fully  naturalized 
reporting  32  per  cent.  The  North  Italians  also  report  24  per  cent;, 
as  having  first  papers  only.  The  Slovaks  report  31  per  cent  fully 
naturalized  and  9.5  per  cent  with  first  papers  only,  as  compared  witi 
27.2  per  cent  and  10.9  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  South  Italians 
It  is  also  apparent  from  the  above  table  that,  of  the  entire  numbei 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  oyer,  the  NortI 
Italians  have  shown  a stronger  desire  to  become  citizens  than  any 
other  race,  with  the  Slovaks  next,  and  the  South  Italians  and  Mag- 
yars following  in  the  order  named. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


271 


The  tendencies  exhibited  by  the  foreign-born  toward  the  acquire- 
ment of  citizenship  are  set  forth  in  the  following  table,  which  shows 
the  present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  in  the  house- 
holds studied,  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over, 
and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  arrival,  by  race  of 
individual: 


Table  549. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^ 
by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number — 

Per  cent— 

Fully  nat- 
uralized. 

Having 
first  1 
papers 
only. 

Fully  nat- 
uralized. 

Having 

first 

Ijapers 

only. 

PnViPTninri  n.nd  Mora  vian  

1 

fa) 

(o) 

English 

4l 

1 2 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

German - 

11  i 

1 2 

5 

(a) 

(«) 

Italian,  North 

12  1 

1 1 

1 

(a) 

(“),  „ 

Italian,  South 

52 

2 

1 

3.8 

1.9 

T.jt.hnanian  ... 

9 1 

(a) 

(a) 

Magyar 

68 

i 8 

2 

11.8 

2.9 

Polish 

39 

3 

2 

7.7 

5. 1 

Riis.sian  

1 

(a) 

(o) 

Slovak 

24 

3 

2 

12.5 

8.3 

Total 

221 

21 

14 

9.5 

6.3 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  ntunber  involved. 


That  little  interest  in  American  institutions  is  manifested  by  the 
foreign-born  males  in  this  locality  is  apparent  from  the  very  small 
proportion  of  those  who  have  acquired  full  citizenship,  and  the  still 
smaller  proportion  of  those  who  have  secured  first  papers  only. 
Since  only  four  races  show  a sufficient  number  of  representatives  to 
allow  of  computation,  definite  conclusions  as  to  the  relative  standing 
of  the  races  are  precluded;  however,  it  will  be  noted  that,  of  these 
races  whose  percentages  have  been  computed,  the  Slovaks  show  a 
larger  proportion  of  persons  fully  naturalized,  as  well  as  of  those 
with  first  papers  only,  than  the  Magyars  and  Poles,  and  much  larger 
proportions  than  the  South  Italians, 


272 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


CITIZENSHIP  IN  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

An  individual  study  of  862  foreign-burn  miners  in  the  West  Vir 
ginia  coal  fields  sliows  the  following  political  condition  among  foreign 
born  males  who  had  reached  mojihood  before  leaving  their  nativii 
land  and  who  have  resided  five  years  or  more  in  the  United  vStates: 

Table  550. — Present  'political  condit  ion  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  in  West  Virginv 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  ove 
at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 

N umber  r ep  o r t i n g 
complete  data. 

In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  sec- 
ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  .sec- 

ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  sec- 

ond papers. 

1 Total.  1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Pmntinri  

' 65 

61 

61 

4 

4 

65 

6 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 



English 

24 

5 

6 

11 

1 

1 

11 

13 

6 

"’7 

11 

2 

Gennan 

21 

3 

1 

4 

8 

3 

10 

13 

6 

1 

14 

2 

TToLrow  T?n<s<3iGTiI 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Irish  

9 

1 

1 

1 

7 

8 

2 

7 

Italian,  North 

95 

49 

2 

4 

55 

20 

9 

11 

40 

69 

11 

15 

9 

Italian,  South 

291 

186 

14 

6 

206 

52 

10 

23 

85 

238 

24 

29 

29 

Lithuanian 

15 

4 

1 

5 

5 

4 

1 

10 

9 

5 

1 

1, 

Magvar  

101 

73 

1 

74 

17 

6 

4 

27 

90 

7 

4 

i 10 

Polish 

82 

55 

2 

57 

17 

2 

9 

j 25 

72 

4 

6 

1 

Bnmnnnian 

3 

3 

3 



3 

1 

Rnssiiin 

14 

11 

11 

2 

1 

1 3 

13 

1 

1- 

Root, eh  

9 

1 

1 

1 

7 

8 

1 

1 

7 

Scrvitin 

5 

5 

5 

Slovak 

109 

70 

4 

1 

75 

22 

2 

10 

1 34 

92 

6 

11 

10' 

Rlnvf'niiin 

.5 

3 

3 

2 

2 

5 

.Rwpfiish 

2 

1 

1 

1 

! 1 

1 

1 

Syrian 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Welsh  

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

J 

Total 

862 

534 

34 

15 

583 

149 

35 

95 

279 

683 

69 

110 

80! 

A very  small  degree  of  progress  toward  citizenship  is  disclosed  b} 
the  above  table.  Of  the  total  number,  683,  Or  79.2  per  cent,  were  aliem 
and  only  69,  or  8 per  cent,  had  signified  any  inclination  to  becomt 
citizens  by  securing  first  papers.  Twelve  and  eight-tenths  per  ceni 
were  fully  naturalized,  this  small  group  being  mainly  composed  of  the 
majority  of  the  Germans,  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish,  with  a few  North 
and  South  Italians.  It  is  significant  also  that  none  of  the  Croatian 
had  even  first  papers,  and  only  one  Russian  and  one  Lithuanian  had 
attained  to  citizenship.  The  Poles  and  Slovaks  were  below  the  general 
average  for  all  races,  7.3  per  cent  of  the  former  and  10.1  per  cent  of  the 
latter  being  fully  naturalized.  The  North  Italians  were  above  the 
average,  with  15.7  per  cent  naturalized.  Only  4 per  cent  of  Magyars 
and  9.9  per  cent  or  South  Italians  had  second  papers. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


273 


ABILITY  TO  SPEAK  ENGLISH. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  per  cent  of  persons 
6 years  of  age  or  over  in  the  households  studied  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  Computations 
are  made  only  for  races  reporting  40  or  more  individuals,  but  the 
totals  are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races. 

Table  551. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  hy  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  totals,  how- 
ever, are  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

Magyar 

28 

15 

43 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Foreign-born: 

46.9 

57.1 

German 

45 

32 

77 

G4.4 

Italian,  North 

71 

17 

88 

35.2 

41.2 

36.4 

Italian,  South 

295 

68 

363 

30.2 

17.6 

27.8 

Lithuanian 

39 

11 

50 

61.5 

45.5 

58.0 

Magvar 

236 

85 

321 

38.6 

27.1 

35.5 

Polish..., 

212 

79 

291 

27.8 

27.8 

27.8 

Slovak 

G6 

24 

90 

37.9 

20.8 

33.3 

Grand  total 

1,063 

359 

1,422 

38.0 

36.2 

37.6 

Total  native-born  of  foreign  father 

56 

• 43 

99 

98.2 

95.3 

97.0 

Total  foreign-born 

1,007 

316 

1,328 

34.7 

28.2 

33.1 

Of  all  persons  reported  as  native-born  of  foreign  father  in  the  table 
above,  97  per  cent  speak  English.  Of  the  foreign-born  individuals, 
the  Lithuanians  and  Germans,  with  percentages  of  58  and  57.1,  re- 
spectively, show  a greater  ability  to  speak  English  than  do  the  North 
Italians,  Magyars,  Slovaks,  Poles,  and  South  Italians,  who,  in  the 
order  named,  range  from  36.4  for  the  North  Italians  to  27.8  for  the 
Poles  and  South  Italians.  The  Slovaks,  with  a percentage  of  33.3, 
are  nearest  the  general  showing  for  all  foreign-born.  Every  foreign- 
born  race,  except  the  North  Italian  and  Polish,  reports  a smaller  per- 
centage of  females  who  speak  English  than  of  males.  In  the  case 
of  the  North  Italians,  the  proportion  of  females  exceeds  that  of  the 
males.  The  proportion  for  males  and  females  is  the  same  for  the 
Poles. 

The  table  next  presented  shows  the  proportion  of  individuals 
among  foreign-born  mine  workers  of  non-English-speaking  races 
employed  in  the  bituminous  coal-mining  industry  of  the  South  who 
are  able  to  speak  English.  The  classification  is  by  race  and  general 
nativity. 


274 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  552. — Per  cent  of  foreign-hom  male  employees  who  speak  English^  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  how-  '. 
ever,  is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent 
who 
speak 
English. 

Rnlgarifin  

119 

25.2 

Montenegrin 

91 

25.3 

nrnatian  

255 

71.0 

Polish 

294 

65.0 

Cprman  

110 

90.0 

Russian 

73 

68.5 

Italian  Nnrth  

391 

65. 5 

Slovak 

382 

63.1 

Italian,  Smith  . 

1,157 

63.9  1 

Slovenian 

51 

54.9 

41 

92. 7 

M agyar 

337 

63.5 

Total 

3,537 

63.6 

Data  were  collected  for  3,537  individuals.  Of  these,  2,248,  or 
63.6  per  cent,  speak  English.  The  races  having  the  largest  propor- 
tion of  individuals  able  to  speak  English  are  the  Lithuanian,  German, 
Croatian,  and  Russian,  in  the  order  mentioned.  Those  having  the 
smallest  proportion  are  the  Bulgarian  and  Montenegrin. 

The  next  table  presented,  wliile  serving  to  emphasize  the  com- 
parative racial  adaptability,  is  of  greatest  value  in  establishing  the 
effect  of  age  upon  the  alien’s  ability  to  learn  the  language  of  the 
country  to  which  he  has  immigrated.  This  table  shows  the  ability 
to  speak  English  among  the  foreign-born,  according  to  age  at  time 
of  arrival  in  the  United  States  and  by  race. 

Table  553. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  versons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  me  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  how- 
ever, is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak 
English,  by  age  at 
time  of  coming  to 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

frprman  

77 

68.4 

53.4 

Italian,  North 

88 

66.7 

34.1 

Italian,  Smith.  ..  

363 

82.1 

23.3 

liithiiania.n  

50 

83.3 

54.5 

Magyar 

321 

71.8 

30.5 

Polish 

291 

92.1 

18.2 

Slovak 

90 

75.0 

29.3 

Total 

1,323 

79.3 

27.5 

The  preceding  table  sets  forth  the  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons 
6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English,  according  to  their  age  at 
time  of  arrival.  It  is  seen  at  a glance  that  in  every  race  a greater 
proportion  of  those  who  were  under  14  years  of  age  at  time  of  arrival 
are  able  to  speak  English  than  those  who  were  14  or  over.  This  is 
particularly  noticeable  of  the  South  Italians  and  Poles. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


275 


In  connection  with  the  foregoing  tables  the  effect  of  period  of 
’esidence  in  the  United  States  upon  ability  to  speak  English  should 
dso  be  considered.  As  regards  this  point  the  following  table  shows 
jhe  number  and  per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or 
)ver  who  speak  English,  according  to  years  in  the  United  States  and 
race  of  individual: 

Fable  554.  —Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  40  or  more  persons  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is 
for  all  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by 
years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

rrPrmpn  

77 

39.2 

86.7 

100.0 

ttalian,  N orth  

88 

20.0 

80.0 

100.0 

[talian,  South 

363 

12.9 

53.2 

95.0 

Lithuanian  

50 

33.3 

53.8 

93.8 



321 

21.6 

45.1 

73.5 

Polish  

291 

10.8 

53.4 

91.3 



90 

10.3 

41.4 

63.6 

Tnt.al 

1,323 

16.9 

53.0 

82.8 

The  foregoing  table  affords  an  index  to  the  adaptability  and  intel- 
ligence of  the  various  races  measured  by  their  ability  to  learn  English. 
In  this  respect  the  Germans  are  shown  to  be  superior  to  all  other 
immigrant  mine  workers,  while  the  Slovaks  are  slowest  to  learn. 
Over  one-third  of  the  Germans  of  this  field  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  under  five  years  speak  English,  a percentage  approached 
only  by  the  Lithuanians.  Moreover,  all  Germans  who  have  been  in 
this  country  ten  years  or  over  have  learned  the  new  language.  The 
same  situation  is  also  true  of  the  North  Italians  of  ten  or  more  than 
ten  years’  residence. 

Although  the  South  Italians  do  not  seem  to  learn  English  as 
quickly  as  Germans,  North  Italians,  Lithuanians,  or  Magyars,  as 
only  12.9  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  in  the  country  five  years 
can  speak  English,  they  rank  next  to  the  Germans  and  North 
Italians  in  ability  where  consideration  is  confined  to  those  who 
have  been  in  the  country  ten  years  or  longer.  One-third  of  the 
Lithuanians  of  a period  of  residence  under  five  years  are  able  to 
speak  English,  as  are  more  than  one-half  of  those  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  from  five  to  nine  years. 


276 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  following  table  shows  the  per  cent  of  the  individual  employee; 
of  foreign  birtli,  who  speak  English,  according  to  age  at  time  o 
arrival  in  the  United  States: 


Table  555. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  age  at  tim 
of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however 
is  for  all  non-English-speaking  races.]  i 


Race. 

Number 
report!  np 
complete 
data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English  b. 
age  at  time  of  coming  t 
United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Total. 



119 

25.2 

25. 



255 

(o) 

71.1 

71. 



no 

100.0 

88.8 

90. 

Italian,  North 

391 

93.1 

63.3 

65. 

Italian,  South - 

1,157 

80.3 

63.0 

63. 

Magyar 

337 

83.3 

62.8 

63. 

Polish 

294 

93.3 

63.4 

65. 

Slovak - 

382 

100.0 

62.0 

63. 

Total 

3,537 

88.3 

62.3 

63. 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Of  those  persons  in  the  above  table  who  were  under  14  years  o 
age  at  the  time  of  arriving  in  the  United  States,  88.3  per  cent  speal 
English,  while  the  percentage  for  those  who  were  14  years  or  ovei 
when  they  immigrated  to  this  country  is  62.3.  Considering  th( 
tendencies  exhibited  by  members  of  the  several  races  who  were  undei 
14  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  arriving  here,  it  is  seen  that  the  Ger 
mans  and  Slovaks  report  no  one  unable  to  speak  English.  Th( 
Poles  and  South  Italians  show  a small  percentage  unable  to  speal 
the  language. 

Of  those  who  were  14  years  old  or  over  at  the  time  of  arriya 
in  the  United  States,  the  Germans  have  88  per  cent  speaking 
English.  The  next  highest  percentage  is  that  of  the  Croatians 
More  than  25  per  cent  difference  separates  all  the  other  races  fron 
the  Germans.  The  North  Italians,  the  South  Italians,  the  Magyars 
and  the  Poles  show  similar  percentages  able  to  use  the  language  o: 
this  country.  The  Bulgarians  have  only  25.2  per  cent  of  their  num- 
bers able  to  speak  English. 

The  table  following  shows  the  ability  of  the  foreign-born  employ eej 
studied  to  speak  English.  The  returns  are  classified  by  length  oi 
residence  in  the  United  States  of  different  groups  of  employees. 


Bituminous  Coal  Mining  in  the  South. 


277 


Fable  556. — Per  cent  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 


By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  Includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races  with  100  or  more  males  reporting.  The  total,  however,  is  for  all  non- 
English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Per  cent  who  speak  English,  by  years 
in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Total. 

Bulgarian 

119 

20.0 

87.5 

(a) 

25.2 

Croatian - 

255 

01.3 

88.5 

75.0 

71.0 

normQn  

110 

81.8 

95.5 

100.0 

90.0 

[taliau  

391 

45.6 

74.8 

91.4 

65.5 

Italian  South  

1,157 

47.4 

75.7 

85.0 

63.9 

M“aav5ir  

337 

45.3 

80.0 

88.0 

63.5 

Polish  

294 

41.5 

82.0 

96.2 

65.0 

5]nvftk  ... 

382 

41.0 

70.9 

89.3 

63.1 

Total  

3,537 

46.4 

78.0 

89.8 

63.6 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Data  for  the  preceding  table  have  been  secured  from  3,537  indi- 
viduals of  8 different  races.  Of  these  races  the  South  Italians  are 
shown  in  the  greatest  numbers.  The  proportion  of  the  persons  of 
each  period  of  residence  who  speak  English  is,  for  those  under  five 
^ears,  46.4  per  cent;'  five  to  nine  years,  78  per  cent;  and  for  those  ten 
years  or  over,  89.8  per  cent,  indicating  a constant  progress  in  acquir- 
ing the  use  of  English  corresponding  to  the  number  of  years  in  the 
United  States. 

The  races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  individuals  in  the 
United  States  less  than  five  years  who  can  speak  English  are  the 
German,  Croatian,  and  South  Italian,  in  the  order  mentioned;  that 
having  the  smallest  proportion  is  the  Bulgarian.  The  proportion  of 
individuals  in  this  country  from  five  to  nine  years  who  are  able  to 
speak  English  is  highest  among  the  Germans,  Croatians,  and  Bulga- 
rians, and  lowest  among  the  North  Italians  and  South  Italians.  The 
races  having  the  largest  proportion  of  individuals  in  the  United  States 
ten  years  or  over  who  are  able  to  speak  English  are  the  German  and 
Polish;  those  of  the  same  group  having  the  smallest  proportion  are 
the  Croatian  and  South  Italian. 


! 


i 


1 


I 


GENERAL  TABLES 


I.— GENERAL  SURVEY:  TABLES  1-60. 

II.— PENNSYLVANIA : TABLES  51-100. 

III. — THE  MIDDLE  WEST:  TABLES  101-149. 

IV. — THE  SOUTHWEST:  TABLES  160-199. 

V.— THE  SOUTH:  TABLES  200-249. 


i 


I 


GENERAL  EXPLANATION  OF  TABLES. 


Persons  of  native  birth  have  been  divided  into  two  general  groups 
and  further  subdivided  under  each  of  the  two,  as  follows  : 

1.  Native-born  of  native  father. 

Persons  under  this  group  are  classified  as  White,  Negro,  Indian, 
Chinese,  Hindu,  Japanese,  and  Korean. 

2.  Native-born  of  foreign  father. 

Persons  under  this  group  are  classified  according  to  race  of  father 
in  all  tables  where  the  data  were  secured  for  households,  and  accord- 
ing to  country  of  birth  of  father  in  all  tables  where  the  data  were 
secured  for  employees.  Where  classification  is  by  race  of  father  the 
classification  used  for  several  years  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Immigration  and  Naturalization  is  followed. 

Persons  of  foreign  birth  are  classified  according  to  race  (or  people). 
The  classification  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Immigration  and 
Naturalization  is  followed. 

In  the  study  of  households  information  is  presented — 

1.  By  general  nativity  and  race  of  the  ‘‘mdividuah’  in  all  tables 
which  show  facts  which  are  personal  in  their  nature,  such  as  English 
speaking,  occupation,  or  conjugal  condition. 

2.  By  general  nativity  and  race  of  '‘head  of  family’"  in  tables 
concerned  with  family  matters — for  example,  family  income. 

3.  By  general  nativity  and  race  of  “ head  of  household  ” in  all  tables 
dealing  with  living  conditions,  among  which  are  tables  showing  the 
composition  of  the  household  and  the  number  of  persons  per  room 
and  per  sleeping  room.  The  distinction  which  has  been  made  through- 
out this  study  between  “family”  and  “household”  is  dependent  upon 
the  use  of  the  term  “apartment.” 

An  “apartment”  is  a room  or  rooms  within  which  all  the  usual 
daily  processes  of  living,  namely,  cooking,  eating,  and  sleeping,  are 
carried  on  by  the  occupants.  According  to  this  definition  an  apart- 
ment may  be,  for  example,  a whole  house ; or  it  may  be  a single  room 
of  what  was  originally  intended  as  an  apartment;  or  it  may  be  a 
corner  of  a wareroom  or  the  back  of  a storeroom  partitioned  off  and 
set  aside  for  household  uses.  Two  or  more  groups  of  occupants  with 
distinctly  separate  money  interests  frequently  rent  a number  of  rooms 
jointly,  occupying  certain  rooms  separately  but  sharing  one  or  more, 
usually  the  kitchen,  or  kitchen  and  living  room.  Under  these  con- 
ditions neither  the  rooms  used  by  the  one  group  of  occupants  nor  those 
used  by  the  other  can  be  considered  an  apartment,  since  the  room 
used  in  common  must  in  such  case  be  considered  a room  in  each 
apartment  and  thus  be  counted  twice.  Where  these  conditions  have 
been  encountered  the  entire  number  of  rooms  has  been  considered 
one  apartment. 

The  “household”  includes  all  persons  living  within  an  apartment, 
without  regard  to  the  relationships  which  exist  among  them.  The 
household  may  consist  of  one  or  more  families  with  or  without 
boarders  or  lodgers;  or  it  may  consist  of  a group  of  persons  living 
together,  no  family  included;  or  it  may  consist  of  various  combina- 
tions of  families,  “groups,”  and  boarders  or  lodgers. 

48296°— VOL  7—11 19 


281 


282 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


The  term  ‘‘family’’  as  used  throughout  these  tables  refers  in  general  f 
to  the  immediate  family  composed  of  husband,  wife,  and  children,  \ 
Groups  of  persons  among  whom  none  of  these  relations  exist  are  nol 
considered  families.  Households  in  which  complicated  relationships  r 
exist  have  been  resolved  into  the  component  immediate  families.  1 
Remnants  of  families  maintaining  a home  are  considered  families, ' 
when  either  husband  or  wife  is  present. 

The  general  tables  show  results  of  two  practically  independent 
studies,  as  follows: 

STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS. 

All  tables  headed  “Study  of  households”  are  based  on  informatior 
from  the  schedule  which  was  filled  out  for  certain  selected  households,  ( 
in  each  of  the  several  communities.  Names  and  addresses  were  \ 
secured  of  employees  in  a given  industry  who  were  heads  of  house- 
holds; and  for  each  such  household  a schedule  was  filled  out  by  an 
agent  of  this  Commission  who  visited  the  apartment  and  secured 
detailed  information,  so  far  as  possible,  for  every  occupant,  as  well 
as  data  in  regard  to  family  and  household  organization  and  status 
at  the  time  of  the  visit. 

STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES. 

The  general  tables  headed  “Study  of  employees”  present  data 
from  the  schedule  relating  only  to  the  individual  employee.  This 
schedule  was  filled  out  by  the  employee  himself  or  by  some  one^ 
detailed  by  the  employer  to  the  task,  to  whom  the  employee  fur- 
nished data. 

The  general  tables  of  this  series,  therefore,  concern  only  the  history 
and  present  status  of  the  employee,  while  the  other  series,  as  has  been 
stated,  presents  data  not  only  for  certain  of  the  employees,  but  also 
for  members  of  their  households.  All  data  included  under  the 
“Study  of  employees”  are  tabulated  by  sex  and  by  the  general 
nativity  and  race  of  the  individual.  For  the  native-born  of  foreign 
father  the  classification  is  by  country  of  birth  of  father  and  not  by 
race  of  father. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  TABLES. 

Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  households.  Tables  1,  SI, 
101,  ISO,  and  200. — These  tables  enumerate  the  households  studied 
of  each  race,  the  aggregate  of  the  members  of  the  households  of  each 
race,  and  the  persons,  male  and  female,  for  whom  detailed  informa- 
tion was  secured.  All  members  of  households  appear  in  these  tables 
under  the  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  house- 
holds. Tables  2,  S2,  102,  ISl,  and  201. — These  tables  are  a second 
enumeration  of  the  persons,  male  and  female,  who  are  included  in 
the  detailed  study  of  members  of  households.  In  this  enumeration 
each  individual  appears  under  his  own  general  nativity  and  race. 

Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race:  Study  of  employees.  Tables 
3,  S3,  103,  1S2,  and  202. — These  tables  enumerate  the  employees  for 
whom  data  were  secured  for  the  “Study  of  employees.”  The  enumer- 
ation is  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  employee. 


General  Explanation  of  Tables. 


283 


Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years,  by  race:  Study  of  emjdoyees.  Tables 
i,  5 If.,  10 Jf.,  153,  and  203. — All  foreign-born  employees  who  report 
the  number  of  years  since  their  first  arrival  in  the  United  States  are 
here  classified  as  in  the  United  States  under  one  year,  one  year, 
two  years,  three  years,  four  years,  five  to  nine  years,  ten  to  fourteen 
y^ears,  fifteen  to  nineteen  years,  or  twenty  years  or  over. 

Number  of  foreign-born  iiersons  in  the  United  States  each  specified 
number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households. 
Tables  5,  55,  105,  151^,  and  20 If.. — These  tables,  which  are  concerned 
with  members  of  households,  are  similar  to  Tables  4,  54,  104,  153, 
and  203,  relating  to  employees. 

Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  males 
who  were  10  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  6,  50,  100,  155,  and  205. — Males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  first  arrival  in  the 
United  States  are  here  classified  according  to  whether,  before  coming 
to  the  United  States,  they  worked  for  profit,  for  wages,  or  without 
wages,  and  are  further  classified  according  to  the  kind  of  employment 
pursued.  Payments  in  kind  as  well  as  in  money  are  here  considered 
wages.  Persons  who  worked  without  wages  were  usually  at  work 
with  fathers  or  other  near  relatives. 

Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  females 
vho  were  10  years  of  age  or  over  at  tim,e  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  7,  57,  107,  150,  and  200. — These  tables 
ire  similar  to  Tables  6,  56,  106,  155,  and  205,  relating  to  males. 

Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coining  to  the  United 
States,  by  race:  Study  of  employees.  Tables  S,^  58,  108,  157,  and  207. — 
in  these  tables  are  shown  the  number  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
rvho,  just  prior  to  coming  to  the  United  States,  were  in  the  same 
ndustry  in  which  they  were  employed  at  the  time  of  the  investiga- 
ion,  in  farming  or  farm  labor,  in  general  labor,  etc.  Persons  who 
•eport  their  occupation  as  '‘none,'’  “at  home,"  or  “at  school"  are 
excluded  from  these  tables. 

Number  of  males  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry, 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables 
59,  109,  158,  and,  208. — These  tables  show  the  number  of  male 
nembers  of  households  16  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  at  home  and 
it  school,  and  classify  those  who  have  had  employment  within  the 
"ear  ending  with  the  taking  of  the  schedule  according  to  the  industry 
n which  they  have  been  employed.  The  main  headings  used  in  these 
ables  follow  the  classification  of  the  United  States  Census,  with  the 
ollowing  modifications : General  labor  is  here  separated  from  domestic 
i>nd  personal  service;  fishing,  mining,  and  quarrying  are  separated 
rom  manufacturing  and  mechanical  pursuits:  trade  and  transporta- 
ion  are  distinct  from  each  other.  The  headings  as  here  used  are: 

1.  Agricultural  pursuits. 

2.  Domestic  and  personal  service. 

3.  Many  facpiring  and  mechanical  pursuits. 

4.  Mining  (including  quarrying). 

5.  General  labor. 

6.  Professional  service. 

7.  Trade. 

8.  Transportation. 


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The  Immigration  Commission. 


The  term  “Domestic  and  personal  service”  includes  besides 
domestic  servants  certain  classes  of  persons  not  professional  who 
serve  the  general  public,  such  as  policemen,  city  firemen,  and  em- 
ployees at  places  of  amusement. 

Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables 
10,  60,  110,  159,  and  209. — These  tables  are  similar  to  Tables  9,  59, 
109,  158,  and  208,  relating  to  males. 

Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  speci- 
fied amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race:  Study  of  employees. 
Tables  11,  61,  111,  160,  and  Employees  are  here  classified 

according  to  the  amount  of  their  earnings.  In  some  industries 
earnings  are  reported  by  the  week,  and  in  others  by  the  day.  Where 
employment  is  on  the  time  basis  the  data  are  for  “rate  of  pay;” 
wliere  employment  is  on  the  piece  basis  the  data  are  for  “earnings.” 

Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race:  Study  of 
employees.  Tables  12,  62,  'll2,  161,  and  211. — These  tables  are 
similar  to  Tables  11,  61,  111,  160,  and  210,  relating  to  earnings  of 
males  18  years  of  age  or  over.  In  practically  all  industries  the 
number  of  employees  under  14  was  too  small  for  tabulation. 

Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per 
year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households. 
Tables  13,  63,  113,  162,  and  212. — These  tables  form  a part  of  the 
study  of  family  incomes.  The  information  relative  to  income  was 
secured  for  the  year  ending  at  the  time  of  the  agent^s  visit. 

In  the  “selection  of  families”  for  the  compilation  of  data  concern- 
ing family  income,  tlie  following  classes  were  omitted: 

1.  Families  established  less  than  one  year, 

2.  Families  living  two  or  more  per  household  under  complicated  financial 

arrangements,  so  that  exact  income  from  boarders  or  other  sources  within 
the  household  is  uncertain. 

3.  Families  wiih  earnings  or  contributions  representing  entire  earnings  of  mem- 

bers who  are  profit  earners  or  whose  net  earnings  are  for  any  other  reason 
uncertain.  That  part  of  the  income  in  this  study  represented  by  earn- 
ings is  net. 

Practically  all  of  the  heads  of  families  included  in  these  tables  are 
also  heads  of  households.  They  are  here  classified  according  to  the 
amount  of  their  earnings  for  the  year. 

Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables 
14,  64,  114,  1^3,  213. — Male  wage-earners  are  here  classified 

according  to  the  amount  of  their  earnings  for  the  year  ending  at  the 
time  of  the  agent’s  visit.  Persons  who  receive  board  and  lodging  in 
addition  to  a money  wage  and  persons  who  receive  tips  or  other  per- 
quisites over  and  above  a stipulated  wage  are  not  included  in  these 
tables. 

Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family:  Study  of  households.  Tables  15,65, 115,164,  (I'T^d  214- 
The  families  included  in  these  tables  are  the  same  as  in  Tables  13, 
63,  113,  162,  and  212.  These  families  are  here  classified  according  to 
the  amount  of  total  income  for  the  year  from  all  sources.  Tables  17, 
67,  116,  166,  and  216  show  the  sources  of  this  income.  Income  from 


General  Explanation  of  Tables. 


285 


“boarders  or  lodgers’'  and  in  some  cases  from  “other  sources”  is 
gross. 

Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables 
16,  66,  165,  and  215. — These  tables  are  similar  to  Tables  14,  64,  163, 
and  213,  which  relate  to  earnings  of  males. 

Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  family:  Study  of  households.  Tables  17,  67,  116, 
166,  and  216. — The  families  included  in  these  tables  are  the  same 
as  m Tables  13,  63,  113,  162,  and  212.  The  number  of  families 
with  income  from  earnings  of  husband,  the  number  with  income 
from  earnings  of  wife,  etc.,  are  shown  here.  The  terms  “husband” 
and  “wife”  include  the  widowed,  divorced,  and  deserted.  The 
principal  items  under  “Other  sources”  are  (1)  receipts  from  invest- 
ments, which,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  are  in  the  form  of 
rentals,  and  (2)  contributions  of  friends  or  relatives,  who  pay  either 
more  or  less  than  the  rates  of  boarders  or  lodgers.  Attention  is 
called  to  the  fact  that  the  family  may  have  had  income  from  some 
source,  for  example,  from  boarders  or  lodgers,  within  the  year,  but 
not  at  the  time  the  schedule  was  taken. 

Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family:  Study  of  households.  Tables  18,  68,  117,  167,  and 

217.  — The  families  included  in  these  tables  are  the  same  as  in  Tables 
13,  63,  113,  162,  and  212.  They  are  classified  here  according  to  the 
source  or  combination  of  sources  upon  which  the  family  has  been 
wholly  dep(fndent  for  income  within  the  year  ending  with  the  taking 
of  the  schedule.  The  four  items  which  make  up  all  incomes  except 
those  entered  in  the  last  column  of  these  tables  are  earnings  of 
husband,  earnings  of  wife,  contributions  of  children,  and  payments 
of  boarders  or  lodgers.  It  will  be  noted  that  all  families  deriving 
their  entire  income  from  husband,  wife,  and  children  have  a net 
income,  and  that  all  incomes  including  the  payments  of  boarders  or 
lodgers  are  gross;  also,  that  all  families  having  any  part  of  their 
income  from  money  invested  appear  in  the  last  column  of  these 
tables. 

Months  worlced  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or 
over  employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race 
of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables  19,  69,  118,  168,  and 

218.  — Members  of  households  of  working  age  who  have  been  employed 
outside  of  the  home  within  the  year  ending  with  the  taking  of  the 
schedule  are  here  classified  according  to  whether  they  have  worked 
under  three  months,  three  and  under  four  months,  four  and  under  five 
months,  etc.  For  the  purposes  of  these  tables  all  cases  of  part-time 
employment  have  been  reduced  to  a full-time  basis;  for  example, 
an  employee  who  has  worked  seven  months  on  half-time  is  counted 
as  having  worked  three  and  one-half  months.  The  data  are  shown 
for  males  and  females  separately. 

Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household:  Study  of  households.  Tables  20,  70,  119,  169,  and 

219.  — All  households  are  here  divided  into  “family  households,”  or 
households  where  a family  is  present,  and  “group  households,”  or 
households  composed  of  a group  of  persons,  no  family  included. 


286 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


1 


Family  households  are  further  classified  as  bein^  with  or  without* 
boarders  or  lodgers.  Family  households  with  neither  boarders  noi. 
lodgers  are  subdivided  into  those  consisting  of  a single  family  and 
those  consisting  of  two  or  more  families  living  in  the  same  apartment  i 
and  sharing  one  or  more  rooms.  Family  households  with  boarders ! 
or  lodgers  are  subdivided  into  those  who  keep  boarders  and  those, 
who  keep  only  lodgers.  Households  keeping  both  boarders  and ; 
lodgers  are  here  entered  as  households  with  boarders.  '‘Boarders’^ 
are  persons  to  whom  both  food  and  lodging  are  furnished. 

]\ umber  of  households  'paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  pe7^\ 
apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  \ 
of  households.  Tables  21,  71,  120,  170,  and  220. — In  these  tables 
appear  only  the  renting  households  which  report  the  rent  paid  for 
the  unfurnished  rooms  which  they  use  for  living  purposes.  The 
following  classes  are  thus  excluded  from  these  tables: 

1.  Households  which  rent  apartment  furnished. 

2.  Households  which  pay  an  undivided  sum  for  apartment  and  place  of  business. 

3.  Resident  landlords  who  pay  an  undivided  sum  for  the  apartment  they  occupy 

and  other  apartments  which  they  sublet. 

4.  Households  which  pay  “ground  rent.” 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  house- 
holds. Tables  22,  72,  121,  171,  and  221. — The  households  included 
in  these  tables  are  the  same  as  in  Tables  21,  71,  120,  170,  and  220. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  house- 
holds. Tables  23,  73,  122,  172,  and  222. — The  households  included 
in  these  tables  are  the  same  as  in  Tables  21,  71,  120,  170,  and  220. 

Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers  and  number  oj 
boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  21^,  74,  123,  173,  and  223. — These  tables 
show  tlie  number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  the  number 
keeping  only  lodgers;  they  also  show  the  total  number  of  boarders 
and  of  lodgers.  ^‘Boarders’’  both  sleep  and  eat  with  the  household. 
Households  which  keep  lodgers  in  addition  to  boarders  are  classified 
with  the  households  keeping  boarders.  Among  certain  races  it  is 
customary  to  include  one  of  the  following  accommodations  with  the 
nominal  price  of  lodging:  (1)  Coffee  or  soup  is  served  once  a day; 
(2)  the  lodger  is  allowed  the  privilege  of  cooking  his  food  on  the 
kitchen  stove;  (3)  the  housewife  buys  the  lodger’s  food,  having  the 
price  charged  in  his  account  book,  and  prepares  the  food  for  him. 
Persons  with  such  financial  arrangements  consider  themselves  lodgers, 
and  have  been  classified  as  such  in  these  tables. 

Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  specified 
size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  house- 
holds. Tables  25,  75,  124,  174,  224- — Households  are  here  classi- 

fied according  to  the  number  of  rooms  which  they  occupy,  and  are 
further  classified  according  to  the  number  of  persons  of  whom  they 
are  composed.  Booms  used  exclusively  for  business  purposes, 
although  connected  with  the  apartment,  are  not  counted  in  the  num- 
ber of  rooms  per  apartment.  As  before  stated,  only  such  persons 
as  sleep  in  the  apartment  are  considered  members  of  the  household. 


General  Explanation  of  Tables. 


287 


Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number 
jf  rooms,  by  general  'nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of 
households.  Tables  26,  76,  125,  176,  ami  225. — These  tables  summa- 
rize part  of  the  data  of  Tables  25,  75,  124,  174,  and  224.  Households 
ire  here  classified  according  to  the  number  of  rooms  they  occupy. 

Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each 
wecified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold: Study  of  households.  Tables  27,  77,  126,  176,  and  226. — These 
tables  summarize  part  of  the  data  in  Tables  25,  75,  124,  174,  and  224. 
rhey  give  the  total  number  of  households  and  the  total  number  of 
persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  size. 

Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general 
mtivity  and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  households'.  Tables 
28,  78,  127,  177,  and  227. — These  tables  summarize  part  of  the  data 
n Tables  25,  75,  124,  174,  and  224.  Households  are  here  classified 
recording  to  the  number  of  persons  in  the  household. 

Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  29,  79,  128,  178,  and  228. — These  tables 
show  the  number  of  households  which  average  less  than  one  person 
per  room,  one  and  less  than  two  persons  per  room,  two  and  less  than 
three  persons  per  room,  etc.  These  tables  also  show  the  average  num- 
ber or  persons  per  household  and  per  room  for  all  households  studied. 

Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household:  Study  of  households.  Tables  30,  80,  129,  179,  and  229. — 
Phese  tables  present  the  data  relative  to  persons  per  sleeping  room. 
Duly  rooms  which  are  regularly  used  for  sleeping  purposes  are  here 
considered  sleeping  rooms.  The  tables  are  similar  to  Tables  29,  79, 
128,  178,  and  228. 

Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  21,  81,  130,  180,  and  230. — These  tables 
classify  households  according  to  the  number  of  rooms  left  for  living 
purposes  after  the  number  of  sleeping  rooms  has  been  deducted. 

Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race:  Study  of 
employees.  Tables  32,  82,  131,  181,  and  231. — These  tables  show  the 
Qumber  of  male  employees  who  read  some  language  and  the  number 
who  both  read  and  write  some  language. 

Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativity 
and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables  23,  83,  132,  182, 
and  232. — These  tables,  which  are  concerned  with  members  of  house- 
holds, are  similar  to  Tables  32,  82,  131,  181,  and  231,  relating  to 
Bmployees. 

Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex, 
years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households. 
Tables  34,  84,  133,  183,  and  233. — 4 hese  tables  classify  foreign-born 
persons,  male  and  female,  according  to  the  number  of  years  since  their 
first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  The  classes  are:  Under  five  years, 
five  to  nine  years,  and  ten  years  or  over.  These  tables  show  under 
Bach  of  the  three  groups  the  number  of  persons  who  can  read  some 
language  and  the  number  who  can  both  read  and  write  some  language. 

Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex, 
age  at  the  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual: 
Study  of  households.  Tables  35,  85,  134,  ^^4- — These  tables 


288 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


f 


classify  foreign-born  persons,  male  and  female,  according  to  wtiethei 
they  were  under  14  years  of  age  or  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  the 
time  of  their  first  arrival  in  the  United  States,  and  show  the  numbei 
in  each  group  who  can  read  some  language  and  the  number  who  car 
both  read  and  write  some  language. 

Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  hy  age  groups  and  general 
nativity  and  race:  Study  of  employees.  Tables  36,  86,  135,  185,  ana 

235.  — For  the  purposes  of  these  tables  male  employees  are  divided 
into  four  age  groups — 16  to  19  years,  20  to  29  years,  30  to  44  years, 
and  45  years  or  over — and  are  further  classified  according  to  whethei 
they  are  single,  married,  or  widowed.  ^ Ydith  the  widowed  are  included 
the*  relatively  few  persons  who  are  divorced  or  deserted. 

Conjugal  condition,  hy  sex  and  age  groups,  and  hy  general  nativity  and 
race  of  individual:  Study^  of  households.  Tables  37,  87,  136,  186,  and 

236.  — These  tables,  which  are  concerned  with  members  of  house- 
holds 16  years  of  age  or  over,  are  similar  to  Tables  36,  86,  135,  185, 
and  235,  relating  to  male  emnlo^^ees. 

Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  hy  race  of  husband: 
Study  of  employees.  Tables  38,  88,  137,  187,  and  237. — These  tables 
show  the  numi)er  of  foreign-born  married  employees  who  report 
wife  in  the  United  States  and  the  number  who  report  wife  abroad. 
The  tabulation  is  by  the  race  of  the  employee. 

Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 
United  States  and  race:  Study  of  employees.  Tables  39,  89,  138, 
188,  and  238. — Male  employees  are  here  classified  according  to  the 
number  of  years  since  their  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  The 
classes  are:  Under  five  years,  five  to  nine  years,  and  ten  years  or  over. 
Under  each  group  emp'loyees  are  classified  according  to  whether  they 
have  made  no  visit,  or  one,  two,  or  three  or  more  visits,  abroad. 

Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household:  Study  of  households.  Tables  Jf9,  90, 
139,  189,  and  239. — These  tables  give  for  all  households  studied  the 
number  of  persons  of  each  sex  who  report  their  ages  as  under  6 years, 
6 to  13  years,  14  and  15  years,  16  to  19  years,  20  to  29  years,  30  to 
44  years,  and  45  years  or  over.  The  tabulation  is  by  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by 
general  nativity  and  race:  Study  of  employees.  Tables  ^1 , 91,  I4O, 
190,  and  2Jfi. — Male  employees  are  here  classified  according  to  age, 
by  years  if  between  14  and  19  years  of  age,  and  by  year  groups  if 
20  years  of  age  or  over. 

Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc.,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  Study  of  households.  Tables  ^2,  92, 
HI , 191 , and  2^1 . — These  tables  show  for  all  families  studied  the  num- 
ber owning  their  homes,  the  number  renting  homes,  the  number  board- 
ing and  the  number  lodging.  The  few  dependent  families  are  included 
in  the  miscellaneous  class  ^‘In  other  conditions.’’ 

General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age 
groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of  households. 
Tables  43, 93, 142, 192,  and  242. — These  tables  show  for  males,  females, 
and  totals,  the  number  of  children  under  6 years  of  age,  6 to  13  years 
of  age,  and  14  and  15  years  of  age,  and  further  show  for  each  age 
group  the  number  of  children  at  home,  at  school,  and  at  work.  The 
few  children  with  employment  outside  of  school  hours  are  tabulated 


General  Explanation  of  Tables. 


289 


.ere  as  at  school,  and  the  few  children  found  worldng  through  the 
ay  and  attending  night  school  are  here  entered  as  at  work. 

Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  'male  emplo'yees  'who  have 
een  in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
r over  at  time  of  coming,  hy  race  and  length  of  residence:  Study  of 
mployees.  Tables  U,  94,  14^,  193,  and  ^45.— These  tables  include 
iiily  foreign-born  employees  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the 
ime  of  their  first  arrival  in  the  United  States  and  who  have  been  in 
he  United  States  long  enough  to  acquire  citizenship.  These  persons 
^re  classified  as  in  the  United  States  five  to  nine  years  and  ten  years 
tr  over,  and  are  further  classified  under  each  year  group  as  aliens, 
itizens,  and  persons  with  only  their  first  papers.  t 7 • t 

Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  'in  the 
United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at 
ime  of  coming,  hy  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence:  Study  of 
iouseholds.  Tables  45,  95,  144,  and  ^44-— These  tables  which 
ire  concerned  with  members  of  households,  are  similar  to  Tables  44, 
)4, 143, 193,  and  243,  relating  to  employees. 

Ability  to  speal  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  a'nd 
leneral  nativity  and  race  of  'individual:  Study  of  households.  Tables 
[6,  96,  145,  195,  and  ^45.— These  tables  show  for  all  non-English- 
ipeaking  races  the  number  of  members  of  households,  male  and  female, 
vho  can  carry  on  a conversation  in  the  English  language. 

Ability  to  speal  E'nglish  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or 
)ver  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of 
ndwidual:  Study  of  households.  Tables  4'^,  37,  145,  196,  and  246. 
rhese  tables  classify  foreign-born  persons,  male  and  female,  of  non- 
Snglish-speaking  races,  according  to  whether  they  were  under  14 
rears  of  age  or  14  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time  of  their  first  arrival 
n the  United  States,  and  show  the  number  in  each  of  the  two  groups 
vho  are  able  to  speak  English. 

Ability  to  speal  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
}y  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual:  Study  of 
lousehotds.  Tables  48,  98,  147,  197,  and  ^47.— These  tables  classify 
nreign-born  persons,  male  and  female,  of  non-English-speaking 
'aces,  according  to  the  number  of  years  since  their  first  arrival  in 
Ee  United  States.  The  classes  are:  Under  five  years,  five  to  nine 
^ears,  and  ten  years  or  over.  Under  each  group  the  number  able  to 
?peak  English  is  shown. 

Ability  to  speal  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  age  at 
\ime  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race:  Study  of  employees. 
Tables  49,  99,  I48,  198,  a'nd  ^45.— These  tables  are  similar  to  Tables 
17,  97,  146,  196,  and  246,  relating  to  members  of  households. 

Ability  to  speal  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 
In  the  United  States  and  race:  Study ^ of  employees.  Tables  50,  100, 
149, 199,  and  249. — These  tables  are  similar  to  Tables  48,  98,  147,  197, 
md  247,  relating  to  members  of  households. 


,1 

i 


GENERAL  TABLES 


I.— GENERAL  SURVEY. 

Table  1. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number  of 
households. 

Total 
number  of 
persons  in 
households. 

Number  of  persons  for  whom 
detailed  information  was  se- 
cured. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

IDS 

499 

259 

238 

497 

Negro 

21 

120 

54 

66 

120 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

ETiglish  

11 

54 

25 

27 

52 

I'ish 

15 

89 

48 

41 

89 

Total 

26 

143 

73 

68 

141 

Total  native-born 

161 

~ 386 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

95 

48 

43 

91 

Croatian 

132 

942 

329 

239 

568 

English  

27 

147 

91 

56 

147 

Erpnpb  

11 

51 

29 

22 

51 

Gprman  . 

51 

300 

161 

139 

300 

Irish  

50 

292 

162 

130 

292 

Italian,  North 

316 

1,803 

853 

647 

1,500 

Italian  Smith  . 

200 

1,289 

717 

374 

1,091 

Lithuanian 

179 

1,021 

482 

337 

819 

Maevar 

241 

1,512 

727 

478 

1,205 

MpTfican  

42 

196 

112 

84 

196 

Polish  

334 

2,087 

1,018 

763 

1,781 

Roumanian 

10 

51 

34 

17 

51 

Russian 

42 

265 

100 

73 

173 

Ruthenian 

43 

293 

155 

109 

264 

Scotch 

11 

71 

39 

29 

68 

Slovak  

454 

2,798 

1,290 

1 089 

2,379 

Slovenian ...  

12 

70 

30 

26 

56 

Welsh  

39 

184 

98 

86 

184 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

13,467 

6,475 

4,741 

11,216 

Grand  total 

2,371 

14, 229 

6,861 

5,113 

11,974 

291 


292 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  2. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  a7i(jj 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

321 

324 

64; 

54 

66 

12!: 

3 



i 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

24 

19 

4; 

2 

\\ 

9(5 

92 

18! 

63 

25 

7! 

12 

11 

2; 

72 

82 

15- 

11(5 

89 

20!' 

287 

281 

56! 

175 

142 

31? 

184 

139 

32! 

208 

201 

m 

45 

39 

8^ 

324 

338 

66 

4 

4 

30 

19 

4 

44 

67 

10 

Scotch 

18 

14 

3 

Slnvalf  . . . 

527 

570 

1,09 

Slovenian 

' 12 

10 

2 

Welsh 

47 

37 

84 

Total 

2,278 

2, 171 

4,44t| 

Total  native-born 

2,653 

2,564 

5,21? 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

29 

25 

54 

Bnijnian  

1 

1 

(n1hpr  than  Vrencb)  

2 

Croatian 

233 

144 

37?! 

Danish  

1 

li 

English 

48 

39 

87 

French 

18 

12 

3C 

German 

81 

64 

145 

Irish  . 

63 

36 

99 

Italian  North  . 

563 

357 

92C 

Italian,  fioiith  ..  

543 

226 

769 

T.ithiianian  

296 

194 

49(J 

Magyar 

481 

277 

758 

Mexican 

64 

40 

104 

Polish 

698 

415 

1,113 

Bonmanian  . ..  . 

39 

13 

52 

Russian  

101 

54 

155 

Ruthenian 

108 

51 

159 

Scotch  ..  

20 

19 

39 

Slovak 

751 

521 

1,272 

Slovenian . . 

18 

17 

35 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Welsh 

50 

42 

92 

Total  foreign-born 

4,208 

2,549 

6, 757 

Grand  total 

6,861 

5,113 

11,974 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


293 


'able  3. —Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  gene- 
ral nativity  and  race. 

* (STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Total 

number. 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Total 

number. 


lative-bom  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro — 

Indian 


18, 515 
6,702 
2 


Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

English 

Finnish 

Flemish 


2,497 

70 

3 


lative-bom  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father: 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 


4 

823 

51 

49 

10 


England . 
France.. . 
Germany. 
Greece . . . 


1,800 

173 

2,256 

1 


Ireland 

Italy 

' Mexico 

Netherlands. 


1,352 

196 

9 

19 


French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 
Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 


786 

2,699 

113 

6 

6 

935 
6, 666 
4, 272 
113 
1,892 

18 

4,571 

116 

136 

14 


! ‘ Norway. . . 

I Roumania. 

' Russia 

Scotland . . 


5 Polish 

1 Portuguese. 

176  Roumanian 

925  Russian 

Ruthenian . 


7,370 

7 

157 

1,853 

308 


Sweden 

' Switzerland. 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bosnian 

Bulgarian 


66 

28 

468 

3 


8,415 


33, 634 


2 

747 

1 

177 


Canadian,  French. 
Canadian,  Other.. 

Croatian 

Cuban 

Dalmatian 


26 

30 

2,426 

1 

6 


Scotch 

Scotch-Irish. 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian. . 


1,162 

27 

132 

11,318 

1,912 


Spanish. 
Swedish. 
Syrian. . 
Turkish. 
Welsh... 


7 

307 

21 

4 

399 


West  Indian  (other  than  Cuban) . . . 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 


1 

8 

885 

377 

24 

54,734 


Danish. 

Dutch. 


20 

106 


Grand  total 


88,368 


294 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  4. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  spedfie 

number  of  years,  by  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Num- 
ber re- 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Race. 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

• 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15tol9. 

i 

20  or  J 
over.  M| 

Armenian 

1 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

744 

9 

27 

84 

57 

44 

189 

21 

90 

22:!  1 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

173 

2 

60 

60 

19 

6 

18 

2 

2 

1 

Canadian,  French 

24 

2 

6 

1 

5 

1i 

Canadian,  Other 

29 

1 

1 

4 

2 

5 

Iv  . 

Croatian 

2,410 

40 

204 

433 

391 

247 

858 

128 

85 

n 

3( 

Dalmatian 

0 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Danish 

20 

1 

1 

1 

11 

4 

D»tch 

103 

4 

6 

9 

6 

6 

19 

5 

18 

36 

English 

2,441 

39 

55 

112 

103 

97 

229 

78 

138 

1,59:11 

Finnish 

70 

1 

1 

1 

6 

7 

25 

10 

11 

h 

Flemish 

3 

1 

,1 

French 

775 

11 

33 

55 

43 

38 

223 

32 

131 

20t 

German 

2,  (177 

33 

50 

124 

109 

100 

363 

120 

548 

l,22t 

Greek 

111 

2 

14 

19 

12 

10 

31 

8 

8 

7 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

0 

2 

4 

Herzegovinian 

6 

4 

1 

1 

‘ 

Irish 

910 

3 

7 

20 

11 

12 

37 

28 

60 

73S 

Italian,  North 

0,  ('22 

160 

377 

786 

805 

586 

2,382 

632 

547 

341 

Italian,  South 

4.239 

146 

247 

549 

533 

430 

1,590 

370 

224 

141 

Italian  (not  specified) 

109 

1 

10 

18 

12 

12 

34 

8 

8 

c 

Lithuanian 

1,88.3 

18 

37 

111 

148 

106 

713 

310 

271 

111 

Macedonian 

18 

1 

9 

4 

1 

1 

2 

Magyar 

4, 543 

148 

412 

736 

563 

441 

1,460 

331 

296 

156 

Mexican 

111 

2 

5 

8 

8 

6 

27 

24 

21 

10 

Montenegrin 

130 

41 

51 

15 

10 

14 

4 

A 

Norwegian 

14 

1 

2 

2 

3 

A 

Polish 

7,310 

132 

491 

1,107 

758 

647 

2,333 

667 

671 

510 

Portuguese 

n 

3 

3 

1 

Roumanian 

1.3(1 

7 

54 

43 

22 

9 

16 

1 

3 

1 

Russian 

1,831 

45 

181 

358 

207 

138 

509 

167 

1.35 

91 

Ruthenian 

.307 

5 

20 

07 

28 

36 

72 

35 

22 

16 

Scotch 

1, 139 

22 

26 

39 

42 

39 

115 

28 

72 

756 

Scotch-Irish 

24 

1 

1 

2 

1 

18 

Servian 

131 

i 

7 

25 

12 

14 

50 

15 

4 

3 

Slovak 

11.272 

174 

623 

1,290 

1,038 

1,014 

3, 557 

1,279 

1,120 

1,177 

Slovenian 

1,899 

51 

118 

291 

203 

182 

695 

164 

125 

70 

Spanish 

6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Swedish 

306 

2 

4 

4 

7 

6 

36 

15 

65 

167 

Syrian 

21 

1 

4 

1 

6 

0 

2 

1 

Turkish 

4 

1 

1 

1 

) 

Welsh 

397 

4 

7 

9 

5 

8 

11 

18 

24 

311 

West  Indian 

1 

1 

Australian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  ..... 

8 

1 

4 

3 

Austrian  (race  not  specified). 

874 

33 

41 

118 

81 

89 

351 

45 

72 

44 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . 

375 

11 

7 

14 

14 

30 

84 

14 

84 

117 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

24 

2 

1 

21 

Total 

.54,300 

1,116 

3,192 

6, 557 

5,269 

4, 435 

16,088 

4,582 

4,875 

8, 186 

General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


295 


VBLE  5. — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 
years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual. 

(study  op  households.) 

y years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  Is 
made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 


jhemian  and  Moravian 

jsnian 

oatian 

nglish 

rench 

srman 

ish 

alian,  North 

alian,  South 

ithuanian 

agyar 

exican 

Dlish 

oumanian 

ussian 

uthenian 

;otch 

ovak 

ovenian 

aanish 

^elsh 

Total 


N um- 
ber re- 

In  United  States- 

porting 

com- 

Under 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 to  9 

10  to  14 

15  to  19 

20  years 

data. 

1 year. 

year. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

or  over. 

29 

2 

3 

4 

2 

5 

4 

1 

3 

5 

1 

1 

233 

6 

11 

25 

27 

22 

84 

32 

24 

2 

47 

1 

4 

8 

7 

2 

5 

1 

19 

18 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

4 

5 

81 

6 

3 

11 

1 

14 

11 

2 

5 

29 

63 

1 

5 

1 

3 

1 

1 

51 

563 

21 

33 

63 

47 

59 

185 

58 

60 

37 

543 

28 

56 

88 

77 

60 

161 

39 

20 

14 

296 

6 

11 

23 

20 

17 

99 

62 

33 

25 

481 

16 

43 

59 

55 

61 

129 

55 

37 

26 

()4 

2 

2 

1 

14 

16 

18 

11 

698 

29 

80 

109 

72 

64 

172 

66 

64 

42 

39 

1 

9 

7 

3 

7 

12 

101 

3 

21 

17 

11 

7 

31 

5 

3 

3 

108 

1 

15 

11 

14 

11 

27 

11 

11 

7 

20 

2 

2 

6 

10 

751 

24 

36 

78 

57 

62 

183 

103 

105 

103 

18 

1 

2 

1 

2 

7 

1 

4 

3 

1 

2 

50 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

3 

9 

24 

4,207 

152 

329 

510 

402 

401 

1,142 

457 

401 

413 

FEMALE. 


ohemian  and  Moravian 

25 

2 

3 

1 

4 

5 

3 

3 

4 

anadian  (other  thanFrench) 

2 

2 

roatian 

144 

5 

12 

19 

14 

23 

48 

12 

10 

1 

'an  ish 

1 

1 

nglish 

39 

5 

4 

3 

2 

7 

2 

16 

rench  

12 

1 

3 

1 

3 

4 

erman 

64 

3 

3 

14 

1 

9 

4 

2 

6 

22 

•ish 

36 

2 

6 

1 

27 

;alian.  North 

357 

12 

26 

54 

39 

37 

119 

28 

34 

8 

'.alian.  South 

228 

11 

22 

46 

22 

24 

69 

17 

12 

3 

Ithuanian 

194 

9 

8 

15 

16 

9 

82 

39 

9 

7 

iagyar 

277 

5 

34 

29 

35 

29 

67 

42 

26 

10 

[exican 

40 

1 

4 

1 

8 

8 

13 

5 

'olish 

415 

14 

40 

52 

48 

47 

114 

46 

34 

22 

Lonmnnin.n 

13 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

Lussiau 

54 

6 

7 

8 

11 

9 

7 

5 

1 

’.uthenian 

51 

4 

3 

5 

8 

17 

7 

6 

1 

cotch 

19 

4 

4 

11 

lovak 

521 

9 

28 

55 

34 

43 

168 

72 

70 

42 

lovenian 

17 

1 

2 

3 

7 

2 

1 

1 

Velsh 

42 

8 

2 

1 

3 

1 

5 

19 

Total 

2,549 

84 

198 

308 

246 

256 

734 

282 

234 

207 

296 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  5. — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  numh 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 


TOTAL. 


N um- 
ber re- 

In  United  States- 

Race  of  individual. 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Under 

1 year. 

1 

year. 

2 

years. 

3 

years. 

4 

years. 

5 to  9 
j’-ears. 

10  to  14 
years. 

15  to  19 
years. 

20  ye  J 

or  ove:. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

54 

1 

4 

6 

5 

6 

10 

1 

7 

1 

6 

2 

Croatian  

377 

11 

23 

24 

41 

45 

132 

44 

34 

T^O  TY  loVk 

1 

English 

86 

1 

9 

\2 

10 

4 

12 

1 

2 

J 

30 

3 

1 

1 

7 

2 

7 



German  

145 

8 

6 

25 

2 

23 

15 

4 

11 

Irish  

99 

2 

1 

11 

2 

3 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

920 

33 

59 

117 

86 

96 

304 

86 

94 

Italian,  South 

7l'.9 

39 

7S 

134 

99 

84 

230 

56 

32 

1 

Lithuanian 

490 

15 

19 

38 

36 

26 

181 

101 

42 

Magyar  

758 

21 

77 

88 

90 

90 

196 

97 

63 

Mpvif’an  

104 

2 

1 

G 

2 

22 

24 

31 

i 

Polish  

1,113 

52 

43 

120 

161 

118 

111 

286 

112 

98 

(I 

Rouinsniciii 

1 

11 

28 

I 10 

5 

9 

16 

Russian  

155 

9 

25 

22 

16 

38 

10 

3 

Ruthenian 

159 

1 

19 

14 

19 

19 

44 

18 

17 

39 

1,272 

2 

6 

10 

Slovak  

33 

64 

133 

91 

105 

351 

175 

175 

1-1 

pinvpnian  

35 

2 

4 

4 

2 

14 

3 

5 

Qt\o  1 cVi 

3 

1 

2 

Welsh  

92 

12 

i 

3 

2 

5 

8 

4 

14 

1 

Total 

6,756 

236 

j 527 

1 

1 818 

648 

657 

1,876 

739 

635 

65 

I 

Table  Q— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  males  wh 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  0*  Indfvidual. 


Bohemian  and  Mo 

ravian 

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

French 


18 

1 

189 

28 

11 


German 

Irish 

Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 


57 

35 

441 

437 


Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican . . . 
Polish 


248 

38G 

45 

5G7 


Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian. 
Scotch 


36 

91 

90 

13 


Slovak 

Slovenian , 
Spanish. . , 
Welsh.... 


600 

16 

3 

29 


Total 


3,341 


Number  witl  out  oc- 
cupatior.<. 

Number 

kir.g  for  wages. 

Number  working 
without  wages. 

Number  work-, 
ing  for  profit. 

Farm  labor- 
ers. 

Laborers. 

Miners. 

In  hand 
trades. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

Total. 

Farm  labor- 
ers. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

1 Total. 

5 

1 

5 

5 

16 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

22 

3 

12 

8 

8 

53 

62 

1 

63 

72 

7 

2 

23 

3 

28 

1 

8 

1 

1 

10 

1 

4 

9 

17 

3 

5 

38 

12 

4 

16 

2 

2 

2 

1 

14 

4 

21 

7 

1 

8 

4 

...... 

6 

97 

47 

12 

51 

47 

254 

90 

1 

91 

86 

f 

3 

143 

41 

9 

31 

24 

218 

122 

122 

61 

3 

1 

2 

72 

3 

5 

IS 

11 

109 

86 

86 

48 

3 

c 

9 

109 

19 

15 

39 

32 

214 

102 

1 

103 

53 

7 

£ 

13 

4 

22 

2 

41 

1 

1 

2 

1 

"7' 

126 

49 

55 

50 

41 

321 

165 

4 

169 

70 



12 

2 

14 

8 

8 

14 

1 

2 

9 

2 

3 

5 

0 

25 

51 

51 

13 

1 

43 

1 

3 

5 

52 

15 

1 

16 

22 

5 

11 

2 

13 

2 

182 

29 

37 

42 

45 

335 

200 

2 

202 

59 

2 

t 

3 

2 

1 

3 

9 

6 

6 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 25 

1 

26 

1 

1 

• 

39 

844 

213 

1 274 

254 

244 

1,829 

930 

16 

946 

506 

21 

55- 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


297 


BLE  7, — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
I)lete  data. 

Number  without  occu- 
pation. 

Number  working  for 
wages. 

Number  working 
without  wages. 

Number  work- 
ing for  profit. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  domestic  and 
personal  serv- 
ice. 

In  other  occupa- 

tions. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  occupa- 

tions. 

Total.v 

Farmers. 

In  other  occupa- 

tions. 

I Total. 

leinian  and  Moravian. 

16 

9 

6 

6 

1 

1 

itian 

119 

75 

6 

2 

1 

9 

35 

35 

n’<;h 

1 

1 

22 

19 

3 

3 

nnh  

7 

7 

man 

37 

31 

2 

2 

1 

5 

1 

1 

i 

20 

18 

2 

2 

ian,  North 

254 

149 

22 

11 

35 

68 

27 

2 

29 

7 

1 

8 

inn  South 

165 

136 

14 

2 

2 

18 

11 

11 

inanian 

150 

89 

24 

7 

1 

32 

26 

26 

3 

3 

■^var 

200 

143 

12 

14 

4 

30 

26 

26 

1 

:ican. 

26 

21 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

[Sh 

271 

168 

17 

20 

7 

44 

57 

1 

58 

1 

imanian 

10 

5 

5 

5 

isian 

40 

18 

2 

2 

4 

18 

18 

hpnian 

37 

15 

1 

8 

9 

13 

13 

hoh - 

9 

8 

1 

1 

rak 

369 

218 

31 

49 

10 

90 

59 

59 

1 

1 

2 

/enian 

11 

4 

1 

1 

2 

5 

5 

Ish 

23 

21 

2 

2 

Total 

1,787 

1,155 

132 

129 

68 

329 

285 

3 

288 

12 

3 

15 

48296°— VOL  7—11 20 


298 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  8. — Occupation  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  before  coming  to  the  United  Sta\. 

by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bosnian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian)., 
Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Svrian 

Turkish 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 
Austrian  (race  not  specified) . . 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . . 
Swiss  (race  not  specified) 


N\im- 


Number  who  were  engaged  in — 


her  re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Min- 

ing. 

Farm- 
ing or 
farm 
labor. 

Gen- 

eral 

labor. 

Manu- 

factur- 

ing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Trade. 

Otl 

occu- 

tioi 

408 

235 

67 

1 

24 

5 

67 

3 

158 

15 

8 

1,212 

17 

15 

9 

119 

12 

8 

4 

2 

3 

' i 

1 

44 

3 

4 

1 

57 

1 

1 

1,026 

7 

15 

1 

47 

2 

5 

1 

i 

33 

1,055 

3 

16 

33 

43 

5 

3 

7 

1,277 

65 

38 

5 

25 

2 

48 

8 

17 

1 

2 

254 

782 

7 

24 

265 

40 

36 

95 

7 

7 

10 

] 

1,423 

58 

2 

157 

11 

14 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

321 
4,840 
2, 883 

1 0 

190 

661 

223 

83 

2,770 

1,917 

4 

25 

563 

415 

3 

6 

116 

28 

9 

496 

206 

1 

28 

9 

7 

J 

5 

1,570 

0 

67 

1,243 

129 

26 

86 

3 

) 

13 

2,423 

98 

118 

10 

1 

3 

4 

4 

1 

263 

70 

5 

1,660 

17 

108 

4 

229 

5 

29 

188 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3,771 

369 

2,597 

5 

333 

110 

281 

4 

7 

1 

D 

97 

1,389 

151 

7 

108 

24 

80 

1,109 

100 

5 

1 

3 

1 

88 

18 

25 

4 

43 

2 

4 

1 

2 

2 

561 

C 

495 

A 

10 

14 

1 

2 

650 

71 

2 

15 

2 

3 

0 

69 

5,378 

1,248 

P 

% 

4 

573 

250 

A 

58 

3,680 

719 

1 

1 

77 

33 

2 

282 

138 

2 

9 

2 

7 

5 

o 

142 

15 

4 

178 

y 

22 

3 

1 

156 

1 

312 

217 

1 

82 

9 

3 

3 

4 

14 

2 

2 

16 

1 

1 

6 

4 

1 

t 

1 

658 

271 

7 

248 

7 

3 

37 

14 

5 

17 

2 

41 

10 

1 

1 

1 

. 31,325 

6,478 

1 18,174 

2,905 

607 

2,206 

123 

Total , 


General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


299 


Table  9. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry^  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

The  main  headings  used  In  this  table  follow  the  classification  of  the  United  States  Census  with  these  modi- 
fications: General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining,  and 
Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transportation 
are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


leneral  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Total  number. 

Agricultural  pursuits. 

Domestic  and  personal 
service. 

Manufacturing  and  me- 

chanical pursuits. 

Mining. 

1 Generallabor  (notother- 

1 wise  entered). 

I Professional  service. 

I Trade. 

Transportation. 

At  home. 

1 At  school.  j 

Coal  (bituminous). 

1 Iron  ore. 

Jative-born  of  native  father: 

White  

168 

1 

1 

9 

147 

1 

2 

1 

6 

32 

1 

31 

Jative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

father: 

5 

3 

1 

1 

26 

3 

20 

3 

2 

2 

17 

1 

6 

9 

i 

56 

2 

40 

1 

3 

4 

2 

4 

14 

9 

5 

Ttfllia.n,  Smith 

5 

1 

4 

Tiithnnnian 

4 

4 

Magyar 

11 

8 

3 

Mexican  . . 

1 

1 

Polish 

16 

1 

1 

11 

3 

Ruthenian 

3 

2 

1 

Scotch 

9 

3 

5 

1 

Slovak 

44 

2 

38 

1 

1 

2 

Welsh 

15 

12 

i 

1 

1 

Total 

228 

3 

17 

168 

1 

11 

7 

5 

16 



Total  native-born 

428 

2 

4 

346 

1 

12 

9 

6 

22 

I’oreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

23 

23 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

213 

4 

207 

2 

English 

40 

40 

French 

16 

1 

15 

German 

70 

68 

2 

Irish 

60 

57 

1 

2 

Italian,  North 

0 486 

8 

469 

7 

1 

Italian,  South 

481 

3 

465 

4 

3 

4 

2 

Lithuanian 

276 

1 

270 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Magyar 

426 

2 

420 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mexican 

62 

60 

2 

Polish 

624 

1 

37 

573 

5 

6 

*2 

1 Roumanian 

38 

38 

Russian 

97 

5 

91 

1 

Ruthenian 

99 

1 

98 

Scotch 

19 

17 

1 

1 

Slovak 

679 

2 

674 

2 

1 

Slovenian 

18 

1 

17 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Welsh 

46 

1 

44 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

0 3,777 

2 

65 

3,650 

12 

4 

3 

3 

29 

8 

Grand  total 

0 4,205 

T 

3,996 

~i2 

4 

1 

15 

12 

35 

~30 

a Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


300 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  10. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  oxer  in  each  specified  industry,  bi\ 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(The  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classification  of  the  United  States  Census  with  these  modi  i 
fications'  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Servme;  Fishmg,  Mining,  an^i , 
Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transportatioi  ^ 
are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

While 

Negro 

Indian 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Ruthenian 

Scotch  

Slovak 

Welsh 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Croatian 

Danish 

English 

French 

, German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


U 1 

ir*  1 

> 

Total  number. 

a ' 

ii2  ' 
S S i" 

o 

W) 

< f 

uomesticaiKi  pi 

sonal  service. 

Man  mac  luring  a 

mechanical  pi 

suits. 

Bituminous  c( 

mining. 

CO 

3 

IJ 

3 

j Trade. 

j Transportation 

At  home. 

1 At  school. 

184 

32 

3 

6 

1 

5 

168 

4 

1 

25 

3 

0 

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

g 

1 

1 

7 

4 

3 

1 

28 

34 

13 

G 

0 

0 

1 

18 

' 1 

1 

6 

3 

19 

'i! 

8 

... 

5 

1 

5 

9 

1 

7 

5 

5 

14 

2 

1 

2 

11 

2 

7 

43 

13 

2 

1 

4 

4 

1 

2 

34 

1 

10 

202 

1 

1 18 

6 

7 

10 

141 

1' 

421 

1 

1 28 

7 

8 

15 

— 

18 

18 

2 

2 

130 

1 

127 

1 

1 

31 

31 

12 

12 

53 

31 

2 

■'i' 

51 

30 

301 

1 QO 

2 

296 

1 

1 

180 

175 

174 

241 

3 

238 

30 

36 

ou 

1 

1 

2 

2 

320 

11 

— 

10 

44 

44 

42 

42 

15 

444 

13 

1 

1 

13 

, 3 

1 

440 

13 

32 

1 

1 

30 



2, 139 

. 14 

3 

3 

1 

3 

1 

2,108 

2,560 

"'T 

42 

10 

9 

18 

1 

2,445 

3 

Total  foreign-born. 
Grand  total 


General  T ables:  General  Survey. 


301 


'able  11. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Un- 

der 

11. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

.$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

fative-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

15, 972 

12.31 

78 

280 

352 

1,501 

1,506 

6,510 

4,297 

1,652 

387 

409 

Negro 

6,179 

1.98 

19 

245 

580 

1,511 

577 

1,782 

851 

449 

73 

92 

Indian 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

fative-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  country  of 

birth  of  father: 

Australia 

4 

(a) 

3 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

496 

2A6 

2 

18 

18 

63 

76 

163 

112 

27 

4 

13 

Belgium 

31 

2.  23 

1 

4 

11 

13 

1 

1 

47 

2. 28 

2 

4 

2 

19 

12 

7 

1 

Denmark 

10 

1.89 

2 

1 

1 

3 

3 

England 

1,470 

2.44 

7 

30 

14 

88 

88 

434 

532 

173 

34 

70 

France 

142 

2.  41 

6 

1 

7 

9 

39 

56 

11 

8 

5 

Germany 

1,977 

2.41 

h 

32 

18 

157 

164 

604 

580 

254 

93 

63 

Greece 

1 

(o) 

1 

Ireland 

1, 151 

2^2 

10 

14 

15 

97 

119 

372 

384 

92 

20 

28 

Italy 

107 

2. 36 

5 

4 

9 

7 

21 

48 

3 

3 

7 

Mexico 

7 

(a) 

1 

1 

5 

Netherlands 

17 

2^5 

1 

11 

3 

2 

Norway 

4 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

Russia 

102 

1.99 

12 

2 

18 

11 

25 

29 

4 

1 

Scotland 

744 

2.47 

4 

10 

6 

41 

41 

212 

289 

79 

25 

38 

Sweden 

49 

2. 30 

1 

4 

2 

22 

15 

4 

] 

Switzerland 

22 

2.  45 

1 

2 

1 

5 

10 

1 

2 

Wales 

384 

2. 49 

"3' 

10 

1 

10 

16 

105 

156 

63 

2 

18 

Africa  (country  not 

specified) 

3 

(«) 

2 

1 

Total 

6,768 

2.38 

40 

142 

79 

509 

537 

2,052 

2,249 

721 

194 

245 

Total  native-born . 

28, 921 

2.25 

137 

667 

1,011 

3, 522 

2,620 

9, 345 

7,397 

2,822 

654 

746 

'oreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 

ravian   

705 

2. 34 

5 

14 

30 

58 

45 

244 

159 

102 

27 

21 

Bosnian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Bulgarian 

161 

2.  07 

1 

2 

9 

37 

9 

49 

34 

18 

2 

Canadian,  French... 

23 

2.31 

1 

4 

1 

6 

7 

3 

1 

Canadian,  Other 

24 

2.  30 

3 

2 

7 

11 

1 

Croatian 

2,278 

1.98 

13 

53 

170 

474 

366 

766 

262 

130 

32 

12 

Dalmatian 

5 

(a) 

2 

3 

Danish 

19 

2.  25 

1 

1 

11 

3 

3 

Dutch 

93 

2. 18 

2 

1 

3 

9 

4 

41 

26 

1 

English 

2,283 

1 2.50 

5 

36 

14 

135 

87 

753 

698 

335 

92 

128 

Finnish 

57 

2.  24 

3 

5 

1 

30 

] 1 

5 

1 

1 

Flemish. 

3 

(o  1 

3 

French 

731 

2.  28 

3 

25 

19 

67 

22 

220 

292 

58 

6 

19 

German 

2,540 

2.35 

16 

74 

58 

215 

181 

832 

626 

354 

97 

87 

Greek 

108 

2.  01 

1 

5 

4 

17 

18 

39 

21 

2 

1 

Hebrew  (other  than 

Russian) 

5 

(a) 

1 

3 

1 

Herzegovinian 

5 

(«) 

2 

2 

j 

Irish 

841 

2.  24 

9 

17 

24 

95 

95 

272 

209 

85 

15 

20 

Italian,  North 

6,141 

2.  28 

30 

142 

103 

584 

451 

2, 127 

1,702 

729 

131 

142 

Italian,  South 

3,909 

2.14 

9 

79 

178 

631 

527 

1,219 

743 

380 

80 

63 

Italian  (not  speci- 

fied)  

70 

2. 15 

g 

12 

6 

18 

16 

9 

1 

Lithuanian 

1,767 

2.  28 

io 

61 

22 

277 

51 

569 

405 

247 

51 

74 

Macedonian 

17 

1.80 

1 

1 

10 

2 

3 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
:jst  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
■DDual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


302 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


Table  11,—Numhef  of  male  employees  IS  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified  'V 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — t Continued. 


General  nativity  and 
race. 


Forei?n-bom,  by  race — 
Continued. 

M ajtyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

West  Indian 

Australian  (race  not 

specified) 

Austrian  (race  not 

specified) 

Belgian  (race  not 

specified ) 

Swiss  (race  not 
specified) . 

Total  foreign-born. 

Grand  total 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings 

SI 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50  1 

and  1 
under 
$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

4, 171 

$2.  00 

30 

71 

222 

615 

524  1 

i 1,994 

548 

138 

10 

19 

100 

2.  44 

3 

24 

68 

8 

1 

1 

127 

2. 13 

1 

43 

5 

38 

15 

19 

4 

2 

111 

9.  iq 

1 

8 

4 

6,793 

1.99 

115 

328 

290 

1,075 

824 

2,906 

880 

292 

43 

40 

7 

(a) 

1 

3 

2 

1 

145 

1.  84 

2 

3 

12 

30 

33 

47 

IS 

1,763 

2.  26 

3 

28 

.56 

152 

137 

716 

432 

145 

29 

65 

290 

1.98 

1 

12 

23 

48 

52 

112 

34 

7 

1 

1,053 

2.  48 

2 

17 

7 

57 

36 

338 

357 

166 

20 

53 

23 

2.  .50 

1 

2 

6 

8 

6 

124 

2.04 

2 

2 

31 

10 

50 

22 

6 

1 

10, 575 

2. 03 

'42' 

281 

448 

1,738 

1,906 

4,275 

1,365 

335 

63 

122 

1,783 

2. 18 

18 

31 

38 

183 

no 

739 

524 

118 

13 

9 

6 

(a) 

2 

4 

293 

2.41 

2 

3 

17 

9 

128 

78 

29 

8 

19 

20 

1. 90 

2 

2 

6 

7 

3 

3.56 

2.  41 

1 

6 

4 

28 

13 

113 

119 

50 

7 

15 

1 

(a) 

1 

8 

(0) 

1 

5 

1 

1 

829 

2.53 

8 

3 

37 

15 

209 

361 

132 

25 

39 

360 

2.  28 

1 

9 

4 

33 

5 

113 

165 

23 

2 

5 

21 

2.52 

1 

1 

1 

5 

7 

5 

1 

50,654 

2. 10 

320 

1,313 

1,760 

6,733 

5,  .560 

19,046 

10,245 

3,950 

763 

964 

79,575 

2.19 

457 

|l,980 

2,771 

10,255 

j87l80" 

|28,391 

17,642 

1,417 

1,710 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


303 


BLE  12, — Number  of  male  employees  U and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each  speci- 
fied amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  ram* 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
port- 
ing 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amormt 
per  day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

or 

over. 

.ive-bom  of  native  father: 

White 

1,239 

$1.51 

81 

392 

147 

213 

145 

156 

105 

Negro 

315 

1. 24 

86 

55 

47 

70 

23 

28 

6 

.ive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of 

irth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

308 

1. 44 

21 

111 

43 

48 

21 

50 

14 

20 

1.74 

6 

3 

1 

6 

4 

England 

222 

1.64 

6 

61 

25 

40 

17 

46 

27 

25 

1.73 

. .... 

9 

2 

3 

5 

6 

Germany 

189 

1.60 

62 

12 

40 

14 

34 

21 

Ireland 

90 

1.45 

5 

35 

12 

15 

6 

9 

8 

Italy 

82 

1.60 

4 

32 

3 

10 

4 

1-6 

13 

2 

(a) 

2 

1 

(o) 

i 

.. 

1 

(o) 

Russia 

67 

1.43 

1 

35 

6 

8 

1 

12 

4 

Scotland 

121 

1.75 

3 

31 

9 

17 

7 

27 

27 

17 

1.62 

7 

3 

5 

2 

4 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

Wales 

43 

1.59 

1 

14 

1 

14 

3 

5 

5 

Total 

1,192 

1.57 

47 

404 

113 

202 

74 

218 

134 

Total  native-born 

2,746 

1.51 

214 

851 

307 

485 

242 

402 

245 

eign-bom,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

18 

1.  54 

10 

3 

1 

2 

2 

Bulgarian 

4 

(o) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Croatian 

27 

1.  47 

1 

8 

6 

4 

2 

5 

1 

Danish 

1 

(a) 

1 

Dutch 

7 

(o) 

2 

3 

1 

1 

English 

36 

1.  66 

1 

16 

1 

2 

1 

9 

6 

French 

19 

1.  72 

6 

1 

2 

1 

5 

4 

German 

33 

1.  65 

10 

g 

2 

7 

5 

Greek 

1 

(a\ 

1 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

1 

(a) 

1 

Herzegovinian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Italian.  North 

135 

1.  91 

20 

8 

18 

8 

49 

32 

Italian,  South 

108 

L62 

5 

22 

9 

21 

18 

24 

9 

Italian  (not  specified) 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

6 

(a) 

2 

3 

1 

Macedonian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Magyar 

92 

1.63 

2 

22 

9 

18 

4 

31 

6 

Mexican 

3 

(a) 

1 

2 

Montenegrin 

7 

(a) 

6 

1 

Polish 

82 

1.45 

6 

23 

10 

23 

4 

14 

2 

Roumanian 

5 

(a) 

1 

4 

Russian 

17 

1.  71 

5 

3 

2 

4 

3 

Ruthenian 

5 

(a) 

3 

1 

1 

Scotch 

26 

1.  60 

1 

11 

3 

3 

2 

6 

Servian 

3 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

184 

1.57 

14 

39 

21 

50 

11 

30 

19 

Slovenian 

26 

1.  58 

1 

8 

2 

7 

4 

4 

Swedish 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Syrian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Welsh 

3 

(a) 

1 

2 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

15 

2.23 

1 

2 

7 

5 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

10 

1.  99 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

Total  foreign-born 

883 

1.65 

32 

210 

92 

168 

59 

210 

112 

Grand  total 

3,629 

1.54 

246 

1,061 

399 

653 

301 

612 

357 

This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lime  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
lual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


304 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  13. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per  year^ 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity 
and  race  of 
individual. 


S bc 
p a 
^ & 


Number  earning— 


o 


'O  c 


cl 

o 


Native-born  of  na- 
tive father: 
White.......... 

Negro 

Native-born  of  for- 
eign father,  by 
race  of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native- 
born 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

.Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North. 
Italian.  South  , 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian..., 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

Total  for- 
eign-born. 

Grand  total. 


$607 

384 


15 


15 


708 

758 


24 


131 


13 

117 

22 

11 


44 

270 

169 

165 

216 

38 

298 

9 

38 

39 

9 

409 

11 

32 


413 

401 

570 

380 

613 

498 

426 

448 

425 

416 

391 

450 

(a) 

375 

441 

(a) 

446 

384 

.586 


16 

3 

3 

no 


25 


1,949 

2,080 


442 


14 


80 


218 


534 


472 


321 


17 


15 


451  14  80  225  568  495  332  192  107  21  20 


oNot  computed  owing  lo  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


305 


Cable  14. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number  working  for 
wages  and  reporting 
amount. 

Average  earnings. 

Number  earning— 

Under  $100. 

1 $100  and  under 

1 $150. 

$150  and  under 

$200. 

$200  and  under 

$250. 

1 $250  and  under 

1 $300. 

$300  and  under 

$400. 

1 $400  and  under 

1 $500. 

1 $500  and  under 

1 $600. 

1 $600  and  under 

1 $700. 

$700  and  under 

$800. 

1 $800  and  under 

1 $1,000. 

$1,000  or  over. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

140 

S549 

1 

4 

6 

3 

5 

25 

19 

19 

21 

21 

8 

8 

30 

377 

1 

3 

17 

8 

1 











Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 

of  father: 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

English 

23 

527 

1 

1 

3 

4 

5 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

14 

475 

1 

5 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

44 

532 

1 

3 

3 

2 

5 

9 

6 

8 

3 

1 

■■■3 

Italian,  North 

5 

(a) 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

(a) 

3 

7 

(a) 

3 

3 

1 

Polish 

6 

(o) 

4 

2 

Ruthenian 

3 

(a) 

2 

1 

Scotch 

6 

(a) 

2 

3 

’i' 

Slovak 

16 

373 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

1 

Welsh 

10 

466 

1 

6 

i 

2 

Total 

141 

471 

2 

1 

5 

8 

12 

37 

29 

17 

13 

8 

4 

5 

Total  native-born 

311 

497 

3 

5 

12 

14 

34 

70 

49 

36 

34 

29 

12 

13 

'oreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

413 

1 

3 

2 

4 

5 

5 

1 

1 

Bosnian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Croatian 

194 

378 

8 

4 

10 

23 

11 

63 

42 

16 

6 

11 

English 

36 

592 

1 

2 

5 

5 

2 

10 

6 

4 

1 

French 

16 

341 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

4 

2 

Gennan 

64 

562 

1 

2 

10 

14 

12 

11 

9 

3 

2 

Irish 

58 

517 

1 

2 

"2 

4 

8 

9 

13 

12 

3 

1 

3 

Italian,  North 

438 

427 

6 

12 

15 

35 

144 

112 

64 

31 

10 

8 

1 

Italian,  South 

435 

434 

2 

6 

15 

25 

119 

163 

55 

26 

19 

5 

Lithuanian 

266 

437 

11 

8 

8 

11 

13 

71 

64 

53 

13 

12 

2 

Magyar 

386 

413 

3 

1 

15 

16 

25 

126 

111 

46 

27 

11 

"5' 

Mexican 

57 

379 

1 

3 

4 

31 

12 

4 

2 

Polish 

574 

432 

"e" 

2 

'if 

21 

35 

173 

148 

107 

40 

12 

10 

3 

Roumanian 

37 

538 

13 

14 

9 

1 

Russian 

94 

397 

4 

2 

4 

6 

36 

27 

6 

5 

2 

1 

1 

Ruthenian 

94 

448 

1 

1 

5 

3 

8 

11 

31 

20 

13 

1 

Scotch 

16 

485 

2 

5 

2 

4 

1 

2 

Slovak 

609 

436 

3 

9 

21 

27 

53 

162 

145 

99 

52 

32 

5 

1 

Slovenian 

16 

363 

2 

9 

3 

1 

1 

Spanish 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Welsh 

40 

566 

1 

2 

2 

3 

• 9 

"2 

6 

3 

5 

3 

4 

Total  foreign-born 

3,455 

438 

40 

37 

102 

148 

230 

993 

912 

530 

263 

135 

47 

18 

Grand  total 

3, 766 

443 

43 

42 

114 

162 

264 

1,063 

961 

566 

297 

164 

59 

31 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


306 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  15. — Amount  of  family  income  'per  'year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  oj 

family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 



Number  of  families  having  a total  income— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Number 

of 

selected 
families. a 

Average 

family 

income. 

1 . 

Under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$500. 

$500 

and 

under 

$750. 

$750 

and 

under 

$1,000. 

$1,000 

and 

under 

$1,500. 

I-' 

$1,500 
or  over  ■ 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

1 

White 

83 

$707 

5 

19 

29 

17 

11 

Negro 

24 

470 

1 

17 

4 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

race  of  father: 

English 

11 

767 

5 

1 

1 

4 

Irish 

13 

929 

2 

5 

3 

1 

1 

Total 

24 

855 

7 

6 

4 

5 

2 

Total  native-born 

131 

691 

6 

43 

39 

22 

17 

4 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

554 

2 

5 

2 

4 

Croatian 

119 

528 

20 

50 

37 

6 

2 

4 

English 

22 

858 

1 

2 

5 

8 

5 

1 

French 

12 

563 

2 

6 

2 

1 

1 

German 

41 

798 

5 

20 

9 

3 

4 

Irish 

44 

803 

2 

6 

21 

5 

4 

6 

Italian,  North 

275 

559 

30 

111 

91 

24 

14 

5 

Italian,  South 

1G9 

547 

12 

77 

54 

18 

8 

Lithuanian 

165 

566 

22 

50 

63 

18 

9 

3 

Magyar 

216 

565 

26 

84 

61 

27 

17 

1 

Mexican 

39 

472 

3 

24 

9 

2 

Polish 

299 

574 

18 

117 

113 

31 

18 

2 

Roumanian 

10 

599 

j 

7 

2 

Russian 

39 

468 

4 

21 

12 

2 

Ruthenian 

39 

525 

5 

9 

24 

1 

Scotch 

9 

4 

1 

4 

Slovak 

411 

^ 540 

46 

161 

136 

47 

18 

3 

Slovenian 

11 

440 

10 

1 

Welsh 

36 

737 

4 

6 

13 

2 

9 

2 

Total  foreign-bom 

1,969 

569 

198 

744 

675 

207 

113 

32 

Grand  total 

2, 100 

577 

204 

787 

714 

229 

130 

36 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 

* Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


307 


BLE  16. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
working 
for  wages 
and 

reporting 

amount. 

Number  earning— 

leral  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Average 

earnings. 

Un- 

der 

$100. 

$100 

and 

under 

$150. 

$150 

and 

under 

$200. 

$200 

and 

under 

$250. 

$250 

and 

under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$400. 

$400 
or  over. 

Ive-bom  of  native 
ther: 

White 

6 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

2 

2 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

;ive-born  of  foreign 
,ther,  by  race  of  father: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 

Tian 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

Fncrlish 

1 

1 

P'rpnpVi 

2 

2 

Germ  an 

3 



2 

1 

Irish 

9 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

1 

4 

3 

Mae^var 

1 

1 

iiLCk^j  a<i  •••••••••••••••• 

Sent.ph 

3 

3 

Rlnvalr 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Welsh 

1 

1 

Total ...  

24 

272 

1 

2 

2 

3 

12 

4 

Total  native-born  . . . 

4 

2 

3 

5 

3 

12 

6 

eign-bom: 

Germ  a n 

2 

(«) 

(«) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(o) 

1 

1 

Italian  .Rnnth 

5 

5 

Majrya.r 

2 

2 

Polish 

2 

2 

Seoteh 

2 

i 

1 

RlovaV 

2 

1 

1 

Welsh 

2 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born . . . 

17 

98 

10 

3 

2 

1 

1 

Grand  total 

52 

204 

14 

6 

5 

5 

3 

13 

7 

Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


308 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  17. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husbar 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race 
head  of family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  an  income  from— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


N lunber  of 
selected 
families.^ 

^ 

Earnings  of— 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

1 

Othep 

sourcej^ 

Husband. 

Wife. 

83 

83 

1 

18 

3 

24 

24 

3 

3 

1 

11 

11 

2 

3 

1. 

13 

13 

5 

24 

24 

7 

3 

131 

m” 

4 

' T 

13 

13 

5 

1 

119 

117 

7 

71 

22 

22 

11 

2 

12 

11 

1 

5 

41 

39 

1 

14 

6 

44 

44 

21 

2 

275 

270 

23 

114 

169 

169 

4 

15 

89 

165 

165 

13 

92 

216 

216 

1 

22 

108 

39 

38 

4 

7 

299 

298 

3 

33 

149 

10 

9 

4 

39 

38 

3 

24 

39 

39 

3 

25 

9 

9 

6 

3 

411 

409 

3 

45 

159 

11 

11 

1 

4 

36 

32 

16 

1 

1,969 

1,949 

13 

247 

861 

:! 

2, 100 

2,080 

17 

275 

868 

t 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


309 


BLE  18. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  entire  income  from — 


aeral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 


tive-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

tive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
f father: 

: English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

•eign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

^ Mexican 

‘ Polish 

Roumanian 

I Russian 

. Ruthenian 

i Scotch 

! Slovak 

. Slovenian 

[Welsh 

Total  foreign-born 

I Grand  total 


Number  of  selected  famil 

Husband. 

j Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  children. 

Husband,  wife,  and 

children. 

Husband  and  boarders 

or  lodgers. 

1 Wife. 

j Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders  or 

lodgers. 

j Children. 

1 Children  and  boarders 

1 or  lodgers. 

1 Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combination 

of  sources  not  before 

specified. 

83 

60 

15 

1 

2 

5 

24 

5 

3 

1 

1 

14 

11 

7 

1 

2 

1 

13 

7 

4 

2 

24 

14 

5 

2 

3 

131 

79 

3 

21 

1 

5 

22 





13 

6 

5 

1 

.... 

i 

1 

119 

44 

64 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

22 

8 

10 

2 

2 

12 

3 

"i‘ 

2 

1 

5 

41 

21 

9 

1 

4 

1 

5 

44 

19 

16 

1 

8 

275 

126 

14 

93 

1 

1 

3 

37 

169 

58 

”4' 

7 

81 

19 

165 

52 

5 

63 

45 

216 

85 

9 

94 

27 

39 

4 

2 

1 

32 

299 

no 

2 

20 

131 

1 

35 

10 

6 

3 

1 

39 

13 

1 

21 

1 

3 

39 

10 

3 

24 

2 

9 

2 

4 

1 

2 

411 

186 

"i' 

27 

141 

1 

1 

54 

11 

6 

1 

4 

36 

14 

10 

3 

1 

8 

1,969 

773 

9 

143 

1 

730 

1 

9 

5 

4 

294 

2, 100 

852 

12 

164 

2 

735 

1 

9 

5 

4 

316 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


310 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  19,— Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or  ox 
employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


bC 

fl 

? ca 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number  repo 

complete  da 

ci 

11  and  under 

(N 

10  and  under 

11. 

9 and  under 

10. 

8andunder9. 

7 and  under  8. 

6 and  under  7. 

3 and  under  6. 

w 

u. 

c 

T 

c: 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whit.P  

151 

30 

9 

19 

14 

16 

6 

29 

26 

Negro 

32 

2 

16 

14 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

4 

1 

1 

2 

25 

9 

5 

1 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

16 

4 

7 

2 

1 

1 

47 

7 

2 

11 

2 

3 

5 

6 

11 

8 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

11 

5 

1 

4 

1 

_ 

12 

6 

1 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

Ruthenian 

nVi  ....... 

7 

1 

i 

1 

2 

1 

1 



32 

4 

7 

3 

4 

6 

5 

3 

Welsh 

13 

2 

1 

1 

7 

2 

Total  

188 

36 

3 

42 

13 

14 

22 

34 

22 

Total  native-born 

371 

66 

12 

61 

27 

30 

30 

79 

62 

Foreign-bom: 

BotidDiflD  \fnrfivirin ........ 

22 

5 

1 

4 

1 

3 

3 

4 

1 

1 

1 

............ 

205 

25 

4 

49 

39 

23 

9 

22 

32 



37 

9 

2 

3 

13 

5 

2 

3 

French  - ..... 

16 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

5 

2 



65 

14 

15 

5 

17 

5 

8 

1 

Irish 

60 

7 

1 

15 

4 

11 

6 

4 

90 

11 

103 

28 

Italian,  North.. 

451 

37 

6 

64 

76 

41 

33 

ItsliflTl  

448 

101 

15 

46 

46 

79 

68 

65 

VniQn^flTi  - 

269 

30 

50 

18 

25 

79 

39 

15 

Magyar ......................... 

403 

63 

4 

30 

40 

112 

58 

59 

34 

20 

. . . 

58 

1 

6 

5 

25 

Polish  

579 

85 

5 

146 

58 

91 

69 

86 

33 

37 

96 

27 

2 

5 

2 

1 

F'USsi^n. 

12 

4 

10 

8 

10 

39 

4 

7 

Ruthenian 

96 

57 

9 

8 

2 

5 

3 

12 

Scotch 

16 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

2 

6 

Slovak 

635 

111 

13 

178 

72 

76 

75 

57 

49 

Slovenian 

18 

8 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Spanish 

Welsh 

2 

43 

8 

3 

3 

7 

1 

10 

10 

Total  foreign-bom. 

3,557 

592 

55 

633 

397 

524 

466 

490 

363 

: ^ 

Gran d tr»tai  ...... 

, 3,928 

~67 

694 

424 

1'  554 

1 496 

569 

425 





1 

General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


311 


iBLE  19. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or  over 
employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — 
Continued. 

FEMALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

Sh 

11  and  under 

12. 

10  and  under 

11. 

9 and  under 

10. 

8 and  imder  9. 

7 and  under  8. 

6 and  under  7. 

u 

<D 

-o 

e9 

n 

Under  3. 

itive-born  of  native  father: 

White  

7 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

itive-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

'Rnhemian  and  Moravian 

4 

1 

3 

6 

8 

3 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

5 

4 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

Ereneh  

(rerman  

1 

2 

Irish 

1 

1 

1 

Reoteh  - 

Rlnvak-  - 

1 

Welsh 

Total  

30 

20 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

Total  native-born 

39 

24 

1 

2 

1 

6 

2 

2 

1 

)reign-born: 

Mavyar  

2 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Polish 

2 

Scotch.  

1 

1 

Slovak 

Welsh... 

1 

i 

Total  foreign-born 



12 

5 

1 

2 

2 

2 

Grand  totai 

51 

29 

1 

2 

2 

8 

2 

2 

4 

1 

312 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


1 


Table  20. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  t\\ 

household. 


[“With  boarders  or  lodgers”  includes  only  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  at  the  time  schedu 
was  taken.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


“ Family  ” households. 


With  neither  boarders 
nor  lodgers. 


With  boarders  or 
lodgers. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 


V-. 

0:3 
fl  .c3 


O £ > u 
o 3:  <D 

S 5 

w>  OT  OJ 
C OJ  bX) 

S O3:  o 


108 

27 


101 

23 


Irish 

Italian,  North 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian. . . 
Magyar 


50 

316 

200 

179 

241 


46 

177 

82 

80 

112 


46 

180 

83 

80 

112 


3 

119 

103 

98 

129 


49 

299  1 

186  1 
178 

241  ... 


Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian. 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian . . 
Welsh 


42 

334 

10 

42 

43 

11 

454 

12 

39 


2,210 


2,371 


29 

154 

6 

3 

3 

17 

1 

16 

7 

1 

276 

2 

7 

37 

1 

1,184 

20 

1,329 

32 

157 

6 

18 

16 

8 

278 

7 

38 


1,204 

1,355 


7 

82 


3 

5 

3 

43 

1 

1 


355 

361 


91 

4 

21 

22 


131 

4 


605 

606 


7 

173 

4 
24 
27 

3 

174 

5 

1 


967 


39 

330 

10 

42 

43 

11 

452 

12 

39 


2, 164  4i 
2, 322  4 


Total  foreign -born 
Grand  total 


Grouo”  hou.seholds. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


313 


lBLE  21. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


meral  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified 
rent  per  month  per  apartment. 

Un- 

der 

$5. 

$5 

and 

under 

$7.50. 

$7.50 

and 

under 

$10. 

$10 

and 

under 

$12.50. 

$12.50 

and 

under 

$15. 

$15 

and 

under 

$20. 

$20  or 
overs 

tive-born  of  native  father: 

White 

61 

S8. 43 

3 

23 

17 

11 

4 

1 

2 

Negro 

21 

5.17 

9 

12 

tive-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

ace  of  father: 

English 

5 

(0) 

2 

3 

Irish 

9 

(a) 

1 

3 

1 

4 

Total 

14 

8. 84 

1 

3 

3 

7 

Total  native-born 

96 

7.78 

13 

18 

4 

1 

2 

reign-bom: 

■ 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

9 

(«) 

7 

2 

Croatian 

115 

7.21 

3 

84 

8 

18 

1 

1 

English 

21 

7.60 

1 

10 

3 

7 

French 

9 

(a) 

2 

5 

1 

1 

German 

35 

7.10 

5 

18 

4 

6 

2 

Irish 

17 

6. 59 

1 

12 

3 

1 

Italian,  North 

215 

6.42 

28 

137 

40 

7 

3 

Italian,  South 

157 

6. 25 

32 

84 

31 

10 

Lithuanian 

134 

6. 90 

14 

71 

38 

11 

Magyar 

225 

6. 96 

21 

136 

43 

17 

5 

3 

Mexican 

36 

4. 58 

27 

9 

Polish 

269 

6. 27 

40 

174 

49 

2 

4 

Roumanian 

10 

6. 70 

1 

9 

Russian 

40 

5. 30 

13 

25 

1 

1 

Ruthenian 

38 

7. 01 

1 

22 

11 

4 

Scotch 

7 

(a) 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Slovak 

390 

^ 6. 10 

54 

285 

48 

3 

Slovenian 

10 

6. 20 

1 

8 

1 

Welsh 

15 

7. 73 

2 

4 

7 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-bom 

1,752 

6.48 

246 

1,102 

291 

89 

17 

6 

1 

Grand  total 

1,848 

6. 54 

259 

1,140 

311 

107 

21 

7 

3 

“Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 
48296°— VOL  7—11 21 


314 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


1 


Table  Number  of  households  ‘paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room, 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified 
rent  per  month  per  room. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
bead  of  household. 

households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
room. 

-S 

C 

and  under 

$1.50. 

.50  and  un- 

der $2. 

: and  under 

$2.50. 

1.50  and  un- 

der $3. 

; and  under 

$3.50. 

;.50  and  im- 

der  $4. 

Im 

> 

0 

U 

0 

CM 

CN 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whit.p.  

61 

$2. 10 

3 

19 

20 

15 

2 

li 

Negro 

21 

1.60 

9 

3 

9 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

English 

Irish 

(«) 

(a) 

3 

2 

1 

9 

3 

1 

5 

Total 

14 

1.96 

3 

1 

8 

2 

Total  native-born 

L99 

15 

23 

37 

17 

2 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

q 

(cl's 

2 

5 

2 

1 

115 

\r) 

1.79 

14 

66 

23 

6 

6 

21 

1.77 

7 

8 

1 

3 

2 

ErpiifL  ....... 

9 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

35 

1.78 

"i* 

4 

20 

5 

4 

1 

17 

1.93 

3 

3 

10 

1 

215 

1.  79 

22 

97 

77 

10 

8 

1 

Italian  South 

157 

1.67 

'2* 

34 

69 

45 

4 

2 

1 

Lithuanian 

134 

1.91 

19 

38 

49 

22 

3 

1 

Mag'-’o.r  ......... 

225 

1. 87 

16 

111 

72 

15 

10 

1 

36 

1.63 

7 

19 

7 

3 

Polish 

Roumanian 

269 

10 

40 

38 

7 

1.72 

1.31 

1.67 
1.80 

(®) 

1.65 

1.68 
1.  73 

’’i’ 

32 

7 

8 
3 

169 

3 

25 

21 

3 

54 

K 

9 

2 

3 

1 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

0 

8 

1 

6 

2 

1 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

390 

10 

15 

1 

51 

1 

6 

259 

7 

] 

66 

2 

3 

5 

5 

2 

3 

vv  eisn 

Total  foreign-born ........ 

1,752 

1.75 

5 

237 

925 

431 

98 

42 

8 

total 

1,848 

1.77 

5 

252 

948 

468 

115 

44 

8 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


315 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


.BLE  23. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


leneral  nativity  and  race  of 
bead  of  household. 

Number  of 
households 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
person. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified 
rent  per  month  per  person. 

Under  $0.50. 

$0.50  and  un- 

der $1. 

$1  and  under 

$1.50. 

$1.50  and  un- 

der $2. 

$2  and  under 

$2.50. 

$2.50  and  im- 

der  $3. 

$3  and  under 

$3.50. 

$3.50  and  un- 

der $4. 

$4  or  over. 

dve-born  of  native  father: 

White 

61 

$1.95 

3 

12 

13 

10 

6 

8 

1 

8 

Negro 

21 

1.18 

“i* 

8 

4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

;ive-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

ice  of  father: 

English 

5 

(®) 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Irish 

9 

(«) 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Total 

14 

1.63 

1 

5 

2 

2 

3 

1 

Total  native-born 

96 

1.73 

1 

12 

21 

18 

14 

9 

10 

1 

10 

eign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . . 

9 

(a) 

2 

3 

2 

2 

Croatian 

115 

.96 

"9' 

43 

26 

13 

15 

2 

4 

1 

2 

English 

21 

1.49 

2 

8 

5 

2 

2 

1 

1 

French 

9 

(a) 

3 

3 

2 

1 

German 

35 

1.26 

9 

12 

5 

4 

"i' 

\ 

3 

Irish 

17 

1.47 

2 

7 

4 

1 

3 

Italian,  North 

215 

1.08 

‘*i‘ 

75 

66 

31 

23 

"5' 

8 

1 

2 

Italian,  South 

157 

.92 

3 

73 

44 

17 

13 

4 

2 

5 

Lithuanian 

134 

1.16 

1 

36 

53 

29 

6 

4 

1 

3’ 

1 

Magyar 

225 

1. 10 

4 

76 

72 

32 

21 

6 

9 

3 

1 

Mexican 

36 

.97 

1 

19 

8 

2 

5 

1 

Polish 

269 

.97 

6 

118 

92 

25 

20 

4 

3 

1 

Roumanian 

10 

1.31 

1 

5 

1 

3 

JL 

Russian 

40 

.85 

"2 

19 

10 

5 

1 

1 

2 

Ruthenian 

38 

1.  05 

15 

13 

6 

3 

1 

Scotch 

7 

(“) 

2 

3 

2 

Slovak 

390 

.97 

13 

160 

127 

54 

18 

6 

7 

4 

1 

Slovenian 

10 

1.29 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

Welsh 

15 

1.  57 

4 

2 

2 

3 

1 

Q 

6 

Total  foreign-born 

1,752 

1.03 

40 

660 

551 

240 

145 

39 

45 

17 

15 

Grand  total 

1,848 

1.06 

41 

672 

572  I 

258 

159 

48 

55 

18 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


316 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  24.,— Number  of  households  keeping  hoarders  and  lodgers,  and  number  q 
boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rinformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  notth 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro - 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


Number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number  of  households 
keeping— 

Number  of— 

Boarders. 

Lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Boarders . 

Lodgers. 

Total. 

108 

2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

27 

1 

1 

1 

11 

3 

3 

3 

15 

1 

1 

1 

26 

4 

4 

4 

161 

7 

T 

r 

V 

16 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

132 

11 

69 

80 

67 

381 

44 

27 

4 

4 

11 

1 

11 

51 

6 

1 

7 

14 

1 

1 

50 

3 

3 

3 

316 

47 

72 

119 

142 

277 

41 

200 

21 

82 

103 

42 

356 

3£ 

179 

47 

51 

98 

110 

172 

28 

241 

70 

59 

129 

252 

253 

5( 

42 

7 

2 

9 

10 

5 

1 

334 

82 

92 

174 

226 

350 

hi 

10 

4 

4 

20 

i 

42 

3 

21 

24 

20 

93 

11 

43 

5 

22 

27 

11 

78 

8 

11 

3 

3 

4 

454 

44 

131 

175 

136 

492 

12 

1 

4 

5 

1 

18 

1 

39 

1 

1 

1 

2,210 

356 

611 

967 

1,052 

2,498 

3,51, 

2,371 

363 

612 

975 

1,059 

2,500 

j ^ 

Total  foreign-born 
Grand  total 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


317 


-o  a 
'X  o 

O OT 

S ® 


3 a» 

is 


•ejoui  I 

JO  01  I 


< Cq  rH  ^ 


1-H  !>.  O ^ 00  C0<N 


fH  O O 1-H  00  C<l  00 


< O t>-  CO 


Tt<cO  • 'CO  iOO 


CO  *0^  pH  CO 


<M  COOiO<MiO  iOOSrHiMi 


1-H  • C<l  CO  CO  < 


CO  1-H  tH  i-H  t>»  < 


'3  r1 

liiai 

^ c3  g 


« 0>  lO  CO  l>»  <N  O 


2-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

OJOUI 
JO  01 

II 

1 ! ! 

1 

1" 

o 

J 

11 

- 

IN 

CO  jjco 

00 

1 

II 

CO 

"I 

h 

II 

II 

i^iH  ; 

- 

h 

to 

1 

111 

II 

CO  j-H 

(N  • 

00 

.ll. 

M5 

: 

II 

111 

II  ” 

CO  Hl1  Tl<  ! <N  1-H 

ID 

CO 

CO 

CO 

: 

1 

111 

II 

CO 

tH  Tt<  (M  lO  CD  01 

<N 

05 

s| 

|s 

CO 

« .-I 

11 

CO 

111 

II 

cq 

(M 

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Oi 

05 

|(N 

Uo 

oi 

(N 

11 

CD 

111 

II 

CO 

1-HCOiOCOCO  uoo 

Oi 

- 

s?| 

|s 

- 

11 

II  ■ 

II 

- 

h 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

00  CO 

1 <N  CO 

CDlH  coco 

CO  1-H  rH  1-H  CO 

i-((N 

CD 

CD 

230  1 

Uh 

Ics 

1-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by 
households  of  each 
specified  number  of 
persons. 

•9J0UI 
JO  9 

il 

1 

II 

i i i i 

>d 

1 

II 

I(Mr-l  I 

• • 

- 

h 

il 

1 

11 

ill 

• 1-H  1-H  ■ 

CO 

CO 

CO 

•1 

II 

il 

II  i 

II 

<NiM^  i 

J 

CO 

IcO 

ei 

1 

il 

Hi, 

II 

(N 

[t- 

il 

II: 

11 

• ! I * 

1 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

CO  u?  Hj<  rH 

CO 

- 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

00 

O (M 

i-H  lO 

COCNt^^-H  OC0005.-H  (MTt<O(MC0  >-H -cjc  N 0> 
1-1  CO  CC|  i-l  »0  »Or-HOr-'<t<  CO  rH  -SH  rH  lO  CO 

1-1  CO  (M  I-H  e<i  CO  Tt< 

2,210 

CO 

\oi 

o 

>.3 


C8  O 

a-ci 


o 

g 

o®o  o-.'S 

III 


0'S 


* 0 .52  Eh 


—I  '3  3 .a  » 

« g S -2  f,  « 

o o - 


56  . 

lll 


•SPqoHNO 
o 
fa 


S g 

s ^ 

5a  afartPnpH 


Table  25— Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household— Continued. 


318 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


5-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•ojom 

JO  01 

1 

nrii 

1-*  i-l'<t«003UO 

CO  • 

i ; :l 

’I" 

05 

^ i 

1 i" 

03 

CO 

CO  • 

■ .-i(Neo(N  • 

o '< 

Ii-l  IcD 

rH  1 

1 

25 

28 

00 

^ i 

i h 

03  i-H 

I tHC003  • 

(N  I 

! ! 03  r-i 

a| 

8 

^ I 

1 ^ 

lih 

coc^ 

* 03  r-t  03  • 

CO 

03  ■ 

(N 

05  11  -.r 

^ ll^. 

o 

03  j 

« 1—1 

- 

CO  II 

»0(N 

• i-H  CO  rH  eo 

M ’> 

s| 

- : 

II  i" 

hi 

03  03 

03  03  05  i-H  lOcO 

03  • 

^ i 

CO 

03 

Zf 

Ot 

^ : 

II  "" 

CO 

-1 

03  • 

I (N  -.S'  (N  .-H  .-H 

; 

Io3 

CO 

03 

00 

03 

cc 

II  i 

03  jj 

' j 

(N 

CO  • 

03 

03 

2 

is 

03 

03  rH 

II  ; 

" 

II 

* 

03  • 

^ : 

05 

la 

1 i 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

CO  03 

1 « 50 

05 

f-H  CO  00 
03 

4 

11 

30 

24 

11 

24 

00  • 
03  • 

rH50  C<5^t-I05 

218 

) 245 

4-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

OJOUI 
JO  01 

II  : 

1 

21 

1 

20 

14 

6 

21 

03  1-JCOCO 

03 

- : ! 

147 

II  ^ 

05 

II  * ^ 

f-H 

03 

I 

r-l  !i-IOODD 

CO  • CO  fH 

iCi-t  • 

CO 

II  ^ 

00 

CO 

1 - 

1— 1 

1 

lO  03^0^000^  i-H  O •03’^ 

1— i tH  03  • 

03  • 1 

CO  ; j 

132 

1 136 

t> 

lO 

II  ^ 

II  rHO>  IrHtO 

Tt4  I I 

CO  • • 

129 

|l34 

CD 

CO  03 

II  : 

” 

1 

39 

1 

3 

143 

Is 

iO 

03  03 

II  " 

I h" 

118 

is 

- 

lO 

1 - 

f— i 

1 03  0503 

cot^OOt^t;;^  i-HO>  • 1 • 

03 

jll8 

CO 

CO 

II  ^ 

03 

- 

1 -S” 

• tH 

eOlODi-H  1-H  05  rH  i-H  1-3 

16 

4 

1 

S 

8 

03 

kCi-i 

II  " 

- 

II 

I 00 

COIM  50 

03 

1-H  i-H  '<^4 

CO 

is 

f-4 

III  1 

II 

03 

II 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

05  D 
CO 

1 II  <Or- 

i 

NTtioOO'O  t^iocooo  C^INt^N 
oOi-H  ^ (Nc<i  CO  .-h 

CO 

?8 

05 

j 1,035 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

108 

27 

i 1 

5 CO 

4 03 

!l  SSS8 

1— t CO03t-h03CO 

2, 210 

2,371 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 



Total 

Total  native-born 

C 

^0 

0 

t 

c 

T 

1 

si 

ai 

"SP 

o 

Croatian 

English  

j^rencn 

German 

Irish  

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Magyar 

TPolish 

Russian 

Unthonian 

li 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

Total  foreign-bom 

Grand  total 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


319 


f 


r 

.i« 

'ff 

% 

}c 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•ojcfai 

JOOT 

1 

il  iil 

. y-i 

ca 

1 

oi 

C<l 

(M 

tH  (N  * 

CO 

00 

(N 

(N  ! 

- 

- 

CO 

CO 

-- 

<N 

lO 

lO 

wi 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

ill 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

- 

T-t<M 

CO 

s I 

(N  CO  CO  CO 

CO 

CO 

<N 

(M 

CO 

CO 

• 

Niunber  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•ajoui 
JO  OT 

(N 

<N  i-HCOi-H 

CO 

CO 

20 

o 

ca 

- 

h 

I I t-H  CO  I 

CO 

(M 

(N 

00 

- 

- 

- 

IM  ■<C<  T-l  -5*.  CO 

(N 

22 

- 

"II 

CO  • 

T-t  CO  rH 

CO  1-t 

<M 

lO 

CO 

(6 

<M 

-II 

CO 

CO<NC^ 

(N 

t-H  rH  »0 

iO 

1 cq 

wi 

C<l 

- 

-- 

”1 

1-1 1-H  (M  I 

(M 

rH  iH 

CO 

CO 

- 

- 

ca 

(M  ’•  (N 

00 

a> 

CO 

(M 

(N 

.-1  iM 

(M 

lO 

- 

h 

: 

n 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

1-H  T-t 

i 

CO 

i-HCOCOrHO> 

CO  o 

CO  <N  ^ 

118 

CO 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

108 

27 

11 

15 

26 

o 

CO  (M  1-H  <M  CO 

2,210 

CO 

c4' 

320 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  26. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of 
each  specified  number  of  rooms. 

of  house- 
holds. 

1 

room. 

2 

rooms. 

3 

rooms. 

4 

rooms. 

5 

rooms. 

6 

rooms. 

7 room 
or  more  ; 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White  

108 

4. 41 

8 

23 

39 

16 

11 

i; 

27 

3. 26 

3 

16 

6 

2 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

11 

4. 73 

6 

3 

1 

15 

4.  73 

5 

1 

6 

1 

j 

Total  

26 

4.73 

5 

7 

9 

2 

I 

Total  nativp-born 

161 

4. 27 

11 

44 

52 

27 

13 

1‘ 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  . . 
Proatian  

16 

3.63 

2 

6 

7 

1 

1 

' 

132 

3.99 

6 

19 

81 

23 

3 

"Rnglish  - 

27 

4.88 

4 

11 

8 

3 

Frpnnh 

11 

2.91 

6 

2 

2 

1 

Oprman 

51 

4.  31 

1 

10 

25 

4 

9 

Irish  

50 

4.32 

2 

15 

12 

11 

7 

Italian,  North 

316 

3.68 

1 3 

35 

95 

134 

30 

16 

Italian,  South 

200 

3.74 

! 5 

20 

58 

78 

24 

12 

T .IthiinniaTi 

179 

3.63 

1 4 

14 

66 

70 

11 

14 

Magyar 

241 

3.73 

1 1 

15 

76 

115 

24 

9 

n 

42 

2.86 

13 

22 

7 

Polish 

334 

3.60 

3 

36 

108 

145 

28 

13 

T?  onmanian 

10 

5.  10 

1 

3 

6 

T?  n<!<;ian 

42 

3.21 

1 

11 

9 

20 

1 

T?  nthpnian 

43 

3.91 

2 

12 

20 

6 

3 

Spot.ph  

11 

5.00 

2 

2 

3 

2 

Slovak 

454 

3.  66 

66 

104 

232 

34 

15 

; 

Rlovpnian 

12 

3.75 

4 

7 

1 

Welsh  

39 

4.  54 

1 

10 

12 

9 

4 

; 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

3. 73 

17 

230 

622 

983 

218 

118 

2: 

Grand  total 

2,371 

1 z?n 

17 

241 

666 

1,035 

245 

131 

3( 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


321 


^BLE  27. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  of  households.) 


Number  of  households  and  number  of  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms. 


ueral  nativity  and 
ace  of  head  of 
lousehold. 

1 room. 

2 rooms. 

3 rooms. 

4 rooms. 

5 rooms. 

6 rooms. 

7 or 
more 
rooms. 

Total. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

j Nvunber  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 

persons. 

Number  of 

households. 

Number  of 

persons. 

Number  of 

households. 

Number  of 

persons. 

Number  of 

households. 

Number  of 

persons. 

Number  of 

households. 

Nvunber  of 

persons. 

•tive-born  of  native 

ather: 

White 

8 

23 

23 

91 

39 

174 

16 

85 

11 

58 

11 

68 

108 

499 

Negro 

3 

7 

16 

75 

6 

33 

2 

5 

27 

120 

tive-born  of  for- 

ign  father,  by  race 

»f  father: 

E Dglish 

6 

25 

3 

15 

1 

8 

1 

6 

11 

54 

Irish 

5 

19 

1 

9 

6 

43 

1 

5 

2 

13 

15 

89 

Total 

5 

19 

7 

34 

9 

58 

2 

13 

3 

19 

26 

143 

tal  native-born 

11 

30 

44 

185 

52 

241 

27 

148 

13 

71 

14 

87 

161 

762 

reign-born; 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

2 

10 

5 

28 

7 

43 

1 

10 

1 

4 

16 

95 

Croatian 

6 

16 

19 

97 

81 

597 

23 

198 

3 

34 

132 

942 

1 47 

English 

4 

18 

11 

55 

8 

47 

3 

22 

1 

5 

27 

French 

6 

24 

2 

8 

2 

13 

1 

6 

11 

51 

German 

1 

7 

10 

47 

25 

142 

4 

22 

9 

66 

2 

16 

51 

Irish 

2 

6 

15 

75 

12 

74 

11 

68 

7 

49 

3 

20 

50 

OUW 

292 

Italian,  North 

3 

8 

35 

109 

95 

477 

134 

867 

30 

183 

16 

132 

3 

27 

316 

1,803 

Italian,  South 

5 

15 

20 

69 

58 

297 

78 

575 

24 

221 

12 

71 

3 

41 

200 

1.289 

Lithuanian 

4 

14 

14 

59 

66 

348 

70 

427 

11 

73 

14 

100 

179 

1 021 

Magyar 

1 

2 

15 

59 

76 

424 

115 

763 

24 

172 

9 

81 

1 

11 

241 

1^12 

Mexican 

13 

44 

22 

116 

7 

36 

42 

196 

Polish 

3 

7 

36 

149 

108 

576 

145 

1,039 

28 

200 

13 

107 

1 

9 

334 

2,087 

Roumanian 

1 

4 

3 

20 

6 

27 

10 

51 

Russian 

1 

3 

11 

39 

9 

48 

20 

170 

1 

5 

42 

265 

Ruthenian 

2 

12 

12 

81 

20 

143 

6 

36 

3 

21 

43 

293 

Scotch 

2 

9 

2 

10 

3 

26 

2 

11 

2 

1 ^ 

11 

Slovak 

66 

313 

104 

601 

232 

1,534 

34 

224 

15 

99 

3 

10 

27 

71 

2,798 

70 

Slovenian 

4 

30 

7 

29 

1 

11 

12 

Welsh 

1 

2 

10 

48 

12 

47 

9 

48 

4 

27 

3 

12 

39 

184 

Total  foreign- 

born 

17 

49 

230 

918 

622 

3,332 

983 

6,584 

218 

1,544 

118 

857 

22 

183  '2,210 

13,467 

Grand  total 

17 

2^~ 

666 

1 

3, 517 

1,035 

6,825 

2^ 

1,692  1 

131 

928 

36 

270  1 

2,371 

14,229 

322 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


Table  28. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  nativityi 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

of 

house- 

holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  house- 
hold. 

'n 

Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of 
persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8.1 

9. 

10  or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whit, ft  

108 

4.62 

16 

28 

17 

8 

15 

12 

7 

5 

Negro 

27 

4 44 

1 

6 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

2 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father: 

11 

4.91 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Irish 

15 

5. 93 

4 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

Total 

26 

5.  50 

1 

6 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

3 

t 

Total  native-born 

161 

4.  73 

1 

23~ 

~3^ 

TT 

~ir 

1^ 

9 

ifT 

Foreign-born: 

ATnmvifin 

16 

5. 94 

1 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

132 

7. 14 

10 

13 

l6 

15 

19 

12 

9 

9 

30 

. 

F.npli'jh  - 

27 

5.  44 

1 

5 

2 

6 

5 

3 

4 

1 

11 

4.  64 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

Pprinan  

51 

5.  88 

5 

3 

8 

9 

1 

12 

7 

3 

3 

Irish  ... 

50 

5.  84 

4 

3 

9 

6 

10 

5 

6 

4 

3 

Italian,  North 

316 

5.71 

3 

29 

45 

52 

41 

41 

24 

30 

16 

35 

Ttfllian  Ront.h  

200 

6.  45 

16 

29 

19 

22 

25 

22 

24 

14 

29 

T.it.hnanian  

179 

5. 70 

14 

13 

28 

38 

31 

17 

16 

12 

10 

Magyar  

241 

6. 27 

16 

26 

39 

35 

20 

28 

31 

8 

38 

42 

4. 67 

6 

7 

8 

10 

3 

3 

4 

1 

Palish  

334 

6.  25 

18 

36 

39 

50 

44 

41 

42 

28 

36 

T?  rMiTTicinIfi'n 

10 

5. 10 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

Pnssian  

42 

6.  31 

7 

6 

4 

3 

*4' 

4 

4 

3 

7 

Pnthft.nian  

43 

6. 81 

1 

1 

3 

10 

6 

8 

5 

3 

6 

11 

6.  45 

1 

3 

2 

1 

3 

1 

Rlnvalr  . 

454 

6. 16 

28 

38 

72 

58 

72 

62 

48 

28 

48 

pirkyoniOTi 

12 

5.  83 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Welsh 

39 

4.  72 

7 

5 

7 

6 

7 

3 

2 

2 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

6.09 

3 

165 

241 

313 

320 

296 

250 

236 

133 

253 

Grand  total 

2, 371 

6.00 

4 

188 

279 

337 

335 

318 

268 

245 

143 

254, 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


323 


^pDABLE  29. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Jeneral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


(i 


itive-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

,tive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

reign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 

Total  foreign-born 

I 

Grand  total 


Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  room. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
room. 

Less 

than 

1. 

land 
un- 
der 2. 

2 and 
un- 
der 3. 

3 and 
un- 
der 4. 

4 or 
more. 

108 

499 

4. 62 

1.05 

41 

58 

8 

1 

27 

120 

4.  44 

1.36 

6 

14 

6 

1 

11 

54 

4. 91 

1.04 

6 

4 

1 

15 

89 

5. 93 

1.25 

3 

9 

3 

26 

143 

5. 50 

1. 16 

9 

13 

4 

161 

7^ 

4.73 

1.11 

5^ 

85 

18 

V 

16 

95 

5.  94 

1. 64 

2 

8 

6 

132 

942 

7.14 

1.79 

19 

66 

29 

15 

3 

27 

147 

5.  44 

1.21 

6 

17 

4 

11 

51 

4.  64 

1.59 

1 

5 

4 

1 

51 

300 

5.88 

1.36 

8 

33 

8 

2 

50 

292 

5. 84 

1.35 

7 

32 

10 

1 

316 

1,803 

5.  71 

1.55 

42 

176 

82 

15 

1 

200 

1,289 

6.  45 

1.73 

20 

94 

69 

14 

3 

179 

1,021 

5.70 

1. 57 

19 

95 

54 

8 

3 

241 

1,512 

6. 27 

1.68 

26 

124 

73 

15 

3 

42 

196 

4. 67 

1.63 

2 

26 

12 

2 

334 

2,087 

6.  25 

1.73 

26 

172 

113 

21 

2 

10 

51 

5. 10 

1. 00 

6 

3 

1 

42 

265 

6. 31 

1.96 

4 

17 

13 

6 

2 

43 

293 

6.81 

1.74 

5 

21 

12 

4 

1 

11 

71 

6.  45 

1.29 

1 

8 

2 

454 

2,798 

6.16 

2.  29 

45 

227 

132 

40 

10 

12 

70 

5.  83 

1.56 

6 

1 

3 

2 

39 

184 

4.72 

1.04 

13 

22 

4 

2,210 

13, 467 

6.  09 

1.63 

258 

1,147 

631 

146 

28 

2,371 

14,229 

6.00 

1. 59 

314 

1,232 

649 

148 

324 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  30. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  sleeping  room. 

1 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
sleep- 
ing 
room. 

Less 

than 

2. 

2 and 
un- 
der 3. 

3 and 
un- 
der 4. 

4 and 
un- 
der 5. 

5 and 
un- 
der 6. 

6 

mi 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

108 

499 

4.  62 

2. 24 

28 

39 

28 

10 

2 

Negro 

27 

120 

4.  44 

2.45 

5 

13 

8 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

race  of  father: 

11 

54 

4. 91 

2. 16 

3 

6 

1 

1 

Irish ....... 

15 

89 

5. 93 

2.78 

2 

3 

8 

2 

Total 

26 

143 

5.50 

2. 51 

5 

9 

9 

3 

Total  native-born 

161 

762 

4.73 

2.32 

38 

45 

14 

V 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian — 

16 

95 

5. 94 

3.17 

2 

5 

1 

3 

5 

Croatian 

132 

942 

7.14 

3. 14 

14 

45 

36 

18 

10 

FfTiglish  

27 

147 

5.44 

2. 58 

6 

11 

7 

2 



11 

51 

4.  64 

2.68 

2 

1 

5 

3 

German 

51 

300 

5.88 

2.83 

3 

25 

14 

7 

1 

Irish 

50 

292 

5. 84 

2.  47 

9 

24 

11 

4 

1 

Italian,  North 

316 

1,803 

5. 71 

2.  77 

47 

110 

94 

42 

16 

Italian,  South 

200 

1,289 

6.  45 

3. 08 

22 

58 

66 

35 

12 

Lithuanian 

179 

1,021 

5.70 

2.  67 

20 

81 

48 

17 

10 

Magyar 

241 

1,512 

6. 27 

3. 05 

22 

95 

57 

41 

21 

Mexican 

42 

196 

4. 67 

3. 27 

1 

16 

8 

7 

6 

Polish... 

334 

2,087 

6. 25 

3.  21 

24 

91 

104 

71 

26 

R 0 ii  m ^ ^ 

10 

51 

5. 10 

2. 83 

2 

2 

4 

2 

Russian 

42 

265 

6. 31 

3. 08 

5 

14 

10 

8 

1 

Ruthenian 

43 

293 

6.81 

3. 22 

3 

15 

11 

5 

6 

pPOf/'ll  - . 

11 

71 

6.45 

2. 37 

3 

5 

2 

1 

Slovak 

454 

2,798 

6. 16 

3. 29 

29 

122 

128 

92 

38 

,*5|nypni!in  

12 

70 

5.83 

3.50 

2 

2 

4 

2 

Welsh 

39 

184 

1 4.72 

2. 39 

11 

10 

10 

4 

2 

Total  foreign-born 

2,210 

13, 467 

1 6.09 

3.02 

227 

732 

620 

362 

157 

Grand  total 

2,371 

14,229 

6. 00 

2. 97 

265 

793 

665 

376 

159 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


325 


.BLE  31. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified  num- 
ber of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


jeneral  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


tive-horn  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

tive-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
ither: 

English 

Irish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

reign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
sleeping 
in  all 
rooms. 

Number  of  households  sleeping  in  all 
rooms  except— 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4 or  more. 

108 

25 

38 

33 

12 

27 

18 

6 

3 

11 

6 

5 

15 

1 

8 

4 

2 

26 

1 

14 

9 

2 

161 

44 

58 

45 

14 

16 

8 

6 

1 

1 

132 

3 

57 

48 

23 

1 

27 

1 

16 

9 

1 

11 

2 

6 

2 

1 

51 

7 

27 

15 

2 

50 

18 

18 

12 

2 

316 

3 

165 

107 

33 

8 

200 

6 

90 

80 

18 

6 

179 

8 

99 

52 

17 

3 

241 

2 

112 

96 

28 

3 

42 

1 

22 

19 

334 

11 

152 

122 

40 

9 

10 

2 

1 

2 

5 

42 

2 

31 

9 

43 

18 

16 

9 

11 

2 

4 

5 

454 

10 

189 

173 

62 

20 

12 

3 

5 

4 

39 

6 

15 

14 

4 

2,210 

48 

988 

816 

293 

65 

2,371 

48 

1,032 

874 

338 

79 

Total  foreign-born. 
Grand  total 


326 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  32. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Number  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read 
and  , . 
write. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

18,097 

6,479 

2 

17,527 

4,877 

2 

17,38* 

4,7$ 



Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

4 

4 

813 

784 

775 

50 

49 

45 

4’< 

47 

47 

10 

10 

1( 

1,775 

168 

1,749 

1,741 

164 

16' 

2, 184 

1 

2,165 

2,16( 

] 

1,340 

182 

1,317 

171 

1,311 

17( 

4 

8 

4 

18 

18 

If 

5 

5 

1 

1 

1 

Russia  

171 

164 

161 

Reotland 

906 

902 

901 

Sweden 

64 

64 

64 

Switzerland 

28 

28 

21 

Wales 

462 

455 

44( 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

3 

2 

Total  

8,240 

8,104 

8,067 

Total  native-born 

32,818 

30,510 

30,18f 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

2 

2 

r 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

737 

697 

69C 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

176 

138 

IZt 

Canadian,  French 

25 

22 

25 

Canadian,  Other 

30 

28 

2f 

Croatian 

2, 404 

1 

1,608 

l,55f 

Cuban 

1 

1 

Dalmatian 

6 

4 

4 

Danish 

20 

17 

17 

Dutch 

104 

102 

101 

English 

2,478 

70 

2,420 

2,407 

Finnish  

67 

64 

Flemish 

3 

3 

3 

French 

765 

696 

688 

German 

2,659 

113 

2,574 

74 

2,555 

Greek 

71 

Hebrew  tother  than  Russian) 

6 

5 

5 

Herzegovinian  

6 

4 

4 

Irish 

924 

864 

843 

Italian,  North 

6,584 
4, 197 
112 

5,780 

5,700 

Italian,  South  . 

2,757 

100 

2,631 

Italian  (not  specified) 

98 

Lithuanian 

1,878 

18 

1,493 

1,394 

Macedonian 

12 

12 

Magyar-  ^ 

4,515 

107 

4,026 

87 

3,976 

Mexican 

80 

Montenegrin 

134 

93 

92 

Norwegian 

14 

14 

14 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


327 


Table  32. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race. 


treign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

Polish 

Portuguese 

Koumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Turkish 

Welsh 

West  Indian  (other  than  Cuban) 
Australian  (race  not  specified)... 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Number  who — 

Read. 

Read 

and 

write. 

7,293 

5,636 

5,404 

6 

6 

5 

154 

115 

112 

1,826 

1,292 

1,226 

303 

180 

174 

1,148 

1,138 

1,131 

27 

27 

27 

130 

101 

98 

11,238 

9,259 

9,026 

1,877 

1,569 

1,532 

6 

4 

4 

305 

305 

303 

20 

18 

15 

4 

3 

3 

396 

375 

367 

1 

1 

1 

8 

8 

8 

864 

779 

768 

371 

314 

312 

24 

24 

24 

54,090 

44,843 

43,735 

86,908 

75,353 

73,920 

328 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  33. — Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  ) 

and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Num- 
ber re- 

Num- 

Num- 

Num- 

porting 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

com- 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

plete 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

data. 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

write. 

write. 

write. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

221 

220 

452 

452 

222 

218 

216 

230 

439 

436 

81 

41 

36 

36 

40 

36 

35 

81 

72 

71 

Indian 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father: 

10 

10 

20 

20 

20 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 
Canadian  (other  than 

20 

10 

10 

10 

iC 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

12 

4 

4 

4 

8 

6 

6 

12 

10 

10 

52 

37 

37 

37 

15 

15 

15 

52 

52 

52 

14 

6 

6 

6 

8 

8 

8 

14 

14 

14 

79 

33 

33 

33 

46 

45 

45 

79 

78 

78 

Irish  

142 

84 

84 

84 

58 

58 

57 

142 

142 

141 

102 

53 

53 

53 

49 

48 

48 

102 

101 

101 

41 

22 

21 

21 

19 

15 

15 

41 

36 

36 

40 

23 

22 

22 

17 

17 

17 

40 

39 

39 

81 

42 

40 

40 

39 

38 

38 

81 

78 

78 

14 

4 

1 

1 

10 

5 

5 

14 

6 

6 

Polish  

126 

57 

55 

55 

69 

68 

68 

126 

123 

123 

Russian 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

Pnthpnin.n  

18 

6 

6 

6 

12 

12 

12 

18 

18 

18 

Rpnteh  

21 

13 

13 

13 

8 

8 

8 

21 

21 

21 

Slovak 

221 

105 

100 

100 

116 

111 

111 

221 

211 

211 

Slovenian 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

Welsh 

51 

28 

27 

27 

23 

23 

23 

51 

50 

50 

Total 

1,041 

530 

515 

515 

511 

491 

490 

1,041 

1,006 

1,005 

Total  native-born 

1,577 

793 

769 

767 

784 

748 

1,577 

1,520~ 

' 1,515 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

42 

23 

23 

23 

19 

18 

18 

42 

41 

41 

1 

pACTii?»n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than 

1 

1 

Prpnoh) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

358 

218 

123 

120 

140 

70 

63 

358 

193 

183 

Hanish  

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English  

74 

44 

43 

43 

30 

29 

29 

74 

72 

72 

Ert-neh  

28 

16 

14 

13 

12 

9 

9 

28 

23 

22 

Germau 

128 

73 

67 

66 

55 

51 

51 

128 

118 

117 

Irish 

94 

61 

59 

57 

33 

32 

32 

94 

91 

89 

Italian,  North 

843 

517 

450 

445 

326 

241 

237 

843 

691 

682 

Italian,  South 

707 

505 

289 

284 

202 

71 

71 

707 

360 

355 

Lithuanian 

467 

287 

203 

181 

180 

117 

84 

467 

320 

265 

Magyar 

706 

451 

420 

413 

255 

217 

214 

706 

637 

627 

Mexican 

102 

64 

43 

42 

38 

9 

9 

102 

52 

51 

Polish 

1,012 

52 

654 

494 

473 

358 

251 

229 

1,012 

745 

702 

Roumanian 

39 

32 

32 

13 

8 

8 

52 

40 

40 

Russian 

143 

99 

61 

61 

44 

12 

11 

143 

73 

72 

Ruthenian 

152 

106 

76 

76 

46 

24 

23 

152 

100 

99 

Scotch 

39 

20 

20 

20 

19 

19 

18 

39 

39 

38 

Slovak 

. 1,185 

33 

707 

584 

574 

478 

367 

340 

1,185 

951 

914 

Slovenian 

18 

17 

16 

15 

12 

12 

33 

29 

28 

Spanish 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Welsh 

86 

48 

47 

46 

38 

32 

31 

86 

79 

77 

Total  foreign-bom 

. 6,257 

3,954 

3,069 

2,989 

2,303 

1,591 

1,491 

6,257 

4,660 

4,480 

Grand  total 

. 7,834 

4,747 

3,838 

3,756 

3,087 

2,342 

1 2,239 

1 7,834 

6, 180 

5,995 

General  Tables;  General  Survey. 


329 


ABLE  34, — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.) 

MALE. 


Years  In  United  States. 


Num- 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

her  re- 

Race  of  Individual. 

com- 

Num- 

Num- 

Num- 

Num- 

her 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

her 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

her. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

write. 

write. 

write. 

jhemlan  and  Moravian 

23 

10 

10 

10 

4 

4 

4 

9 

9 

g 

)snlan 

1 

1 

1 

1 

oatian 

218 

79 

46 

46 

81 

50 

48 

58 

27 

26 

igllsh 

44 

20 

20 

20 

5 

5 

5 

19 

18 

18 

ench 

16 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

10 

9 

8 

;rman 

73 

27 

23 

22 

10 

10 

10 

36 

34 

34 

sh 

61 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

53 

51 

49 

illan,  North 

517 

187 

162 

161 

175 

158 

155 

155 

130 

129 

illan,  South 

505 

281 

152 

147 

151 

88 

88 

73 

49 

49 

thuanian 

287 

71 

47 

45 

96 

66 

59 

120 

90 

77 

igvar 

451 

210 

196 

194 

123 

112 

108 

118 

112 

111 

?^can 

64 

5 

3 

3 

14 

12 

12 

45 

28 

27 

•Ush 

654 

315 

238 

230 

167 

119 

113 

172 

137 

130 

)umanlan 

39 

27 

24 

24 

12 

g 

g 

issian 

99 

57 

36 

36 

31 

16 

16 

11 

g 

9 

ithenian 

106 

50 

35 

35 

27 

20 

20 

29 

21 

21 

otch 

20 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

10 

10 

10 

)vak 

707 

221 

183 

177 

175 

149 

149 

311 

252 

248 

)venlan 

18 

6 

6 

6 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

4 

anish 

3 

3 

3 

3 

elsh 

48 

7 

7 

7 

5 

5 

5 

36 

35 

34 

1 Total 

3,954 

1,589 

1,203 

1,178 

1,095 

840 

818 

1,270 

1,026 

993 

FEMALE. 


hemlan  and  Moravian 

oadian  (other  than  French) 

19 

1 

10 

9 

9 

2 

2 

2 

7 

1 

99 

7 

1 

1 9 

7 

1 

)atlan 

140 

71 

38 

33 

46 

IQ 

1 Q 

11 

1 

14 

nlsh 

1 

ly 

iy 

CO 

1 

1 A 

lo 

2 

igllsh 

30 

12 

11 

1 

22 

6 

10 

1 

19 

6 

10 

1 

19 

6 

109 

36 

17 

Q4 

K 

K 

e 

1 A 

mch 

0 

3 

0 

0 

o 

0 

Q 

14 

8 

9n 

14 

r 

rman 

55 

33 

o 

o 

O 

0 

0 

on 

5 

30 
26 

51 

13 

31 
64 

5h 

o 

oU 

27 

7n 

oU 

26 

KO 

llan.  North 

326 

143 

108 

47 

112 

4 

no 

36 

23 

94 

113 

62 

78 

fill 

7Q 

77 

llan.  South 

202 

/y 

22 

i 4 
90 

t\j  1 
99  1 

oZ 

1 9 

huanlan 

180 

54 

lo 

An 

gyar 

255 

38 

oO 

c;a 

OO 
70  * 

4U 

ilcan 

1 

0/ 

1 

00 

1 

78  1 

9A 

OO 

! ^ 

7 

7 

,IIsh 

358 

13 

153 

9 

103 

5 

96 

103 

7fi 

AQ 

1 no 

70 

umanlan 

5 

4 

3 

O 

Do 

3 

IVZ 

7z 

65 

sslan 

44 

33 

17 

0 

A 

o 

thenlan 

46 

g 

D 

7 

0 

15 

Q 

Q 

D 

1 A 

4 

ly 

3 

y 

y 

14 

7 

7 

itch 

19 

478 

15 

38 

4 

4 

4 

A 

A 

A 

1 1 

1 1 

vak 

137 

6 

117 

5 

110 

157 

4 

1 99 

11 

1 QA 

11 

10/4 

10 

venlan 

5 

5 

IZD 

A 

1^0 

A 

lo4 

A 

124 

o 

107 

3 

19 

ilsh 

10 

9 

0 

3 

o 

4 

OK 

o 

y 

o o 

Zo 

20 

Total 

2,303 

904 

604 

577 

681 

471 

71  Q 

K1  A 

/47K 

^oy 

4 iO 

010 

47o 

48296°— VOL  7—11 22 


330 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  34. — Literacy  of  foreign-bom  ■persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  t) 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


Years  in  United  States. 


Num- 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

her  re- 

1 

Race  of  individual. 

porting 

■ 1 

com- 

Num- 

Num- 

Num 

plete 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

data. 

Num- 

her 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who- 

her. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

write. 

write. 

write 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

42 

20 

19 

19 

6 

6 

6 

16 

16 

i 

1 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

358 

150 

84 

79 

127 

69 

67 

81 

40 

3 

Danish 

1 

1 

English 

74 

31 

30 

30 

10 

10 

10 

33 

32 

3 

French 

28 

4 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

18 

14 

1 

German 

128 

49 

42 

41 

13 

12 

12 

66 

64 

6 

Irish 

94 

11 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

80 

77 

7 

Italian,  North 

843 

330 

272 

270 

288 

237 

232 

225 

182 

18 

Italian,  South 

707 

389 

188 

183 

213 

no 

no 

105 

62 

6 

Lithuanian 

467 

118 

70 

62 

174 

120 

95 

175 

130 

10 

Magyar 

706 

322 

290 

288 

188 

169 

164 

196 

178 

17 

Mexican 

102 

9 

4 

4 

22 

13 

13 

71 

35 

3 

Polish 

1,012 

468 

341 

326 

270 

195 

181 

274 

209 

19 

Roumanian 

52 

36 

29 

29 

16 

11 

11 

Russian 

143 

90 

42 

42 

36 

18 

18 

17 

is 

i 

Ruthenian 

152 

67 

43 

42 

42 

29 

29 

43 

28 

2 

Scotch 

39 

8 

8 

8 

10 

10 

10 

21 

21 

2 

Slovak 

1,185 

358 

300 

287 

332 

275 

272 

495 

376 

35. 

Slovenian 

33 

12 

11 

11 

12 

10 

10 

9 

8 

Spanish 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Welsh 

86 

17 

16 

16 

8 

8 

8 

61 

55 

5. 

Total 

6,257 

2,493 

1,807 

1,755 

1,776 

1,311 

1,257 

1,988 

1,542 

1,46 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


331 


Cable  35. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Race  of  individual. 

Number 

report- 

ing 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 
who  read 
and 
write. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 
who  read 
and 
write. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

23 

1 

1 

1 

22 

1 

22 

22 

osnian 

1 

roatian 

218 

44 

17 

13 

13 

12 

1 

1 

9ni 

110 

31 

107 

31 

nglish 

JLtj 

19 

Ol 

rench 

16 

73 

61 

517 

4 

4 

Q 

1 o 

10 

10 

52 

40 

ennan 

14 

18 

59 

39 

14 

18 

56 

27 

1 A 

xZ 

•ish 

1 7 

oy 

53 

•alian,  North 

1/ 

4o 

41 

QO/4 

alian,  South 

505 

0\J 

26 

*tDo 

Af\(\ 

OAO 

389 

258 

^00 

ZoZ 

ithuanian 

287 

451 

64 

654 

25 

44 

14 

65 

20 

43 

8 

57 

90 

OAO 

183 

377 

35 

437 

161 

371 

35 

417 

hgyar 

AO 

ACi'J 

exican 

7 

olish 

uU 

CCQQ 

ou 

ooy 

oumanian  a . 

39 

99 

106 

20 

1 

1 

oo 

31 

57 

65 

13 

ussian 

4 

1 

A 

1 

A 

oo 

flK 

31 

57 

65 

13 

uthenian 

12 

7 

11 

7 

% 

1 1 

0/4 

jotch 

11 

7 

y4 

1 o 

I 

lo 

ovak 

707 

18 

3 

76 

2 

72 

2 

71 

512 

15 

Q 

503 

14 

ovenian 

4 1 

9 

DOl 

1 A 

janish 

lo 

q 

elsh 

48 

18 

18 

151 

o 

QO 

o 

29 

3 

28 

lo 

oU 

Total 

3,954 

433 

388 

qoi 

3,521 

2,681 

2,608 

ool 

FEMALE. 


)hemian  and  Moravian 

19 

1 

3 

3 

q 

1 A 

15 

15 

.nadian  (other  than  French)., 
oatian 

1 

1 

0 

1 

lo 

140 

1 

15 

13 

11 

1 oc: 

57 

1 

52 

mish 

l^D 

1 

oo 

iglLsh 

30 

12 

55 

33 

8 

4 

Q 

o 

1 

21 

1 

21 

ench 

O 

A 

o 

A 

ZZ 

8 

AO 

irman 

12 

7 

12 

7 

1 9 

5 

39 

25 

5 

sh 

IZ  1 
7 

4o 

OA 

39 

25 

4 

Zo 

ilian.  North 

326 

202 

180 

255 

38 

47 

32 

17 

32 

11 

43 

21 

14 

28 

4 

AO 

070 

198 

50 

103 

189 

195 

50 

71 

186 

ilian,  South 

^Z 

91 

Z4\) 

1 70 

thuanian 

zx 

1/U 

1 AO  ; 

igyar 

10 

95i 

lOo 

ooo 

;xican 

Zo 

A 

ZZo 

07 

Z4 

5 

5 

llsh 

358 

13 

44 

46 

66 

2 

^7 

ooo 

194 

172 

•umanian 

04 

2 

04 

9 

z^z 

1 1 

issian 

2 

1 

z 

1 

11 

AO 

6 

6 

10 

19 

ithenian 

0 

1 

A 

1 

A 

42 

11 

% 

40 

20 

Jtch 

19 

478 

15 

38 

10 

71 

3 

in 

n 

9 

9 

276 

>vak 

lU 

A/l 

y 

A/4 

9 

303 

10 

18 

►venlan 

9 

04 

o 

407 

elsh 

14 

z 

"I  A 

Z 

1 A 

12 

10 

14 

24 

17 

Total 

2,303 

363 

^19 

Q07 

1,940 

1,279 

1,184 

1 

oxZ 

oU/ 

332 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  35. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  ar  over,  by  sex,  age  at  tim 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

N umber 
who 
read. 

N umber 
who  read 
and 
write. 

Niunber. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 
who  read 
and 
write. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

42 

4 

4 

4 

38 

37 

3 

'Rnsnian  

1 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than  French).. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

358 

32 

^ 26 

24 

326 

167 

15' 

"nciniQh 

1 

1 

1 

English 

74 

21 

20 

20 

53 

52 

5 

French 

28 

8 

8 

7 

20 

15 

1. 

German 

128 

26 

26 

26 

102 

92 

9 

Irish 

94 

25 

25 

24 

69 

66 

6, 

Italian,  North 

843 

106 

99 

98 

737 

592 

58 

Italian,  South 

707 

71 

48 

47 

636 

312 

30; 

Lithuanian 

467 

42 

34 

33 

425 

286 

23: 

Magyar 

706 

76 

71 

70 

630 

566 

55' 

Mexican 

102 

25 

12 

11 

77 

40 

4( 

Polish 

1,012 

131 

114 

113 

881 

631 

581 

Roumanian 

52 

3 

3 

3 

49 

37 

3' 

Russian 

143 

6 

5 

5 

137 

68 

6' 

Ruthenian 

152 

18 

15 

15 

134 

85 

8 

Scotch 

39 

17 

17 

16 

22 

22 

2 

Slovak 

1,185 

147 

136 

135 

1,038 

815 

77! 

Slovenian 

33 

5 

4 

4 

28 

25 

2; 

Rpanish  

3 

3 

3 

« 

Welsh 

86 

32 

32 

32 

54 

47 

4. 

Total 

6,257 

796 

700 

688 

5,461 

3,960 

3,79; 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


334 


The  Immigratoin  Commission, 


Table  Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race— Continued. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

•IBlox 

451 

3 

00 

o 

00 

1 32,591 

2 

730 

1 

175 

24 

29 

2,405 

1 

6 

20 

103 

2, 472 

70 

3 

772 

2,662 

111 

6 

6 

•p9.wopijV\. 

o 

128 

CD 

CD  1-t  • 00 

• CM 

3 

1 

120 

1 

25 

83 

•pauanpi 

264 

3 

3,513 

18,812 

1 

561 

1 

111 

18 

21 

1,307 

4 

15 

68 

1,853 

43 

1 

519 

1,940 

70 

2 

2 

•aiiiuig 

178 

4,407 

12,898 

1 

163 

00  »OOOOi-l(N  0005,-H  ■«1<  TJI 

CO  03  (N  (NCO'^ 

O -J*  (NO 

45  or  over. 

•IciojL 

a>  CO 

917 

5,131 

CD 

CM 

091 

9 

V 

Zl 

C35 

lO  05  rH  I-H 

05  to  1-H 

1-H  05 

•paAvopiAi 

CO  ^ 

o 

O 

1 

13 

64 

•pajjjBjv 

51 

3 

765 

CO 

SIT 

CM  CD  T-H 

1-H  ^ i-H  CD  O 

00 

o * 

: 

•8i3uig 

o 

05 

30C 

t-- 

00  00  1-H  1-H 

1-H  to 

30  to  44. 

164 

2,124 

CO 

1 ^ 1 

1 <N  CM  r-(  i-H  O ^ 

ZO  lO  1-H  rH  CM 

CO  00 

CM  00  00 

CO  CD  CO 

05 

329 

1,083 

38 

1 

2 

•paAvopiAV 

CO 

CO 

s 

CO  1 

Zl 

1 

t 

00  05  . . ■ 

•paujBn 

135 

1,605 

8,717 

i-H  O t-H  1-H  00  CO  O 

CO  »-l  o 

CO 

CM  CM  CD  00 

CO  CM 

to  00  00  1-H  CM 

CD  00  CO 

CM  00 

•aiSuig 

CO 

466 

s 1 

CD 

CO 

801 

I 

I 

9 

6 

161 

10 

56 

176 

20  to  29. 

154 

3,008 

11,909 

o 

CM 

1-H  03t^30i-HC<5  lOOlrOOOfO  03  CO  (N 

O 03  M 00  rH  0 0 30 

1-H  1-H  HJI  (N  30 

•paAXopiAV 

CO 

116 

•pajjaBK 

GO 

1,127 

5, 585 

CD 

00  CD  rH 

iO  to 

1-H  ^ to  1-H  § ^ 

^ CM  ^ 

•aiSuig 

CO 

1,868 

6,208 

1 

CO 

05 

»-H  COCDCOt-HCM  rHt^05C0CM  tHCM 

CO  i-H  f-H  rHO5C0 

CM  f-j  CM 

16  to  19. 

'mojj 

05 

05 

05 

4,820  1 

■ 1 

CM 

CO 

1-H  1-H  CM  to 

th  cm 

CM 

• 1-H  00  CD  CO 

I ^ 

^ ^ CD  CM  CM 
rH 

•paAvopiAV 

- 

: ; : 

•paujBjv 

CD 

05 

i i i 

: : : 

•aiSuig 

1,983 

4,740 

CM 

CO 

11 

1 

1 

221 

1 

8 

64 

2 

^OO  (NIN 

•B^np  ojoid 

-uioo  Sup  joda  j joquini^ 

451 

3 

00 

O 

00 

32, 591 

CMOt-iiO  05  lO  tH  CD  OCOCMOCO  CM  CM  i-H  CD  CO 

CO  CM  CM  O CMOt^l>-  CD  tH 

t>*CDrH 

CM  CM  CM 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  covmtry  of  birth  of 
father —Con  tinued . 

W ales 

Africa  (country  not 
specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 
Bosniafn 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Cuban 

Dalmatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

Flemish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than 

Russian) 

Herzegovinian 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


335 


O,  Oi« 

4,214 

106 

1,873 

18 

4,480 

no 

136 

14 

7,259 

7 

154 

1,831 

302 

1,142 

27 

128 

11,184 

1,871 

6 

306 

20 

4 

393 

1 

8 

837 

373 

24 

00 

CO 

kO 

86,450 

I'l'ccrnl  ooIiNoI 

CCO  * r-l  'CO  • ^ • tH  • • GC 

(M  1 I 

o 

CO 

rH  ^ lO  CO  1 

CO 

05 

CD 

S 

C4) 

O,  “1(  0 

2,320 

55 
913 

11 

2,890 

56 
44 
10 

4,503 

3 

97 

1,065 

207 

830 

22 

71 

8,024 

1,027 

1 

204 

12 

3 

278 

1 

6 

471 

264 

16 

Ol 

o 

CO 

Z,  ifOO 

1,864 

51 

946 

7 

1,556 

51 

91 

4 

2,708 

4 

55 
756 

95 

258 

5 

56 
3,080 

822 

5 

90 

8 

1 

85 

1 

352 

94 

5 

19,024 

31,922 

Ot^QO^  •<NOOO>’^ 

;>  lO  • 1-t  IM 

OCO  rH 

O5ifio  OOCO'OCO 

r-T 

601 

197 

CS|  o O O 

05  OC  IH 

K 1 

12, 882 

O i-H  • lO  I lO  • t 00 

• 'i-t  ; ; 

i-i(N  • <N  IrH'^Oi 

• HP  . CO 

00  • 

25 

rH  TP  <N  fO 

445 

|845 

f500  00.-l 

H OV  e«5  ■ rH  00 

O'  1-1  • CO  CO 

17 

142 

19 

390 

10 

5 

1,146 

151 

o I 

00  • 

153 

rH  rH  O O 

00  00 

O)  1 

r^ 

CD  |; 

11,179 

.M  00  *a>  • O Oi  rH  • 

O f-<  • i-H  • CS|  • CO 

rH  O rH  I I iC  O 

tH  CO  ; 1 lO  rH 

15 

05 

00 
s 1 

|858 

noccooo  oococococo  co-'t'ifoi*'  (ccoo.-h  i-i  co  i— i oso 

CO-'p-'f  l-H  CO  >0  (M  I-H  I-I  CO  CO  l-H  CO  CO  P-  CD  rH 

OCOOO  05  I-H  t>t-|lJ1  1-1  r-l  COI-H 

^^I-^  1-7  CO 

22,109 

32, 840 

OCO  'o>  "S’"'  ' * §5  ■'*'  ' ■'*'  I 1 05  00  • 

289 

653 

CO-HTPIMip  OCOCOfNrH  (MOSIMCOIM  I-H-^IOC^CO  I-H  CC  CO  1-HOO 

005COCO  cr.  lOrHect-^cocot^  o o ^co 

-lOI  CO  t-  CO  CO  1-1  CO  Ip  CO  „ ,H  IM  iH 

Nr-T  1-7  in'  •>^7 

18,683 

27,400 

245 

4 

272 

2 

176 

18 

21 

2 

397 

1 

7 

138 

3 

65 

2 

4 

293 

130 

3 

31 

1 

30 

rH  05  ODl 

OC  CO 

3,137 

4,787 

OOi<£>CO  CO  »0  O O O CO  C^COCO(M(M 

^COO'^  ^C0I>  CO  CO  r-l  00  Tf  iO  l-H  O 

JOOi  00  O OOrH  COOO 

Ni-T  i-T  CO 

331 

94 

4 

05 

CD 

o' 

(M 

00 

JD 

lO 

CO 

DO  I * 'CO  'l-H  • • 

!cq  ! (M  ! 

: : 

i rH  lO  i 

CD 

lO 

DOiO'^  O <N  ^ 

-((Nr-(i-l  CO  I-H  rH 

3>t^  l>.  rH 

24 

311 

66 

98 

3 

34 

2,435 

300 

HP  rH  (N 

rH 

• CO  <M 

. rH  ID 

8, 566 

14, 151 

I 1,041 

1,207 

41 

629 

4 

1,011 

19 

57 

2 

1,909 

3 

31 

517 

60 

115 

2 

43 

1,941 

539 

2 

39 

6 

1 

29 

• CO  CO  (M 

• rH  CO 

• <N 

12,037 

18,245 

1 

oosor^  f-H^coc^  • i> 

^ O lO  1-1  • o 

•9*00  CO  • CO 

CD  rH  (N  iHfHO^rHrH 
rH  OiCO  §3 

lO  rH 

39 

24 

3,340 

8,160 

: : : : : : ^ 

" 

Ij- 

QQ  ^ • 1 

f 

01 

T 

45 

124 

1 431 

394 

! 6 

26 

1 

349 

5 

12 

365 

O rH  rH  rH  rH  Oi  rH 

rH  05  CO  05  CO 

t>-  rH 

lO  rH 

39 

24 

3,292 

8,032 

6, 614 
4, 214 
106 
1,873 

18 

4,480 

no 

136 

14 

7,259 

7 
154 

1,831 

302 

128 

11,184 

1,871 

6 

306 

20 

4 

393 

1 

8 

837 

373 

24 

53,859 

86,450 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified)... 
Lithuanian 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

JL 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

sif 

2 1"^  ^ r 

2 coca  8- 

Welsh 

West  Indian  (other  than 

Cuban) 

Australian  (race  not 

specified 

Austrian  (race  not 

specified) 

Belgian  (race  not 

specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


336 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


PQ 

◄ 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


337 


tOrHMOO  OOOr-t  <DeO(NTt<  00  l>Oi  0>  05  00  CO  CO 

W’^S^rH  t^CDOOOO  t^COCDOJ  C005  05.-I 

(N  -.J.TjitN'^CO  CO 

3,777 

a 4, 205 

IcOi-l  rHCOt-CCI  ■COrH'^ 

• • • • • • 

• • t t • * 

• 1 • t • • 

1 O 

CO 

§ 

OOrHiOt^Oi  .-ICOb'CO  OSfNOOO  CO  O O CO  .-H  ^ 

S CO^  5O..*l-.t<00  00(M'.t<(N  <NCOCC.-H  t;~.-l  CO 

tH  COINi-ICO-^  >o 

2,710 

2,873 

lO 

OOOCO  OOC<I<NCO  t>00i-HC<l  ^oooo 

1— t »— 1 t-H  CO  g OOOiC^I^  1— 1 CN  CO  O t— 

) <M 

1 CO 

O 

1,291 

OO'.J.TJC  OIMOIN  COr-HrHCO  <N  >0  O QO  •;- 

^H.-!  (NCOCOCO  (MkOr-HO  ,-1  05  |<N 

468 

515 

rH<N>OTH  jrHrHrH  ; J 1 1 ! 

<M 

CO 

(M 

o 

OOtNCO  00  05  O rH  (N  O 05  05  C<l  »0  O C5CCI  -C 

;2r-l  r-l(N»OCO  INlO  Tt<  ,-1  00  |0 

432 

475 

fH 

1 ^,-mo  • th  IrHco  ; ; ; ; i ! 

i lO 

r-(  lO  lOOiOIM  00  00  05  10  t^-»t<00'S<  -Cf.  CD  (M  CC 

05r-C  C0D1.-I05  Tt(O(N00  l-C'Ct<CO  W r- 

C<l  1-H  T-(  Cl  Dl  CO 

D O 

4 O 

1,789 

. eci  . • i d i-H  • lO  'd  ....  ... 

1 C4 

IC.-I10  05iOt^.-l  00  CD  CO  lO  CO  00  lO  CO  •^CD.-HC 

00.-H  d.-IC35t^  dOOdCD  .-ICOCO  r- 

I-H  t-H  tH  d CO 

1,544 

1,625 

cDdd  CDICCDO  Ot^cDOT  iIicDCOtH  O ; i" 

144 

150 

00*H05  05-«C  (NOC^OO  (MCQCOO  »OCO(MIC  ^0.-l^ 

00  '-’255 

1.379 

1.507 

••••  •t»TH  'tH**  III 

CO 

lOi-lCCI-^rH  TfC'iO'^  OSCOOO-^  00-^50  • <5*^  •C’ 

CO  O 00  CO  00  T-I  <N  ,-.  . ;£)  . 

o 

734 

773 

CO 

It^ioco  OOCOt"!'  eo-clioco  t^oot^io  CDiOi-Hi 

.d  OOCO  IOiOtHCO  rH  i-H  CO 

CO 

CS> 

731 

IlOdi-H  COeO'^05  COt^'a'OO  Tt'lCC35d  ^ • •! 

• rH  dCO  rHd  CO  i-H  ) 

o 1 o 

CO 

CO 

a> 

CO 

1 ^ 

II  : 

COCO’^Ci  COt^'^00  "^^C5C^  J£5  • ** 

»iH  CO  fH  04  CO  C4  • • 

5 

230 

393 

Q « 

n-siS^fS 


§ 


ll 


i c5 


]=i  ^ bxiK 


ri 

^ * -—  ,'~i 

2c3S^  C 

P a «'c3  M 


O o o S « E-I  O 


lOogaK  S^cart  i5«®o  0 = ^2  .2.2  cit> 

pqmoWf^  OftSS  i^SSp^  P5rtrtoQ  oQmcQ^ 


Table  37. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


338 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


339 


0? 


'a 


340  The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  Conjugal  condition,  hy  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual— Qontmued. 

TOTAL. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

"^otal. 

Total. 

»-(  i-t  »0  to  00^00  ic 

.-l<N  CO  rHOO 

28 

430 

35  II 

1 ^ 

O 

Wid- 

owed. 

oco  • 

i 1 

Is 

Mar- 

ried. 

258 

51 

3 

rHt^eoeo  Tj<co»o05  • 

l-H  1-H(N  • <M 

CO  j 

M’S) 

o ' 

OOi-H  • 

00  lO  CO  CO  00  COOi-Hi-H  iO  (N  CO 

rH  COOCN  T-H  rH  <£) 

25 

311 

1 ^ 1 

o 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

oo  • 
o • 

• tH  00 

I ^ 1 

00 

Wid- 

owed. 

COCN  1 

1 

Mar- 

ried. 

r-  CO  • 

(N  I 1-t 

! i i 

: : 

■ ^ 

h 

: 

; ; 

I -1 

Ih 

30  to  44. 

73 

o 

lO  CO  • 
CO  • 

Ci  • CQ  CO 

! lie 

N 1-H  II 

2 

29 

187 

Wid- 

owed. 

• 1 • • 

II  eq 

Mar- 

ried. 

117 

31 

a>  • <N  (N 

• ■ • ( 

N r-H  * I 

05  00 

05 

176 

6 ^ 
M'S) 

1-H  • 

•.  : : 

; ^ 

1 ^ 

05 

20  to  29.  1 

Total. 

COC^ 

■>ti  CO  »Ot^<NO 

10 

159 

Wid- 

owed. 

(M  I ! 

II  I 

• 05 

1 

Mar- 

ried. 

O CO 

1-H 

! 

COtH  OOOOCO(N  IcNC- 

155 

0 ^ 
M'S) 

1-H 

CO 

1 ” i 

OOC^  t>-oc 

^ I 

• CO  . CO  1- 

125 

16  to  19. 

Total. 

8 

19 

00  ji- 

HOCO  O lO  0>  lOCOC^Oi 

rH  tH  CO  1-H  1— 1 ^ 

16 

230 

299 

Wid-  , 

owed. 

t • *1 

1 

Mar- 

ried. 

13 

1 

• 1-H  * 1-H 

^ ^ IrH^ 

* • 

1 ^ 

.g_Qj 

M’S) 

00 

00  • 

ioco  CO  05  00  IOC<|1-HOO  »ccoc 

• 1-H  1-H  CO  05  1-H  1-H 

16 

217 

ZLZ 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
Individual. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Indian 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  iNortn 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Maevar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Kuthenian 

Scotch 



Welsh 

Total 

Total  native-born 

or^J^n-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian.. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


341 


41 

1 

2 

343 

1 

71 

28 

123 

91 

787 

663 

451 

0 667 

98 

949 

49 

141 

141 

34 

1, 123 

31 

3 

78 

CD  II 

a> 

»D 

O 

g 

CD 

O 

1 I ! ^ *00 

COesi  WrHCOrHCO  lO N J i-H  0>  J 

IcO 

sl 

40 

1 

Qo  t^rHrn  o 

s 

!> 

i 

lO 

lO  I lo 

. ilO  jrH 

t-rH  c<i(Nr^(M3;  ^o»o(NC2 

(N  i-H-cfiOOlO  C^Oi-l(NC0  i-li^  1-1 

s 

CO 

05 

i _i  I-jco  1-1 o c*s  e- Tt< CO Tfi iM  05'^cc)e-g  '531'^ 

^ 00 -i*  eo  t-  >-i« 

•CO 

05 

CO  1 

! I ! I«  -i-t 

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• CO 

g 

lO 

Irt^ 

• CO 

CO 

CD 

00 

o 

- ; : : 

I i-i  »-i  lo  1 1-1  • th  eo  • 1 j 1 1 

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cocoice-1— < lOiMOeooo  ososi-hmjo 

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: : :us  :(n,h  [ \ ;«  ; 

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DJ 

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g 

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40 

40 

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: : ‘ico 

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T-tl-4 

CD 

40 

12 

1 

163 

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CO  COvH  <N  ^ 

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<M 

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CD 

(N' 

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eor-(N03  1-It^i-Iioco  jOi-H 

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CD 

CD 

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CO 

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: ; : i 

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j 

[ General  Tables;  General  Survey.  343 


Table  38. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  by  race  of  husband. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  reporting 
wife— 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

636 

496 

40 

1 

1 

109 

26 

83 

17 

17 

20 

19 

1 

1,268 

552 

716 

4 

4 

15 

13 

2 

66 

54 

12 

1,754 

1,702 

52 

43 

32 

11 

1 

1 

498 

468 

30 

1,864 

1,777 

87 

68 

43 

25 

2 

2 

H6rz6govini£iii. 

2 

2 

597 

586 

11 

Italia^  Uorth  

3,361 

2,353 

1,008 

ItaliaTi  South  ... 

2,237 

1,371 

866 

Italian  (not  <?ppnifipd)  

53 

32 

21 

I,JthiTanio.n  ...... ........... 

882 

710 

172 

Macedonian. ................... ............ .... 

11 

1 

10 

Ufapvar  ..... ........ ... 

2,818 

1,536 

1,282 

1 \tPYipan  .... 

48 

45 

3 

MontpnpgHn  

44 

10 

34 

Norwp^iBTi  - ---------- 

10 

10 

Polish  

4,367 

3,167 

1,200 

PortUgU  6SG 

3 

3 

Roumanian. ... 

97 

19 

78 

Rn««:1a.n  ... 

1,025 

570 

455 

R uthenian 

204 

115 

89 

Scotch 

787 

763 

24 

! Scotch-Irist)  - ----------------- 

21 

21 

i Servian. ... - 

68 

42 

26 

1 Slovak... 

7,862 

5,389 

2,473 

1 Slovenian. 

992 

723 

269 

isb  

1 

1 

Swedish 

201 

198 

3 

Syrl^Ti  - ................ 

12 

12 

Turkish  

3 

1 

2 

Welsh  

266 

262 

4 

Wp<it  Tnrlian  

1 

1 

A iie+rolioTi  ( rono  nr»f  ^ ------- 

6 

6 

Austrisin  (r3rC6  not  specified,)- - 

448 

354 

94 

Pelgiftn  (rtice  n^t  ) 

257 

246 

11 

Qtiriec  ( ropp  r»rk1*  CT\ppifi  pH  ^ ...  ---------- 

16 

16 

Total  

32,966 

23,772 

9,194 

I 

i 


I 


Table  39. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees^  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


344 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Total. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

CSI 

I i * i i 

CM  00  CO 

4 

44 

50 

1 

4 

2 

visits. 

C^l 

3 

1 

20 

1 

2 

60 

00  CO  CO 

05  fH  iO  • to  • 

^ 0 • • 

1 

visit. 

18 

00  r»<coi>eoo  'S ea  £:r 

0 rH  CO  CD  IN 

.-H  IN  l-H 

CO  CD  00  CO  1-4  tH 

UO  05  10  0 

0510  1-H 

No 

visits. 

1 

472 

1 

146 

10 

9 

978 

14 

72 

1,368 

61 

2 

533 

1,725 

51 

t 

386 

3,964 

2,223 

12 

1,380 

11 

Num- 

ber. 

1 

494 

1 

154 

17 

17 

1,169 

18 

84 

1,730 

66 

3 

615 

1,876 

64 

4 

4 

452 

5,145 

2,936 

16 

1,490 

12 

In  United  States  10  years  or  over. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

• CO  CM  • • 0 • 

• » • CO  • 

1-H  CD  1-t 

3 

33 

30 

1 

4 

2 

visits. 

2 

5 

1 

53 

CD  ^ CM 

f-4  rH 

8 

8^ 

001 

6 

1 

visit. 

,-H  i-<COCO»HlO  lOCOi-HOO  CO 

<M  05  0 

05  01  CM  10  • 

Tft  10  rH  10  • 

CO  1-H  • 

No 

visits. 

1 

190 

6 

7 

7 

101 

4 

35 

947 

25 

2 

231 

1,199 

9 

CO  S CM  0 • 
CO  t>-  CO  10  • 

Num- 

ber. 

1 

197 

b-  OCO^IOt^  i-I00CO'^O5  kO 

rH  1-H  CO  CO  <N  05  1-H 

i-(  cq  CM  CO 

05  0 05  Tti  00  • 

05  00  0 CD  • 

CO  CM  10  to  • 

In  United  States  5 to  9 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

T-t  0^  CM 

rH  05  10  • 1 • 

2 

visits. 

1-H  i-H  0 r-4  »-H  CD  • 

CM  1-t  i-H 

! CM  05  IcM  • 

• CO  • • 

1 

visit. 

0 

CO  1-1  I Tt<  1-4  CO  05  1-H 
• 00  CO 

CO  >0  rH 

CM  00  05  r-i  CD  rH 

10  CO 

CM 

No 

visits. 

u:) eo  .-1 01  N t-h 

(N  ,H  <M  .-1  COIN 

.-1  CO  .-1 

10  00  CO 

CM  CO  10  05  rH 

CM  CM  0 1-t 

GO  10 

Num- 

ber. 

COrHt^  10IN05.-IC0 

CO  ^ ^ ^5^ 

181 

246 

18 

3 

25 

1,922 

1,148 

5 

557 

2 

In  United  States  under  5 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

• : : : 

. CM  10  • • 

2 

visits. 

* 1 • lO  • • rH 

: 

: : : 

1 

visit. 

1 

2 

60 

1 

2 

30 

COCM  CO 

CM  rH  b-  ! 0 

00  CD  • rH 

No 

visits. 

129 

1 

553 

1 

25 

284 

15 

137 

298 

28 

1 

4 

26 

1,751 

1,094 

7 

355 

10 

ife 

s 

0 oqcsiosiNt'-  ic  CO 

CO  S co"^ 

140 

311 

31 

1 

4 

28 

1,943 

1,279 

7 

365 

10 

S 00 


lO  CO  1-H  Oi  1-H 

1-i  Oi 

IC  of  fH 


£6 


a 

rt.2  _j  cs 
■3  g o3‘§ 

C o o 3 

<ipqpqpq 


2 2 « '3  -2 
§ §2^3 
oooPfi 


f*^  -C3 

.J2.J2-2’5  g 

i S ^ 

O .3 .25  n <u 


: ^ 
.i4  £ 


llll 


^ tc 

£ a 

S-^-2  E 

£ <u  CO 

OW  W^3 


Macedonian 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


345 


346 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  40. — Number  of  'persons  'within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity, 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  oi  neaa 
of  household. 

Under  6. 

6 1>o  13. 

14and  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Total,  i 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

55 

259 

White 

51 

50 

9 

21 

39 

34 

Negro 

7 

11 

4 

3 

5 

20 

4 

54! 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

1 

25 

English 

5 

6 

1 

1 

3 

7 

2 

Irish 

9 

14 

3 

2 

8 

6 

6 

48' 

Total 

14 

20 

4 

3 

11 

13 

8 

73 

Total  native-born 

72 

81 

17 

27 

88 

46 

386 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

9 

13 

3 

3 

8 

7 

5 

48 

Croatian 

82 

31 

3 

15 

88 

92 

18 

329 

English 

10 

20 

5 

10 

17 

16 

13 

91 

French 

4 

6 

2 

2 

4 

7 

4 

29 

German 

25 

35 

7 

11 

26 

36 

21 

161 

Irish 

24 

29 

10 

25 

22 

20 

32 

i62 

Italian,  North 

206 

125 

19 

37 

190 

217 

59 

853 

Italian,  South 

149 

72 

13 

45 

219 

187 

32 

717 

Lithuanian 

128 

66 

8 

17 

91. 

149 

22 

a 482 

Magyar 

135 

104 

14 

38 

162 

219 

55 

727 

Mexican 

26 

19 

1 

5 

19 

31 

11 

112 

Polish 

233 

138 

13 

49 

240 

289 

56 

1,018 

Roumanian 

4 

1 

3 

12 

12 

2 

34 

Russian 

25 

7 

2 

1 

33 

31 

1 

100 

Ruthenian 

29 

20 

1 

23 

32 

38 

12 

155 

Scotch 

4 

5 

3 

8 

7 

3 

9 

39 

Slovak 

300 

220 

31 

61 

257 

327 

94 

1,290 

Slnvpnian 

7 

4 

1 

10 

6 

2 

30 

Welsh 

10 

23 

2 

13 

15 

14 

21 

98 

Total  foreign-born 

1,410 

938 

138 

366 

1,452 

1,701 

469 

a 6, 475 

Grand  total 

1,482 

1,019 

155 

393 

1,507 

1,789 

515 

a 6, 861 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

35 

58 

10 

22 

47 

45 

21 

238 

Negro 

15 

17 

2 

5 

12 

13 

2 

66 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

27 

English  

6 

6 

3 

1 

4 

7 

Irish 

6 

10 

3 

4 

8 

8 

2 

41 

Total 

12 

16 

6 

5 

12 

15 

2 

68 

Total  native-born 

62 

18 

71 

W 

25 

W2 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

9 

10 

1 

6 

7 

6 

4 

43 

Croatian 

75 

27 

3 

9 

75 

42 

8 

239 

Engiish 

9 

12 

4 

3 

8 

12 

8 

56 

French 

3 

2 

2 

3 

5 

1 

6 

22 

German 

24 

34 

7 

14 

16 

28 

16 

139 

o Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


347 


Tablp]  40. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household — Continued. 

FEMALE— Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Total. 

Foreign-born— Con  tinned . 

Irish 

16 

33 

11 

14 

19 

18 

19 

130 

Italian,  North 

185 

123 

16 

28 

147 

123 

25 

647 

Italian,  South 

101 

68 

11 

17 

96 

66 

15 

374 

Lithuanian 

96 

51 

5 

10 

94 

69 

12 

337 

Magyar 

143 

74 

11 

25 

no 

96 

18 

0 478 

Mexican 

23 

11 

4 

7 

10 

21 

8 

84 

Polish 

227 

163 

23 

25 

167 

137 

21 

763 

Roumanian 

4 

1 

1 

3 

5 

3 

17 

Russian 

18 

11 

3 

30 

10 

1 

1 i 
79 

Ruthenian 

37 

22 

5 

5 

20 

20 

1 

<0 

1 flQ 

Scotch 

4 

4 

4 

1 

5 

5 

6 

29 

Slovak 

344 

230 

32 

45 

205 

192 

41 

1,089 

Slovenian 

7 

7 

1 

5 

A 

9 

9A 

Welsh 

10 

20 

4 

9 

8 

15 

20 

86 

Total  foreign-born 

1,335 

903 

144 

228 

1,032 

868 

230 

fl  4, 741 

Grand  total 

1,397 

994 

162 

260 

1,103 

941 

255 

0 5,113 

TOTAL. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

86 

108 

28 

19 

6 

43 

8 

QA 

inn 

55 

497 

120 

Negro 

22 

00 

1 7 

00 

I / 

oo 

6 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

English 

11 

15 

12 

24 

4 

2 

7 

1 A 

o 

52 

Irish 

6 

A 

4 

1 A 

±4 

1 A 

z 

0 

ID 

14 

8 

89 

Total 

26 

36 

10 

8 

23 

28 

10 

141 

Total  native-born 

134 

172 

35 

59 

1 OA 

161 

71 

758 

iZO 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

18 

157 

19 

7 

23 

58 

32 

g 

4 

g 

9 

9J. 

15 

1 AO 

13 

9 

26 

21 

10 

37 

91 

568 

147 

51 

300 

English 

0 

1 Q 

IDo  i 

134 

28 

8 

A>4 

French 

A 

io 

c 

Zo 

n 

German 

49 

69 

14 

0 

25 

y 

AO 

4Z 

d4 

Irish 

40 

391 

250 

224 

278 

62 

248 

140 

117 

178 

21 

A 1 

OO 

51 

84 

47 

34 

73 

292 
1,500 
1,091 
a 819 
a 1,205 

Italian,  North 

oy 

Q97 

oo 

Italian,  South 

oo 

24 

DO 

AO 

oO  4 
Q1  tH 

340 

Lithuanian 

07 

OiO 
" CK 

253 

218 

315 

Magyar 

io 

25 

Z 4 
AQ 

^co 

070 

Do 

Z^  z 

Mexican 

• 49 
460 

g 

30 

301 

2 

K 

1 9 

Ofk 

52 

19 

77 

196 

1,781 

51 

173 

264 

Polish 

O 

1/ii 

7/1 

zy 

/f  07 

Roumanian 

oO 

1 

2 

A 

1 7 

426 

15 

Russian 

43 

66 

18 

42 

0 

A 

1 4 
AO 

2 

Ruthenian 

A 

28 

DO 

AO 

41 

58 

2 

12 

D 

oz 

Scotch 

g 

Q 

7 

Q 

1 o 

15 

135 

68 

2,379 

56 

184 

Slovak 

644 

14 

20 

450 

11 

43 

y 

1 HA 

IZ 
/I  AO 

8 

519 

1 r\ 

Slovenian 

oo 

1 

g 

lUO 

1 

99 

4dz 

1 A 

Welsh 

io 

oo 

lU 

29 

4 

41 

zo 

Total  foreijrn-born 

2,745 

1,841 

282 

CQA 

2, 484 

2,569 

699 

& 11, 216 

oy^ 

Grand  total 

2,879 

2,013  1 

oi  7 

2,610 

2, 730  j 

770 

6 11,974 

OX  4 I 

OOo 

o Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 
b Including  2 not  reporting  complete  data. 


348 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  41. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 


Num- 

ber 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

General  nativity 
and  race. 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20  to 
24. 

25  to 
29. 

30  to 
34. 

35  to 
44. 

45  to 
54. 

55  to 
64. 

65  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  na- 
tive father: 

White 

18,410 

6,659 

2 

13 

66 

178 

475 

608 

649 

651 

3,339 

3,126 

2,637 

3,700 

1,319 

2,087 

772 

109 

27 

41 

65 

102 

111 

116 

153 

1,169 

1,307 

986 

952 

253 

58 

Indian 

1 

i| 

Native-born  of  for- 
eign father,  by 
country  of  birth  of 
father: 

4 

2 

1 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

820 

51 

49 

1 

16 

1 

55 

3 

128 

9 

117 

7 

114 

7 

78 

5 

223 

12 

56 

6 

11 

1 

18 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

7 

11 

16 

5 

2 

1 

10 

1,792 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

5 

16 

35 

82 

99 

105 

116 

397 

275 

226 

284 

114 

36 

2 

'172 

2 

8 

15 

14 

13 

31 

31 

20 

13 

17 

8 

2,248 

1 

1,344 

1 

9 

21 

72 

96 

112 

108 

498 

349 

240 

417 

249 

71 

5 

1 

5 

6 

39 

44 

57 

38 

235 

180 

173 

295 

213 

49 

10 

'196 

9 

18 

5 

1 

4 

13 

33 

33 

29 

18 

44 

16 

4 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

4 

2 

1 

2 

1 

"M/^rTT»'aYT 

1 

3 

1 

"D  rinTYi  o r>  1 'I 

1 

1 

XlULiilloii-llcl.  ..•••• 

Russia 

176 

1 

5 

11 

23 

30 

33 

20 

40 

7 

2 

2 

2 

Scotland  

921 

1 

8 

27 

45 

48 

66 

55 

244 

156 

102 

106 

50 

10 

3 

66 

28 

1 

3 

6 

7 

2 

7 

22 

12 

4 

2 

Switzerland 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

6 

3 

2 

4 

3 

1 

1 

464 

1 

3 

7 

18 

18 

18 

21 

71 

84 

62 

102 

38 

21 

Africa  (country 
not  specified).. 

3 

1 

2 

Total 

8,378 

11 

68 

185 

466 

517 

565 

485 

1,840 

1,189 

867 

1,265 

693 

203 

24 

Total  native- 
born  

33,449 

51 

175 

428 

1,043 

1,236 

1,330 

1,289 

6,348 

5,622 

4,491 

6,285 

3,732 

1,228 

191 

Foreign-born, by  race: 

A T*TY1  ATliflTl 

2 

2 

Bohemian  and 
Moravian 

742 

1 

4 

5 

8 

10 

10 

81 

131 

148 

217 

79 

44 

4 

1 

176 

1 

Bulgarian 

4 

2 

5 

40 

62 

25 

26 

8 

4 

Canadian,  French 
Canadian,  Other. 
Croatian 

25 

1 

3 

6 

3 

8 

2 

2 

30 

2,411 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

3 

11 

3 

3 

1 

6 

23 

79 

117 

681 

516 

381 

447 

145 

12 

3 

CiibSiD- 

1 

"nalTnatian 

6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Dani.sh  

20 

1 

1 

4 

4 

3 

5 

1 

1 

Dutch - . 

104 

1 

2 

4 

2 

10 

22 

15 

23 

21 

3 

1 

Finglish 

2,486 

70 

2 

6 

11 

17 

22 

16 

182 

301 

390 

576 

575 

308 

80 

Finnish 

1 

1 

1 

6 

12 

16 

22 

8 

2 

1 

TTlpTniQli 

a 

3 

French 

778 

1 

2 

1 

6 

10 

23 

5 

80 

125 

141 

189 

137 

50 

8 

German 

2,680 

113 

8 

27 

39 

41 

207 

305 

402 

687 

438 

473 

53 

Greek 

1 

2 

3 

30 

28 

16 

22 

8 

3 

Hebrew  (other 
than  Russian) . 
Herzegovinian... 
Irish 

g 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

e 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

923 

1 

5 

42 

82 

85 

210 

293 

167 

38 

Italian,  North... 
Italian,  South. . . 
Italian  (not  speci- 
fied) 

6,613 

4,247 

108 

1,885 

18 

4,542 

111 

3 

1 

4 

5 

: 18 

. 10 

; 36 

1 37 

> 80 
' 59 

2 

1 137 

' 139 

1 2 

201 

170 

2 

1,364 

971 

33 

1,539 

971 

24 

1,305 

749 

15 

1,416 

806 

22 

426 

275 

8 

78 

53 

6 

1 

Lithuanian 

4 

[ 2 

! 12 

12 

337 

509 

374 

478 

139 

16 

2 

Macedonian 

1 

4 

5 

6 

. 2 

Magyar 

2 

1 6 

1 39 

1 51 

116 

161 

829 

946 

852 

1 1,126 

356 

54 

5 

Mexican 

1 

2 

2 

1 1 
1 4 

3 

17  16 

17 

26 

22 

2 

4 

Montenegrin 

136 

! £ 

t 1 

42 

il  30 

1 24 

, IS 

1 g 



General  Tables;  General  Survey. 


349 


Table  41. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 
nativity  and  race — Continued. 


General  nativity 
and  race. 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20  to 
24. 

25  to 
29. 

30  to 
34. 

35  to 
44. 

45  to 
54. 

Lsto 

64. 

65  or 
over. 

Foreign-born,  by 

race— Continued. 

14 

1 

3 

1 

5 

3 

1 

Polish: 

7,302 

2 

11 

22 

50 

124 

175 

1,387 

1,662 

1,334 

1,791 

622 

103 

19 

Portuguese 

7 

3 

2 

2 

I 

155 

5 

5 

6 

21 

34 

25 

40 

18 

1 

Russian 

1,841 

2 

2 

6 

8 

30 

49 

369 

462 

337 

422 

137 

15 

2 

Ruthenian 

303 

1 

4 

11 

16 

46 

80 

47 

77 

18 

2 

] 

Scotch 

1,153 

3 

12 

12 

10 

7 

85 

131 

174 

244 

307 

138 

30 

Scotch-Irish 

27 

1 

2 

3 

5 

6 

10 

Servian 

129 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

39 

38 

17 

19 

4 

1 2 

Slovak 

11,230 

5 

16 

53 

120 

293 

343 

2,115 

2,281 

1,884 

2,884 

1,044 

172 

20 

Slovenian 

1,897 



3 

2 

10 

13 

48 

72 

395 

456 

348 

371 

143 

30 

6 

Spanish 

6 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Swedish 

307 

1 

1 

3 

24 

29 

44 

95 

72 

33 

5 

Syrian 

21 

1 

1 

4 

9 

5 

1 

Turkish 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Welsh 

394 

1 

2 

4 

1 

23 

29 

52 

85 

104 

71 

22 

West  Indian 

(other  than  Cu- 

ban)  

1 

1 

Australian  (race 

not  specified). . 

8 

2 

4 

2 

Austrian  (race 

not  specified). . 

874 

1 

5 

9 

14 

13 

145 

198 

184 

207 

85 

12 

1 

Belgian  (race  not 

specified) 

376 

2 

5 

3 

7 

9 

41 

53 

55 

115 

71 

14 

1 

Swiss  (race  not 

specified) 

24 

1 

3 

10 

4 

4 

2 

Total  foreign- 

bom 

54,316 

5 

30 

84 

276 

527 

1,145 

1,453 

9,671 

11,117 

9,493 

12,723 

5,601 

1,873 

318 

Grand  total 

87,765 

56 

205 

512 

1,319 

1,763 

2,475 

2,742 

16,019 

16,739 

13,984 

19,008|9,333 

3,101 

509 

General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


351 


Table  42. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  hoarding,  etc.,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family. 

m (STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Owning 

home. 

Renting 

home. 

Board- 

ing. 

Lodging. 

In  other 
condi- 
tions. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

42 

67 

4 

113 

Negro 

4 

22 

26 



Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 

== 

father: 

English 

6 

5 

Irish 

5 

9 

14 

Total 

11 

14 

25 



Total  native-born 

57 

103 

4 

] 104 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

7 

10 

17 

Croatian 

16 

113 

129 

English 

6 

21 

1 

1 

29 

French 

2 

10 

12 

German 

15 

37 

2 

54 

Irish 

31 

18 

1 

50 

Italian,  North 

99 

204 

1 

304 

Italian,  South 

o41 

0 144 

(a) 

O 1 

ol 

188 

Lithuanian 

44 

134 

178 

Magyar 

15 

226 

4 

242 

Mexican 

6 

35 

1 

42 

Polish 

61 

273 

1 

1 

Roumanian 

10 

Ool) 

10 

Russian 

44 

44 

Ruthenian 

5 

38 

43 

Scotch 

4 

7 

\ 

12 

Slovak 

56 

398 

2 

1 

Slovenian 

2 

10 

X 

12 

Welsh 

24 

15 

1 

40 

Total  foreign-born 

0 434 

0 1,747 

a4 

o5 

08 

2,199 

Grand  total 

0 491 

o 1,850 

04 

o5 

ol2  1 

2,363 

oNot  including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


352 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


I 


Table  43. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groupi 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 
MALE. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


Under  6 years. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Negro 


Native-born  of  for- 
eign father,  by  race 
of  father: 
Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 


Irish 

Italian,  North.. 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 


Mexican 

Polish 

Roumanian. 

Russian 

Ruthenian.. 


Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian. 
Welsh 


Total. 


Total  native- 
born 


Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 


Irish 

Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 


Mexican..;.. 

Polish 

Roumanian. 
Russian 


Ruthenian. 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Total  foreign- 
born  


Grand  total . 


79 

9 

4 

22 

23 
186 
126 
125 
125 

26 

206 

4 

24 
28 

4 

283 

7 


1,296 


1,369 


105 

1,474 


79 

9 

4 

22 

23 
188 
128 

125 

126 

26 

207 

4 

24 
28 

4 

283 

7 

9 


1,302 


1,375 


25 


107 


1,482  184 


6 to  13  years. 


113 


123 


61 


14  and  15  years. 


'o 

o 

u 

o 

CS 

'cS 

c3 

fi 

o 

.d 

o 

o 

o 

w 

o 

<35 

s 

0 

Xi 

"o 

0 

rd 

u 

0 

o 

0 

H 

67 

73 

1 

8 

5 

14 

73 

75 

5 

10 

11 

3 

1 

4 

8 

13 

1 

8 

10 

3 

.... 

3 

8 

11 

9 

15 

1 

2 

85 

10 

1 

13 

14 

2 

2 

4 

10 

15 

2 

3 

4 

1 

1 

2 

5 

4 

1 

25 

26 

5 

2 

7 

23 

30 

2 

27 

... 

27 

8 

2 

10 

23 

35 

2 

68 

73 

9 

3 

12 

191 

79 

3 

26 

37 

2 

3 

5 

137 

30 

3 

37 

i’ 

53 

1 

1 

2 

140 

38 

2 

53 

1 

63 

5 

3 

8 

134 

59 

4 

3 

17 

1 

1 

41 

3 

74 

92 

5 

4 

9 

224 

80 

4’ 

4 

5 

5 

1 

1 

24 

5 

1 

9 

13 

32 

9 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

148 

'i' 

174 

17 

’’9’ 

26 

308 

165 

'io' 

2 

4 

1 

1 

9 

2 

1 

19 

21 

1 

2 

11 

20 

1 

531 

3 

650 

1 

63 

34 

98 

1,413 

600 

37 

608 

3 

734 

2 

74 

40 

116 

1,494 

688 

43 

3 

3 

3 

3 

10 

16 

1 

1 

9 

10 

i 

3 

6 

1 

1 

4 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

9 

9 

2 

9 

2 

2 

1 

2 

45 

52 

1 

2 

4 

7 

26 

47 

”4' 

30 

35 

1 

4 

3 

8 

25 

34 

3 

9 

13 

2 

3 

5 

6 

11 

3 

31 

40 

4 

2 

6 

18 

35 

2 

2 

2 

2 

30 

45 

2 

2 

4 

38 

34 

"2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

i 

6 

7 

1 

1 

2 

7 

1 

1 

1 

38 

46 

1 

2 

2 

5 

30 

40 

"2 

2 

2 

2 

224 

285 

3 

17 

19 

39 

169 

243 

19 

832 

1,019  I 

5 

91 

59 

155 

1,663 

931 

62 

Total. 


21 

1( 

5f 

6C 

27c 

17C 

18C 

197 

44 

308 

4 

30 

41 

9 

483 

12 

32 


2,050 


2,225 


431 


2,656 


General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


353 


Table  43. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and 

1 race  of  individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

At  home. 

I At  school. 

(-1 

o 

Total. 

I At  home. 

At  school. 

1 At  work. 

Total. 

At  home. 

1 At  schooi. 

1 At  work. 

1 Total. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

[.'Native-born  of  native 

; father: 

White 

47 

1 

48 

8 

08 

70 

1 

14 

1 

16 

56 

83 

1 

140 

15 

15 

17 

17 

2 

2 

15 

19 

34 

.'Native-born  of  foreign 

= 

1 father,  by  race  of 

i father: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

8 

8 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

9 

3 

1 

13 

Croatian 

74 

74 

6 

10 

16 

1 

1 

81 

10 

91 

English 

6 

1 

7 

8 

8 

1 

1 

6 

10 

16 

French 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

7 

German 

21 

21 

27 

27 

2 

4 

6 

23 

31 

54 

Irish 

14 

14 

2 

29 

31 

10 

10 

16 

39 

55 

Italian,  North 

173 

173 

12 

73 

85 

2 

8 

10 

187 

81 

268 

Italian^  South 

94 

94 

6 

34 

40 

1 

1 

2 

101 

35 

136 

94 

94 

9 

28 

37 

1 

1 

2 

104 

29 

133 

Magyar 

130 

2 

... 

132 

11 

41 

52 

1 

7 

8 

142 

50 

192 

Mexican 

22 

22 

7 

3 

10 

2 

2 

29 

5 

34 

Polish 

198 

1 

199 

27 

82 

109 

.... 

13 

"2' 

16 

226 

96 

"2 

324 

Roumanian 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Russian 

13 

13 

1 

5 

6 

14 

5 

19 

Ruthenian 

35 

35 

2 

15 

17 

3 

3 

37 

18 

55 

Scotch 

4 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

2 

7 

Slovak 

317 

3 

320 

36 

146 

182 

"12 

8 

”5’ 

25 

365 

157 

*'5' 

527 

Slovenian 

7 

7 

1 

2 

3 

8 

2 

10 

Welsh 

9 

9 

1 

11 

12 

3 

3 

10 

14 

24 

Total 

1,226 

7 

1,233 

123 

520 

643 

21 

64 

8 

93 

1,370 

591 

8 

1,969 

Total  native- 

born 

1,288 

8 

1,296 

131 

605 

736 

22 

80 

9 

111 

1,441 

093 

9 

2,143 

Toreign-born: 

1 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

1 

1 

6 

6 

1 

6 

7 

Croatian 

1 

1 

i 

10 

11 

2 

2 

2 

12 

14 

English 

1 

1 

4 

4 

2 

1 

3 

3 

5 

3 

German 

3 

3 

2 

5 

7 

1 

1 

0 

5 

11 

Irish 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

2 

5 

Italian,  North 

12 

1 

13 

10 

27 

37 

1 

5 

6 

23 

33 

56 

Italian,  South 

7 

7 

14 

14 

28 

4 

5 

9 

25 

19 

44 

Lithuanian 

3 

3 

7 

6 

13 

3 

3 

10 

Q 

19 

Magyar 

12 

12 

11 

10 

21 

i 

2 

3 

24 

12 

36 

Mexican 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

4 

w Polish 

29 

29 

20 

34 

54 

4 

3 

7 

53 

37 

90 

y Roumanian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

If  Russian 

5 

5 

1 

4 

5 

6 

4 

10 

^Ruthenian 

2 

2 

2 

3 

5 

2 

2 

6 

3 

9 

B Scotch 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

4 

B Slovak 

20 

20 

11 

39 

50 

3 

4 

7 

34 

43 

77 

■ Slovenian 

4 

4 

4 

4 

B Welsh 

1 

1 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

9 

10 

■ Total  foreign- 

B born 

100 

1 

101 

80 

178 

258 

22 

29 

51 

202 

208 

410 

•B  Grand  total 

1,388 

9 

1,397 

211 

783 

994 

44 

109 

9 

162 

1,643 

901 

9 

2,553 

B 

ar 

i 

( 


354 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  43. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  ■ 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued.  . 

TOTAL. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

g5 

s 

o 

rd 

"o 

o 

.£3 

p 

a3 

a 

o 

”0 

0 

A 

0 

'ca 

a 

0 

"o 

0 

A 

0 

0 

0) 

a 

0 

'0 

0 

A 

g 

M 

1-1 

0 

”3 

0 

0 

0 

< 

<: 

■el\ 

<) 

<1 

<) 

Eh 

Eh 

Native-born  of  native 

i 

father: 

White 

113 

1 

114 

14 

135 

149 

2 

22 

6 

30 

129 

158 

6 

293 

22 

22 

1 

27 

28 

5 

1 

6 

23 

32 

1 

. 



Native-born  of  for- 

eign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

Bohemian  and 

14 

14 

3 

11 

14 

3 

1 

4 

17 

14 

1 

32 

153 

153 

12 

19 

31 

i 

1 

1 

3 

166 

20 

1 

187 

English 

15 

1 

IG 

1 

21 

22 

3 

2 

5 

16 

25 

2 

43 

7 

7 

5 

6 

3 

1 

4 

8 

8 

1 

17 

43 

43 

i 

52 

53 

"2 

9 

2 

13 

46 

61 

2 

109 

37 

37 

2 

56 

58 

18 

2 

20 

39 

74 

2 

115 

Italian,  North 

359 

2 

3G1 

17 

141 

158 

"2 

17 

3 

22 

378 

160 

3 

541 

Italian,  South 

220 

2 

222 

17 

60 

77 

1 

3 

3 

7 

238 

65 

3 

306 

219 

219 

24 

65 

'i' 

90 

1 

2 

1 

4 

^44 

67 

2 

313 

255 

3 

258 

20 

94 

1 

115 

1 

12 

3 

16 

m 

109 

4 

389 

Mexican 

48 

48 

21 

6 

27 

1 

2 

3 

70 

8 

78 

Polish 

404 

2 

40G 

45 

156 

201 

1 

18 

"h' 

25 

450 

176 

■'e' 

632 

T?  nnTnnnifln 

8 

8 

8 

8 

Russian 

37 

37 

1 

10 

11 

1 

1 

38 

10 

1 

49 

Riitlifiiiian 

C3 

63 

6 

24 

30 

3 

3 

69 

27 

96 

Scotch  ... 

8 

8 

1 

3 

4 

4 

4 

9 

7 

16 

Slovak 

GOO 

3 

603 

61 

294 

’i’ 

356 

'12 

25 

'ii 

51 

673 

322 

"is’ 

1,010 

Slovenian 

14 

14 

3 

4 

7 

1 

1 

17 

4 

1 

22 

Welsh 

18 

18 

3 

30 

33 

4 

1 

5 

21 

34 

1 

56 

Total 

2,522 

13 

2,535 

239 

1,051 

3 

1,293 

22 

127 

42 

191 

2,783 

1,191 

45 

4,019 

Total  native- 

born  

2,G57 

14 

2,671 

254 

1,213 

3 

1,470 

24 

154 

49 

227 

2,935 

1,381 

52 

4,368 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian . . 

4 

4 

9 

9 

4 

9 

13 

Croatian 

4 

4 

”7" 

20 

27 

2 

1 

3 

11 

22 

"i' 

34 

English 

2 

2 

3 

7 

10 

"2 

1 

1 

4 

7 

8 

1 

16 

French 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

German 

5 

5 

2 

14 

16 

1 

1 

8 

14 

22 

Irish 

3 

3 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

4 

4 

8 

Italian,  North 

30 

1 

31 

17 

72 

89 

"2 

7 

4 

13 

49 

80 

"4 

133 

Italian,  South  . . . 
Lithuanian 

26 

26 

19 

44 

63 

5 

9 

3 

17 

50 

53 

3 

106 

5 

5 

11 

15 

26 

.... 

5 

3 

8 

16 

20 

3 

39 

Magyar 

21 

21 

20 

41 

61 

6 

2 

9 

42 

47 

2 

91 

Mexican 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

6 

Polish 

52 

2 

54 

■35’ 

64 

99 

4 

5 

2 

11 

91 

71 

"2 

164 

Roumanian 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Russian. . . 

6 

6 

2 

6 

7 

1 

1 

8 

5 

1 

14 

Ruthenian 

3 

3 

3 

9 

12 

2 

1 

3 

8 

10 

18 

Scotch 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

4 

5 

Slovak 

41 

41 

19 

77 

96 

4 

6 

"2 

12 

64 

83 

"2 

149 

Slovenian 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Welsh 

2 

2 

1 

10 

11 

1 

1 

3 

11 

14 

Total  foreign- 

19 

841 

born  

205 

3 

208 

141 

402 

543 

25 

46 

19 

90 ' 

371 

451 

Grand  total 

2,862 

17 

2,879 

395 

1,615 

3 

2,013 

49 

200 

68 

317 

3,306 

1,832 

71 

5,209 

355 


General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


ABLE  4:4.,— Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-lorn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 


(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Total 

num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

In  United  States  10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

Race. 

a 

.OJ 

< 

g 

OT 

■>  4) 

wa 

w <v 

•S  p. 

W o 

3 

0 

b* 

C/3 

a 

< 

• 

H ^ 

0 M 

■>  ol 

^ S' 

wa 

CO  <u 

a « 

•S  P< 

^ a 

"3 

0 

CO 

§ 

< 

-d* 

c3 

Wl 

.S  “ 

> 0/ 

^ S' 

wa 

ii 

it 

tSi 

*3 

0 

ohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

262 

60 

76 

9 

145 

1 

7 

13 

07 

117 

A7 

106 

262 

1 

osnian 

1 

1 

Ui 

0/ 

1 

89 

ulgarian 

16 

8 

3 

11 

1 

A 

5 

Q 

9 

...... 

1 

1 A 

madian,  French 

5 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

32 

2 

y 

3 

0 

1 

4 

1 

Id 

c 

ihadian,  Other 

6 

1 

1 

2 

4 

9 

X 

9 

0 

A 

•oatian 

617 

458 

16 

10 

484 

2 

88 

13 

133 

546 

1 

4 

29 

1 

0 

42 

0 

617 

9 

almatian 

2 

1 

anish 

10 

4 

4 

8 

14 

175 

1 

1 

15 

2 

A 

c 

1 

15 

569 

4 

utch 

33 

10 

4 

19 

670 

4 

14 

1 9A 

0 

A 

10 

Qglish 

845 

79 

81 

15 

61 

65 

146 

33 

845 

004 

ioU 

innish 

39 

325 

1,151 

32 

1 

9 

6 

4 

19 

163 

270 

17 

1 

8 

17 

58 

11 

A 

8 

QO 

20 

162 

CQI 

1 7 

10 

99 

182 

12 

112 

784 

39 

325 

1,151 

32 

1 

rench 

97 

127 

15 

1 

53 

104 

2 

13 

39 

1/ 

11/1 

srman 

78 

9 

yy 

'TAfi 

114 

1 CK 

reek 

/40 

2 

ool 

1 f; 

loo 

26 

1 

9K 

ebrew  (other  than 
Russian) 

10 

4 

2 

ish 

379 

2,339 

1,302 

29 

702 

14 

9 

K 

28 

1,466 

880 

19 

367 

21 

241 

188 

3 

117 

30 

182 

QAA 

305 

623 

238 

9 

240 

X 

379 

2,339 

1,302 

29 

702 

ilian,  North 

934 

359 

145 

3 

38 

173 

64 

3 

62 

OUU 

AKf\ 

oOl 

C7Q 

oO 

1,175 

859 

16 

90/4 

39 

K/4  1 

ilian,  South 

671 

40U 

1 7 A 

0/ 0 
AOO 

041 

205 

4 

78 

ilian  (not  specified) 
thuanian 

13 

267 

UU 

1 

40 

1/4 

6 

17Q 

444 

10 

1/0 

ooO 

oo4 

acedonian 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

igvar 

1,432 

849 

13 

83 

27 

1 

959 

14 

10 

279 

25 

75 

J 

1 1 0 

A7*X 

1,128 

38 

0 

158 

1 

1 

146 

1,432 

axican 

43 

iiy 

3 

2 

4/0 

29 

2 

mtenegrin 

12 

9 

1 

4 

0 

43 

1 0 

irwegian 

7 

7 

7 

V 

1 

4 

7 

14 

7 

>lish 

2,557 

5 

1,379 

3 

100 

24 

1,503 

3 

1 

t 

1 

1 Ac:>4 

1,933 

9 

251 

2 

i 

373 

2,557 

•rtuguese. 

00*T 

101 

2 

o4y 

l>  U04 

2 

Rumanian 

12 

7 

7 

1 

119 

24 

1 

71 

0 

« 

3 

55 

1 

86 

0 

1 0 

issian 

541 

281 

16 

2 

15 

1 

312 

41 

0 

39 

0 

OOO 

0 

vlAA 

14 

541 

76 

ithenian 

76 

38 

/ 1 

A 

44y 

4UU 

AO 

0 

0 

oO 

o4 

7 

7 

otch 

414 

3 

50 

30 

4 

84 

27 

OK7 

QOA 

77 

76 

261 

3 

3 

497 

414 

otch-Irish 

ZOi 

3 

OOU 

3 

rvian 

31 

18 

1,855 

2 

20 

2,022 

5 

3 

216 

3 

1 1 

23 

2,861 

e 

0 

31 

3,699 

)vak. 

3,699 

125 

'42' 

1,006 

11 

1 A77 

0 

9/<1 

400 

1;  D/  / 

o41 

)venian 

650 

144 

295 

7 

125 

12 

1 

17 

5 

437 

24 

3 

87 

7 

35 

14 

01 

01  9 

382 

1 A 

160 

26 

1 

108 

104 

650 

144 

/^edish 

yi 

on 

410 

1 OA 

rian 

5 

2 

1 

1 

yy 

1 

110 

14U 

0 

> 14 

0 

elsh 

140 

3 

3 

"i" 

7 

16 

4 

1 99 

0 

0 

1 

19 

113 

5 

140 

i 

0 

114 

loo 

0 

istralian  (race  not 
ipecified 

6 

1 

1 

3 

2 

5 

4 

0 

p. 

istrian  (race  not 
pecified) 

319 

95 

33 

1 

115 

26 

30 

2 

240 

61 

1 

18 

13 

21 

19 

/lA 

79 

1 AO 

113 

46 

9 

136 

45 

4 

70 

72 

A 

0 

319 

163 

A 

Igian  (race  not 
ipecified) 

163 

4U 

7A 

uss  (race  not  speci- 
ied) 

6 

/U 

4 

1U4 

5 

4 

4 

0 

Total 

18,363 

7,713 

1,547 

566 

9,826 

2,991 

1,182 

4,364 

8,537 

10,704 

2,729 

4,930 

18,363 

! 

356 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  45. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  'who  have  been  in  the  Unite 
States  5 'years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  c 
individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[By  years  in  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.] 


Race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

In  United  States  5 to  9 
years. 

In  United  States  10  years 
or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Hav- 

ing 

first 

pa- 

pers 

only. 

Hav- 

ing 

sec- 

ond 

pa- 

pers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Hav- 

ing 

first 

pa- 

pers 

only. 

Hav- 

ing 

sec- 

ond 

pa- 

pers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Hav- 

ing 

first 

pa- 

pers 

only. 

Hav- 

ing 

sec- 

ond 

pa- 

pers. 

Total 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

9 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

3 

5 

3 

3 

3 

1 

Croatian 

82 

41 

6 

5 

52 

19 

6 

5 

30 

60 

12 

10 

8: 

English 

13 

1 

J 

2 

1 

10 

11 

1 

2 

10 

French 

7 

2 

2 

1 

4 

5 

1 

2 

4 

German 

26 

4 

4 

8 

1 

2 

15 

18 

5 

6 

15 

2( 

Irish 

1 

2 

1 

17 

20 

2 

1 

18 

2 

Italian,  North. 

218 

87 

31 

8 

126 

22 

20 

50 

92 

109 

51 

58 

2li 

Italian,  South. 

13G 

76 

6 

5 

87 

21 

7 

21 

49 

97 

13 

26 

13( 

Lithuanian 

113 

41 

6 

5 

52 

32 

13 

16 

61 

73 

19 

21 

ii; 

Magyar 

146 

72 

11 

2 

85 

34 

4 

23 

61 

106 

15 

25 

14( 

Mexican 

30 

8 

8 

22 

22 

30 

3( 

Polish 

193 

101 

11 

1 

113 

37 

18 

25 

80 

138 

29 

26 

19c 

Roumanian . . . 

8 

8 

8 

8 

Russian 

25 

17 

2 

1 

20 

3 

1 

1 

5 

20 

3 

2 

21 

Ruthenian 

26 

14 

1 

15 

7 

1 

3 

11 

21 

1 

4 

2e 

Scotch 

10 

2 

1 

3 

7 

7 

2 

8 

1C 

Slovak 

251 

83 

11 

1 

95 

91 

23 

42 

156 

174 

34 

43 

251 

Slovenian 

6 

5 

5 

1 

1 

5 

1 

g 

Welsh 

17 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

10 

14 

3 

4 

10 

17 

Total 

1,337 

564 

94 

31 

689 

294 

102 

252 

648 

858 

196 

283 

1,337 

General  Tables:  General  Survey. 


357 


(Cable  4lQ.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


leneral  nativity  and  race  of  in- 
dividual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

jJJative-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

i race  of  father; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . . 

29 

18 

18 

11 

11 

29 

29 

Croatian 

35 

17 

16 

18 

14 

35 

30 

French 

16 

8 

8 

8 

8 

16 

16 

German 

111 

50 

50 

61 

61 

111 

111 

Italian,  North 

207 

99 

95 

108 

104 

207 

199 

( Italian,  South 

95 

47 

45 

48 

42 

95 

87 

Lithuanian 

104 

59 

55 

45 

43 

104 

98 

Magyar 

151 

82 

80 

69 

67 

151 

147 

Mexican 

36 

19 

1 

17 

8 

36 

9 

f Polish 

256 

117 

109 

139 

127 

256 

236 

Russian 

12 

6 

6 

6 

5 

12 

11 

f!  Ruthenian 

38 

16 

15 

22 

21 

38 

36 

Slovak 

494 

244 

227 

250 

229 

494 

456 

1 3,  Slovenian 

8 

5 

5 

3 

3 

8 

8 

f Total  native-born 

1,592 

787 

730 

805 

743 

1,592 

1,473 

1 Foreign-born; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  — 

50 

26 

15 

24 

13 

50 

28 

T5n<!nia.rt  . _ . . . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

373 

230 

109 

143 

46 

373 

155 

Danish  

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

French 

30 

18 

13 

12 

8 

30 

21 

German 

140 

79 

61 

61 

44 

140 

105 

Italian,  North 

889 

545 

337 

344 

116 

889 

453 

Italian,  South 

743 

524 

216 

219 

62 

743 

278 

Lithuanian 

485 

294 

197 

191 

91 

485 

288 

Magyar 

737 

472 

249 

265 

110 

737 

359 

Mexican 

103 

64 

14 

39 

6 

103 

20 

Polish 

1,059 

673 

266 

386 

139 

1,059 

405 

Roumanian 

52 

39 

1 

13 

2 

52 

3 

Russian 

149 

100 

24 

49 

7 

149 

31 

Ruthenian 

156 

107 

29 

49 

6 

156 

35 

Slovak 

1,231 

730 

346 

501 

161 

1,231 

507 

Slovenian 

35 

18 

9 

17 

6 

35 

15 

Spanish 

3 

3 

3 

Total  foreign-born 

6,237 

3,923 

1,887 

2,314 

818 

6, 237 

2,705 

Grand  total 

7,829 

1 4,710 

2, 617 

3,119 

1,561 

7,829 

4, 178 

358 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  47. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,^ 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

MALE. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

Under  14. 

14  or  over.  t 

complete 

data. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Bohemian  norl  Mnravian 

26 

4 

4 

22 

11 

■ - --  --  - ---- 

1 

1 

1 

nfnf\tinn  .... 

230 

28 

21 

202 

88 

Fr*^Tieh  ... ..... 

18 

6 

5 

12 

8 

German 

79 

20 

17 

59 

44 

Italian  North 

545 

87 

79 

458 

258 

Italian,  South 

524 

58 

47 

466 

169 

IfitLiieninn  ....... 

294 

31 

30 

263 

167 

M ap  var  ................. 

472 

65 

55 

407 

194 

MaYipan  ... 

64 

14 

6 

50 

8 

Pnljsh  

673 

84 

71 

589 

195 

ROUTTlr^Tiii^n  

39 

1 

1 

38 

Russian  

100 

5 

4 

95 

20 

Ruthenian  

107 

13 

8 

94 

21 

Slovak  

730 

98 

84 

632 

262 

Slovenian 

18 

2 

2 

16 

7 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Total  

3,923 

516 

434 

3,407 

1,453 

FEMALE. 


BnbaTnian  nnrl  Moravian  

24 

7 

6 

17 

7 

Croatian 

143 

18 

18 

125 

28 

"Panieih  

1 

1 

1 

French  

12 

4 

4 

8 

4 

German  

61 

18 

15 

43 

29 

Italian  North  

344 

65 

55 

279 

61 

Italian  South  

219 

49 

35 

170 

27 

Lithuanian  

191 

28 

24 

163 

67 

Magvar 

265 

42 

30 

223 

80 

Mexican  

39 

12 

5 

27 

1 

Polish  

386 

93 

74 

293 

65 

Roumanian 

13 

2 

1 

11 

1 

Russian  

49 

7 

3 

42 

4 

Ruthenian 

49 

9 

3 

40 

3 

Slovak 

501 

94 

76 

407 

85 

Slovenian 

17 

5 

5 

12 

1 

Total  

2,314 

453 

354 

1,861 

464 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

50 

11 

10 

39 

■ 18 

"Rncnian  

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

373 

46 

39 

327 

116 



1 

1 

1 

French 

30 

10 

9 

20 

12 

German 

140 

38 

32 

102 

73 

Italian,  North 

889 

152 

134 

737 

319 

Italian,  South 

743 

107 

82 

636 

196 

Lithuanian 

485 

59 

54 

426 

234 

Magyar 

737 

107 

85 

630 

274 

Mexican 

103 

26 

11 

77 

9 

Polish  

1,059 

52 

177 

145 

882 

260 

Roumanian 

3 

2 

49 

1 

Russian 

149 

12 

7 

137 

24 

Ruthenian 

156 

22 

11 

134 

24 

Slovak 

1,231 

35 

192 

160 

1,039 

347 

Slovenian 

7 

7 

28 

8 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Total 

6,237 

969 

788 

5,268 

1,917 

— 

General  Tables;  General  Survey. 


359 


i’ABLE  48. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

iBy  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races.) 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 


Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

26 

13 

4 

4 

2 

9 

9 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian  

230 

88 

24 

84 

47 

58 

38 

^rench  

18 

4 

2 

4 

2 

10 

9 

jennan  

79 

32 

16 

11 

11 

36 

34 

ri 

talian,  North 

545 

205 

72 

185 

119 

155 

146 

talian,  South  

524 

291 

58 

160 

98 

73 

60 

Lithuanian  

294 

75 

27 

99 

61 

120 

109 

klagyar 

472 

225 

67 

129 

76 

118 

106 

kfpTrip.aTi  

64 

5 

14 

3 

45 

11 

^olish 

673 

329 

50 

172 

76 

172 

140 

39 

27 

12 

1 

Russian 

100 

58 

7 

31 

8 

11 

9 

^uthenian 

107 

51 

27 

11 

29 

18 

Blovak  

730 

236 

37 

183 

89 

311 

220 

tlrivPTiin.Ti  

18 

6 

7 

5 

5 

4 

2-nonicVi 

3 

3 

Total 

3,923 

1,649 

365 

1,122 

609 

1,152 

913 

FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

24 

14 

4 

3 

2 

7 

7 

Croatian 

143 

72 

10 

48 

21 

23 

15 

Danish  

1 

1 

1 

French  

12 

1 

3 

2 

8 

6 

German 

61 

27 

12 

4 

2 

30 

30 

Italian,  North 

344 

157 

25 

117 

46 

70 

45 

Italian,  South 

219 

118 

17 

69 

25 

32 

20 

Lithuanian 

191 

54 

10 

82 

41 

55 

40 

Magyar 

265 

120 

22 

67 

31 

78 

57 

Mexican . 

39 

5 

8 

26 

6 

Polish 

386 

170 

30 

114 

45 

102 

64 

Rmimanian 

13 

9 

1 

4 

1 

Russian 

49 

36 

1 

7 

3 

6 

3 

Ruthenian 

49 

19 

16 

3 

14 

3 

Slovak 

501 

149 

i9 

168 

59 

184 

83 

Slovenian 

17 

6 

7 

4 

4 

2 

Total 

2, 314 

957 

151 

717 

285 

640 

382 

360 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  4.S,— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-bom  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  h 
sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


1^ 

Years  in  United  States.  j 

Race  of  individual. 

Number 
report- 
ing com- 
plete 
data. 

Under  6. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who. 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Numbei! 

who 

speak 

English] 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

60 

27 

8 

7 

4 

16 

1 

"Rnsnian  

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

373 

160 

34 

132 

68 

81 

6 

T)ani<!Vi 

1 

1 

French 

30 

5 

2 

7 

4 

18 

1 

German 

140 

59 

28 

15 

13 

66 

6 

Italian,  North 

889 

362 

97 

302 

165 

225 

19 

Italian,  South 

743 

409 

75 

229 

123 

105 

8 

Lithuanian 

485 

129 

37 

181 

102 

175 

14 

Magyar 

737 

345 

89 

196 

107 

196 

16 

Mexican 

103 

10 

22 

3 

71 

1 

Polish 

1,059 

52 

499 

80 

286 

121 

274 

20 

Pnnmanian 

36 

1 

16 

2 

Russian 

149 

94 

8 

38 

11 

17 

1 

"Rnthpriian 

156 

70 

43 

14 

43 

2 

Slovak  

1,231 

35 

385 

56 

351 

148 

495 

30 

SlovPTiian  

12 

14 

9 

9 

Pp'^nich 

3 

3 

Total 

6,237 

2,606 

516 

1,839 

894 

1 1,792 

t 

1,29 

i 

1 

General  Tables:  General  Survey, 


361 


Table  49. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Age  at  time  of  com] 

Under  14, 

ing  to  United  States. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Johemian  and  Moravian 

735 

531 

147 

145 

588 

386 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

172 

52 

2 

2 

170 

50 

Canadian,  French 

24 

22 

6 

6 

18 

16 

:roatian 

2,394 

1,384 

31 

23 

2, 363 

1,361 

6 

3 

6 

3 

Banish 

20 

17 

1 

1 

19 

16 

Butch 

101 

85 

26 

25 

75 

60 

Finnish 

70 

52 

6 

6 

64 

46 

^IfiTTlish - 

3 

3 

3 

3 

J'rench 

760 

539 

167 

162 

593 

377 

Jennan 

2,639 

2,387 

672 

671 

1,967 

1,716 

Jreek 

111 

74 

3 

3 

108 

71 

lebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

6 

4 

2 

2 

4 

2 

lerzegovinian 

6 

2 

6 

2 

talian,  North 

' 6,528 

4,059 

289 

272 

6,239 

3,787 

talian,  South 

4,188 

2, 548 

208 

182 

3,980 

2,366 

talian  (not  specified) 

103 

62 

4 

4 

99 

58 

Lithuanian 

1,870 

1,411 

76 

73 

1,794 

1,338 

tiacedonian 

18 

6 

18 

6 

dagyar 

4,470 

2,322 

138 

123 

4,332 

2, 199 

Mexican 

107 

80 

16 

14 

91 

66 

Montenegrin 

136 

49 

3 

3 

133 

46 

■Jorwegian 

14 

14 

1 

1 

13 

13 

Polish 

7, 190 

3,746 

319 

304 

6,871 

3,442 

Portuguese 

7 

3 

7 

3 

Etoumanian 

151 

72 

151 

72 

Russian 

1,810 

1,093 

39 

33 

1,771 

1,060 

Ruthenian 

300 

133 

9 

7 

291 

126 

Servian 

127 

78 

4 

3 

123 

75 

Blovak 

11,137 

6,522 

523 

485 

10,614 

6,037 

Slovenian 

1,864 

1,136 

82 

78 

1,782 

1,058 

Spanish 

6 

3 

1 

1 

5 

2 

Swedish 

306 

295 

50 

50 

256 

245 

Bjrian 

20 

18 

2 

2 

18 

16 

Turkish 

4 

3 

4 

3 

West  Tndia.n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

8 

8 

1 

1 

7 

7 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

847 

660 

38 

37 

809 

623 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

371 

272 

90 

89 

281 

183 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

24 

24 

10 

10 

14 

14 

Total 

48,656 

29, 775 

2,970 

2,822 

45,686 

26,953 

48296°— VOL  7—11 24 


362 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  BO,— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  th 

United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

(By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includei 
only  non-English-speaking  races.) 


Race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

735 

531 

217 

94 

186 

135 

332 

30i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

172 

52 

146 

28 

18 

17 

8 

1 

Canadian,  French 

24 

22 

2 

1 

6 

6 

16 

11 

Croatian 

2,394 

1,384 

1,302 

614 

850 

579 

242 

19] 

() 

3 

3 

3 

3 

20 

17 

3 

2 

11 

9 

6 

( 

Dutch 

101 

85 

30 

20 

19 

15 

52 

6( 

Finnish 

70 

52 

16 

8 

25 

20 

29 

2^ 

P']o'PPIq]|'^ 

3 

3 

3 

French 

700 

539 

174 

64 

217 

143 

369 

331 

German 

2, 039 

2,387 

415 

205 

356 

303 

1,868 

1,8K 

Greek 

111 

74 

57 

30 

31 

23 

23 

21 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian)... 

C 

4 

2 

1 

4 

3 

() 

2 

5 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

0, 528 

4,059 

2,  m 

* 1,082 

2,346 

1,678 

1,499 

l,29f 

Italian,  South 

4,188 

2,548 

1,885 

815 

1,570 

1,107 

733 

62t 

Italian  (not  specified) 

103 

(.2 

52 

21 

31 

24 

20 

Vi 

Lithuanian 

1,870 

1,411 

478 

229 

708 

571 

684 

61] 

\Co  r»or1  rYTi  1 Q T1 

18 

6 

16 

4 

2 

2 

iTXdUCClC/liiclll . .................... 

Magyar 

4,470 

2,322 

2,202 

779 

1,434 

932 

774 

61] 

Mexican 

107 

80 

28 

19 

27 

22 

52 

3f 

Montenegrin 

130 

49 

117 

35 

14 

9 

5 

Norwegian 

14 

14 

1 

1 

2 

2 

11 

11 

Polish 

7, 190 

3,746 

3,080 

941 

2,296 

1,380 

1,808 

l,42f 

Pnrf 

7 

3 

3 

1 

4 

2 

Roumanian 

151 

72 

132 

58 

15 

10 

4 

4 

Russian 

1,810 

1,093 

918 

381 

502 

371 

390 

341 

Ruthenian 

300 

133 

158 

33 

69 

38 

73 

62 

Servian 

127 

78 

58 

25 

49 

37 

20 

If 

Slovak 

11,137 

6,522 

4,081 

1,442 

3,518 

2,224 

3,538 

2,85f 

Slovenian 

1,804 

1,136 

827 

349 

684 

493 

353 

294 

ppf)Tn<;h 

0 

3 

5 

2 

1 

1 

Swedish 

306 

295 

23 

14 

36 

34 

247 

241 

Syrian 

Tnrl.'ic^Vi 

20 

4 

18 

3 

6 

4 

5 

3 

6 

5 

8 

\Vpc:t  Tnriipn 

1 

1 

1 

i 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

8 

8 

1 

1 

7 

7 

Austrian  (race  not  specified 

847 

660 

347 

206 

343 

304 

157 

15C 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

371 

272 

75 

32 

84 

50 

212 

19C 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

24 

24 

2 

2 

22 

Total 

48, 656 

29,775 

19, 614 

7,604 

15, 409 

1 10,554 

13, 573 

11,617 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


363 


n.— PENNSYLVANIA. 

Table  51. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number  of 

Total 
number 
of  persons 

Persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured. 

households. 

in  house- 
holds. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

33 

184 

99 

83 

182 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

95 

48 

43 

91 

Croatian 

111 

858 

288 

196 

484 

English 

16 

92 

54 

38 

92 

German 

30 

191 

97 

94 

191 

Irish 

10 

60 

32 

28 

60 

Italian,  North 

144 

994 

396 

.337 

7 3 

Italian,  South 

64 

526 

214 

1.58 

372 

Lithuanian 

81 

522 

204 

149 

353 

Magyar 

152 

943 

357 

.307 

664 

Polish 

198 

1,358 

587 

503 

1,090 

Roumanian 

10 

51 

34 

17 

51 

Russian 

36 

230 

76 

64 

140 

Ruthenian 

43 

293 

155 

109 

264 

Slovak 

384 

2, 404 

1,076 

914 

1,990 

Slovenian 

12 

70 

30 

26 

56 

Total 

1,307 

8,687 

3, 648 

2,983 

6,631 

Grand  total 

1,340 

8,871 

3, 747 

3,066 

6,813 

364 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  5^.— Number  of  'persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  j 

Male. 

Female. 

Total.  'i 

1 

— i 

103 

96 

199  1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father;  j 

24 

19 

= r 

43  i 

85 

35 

77 

19  ' 

162  ; 

‘ 54 

60 

18 

161 

85 

68 

21 

152 

77 

128 

39  : 
313  : 
162  ; 

80 

60 

140  1 

130 

228 

138 

256 

268  i 

484  ; 

4 

28 

4 

17 

8 

45 

44 

57 

2 

475 

101  : 
2 

932  ' 

12 

1,451 

10 

1,452 

22 

2,903  ' 

1,554 

1,548 

3,102 

Foreign-born; 

28 

23 

51 

1 

202 

116 

1 

318 

18 

15 

1 

33 

1 

34 

27 

61 

14 

6 

20 

235 

180 

80 

415 

129 

209 

124 

87 

211 

220 

169 

389 

366 

243 

609  ' 

36 

13 

47 

49 

43 

90 

108 

51 

159 

1 

1 

1,058 
35  , 

18 

441 

17 

1 

1 

2,193 

1,518 

3,711 

. 3,747 

3,066 

6,813 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


365 


Table  53. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OB’  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Total 

number. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Total 

number. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

6,448 

913 

Foreign-born,  by  race — Continued. 
German . 

1,538 

75 

Negro 

Greek. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 

(otliCT  t/hodT  liussiiiri). 
Herzegovinian 

3 

3 

of  birth  of  lather; 

Australia 

3 

Irish 

663 

3,379 

2,239 

99 

640 

5 

Austria-Hungary 

592 

Italian.  North 

Belgium 

31 

Italian,  South 

Canada 

24 

Italian  fnot  speoifipdl 

Denmark 

3 

Lithuanian 

England 

964 

Macedonian 

France 

65 

Magvar . 

3,528 

12 

5 

Germany 

1,220 

Montenegrin 

Ireland 

803 

Norwegian 

Polish 

6,025 

Italy 

02 

Netherlands 

13 

Portuguese. 

’j 

Roumania 

1 

Roumanian 

105 

1,283 

284 

562 

Russia 

91 

Russian . 

Ruthenian 

Scotland 

426 

Scotch 

Sweden 

37 

Switzerland 

15 

Scotch-Trish. 

26 

Wales 

210 

Servian 

86 

9,998 

1,560 

1 

Slovak 

Total 

4,500 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Total  native-born 

11,921 

1 

Swedish 

216 

5 

Foreign-bom,  by  race; 

Syrian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

457 

Turkish 

4 

Bosnian 

1 

Welsh... 

191 

Bulgarian 

31 

Canadian,  French 

11 

Australian  (race  not  specified 'i 

K 

Canadian,  Other 

19 

Austrian  (race  not  specified'', 

247 

153 

Croatian 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

1,971 

6 

Swiss  (race  not  specified! 

14 

Dalmatian 

Danish 

10 

Total  foreign-bom 

37,216 

Dutch 

56 

English 

Grand  total 

49, 137 

1,312 

39 

Finnish 

Flemish 

3 

French 

339 

366 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  54.,— Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  UniUd  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

fB  V years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  U nited  States.  No  deduction  is  made 
^ for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Number 

Race. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9.  ] 

10  to  14.  : 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian 

455 

1 

30 

2 

20 

48 

24 

25 

no 

1 

10 

57 

159 

Bosnian 

15 

5 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

10 

1 

1 

3 

5 

18 

1 

2 

5 

10 

Croatian 

1,9G3 

6 

10 

56 

1,285 

26 

1 

190 

1 

374 

323 

1 

199 

674 

3 

88 

67 

22 

1 

1 

5 

3 

Dutch 

English 

2 

7 

2 

21 

5 

53 

2 

44 

2 

36 

12 

90 

4 

54 

11 

93 

16 

887 

• 

39 

3 

1 

4 

2 

12 

5 

9 

6 

1 

2 

French 

German 

Greek 

334 

1,528 

75 

4 

6 

1 

17 

23 

10 

19 

62 

7 

13 

46 

4 

14 

47 

6 

96 

210 

28 

5 

82 

6 

74 

355 

8 

92 

697 

5 

Hebrew  (other  than 

3 

2 

1 

Russian). 

3 

656 

1 

1 

1 

H er  zego  vinian 

JflQh  . 

5 

9 

8 

7 

16 

18 

46 

547 

104 

82 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

3,365 

2,224 

63 

60 

2()6 

190 

552 

315 

441 

283 

284 

197 

1,127 

767 

290 

187 

238 

143 

Italian  (not  specified).. 
Lithuanian 

96 

637 

e; 

11 

1 

9 

28 

4 

18 

71 

10 

49 

10 

45 

30 

235 

7 

76 

7 

86 

5 

36 

Macedonian 

Magyar... 

3,520 

12 

107 

370 

608 

2 

422 

347 

1 

1,080 

5 

256 

222 

108 

4 

Montenegrin 

. 

5 

1 

1 

1 

2 

N orweglan ..........  — 

Polish 

5,990 

7 

105 

1,279 

85 

457 

951 

613 

552 

1,857 

3 

529 

3 

543 

403 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

Russian 

5 

37 

44 

159 

32 

289 

11 

149 

3 

90 

6 

325 

1 

102 

2 

77 

i 

51 

Ruthenian .’ 

Scotch 

283 

555 

4 

9 

26 

10 

63 

20 

23 

18 

29 

25 

67 

56 

35 

15 

21 

35 

15 

367 

17 

|3f>n^r»Vt-TriQVi 

23 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Servian 

85 

5 

18 

7 

11 

29 

11 

3 

1 

954 

Slovak 

9,962 

138 

590 

1,199 

928 

911 

3,167 

1,122 

953 

Slovenian 

1,553 

41 

103 

256 

170 

148 

569 

129 

94 

43 

1 

1 

Swedish 

Syrian 

216 

5 

2 

4 

1 

3 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

4 

23 

12 

1 

49 

115 

Turkish 

Welsh 

4 

191 

1 

1 

4 

1 

6 

1 

4 

6 

12 

14 

140 

Australian  (race  not 

O 

. 

5 

1 

O 

oUcLliiCLl  /•••>•••••••< 

Austrian  (race  not  spec- 
ified)   

247 

2 

19 

39 

24 

21 

99 

12 

18 

13 

Belgian  (race  not  spec- 
ified)  

152 

4 

1 

1 

2 

8 

29 

3 

45 

69 

Swiss  (race  not  spec- 
ified)  

14 

14 

Total 

37,016 

621 

2,595 

5,029 

3,634 

3,035 

10,748 

3,084 

3,283 

4,987 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


367 


Table  55, — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  Is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 


Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Total 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


28 

1 

202 

18 

34 

14 

235 

129 

124 

220 

366 

36 

43 

108 

617 

18 


2, 193 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Under 

1. 


55 


99 


28 

16 

7 

23 

41 

7 

1 

11 

58 

2 

226 


203 


204 


5 to  9. 


2 

65 

37 

43 

60 

96 

12 

22 

27 

146 

7 


10  to  14. 


589 


296 


15  to  19. 


20 


270 


20  or 
over. 


251 


FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

23 

2 

2 

1 

3 

5 

3 

3 

4 

Croatian 

116 

5 

9 

18 

13 

13 

40 

10 

7 

1 

English 

15 

1 

2 

1 

11 

French 

1 

1 

German 

27 

4 

1 

2 

4 

16 

Irish 

6 

6 

Italian,  North 

180 

1 

9 

35 

17 

16 

60 

17 

20 

5 

Italian,  South 

80 

2 

4 

15 

8 

9 

23 

10 

7 

2 

Lithuanian 

87 

4 

8 

11 

6 

38 

14 

4 

2 

Magyar 

169 

2 

11 

20 

20 

18 

45 

36 

14 

3 

Polish 

243 

2 

13 

26 

29 

21 

68 

35 

30 

19 

Roumanian 

13 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

Russian 

47 

3 

7 

7 

8 

9 

7 

5 

1 

Ruthenian 

51 

4 

3 

5 

8 

17 

7 

6 

1 

Scotch 

1 

1 

Slovak 

441 

5 

21 

44 

32 

43 

141 

60 

59 

36 

Slovenian 

17 

1 

2 

3 

7 

2 

1 

Welsh 

1 

1 

Total 

1,518 

22 

87 

186 

153 

152 

453 

198 

156 

111 

368 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  55. — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  numbt 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 


TOTAL. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

1 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohp  ian  and  Mora- 

vian 

51 

4 

5 

5 

5 

10 

6 

1 

6 

n ! v4  f 1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

318 

11 

17 

42 

40 

29 

109 

40 

27 

33 

1 

3 

1 

1 

rjorman 

01 

8 

1 

4 

7 

4: 

20 

2 

If 

Italian,  Norih 

415 

2 

17 

03 

41 

34 

125 

54 

51 

2i 

Italian,  South 

20y 

7 

9 

31 

24 

19 

60 

29 

20 

1( 

1 .li.hnaniaii  

211 

8 

15 

24 

16 

81 

35 

18 

!■ 

Magyar 

389 

0 

18 

43 

38 

45 

105 

80 

35 

U 

Polish 

009 

14 

31 

67 

67 

56 

164 

77 

82 

51 

lion  iii^ni‘^11 ............ 

49 

1 

8 

10 

5 

9 

16 

Russian 

90 

3 

8 

8 

12 

14 

29 

10 

3 

Ruthenian 

159 

1 

19 

14 

19 

19 

44 

18 

17 

1 

Slovak 

1,058 

28 

44 

102 

75 

99 

287 

143 

154 

12( 

Slovenian 

35 

2 

4 

4 

2 

14 

3 

5 

^ dsn - 

1 

Total 

3,711 

77 

186 

412 

356 

356 

1,042 

494 

426 

36: 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


369 


['able  56. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males^ho  were 
16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Num- 

Working  for  wages. 

Working  with- 
out wages. 

Working  for 
profit. 

her 

with- 

out 

occu- 

pa- 

tion. 

Farm  laborers. 

j General  laborers. 

In  mining. 

In  hand  trades. 

1 In  other  occupa- 

1 tions. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

1 In  other  occupa- 

1 tions. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

1 In  other  occupa- 

1 tions. 

Total. 

Johemian  and  Mora- 

17 

5 

1 

5 

5 

16 

1 

1 

JOSTli^n  . . 

1 

1 

1 

'.rnaf.ian  

168 

22 

3 

3 

7 

2 

37 

62 

"i’ 

■63 

68 

68 

11 

8 

3 

11 

Jerman 

23 

1 

3 

4 

6 

1 

1 

15 

2 

4 

6 

1 

.... 

1 

risb 

7 

1 

1 

4 

5 

1 

1 

talian,  North 

164 

1 

47 

19 

2 

16 

22 

106 

9 

9 

45 

"3* 

48 

talian,  South 

101 

2 

33 

5 

1 

10 

5 

64 

23 

23 

20 

2 

22 

.Ithnanian 

105 

33 

1 

12 

6 

52 

20 

20 

31 

2 

33 

lagyar 

170 

4 

44 

”3' 

9 

18 

18 

92 

40 

40 

27 

7 

34 

>olish 

309 

5 

86 

30 

6 

17 

34 

173 

82 

”i' 

83 

48 

48 

^OUTTi^riian  

33 

12 

2 

14 

5 

5 

14 

14 

^.^isaian  

38 

5 

2 

1 

8 

21 

21 

9 

9 

luthenian 

90 

43 

1 

3 

5 

52 

15 

"i’ 

16 

22 

22 

;iovak 

488 

2 

159 

24 

'21' 

37 

43 

284 

146 

2 

148 

52 

"2 

54 

hovenian 

16 

3 

2 

1 

3 

9 

6 

6 

1 

Total 

1,741 

16 

496 

92 

63 

123 

154 

928 

433 

9 

442 

338 

17 

365 

370 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


] 


Table  57  .—Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  wh  y 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Eace  of  individual. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Iluthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Num- 

ber 

with- 

out 

occu- 

pa- 

tion. 

Working  for  wages. 

Working  with-  ! 
out  wages. 

n 

Working  f( 
profit.  ' 

Farm  laborers. 

In  domestic  ser- 

vice. 

I In  other  occupa- 

1 tions. 

Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

1 In  other  occupa- 

tions. 

Total. 

1 Farmers, 

1 In  other  occupa- 

1 tions. 

1 Total.  1 

14 

7 

6 

6 

1 

1 

98 

54 

6 

2 

i 

9 

35 

35 

10 

9 

1 

1 

! 

17 

12 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

■■'I 

5 

5 

126 

71 

16 

8 

4 

28 

18 

1 

19 

7 

1 

1 

60 

44 

5 

2 

1 

8 

8 

8 

70 

25 

12 

5 

1 

18 

24 

24 

3 

116 

75 

6 

10 

2 

18 

22 

22 

"i' 

161 

78 

14 

16 

2 

32- 

49 

"i' 

50 

’i’ 

10 

5 

5 

5 

34 

13 

2 

1 

3 

18 

18 

37 

15 

1 

g 

9 

13 

13 

333 

187 

30 

47 

”9' 

86 

58 

58 

1 

1 

11 

4 

1 

1 

2 

5 

5 

1,102 

604 

94 

108 

22 

224 

257 

2 

259 

12 

3 

Total 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


371 


LBLE  58. — Occupation  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Number  who  were  engaged  in- 


Race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


188 


Min- 

ing. 


77 


Farm- 
ing or 
larm 
labor. 


ihemian  and  Moravian... 

(snian 

ilgarian 

nadian,  French 

nadian,  Other 

oatian 

luish 

itch 

iglish 

nnish 

ench 

■rraan 

eek 

sh 

ilian,  North 

ilian,  South 

liian  (not  specified) 

thuanian 

igyar 

jntenegrin 

irwegian 

)lish 

rrtuguese 

jumanian 

issian 

athenian 

otch 

otch-Irish 

rvian 

ovak 

ovenian 

vedish 

'dan 

irkish 

elsh 

ustralian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

astrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

elgian  (race  not  specified), 
visa  (race  not  specified) . . 


22  8 


4 

1 

2 

5 

3 

804 

27 

683 

8 

3 

4 

33 

15 

9 

525 

412 

12 

37 

1 

26 

181 

103 

17 

603 

331 

127 

35 

1 

30 

169 

91 

41 

2,083 

111 

1,291 

1,131 

54 

723 

3 

3 

398 

18 

318 

1,472 

135 

969 

9 

8 

2 

2,578 

186 

1,766 

6 

5 

52 

2 

42 

890 

65 

701 

1.30 

18 

89 

187 

158 

3 

4 

3 

26 

21 

4, 237 

369 

2,870 

1,013 

146 

622 

71 

11 

44 

4 

2 

4 

1 

3 

61 

49 

2 

5 

1 

3 

99 

16 

60 

105 

79 

1 

1 

1 

17,246 

2,484 

10,553 

Gen- 

eral 

labor. 

Manu- 

factur- 

ing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Trade. 

Busi- 
ness 
for  self. 

Other 

occu- 

pa- 

tions. 

13 

2 

48 

2 

3 

12 

2 

1 

1 

1 

35 

8 

38 

13 

1 

1 

1 

6 

1 

25 

13 

21 

6 

7 

29 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

33 

5 

8 

15 

55 

43 

79 

4 

2 

22 

1 

1 

2 

20 

4 

6 

1 

6 

284 

41 

252 

5 

8 

91 

193 

14 

100 

2 

45 

18 

9 

28 

2 

5 

204 

15 

112 

37 

1 

2 

282 

88 

208 

48 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

76 

16 

23 

2 

1 

6 

15 

4 

2 

2 

4 

10 

1 

1 

9 

1 

2 

j 

1 

1 

616 

53 

234 

2 

93 

60 

31 

123 

2 

29 

7 

5 

4 

2 

3 

3 

4 

1 

8 

4 

5 

1 

5 

8 

6 

6 

5 

1,985 

365 

1,332 

24 

27 

476 

Total. 


372 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


1 


r 

Table  59. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry, ifn 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(The  main  headings  used  In  this  table  follow  the  olassifications  of  the  United  States  Census  with  tUg 
modifications:  General  I/abor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  MinS 
and  Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Trans" 
tation  are  distmct  from  each  other.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Total  number. 

1 

Agricultural  pursuits.  ' 

Domestic  and  personal 

service. 

Manufacturing  and 

mechanical  pursuits. 

Bituminous  coal  min- 

ing. 

Trade. 

Transportation. 

At  home. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

59 

1 

6 

47 

1 

1 

5 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

5 

3 

1 

1 

English 

13 

3 

7 

3 

16 

1 

'6 

8 

1 

8 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

[ 

Italian,  North 

8 

7 

Italian,  South 

5 

1 

4 

Lithuanian 

2 

2 

Magyar 

1 

1 

Polish 

14 

1 

1 

10 

Ruthenian 

3 

2 

1 

Slovak 

39 

2 

33 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

114 

3 

13 

78 

6 

5“ 

3 

Total  native-born 

173 

1 

3 

19 

125 

7 

1 5 

4 

Foreign- born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

22 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

190 

4 

184 

English 

17 

17 

German 

32 

30 

2 

Irish 

13 

10 

1 

2 

Italian,  North 

a 189 

6 

178 

4 

Italian,  South 

112 

110 

1 

Lithuanian 

115 

1 

112 

1 

191 

190 

1 

339 

1 

1 

330 

5 

Roumanian 

35 

35 

Russian 

40 

40 

Ruthenian 

99 

i 

98 

Slovak 

563 

660 

2 

Slovenian 

18 

1 

17 

Total  foreign-born 

al,976 

1 

14 

1,934 

1 

2 

18 

Grand  total 

a2,149 

1 

4 

33 

2,059 

8 

7 

22 

a Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


373 


iLE  60. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry^  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Census  with  these  modl- 
itions:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining,  and 
larrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transportation 
! distinct  from  each  other.] 


neral  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 


ve-born  of  native  father: 
vVhite 

ve-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
;e  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . . 

Croatian 

Snglish 

Berman 

jish 

dalian.  North 

talian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Eluthenian 

scotch 

Slovak 

Total 

Total  native-born 

ign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . , 

Croatian 

English 

French 

Berman 

[rish 

[talian.  North 

[talian.  South 

Lithuanian 

Vlagyar 


Polish 

201 

Roumanian 

11 

Russian 

38 

Ruthenian 

42 

Jcotch 

1 

Slovak 

378 

Slovenian 

13 

Welsh 

1 

Total  foreign-born . 
Grand  total 


Total 

number. 


104 


Domestic 

and 

personal 

service. 


1G4 


16 

107 

13 

1 

25 

6 

14i3 

62 

79 

150 


1,290 


1,454 


15 


16 


25 


Manu- 

facturing 

and 

mechan- 

ical 

pursuits. 


Bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 


Trade. 


At  home. 


54 


72 


126 


16 

106 

13 

1 

23 

6 

142 

61 

78 

148 

196 

10 

38 

42 

1 

375 

13 

1 


,270 


1,396 


At 

school. 


10 


374 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  61. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  speciji 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 


(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

A verage 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

51.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2  and 
under 
$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

$r 

O’. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

5,686 

$2. 18 

23 

69 

134 

666 

810 

2,395 

1,152 

352 

41 

1 

Negro 

865 

2. 02 

2 

31 

23 

136 

154 

364 

123 

23 

2 

I 

Native-born  of  for- 

eign  father, by  conn- 

try  of  birth  of  father: 

3 

(a) 

2 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

340 

2.01 

2 

14 

16 

52 

71 

122 

55 

7 

1 

Beigium 

2. 09 

3 

7 

5 

Canada 

23 

2.28 

1 

1 

2 

10 

5 

4 

Denmark 

3 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

England 

782 

2.28 

1 

19 

8 

60 

60 

300 

256 

68 

3 

France 

53 

2.20 

2 

5 

6 

20 

15 

5 

Germany 

1,063 

2.17 

9 

18 

13 

130 

144 

404 

252 

77 

7 

1 

Ireland 

695 

2. 18 

4 

7 

13 

76 

94 

289 

167 

43 

. 

Italy 

Netherlands 

27 

12 

1.92 
2. 33 

1 

2 

6 

7 

7 

8 

3 

2 

1 

2 

Russia 

54 

1.93 

7 

2 

11 

6 

13 

14 

1 

Scotland 

343 

2. 30 

4 

4 

20 

24 

144 

116 

27 

Sweden 

24 

2.24 

1 

1 

16 

6 

Switzerland". 

10 

2. 10 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

Wales 

ISO 

2.  43 

2 

1 

5 

11 

67 

64 

27 

1 

Total 

3,627 

2.20 

16 

76 

59 

372 

428 

1,413 

964 

262 

13 

Total  native- 

born  

10, 178 

2. 17 

41 

176 

216 

1,174 

1,392 

4,172 

2, 239 

637 

56 

foreign-born , by  race: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

433 

2. 18 

2 

9 

27 

38 

42 

179 

92 

39 

4 

Bosnian 

1 

(a) 

Bulgarian 

27 

1.92 

1 

5 

9 

9 

3 

Canadian,  French 

10 

2. 46 

2 

3 

4 

Canadian,  Other. 

16 

2. 24 

3 

2 

3 

8 

Croatian 

1,849 

1.90 

13 

50 

169 

405 

323 

656 

191 

34 

3 

Daimatian 

5 

(a) 

2 

Danish 

10 

2. 13 

1 

8 

1 

Dutch 

52 

2. 15 

1 

1 

4 

4 

30 

10 

2 

English 

1,223 

2.32 

2 

22 

12 

91 

. 66 

545 

286 

167 

19 

Finnish 

39 

2.30 

4 

1 

23 

7 

2 

1 

Flemish 

3 

(a) 

3 

French 

313 

2.09 

2 

14 

12 

39 

19 

135 

69 

19 

1 

German 

1,454 

2.09 

12 

60 

52 

169 

168 

615 

283 

75 

8 

Greek 

74 

2.01 

4 

4 

12 

15 

25 

12 

1 

1 

Hebrew  (other 

than  Russian).. 

3 

(a) 

2 

1 

Herzegovinian . . . 

2 

(a) 

1 

Irish 

618 

2. 14 

5 

13 

21 

83 

91 

231 

100 

66 

3 

Italian,  North 

3, 153 

2.11 

21 

58 

84 

373 

372 

1,401 

551 

248 

35 

Italian,  South 

2,090 

1.97 

9 

31 

129 

407 

368 

752 

315 

69 

8 

Italian  (not  speci- 

fied)   

59 

2.06 

g 

12 

g 

17 

8 

8 

Lithuanian 

615 

2. 17 

7 

30 

14 

68 

26 

277 

110 

60 

9 

Macedonian 

4 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

Magyar 

3, 306 

1. 98 

17 

39 

197 

439 

486 

1,668 

367 

81 

Montenegrin... 

12 

2.00 

1 

5 

4 

2 

4 

Norwegian 

5 

(a) 

3 

2 

♦This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntai 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  tMs  report  showii 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


375 


lBLE  61. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Num- 

Number  earning  each  specified  amoxmt  per  day. 

neral  nativity  and 
race. 

her  re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Un- 

der 

u. 

n 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

.$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2  and 
under 
$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

.13. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

.$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

1 

.$4  or 
over. 

treign-born,  by 
ace— Continued. 

Polish 

Portuguese 

5,639 

7 

1.95 

(a) 

1.85 

112 

302 

275 

862 

1 

793 

2,487 

3 

627 

2 

136 

1 

28 

17 

Roumlmian 

98 

2 

3 

5 

17 

20 

42 

9 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

1,230 

271 

2.11 

1.95 

3 

1 

21 

12 

49 

23 

126 

48 

130 

52 

562 

96 

265 

32 

65 

c 

4 

5 

1 

4 

Scotch 

515 

2. 35 

6 

5 

32 

26 

221 

144 

74 

6 

2 

3 

Scotch-Irish 

22 

2. 55 

2 

6 

8 

Servian 

82 

1.91 

2 

2 

29 

9 

30 

8 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

9,380 

1,470 

1 

1.99 
2. 14 

(a) 

2.  33 

33 

16 

249 

24 

434 

36 

1,610 

163 

1,876 

106 

3,924 

671 

1 

1,001 

363 

206 

77 

26 

10 

21 

4 

Swedish 

209 

2 

1 

14 

8 

104 

46 

22 

3 

9 

Syrian 

4 

(a) 

2. 27 

2 

1 

1 

Welsh 

178 

3 

1 

20 

8 

74 

4 

44 

26 

2 

Australian  (race 
not  specified) . . 

5 

(a) 

2.34 

1 

Austrian  (race 
not  specified) . . 

228 

19 

5 

94 

66 

31 

7 

6 

Belgian  (race  not 
specified) 

147 

2. 18 

4 

2 

13 

1 

65 

5 

54 

4 

7 

1 

Swiss  (race  not 
specified) 

12 

2. 27 

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign- 

born. 

34, 874 

2. 04 

258 

961 

1,567 

5,114 

5,042 

14,977 

5,097 

1,532 

180 

146 

Grand  total 

45,052 

2.07 

299 

1, 137 

1,783 

6,288 

6, 434 

19, 149 

7,336 

j2, 169 

1 236 

1 

221 

o Not  computed,  owin^to  small  number  involved. 


376 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  62. — Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  eac 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES. i 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Average  • 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  k 
per  day. 

Un- 

tu  ' 

$1 

and 
ander  i 
$1.25. 

$1.25 
and 
ander  \ 
$1.50. 

$1.50 
and 
ander  i 
$1.75. 

$1.75 
and 
ander  i 
$2. 

$2 

and 

ander 

$2.50. 

1 

$2.6  1 
or  1 
ovei  i 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

498 

$1.46 

24 

151 

73 

113 

53 

68 

Negro 

26 

1.53 

1 

4 

7 

5 

2 

6 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun- 

try  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

240 

1.40 

19 

84 

39 

38 

18 

35 

16 

1.67 

6 

2 

1 

4 

England 

154 

1.52 

3 

46 

21 

31 

13 

35 

11 

1.44 

6 

2 

2 

Germany 

129 

1.51 

5 

42 

9 

32 

9 

26 

Ireland 

71 

1.42 

4 

28 

10 

14 

3 

7 

34 

1.47 

15 

2 

6 

2 

9 

1 

(o) 

1 

1 

34 

^ 1.  39 

1 

17 

4 

5 

5 

63 

1.56 

19 

6 

14 

6 

17 

13 

1.56 

5 

3 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Walp<?  

22 

^ 1.  42 

1 

6 

12 

2 

1 

Total 

792 

1.46 

33 

275 

93 

158 

54 

148 

Total  native-born 

1,316 

1.47 

58 

430 

173 

276 

109 

222 

i 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

r^hp.TTiinn  anrl  Moravian 

10 

1.36 

5 

3 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

3 

(o) 

1 

1 

1 

Canarlian  Cnthpr  than  Erpnoh) 

1 

(o) 

1 

Croatian 

23 

1.50 

1 

5 

6 

4 

1 

5 

Diit.ph 

4 

(o) 

1 

2 

1 

English 

14 

1.61 

5 

2 

7 

French 

11 

1.55 

4 

1 

2 

3 

German 

23 

1.58 

6 

7 

2 

6 

Greek ...  

1 

(a) 

1 

Herzegovinian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Italian,  North 

72 

1.83 

10 

4 

13 

5 

32 

Italian,  South 

43 

1.56 

1 

6 

6 

12 

7 

10 

Italian  ("not  spppi fieri  1 

1 

(a) 

1 

T/ithnania.n 

3 

(a) 

1 

2 

Mappflonian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Magyar 

71 

1.65 

16 

8 

14 

4 

24 

Polish 

68 

1.48 

5 

17 

8 

21 

2 

13 

Ttoiimanian 

4 

(a) 

4 

Russian 

14 

1.67 

5 

2 

1 

4 

Rnthenian 

5 

(o) 

3 

1 

1 

Scotch 

20 

1.58 

1 

9 

2 

2 

1 

Servian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Slovak 

155 

^ L 55 

9 

32 

19 

46 

10 

29 

Slovenian 

19 

1.60 

5 

2 

6 

4 

Sweriish  

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Syrian 

1 

(a) 

1 

Welsh 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

A nstrian  (race  not  Hppcifipf^^ 

4 

(o) 

1 

3 

"Relgian  (race  not  appcifipri^ 

6 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

- 

Total  foreign-born 

583 

1.60 

17 

131 

73 

131 

35 

155 

I 

Grand  total 

1,899 

L51 

75 

1 561 

246 

407 

144 

377 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lo 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annu 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
o N ot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


377 


('able  63. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per  year^ 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

(This  table  Includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
Individual. 

Number 
working 
for  wages. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  ea 

rning — 

1 Under  $100. 

$100  and  un- 

der $200. 

1 $200  and  un- 

der $300. 

$300  and  un- 

1 der  $400. 

$400  and  un- 

1 der  $500. 

$500  and  un- 

der $600. 

1 $600  and  un- 

1 der  $700. 

$700  and  un- 

der .$800. 

(3 

3o 

o o 

Bo 

o 

f—  o 

$1,000  or 

over. 

lative-bom  of  native  father, 

White 

26 

$586 

2 

2 

4 

4 

9 

3 

2 



'oreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

413 

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

Croatian 

97 

403 

1 

13 

28 

30 

8 

3 

7 

English 

14 

476 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

German 

22 

573 

6 

4 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

9 

(®) 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

Italian,  North 

136 

374 

14 

32 

42 

18 

13 

13 

2 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

59 

462 

2 

4 

18 

15 

11 

2 

4 

2 

1 

Lithuanian 

76 

362 

5 

10 

12 

23 

10 

8 

3 

5 

Magyar 

143 

393 

1 

10 

29 

40 

27 

19 

9 

6 

2 

Polish 

181 

458 

1 

4 

17 

49 

42 

39 

20 

4 

2 

2 

1 

Roumanian 

9 

(a) 

3 

5 

1 

Russian 

34 

363 

2 

5 

15 

9 

2 

1 

Ruthenian 

39 

441 

1 

i 

9 

3 

10 

7 

7 

1 

Slovak 

345 

453 

2 

17 

39 

86 

78 

58 

39 

21 

2 

3 

Slovenian 

11 

384 

1 

6 

3 

1 

Total 

1,188 

426 

15 

66 

166 

322 

253 

179 

110 

57 

10 

8 

2 

Grand  total 

1,214  I 

429 

15 

66 

168 

324 

257 

183 

119 

60 

10 

10 

2 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


48296°— VOL  7—11 25 


378 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


f! 


Table  6^1.—  Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  genera  i 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


Number 

. 1 

S) 

c 

Number  earning— 

t 

General  nativity  and  race  of  in- 
dividual. 

working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

s 

u 

g 

So 

C3 

tH 

> 

Under  $100. 

C 

CS 

« .1 
C 

c3  ^ ' 

$200  ana  un- 

1 der  $250. 

$2,50  and  un- 

1 der  $300. 

a .1 

SI'- 

1.-' 

1-0  ' 

$400  and  un- 

1 der  $500. 

$500  and  un- 

1 der  $600. 

a . 

^ S 

' 

a 

C3 

0 < 

a J 

§1’ 

$800  and  un- 

1 der  $1,000. 

u 

0 

ij 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
\Vhite 

48 

$560 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

8 

8 

13 

6 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

2 

(a) 

349 

1 

1 

11 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

13 

175 

"i 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

(n) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

358 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

T ifVinoTtion 

2 

2 

5 

3 

2 

1 

X Ollbll 

1?  n t V»  ATY 1 an 

3 

2 

1 

14 

1 

3 

3 

2 

”3’ 

1 1 

L... 

i 1 

... 

. . . 

Total 

60 

399 

1 

1 

2 

6 

7 

17 

12 

8 

3 

2 

1 

Total  native-born 

108 

471 

2 

1 

4 

7 

10 

19 

FF 

16 

FF 

~8 

4 

Foreign-born: 

21 

1 

171 

403 

(") 

372 

1 

3 

1 

4 

5 

5 

1 

1 

IjOncIIUclIl  aliU  iVlUltl  V iclil 
rvcn  i a n 

1 

8 

4 

10 

23 

10 

51 

37 

12 

6 

10 

17 

493 

1 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

29 

.545 

1 

8 

6 

3 

5 

3 

2 

. 

12 

458 

1 

2 

3 

4 

2 

- - -i 

Italian,  North 

167 

389 

5 

10 

8 

29 

51 

21 

22 

16 

2 

2 

Italian,  South 

99 

450 

1 

4 

3 

3 

29 

27 

18 

5 

5 

4 

J nan  ion 

113 

365 

11 

8 

8 

10 

4 

30 

17 

10 

7 

8 

Magyar  

171 

391 

2 

15 

12 

18 

46 

37 

22 

11 

6 

2 

...1 

Polish 

305 

422 

4 

"2 

14 

15 

23 

90 

71 

52 

23 

6 

4 

P n^-^manian 

34 

538 

12 

12 

9 

1 

1 

40 

368 

2 

4 

1 

16 

14 

2 

1 

Pnthpninn 

94 

448 

1 

1 

5 

3 

8 

11 

31 

20 

13 

1 

Slovak 

499 

446 

3 

8 

18 

19 

40 

I12I 

125 

88 

45 

27 

5 

pljn^rpnian 

16 

363 

2 

1 9 

3 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

1,789 

420 

34 

.30 

85 

I102 

139 

472 

412 

.1 

273 

147 

72 

20 

Grand  total 

1,897 

423 

F 

89 

,109 

149 

491 

432 

|289 

lF~ 

80 

FT 

1 

1 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


379 


'able  65. — Amount  of  family  income  jier  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


leneral  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Number 

of 

selected 

families.a 

Average 

family 

income. 

Number  of  families  having  a total  income — 

Under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

8500. 

$500 

and 

under 

8750. 

$750 

and 

under 

$1,000. 

$1,000 

and 

under 

$1,500. 

$1,500 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father. 

White 

26 

$774 

2 

2 

12 

7 

2 

1 

^oreign-born: 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

13 

554 

2 

5 ! 

2 

4 

Croatian 

98 

550 

19 

34  1 

34 

5 

2 

4 

English 

14 

803 

1 

2 

3 

4 

German 

24 

785 

5 

9 

6 

2 

2 

Irish 

9 

(5) 

3 

4 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

137 

A59 

25 

49 

39 

12 

7 

5 

Italian,  South 

59 

556 

5 

24 

19 

8 

3 

Lithuanian 

76 

515 

19 

25 

20 

9 

1 

2 

Magyar 

143 

481 

26 

61 

43 

10 

2 

1 

Polish 

182 

568 

12 

69 

74 

17 

8 

2 

Roumanian 

10 

599 

1 

7 

2 

Russian 

35 

452 

4 

20 

9 

2 

Ruthenian 

39 

525 

5 

9 

24 

1 

Slovak 

347 

542 

37 

134 

119 

43 

12 

2 

Slovenian 

11 

440 

10 

1 

Total 

1,197 

546 

156 

450 

407 

123 

42 

i . 

Grand  total 

1.223 

551 

158 

452 

419 

130 

44 

20 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  & Not  computed,  owing  to  .small  number  involved. 


Cable  66, — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Jeneral  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Num.ber 
working 
for  wages 
and 

reporting 

amount. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Number  earning — 

Under 

$100. 

$100 

and 

under 

$150. 

$150 

and 

under 

$200. 

$200 

and 

under 

$250. 

$250 

and 

under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$400. 

.$400 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father. 
White 

3 

(o) 

1 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

' Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

! English 





1 

1 

3 

2 

3 

(a) 

(ra) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

German 

1 

Irish 

i Slovak 

1 

1 

1 

: Total 

10 

$317.0  0 

1 

2 

6 

1 

1 

1 Total  native-born 

1 13 

346. 00 

2 

2 

6 

3 

foreign- born: 

German 

. 1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

(o) 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

1 

Italian,  South 

1 

1 

Magyar 

Pohsh 

2 

Slovak 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

7 

(a) 

3 

2 

2 

Grand  total 

20 

264. 05 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

6 

3 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


380 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  67. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife}] 
children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  oj, 
family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.a 

Number  of  families  having  an  Income  from—  , 

Earnin 

Husband. 

gs  of— 

Wife. 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Pay- 
ments of 
boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other  ■ 
sources.  ' 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

26 

26 

1 

10 

1 

Foreign-born: 

1 

pnbpmian  anH  \fnrav1an  . . . 

13 

13 

5 

1 

1 

Grnnli.-in  

98 

97 

6 

71 

3 

F.nglish  - 

14 

14 

10 

2 

German  

24 

22 

10 

2 

3 

Irish  

9 

9 

4 

1 

Italian  Nnrlh  

137 

136 

18 

81 

13 

Italian,  South 

59 

59 

6 

41 

3 

T.ithnanian  . 

76 

76 

6 

55 

8 

Magj^ar 

143 

143 

1 

6 

68 

5 

Polish 

182 

181 

3 

26 

95 

9 

Roumanian 

10 

9 

4 

TJnssian  

35 

34 

2 

21 

2 

Ruthenian 

39 

39 

3 

25 

2 

Slovak 

347 

345 

2 

39 

144 

38 

Slovenian 

11 

11 

1 

4 

Total 

1,197 

1,188 

6 

140 

612 

90 

Grand  total 

1,223 

1 1,214 

1 

7 

150 

613 

90 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


381 


Table  Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  entire  income  from — 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families. o 

Husband. 

1 Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  chil- 

dren. 

Husband,  wife,  and 

children. 

[Husband  a n d i 

boarders  or  lodgers. 

Wife. 

Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders  j 

or  lodgers. 

Children. 

Children  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodg- 

ers. 

Source  or  combina- 

tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

26 

15 

9 

1 

1 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 

ravian  

13 

6 

5 

1 

1 

Croatian 

98 

25 

64 

1 

g 

English 

14 

3 

9 

2 

German 

24 

10 

8 

2 

1 

3 

Irish 

9 

5 

3 

1 

Italian,  North 

137 

38 

9 

72 

1 

17 

Italian,  South 

59 

13 

3 

39 

Lithuanian 

76 

14 

4 

48 

10 

Magvar 

143- 

68 

' i' 

3 

64 

7 

Polish 

182 

63 

2 

15 

85 

1 

16 

Roumanian 

10 

6 

3 

1 

Russian 

35 

12 

1 

19 

1 

2 

Ruthenian 

39 

10 

3 

24 

2 

Slovak 

347 

150 

i 

22 

127 

1 

1 

45 

Slovenian 

11 

6 

1 

4 

Total 

1,197 

429 

4 

86 

552 

1 

2 

4 

1 

118 

Grand  total 

1, 223 

444 

4 

95 

1 

553 

1 

2 

4 

1 

118 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


382 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  (k). — Months  worhed  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or  over  em- 
ployed away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

12. 

11  ' 
and 
under 
12. 

.«  ’ 

and  1 
under 
11. 

9 

and  ' 
under 
10. 

8 

and  1 
under 

9. 

and 

under 

" i 

6 

and 

under 

7. 

3 

and 

under 

6. 

Un- 
der 3. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 

53 

i 

17  i 

4 

14 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

j 

Native-born  of  forei^'u  father,  by 

race  of  father; 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

i 

Eiielish  

12 

2 

r 

1 

1 

2 

1 

L5 

4 

7 

2 

1 

l' 

(i 

1 

2 

1 

2 

() 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

\ 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 .ifhiianiaTi  . . .. 

2 

2 

Mapvar  

1 

1 

[ 

Polish  

11 

1 

6 

1 

2 

1 

Rut  heuian 

3 

2 

1 

. 

Slovak  . 

4 

7 

2 

2 

5 

4 

3 

Total 

01 

16 

2 

28 

6 

i c 

12 

Ml 

8 

1 2 

Total  native-born 

144 

33 

6 

! 

10 

9 

16 

1 1^ 

11 

‘i. 

Foreign-born: 

1 

Bohendan  and  Moravian 

21 

4 

1 

4 

1 

3 

3 

4 

1 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

182 

24 

4 

49 

32 

20 

9 

11 

31 

2 

Engli-ih  _ - 

17 

2 

2 

3 

5 

1 

2 

2 

German 

30 

9 

13 

4 

2 

2 

Irish  . 

13 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

177 

21 

5 

35 

11 

27 

17 

13 

47 

1 

Italian,  Soul h.  

102 

23 

5 

25 

15 

13 

9 

8 

4 

Lithuanian 

113 

22 

18 

9 

4 

8 

25 

15 

12 

Magyar 

178 

24 

3 

24 

18 

45 

18 

22 

23 

1 

Polish 

308 

63 

5 

94 

35 

55 

14 

19 

18 

5 

Roumanian 

34 

27 

2 

5 

Russian 

40 

1 

3 

2 

1 

30 

1 

2 

Rnthenian  . 

96 

57 

9 

8 

2 

5 

3 

12 

Slovak 

520 

101 

13 

176 

67 

47 

46 

33 

33 

4 

Slovenian 

18 

8 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

Total  foreign-born 

1,850 

i 380 

40 

462 

1 213 

228 

163 

145 

192 

27 

Grand  total 

1,994 

413 

46 

1 504 

1 223 

237 

1 179 

! 160 

1 

1 203 

29 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


383 


f 


Table  69. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or  over  em- 
ployed away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Cont’d. 

FEMALE. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

12. 

11 

and 

under 

12. 

10 

and 

under 

11. 

9 

and 

under 

10. 

8 

and 

under 

9- 

7 

and 

under 

8. 

6 

and 

under 

7. 

3 

and 

under 

6. 

Un- 
der 3. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 

4 

3 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

1 

1 

German 

6 

5 

1 

Irish 

1 

1 

Slovak .■ 

4 

3 

1 

Total 

1C 

11 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Total  native-born 

20 

14 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Foreign -born: 

Magyar 

2 

1 

1 

Polish 

4 

2 

2 

Slovak 

2 

1 

1 

Total  foreign -born 

8 

4 

2 

1 

1 



Grand  total 

18 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

»• 


' \ / 'V  '• 

■ 


888 


.BinBvl’^gfinsS  ig^IcfsT  IciansO 


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.b'j(»o’  ) - \miVrvj\)itV\o  ¥>m  V>«»  ynoVUMt  »s\n  m 


.3JAi/:in 


i 


.bsrUi'j'is  fJJjioin  amif  !t:j!  i9<fnr»X 


iMfnnVT 


s ' ft  ' T I 8 e I ot  ri 

r'l  ' I'lic  ‘ f'lia  , fmii  ■ ftrt:i  [ f>nfi  ; 1 no  j f jtft  | gj. 


.1  -i^t) 


, 

l-'oqsi  lo  9081  b««  vJlvUcn  icionoOt 
oJoiqaioj  .lauLi/ibai*  ' 'j 

.Uab 


E 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


385 


'table  IQ,— Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

r“With  boarders  or  lodgers”  includes  only  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  at  the  time  schedule  was 
taken.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.) 


:o- 

iS?!  ■'= . 

■. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total  number  of  households. 

“Family”  households. 

j “ Group  ” households. 

With  neither  board- 
ers nor  lodgers. 

With  boarders  or 
lodgers. 

Total  family  households. 

Consisting  of  a single 
family. 

Consisting  of  two  or 
more  families  liv- 
ing together. 

Total. 

With  boarders. 

With  lodgers  only. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

33 

31 

31 

2 

2 

33 

Foreign-born: 

"D /\Vk 1 o n on /I  ATAVOYrion 

16 

13 

1 

14 

1 

1 

2 

16 

CroRtiR^  

111 

31 

31 

11 

66 

77 

108 

3 

"ITti  i c?Vi  - - 

16 

15 

1 

16 

16 

GcrniRn  

30 

27 

1 

28 

2 

2 

30 

10 

9 

9 

1 

1 

10 

ItsliRn  Nortti 

144 

60 

60 

27 

57 

84 

144 

TfoHon  fiAiitVi  . . . . 

64 

17 

1 

18 

4 

42 

46 

64 

LithuRDiRri  ...... 

81 

22 

22 

12 

47 

59 

81 

Tlfapvar  

152 

74 

74 

30 

48 

78 

152 

Polish 

198 

86 

3 

89 

25 

83 

108 

197 

1 

10 

6 

6 

4 

4 

10 





36 

15 

1 

16 

2 

18 

20’ 

36 

RutllRTliR^  ■ - ■ 

43 

16 

16 

5 

22 

27 

43 



384 

224 

2 

226 

31 

127 

158 

384 

SloYcniftTi  

12 

7 

7 

1 

4 

5 

12 

Total 

1,307 

622 

10 

632 

152 

519 

671 

1,303 

4 

Grand  total 

1,340 

1 653 

10^ 

1 663 

154 

519 

673 

1,336 

4 

386 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  71. — Number  of  households  'paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartmei 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 


Number  of 
households 
jjaying  rent 
and  report- 
ing amount. 


Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 


Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rer 
per  month  per  apartment. 


Under 

$5. 


$5  and 
under 
$7.50. 


$7.50 

and 

under 

$10. 


$10 

and 

under 

$12.50. 


$12.50 

and 

under 

$15. 


$15 

and  $20 
under  ove 
$20. 


Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 


18 


$9.81 


5 5 4 3 


Poreign-born; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian  . . 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 


9 

107 

10 

14 

3 


7.33 
9. 45 
9. 07 
(“) 


2 

6 

2 

3 

2 


18 

7 

4 

1 


1 

2 


1 


Italian,  North 
Italian.  South 
Lithuanian.. . 

Magyar 

Polish 


128 

56 

74 


177 


6.  88 
6.  68 
7. 10 
6. 70 
6.  49 


9 79 

7 31 

11  30 

18  88 

22  116 


30  7 3 

15  3 

22  11  

27  12  1- 

39  


Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


10 

34 

38 

361 

10 


6.  70 
5.29 
7.01 
6. 08 
6.  20 


1 

13 

1 

48 

1 


9 

19  1 1 

22  11  4 

270  42  1 

8 1 


1,177 


6.  60 


133 


704 


1, 195 


6.  65 


769  I 


203 


69 


7 


208 


73 


10  1 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

Table  72. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  I 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  ren 

Number  of 

per  month  per  room. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 

house- 
holds pay- 

Average 

head  of  household. 

ing  rent 

rent  per 

T rr» 

$1 

$1.50 

$2 

$2..50 

$3 

$3.50 

9,d 

and  report- 

room. 

\j  n- 
der 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and 

and 

ing  amount. 

under 

under 

under 

under 

under 

under 

or 

$1. 

$1.50. 

$2. 

$2.50. 

$3. 

$3.50. 

$4. 

Native-born  of  native  father. 

White  . . 

18 

$2.  21 

8 

3 

5 

1 

Foreign-born: 

3ohr6rni3.D  3.nci  Mor8.vi3.ii. . 

9 

to) 

2 

5 

2 

r!rnnt,i‘;^n 

107 

1.  78 

14 

63 

18 

6 

6 

Tr.npflic:h 

10 

2. 1.5 

2 

2 

1 

3 

2 

riprmnn 

14 

2.  02 

1 

5 

4 

3 

1 

Irish 

3 

(o) 

2 

1 

Italian,  North 

128 

1.77 

15 

64 

39 

6 

3 

1 

Ssnnth 

56 

1.  64 

16 

24 

16 

T.ithnanian  

74 

1.92 

9 

25 

21 

15 

2 

M a.pys)  r 

146 

1.81 

13 

76 

45 

8 

3 

1 

Polish 

177 

1.  66 

26 

121 

28 

2 

Pnnmnninn 

10 

1.  31 

7 

3 

P nssia.n 

34 

1.  66 

8 

20 

4 

2 

P nthpnian 

38 

1.  80 

3 

21 

8 

6 

Slovak 

361 

1.64 

1 

47 

249 

52 

4 

2 

3 

3 

Slnvpnian 

10 

1.68 

1 

7 

2 

Total 

1,177 

1.72  1 

1 

I 164 

685 

242 

53 

22 

5 

Grand  total 

1,195 

1.73  1 

1 

164 

693 

245 

58 

23 

5 

-i 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


387 


IPable  73.— Number  of  households  pay  mg  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nat  ivity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 


Number 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
reni  and 
reporting 
amount. 


'Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 


|?oroign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Groaiian 

English 

German 

Irish 


Italian.  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Litliuanian  — 

Magvar 

Polish 


Roumanian. 

Russian 

Ruthenian. . 

Slovak 

Slovenian. . 


Total 

Grand  total . 


Aver- 
age rent 
per  i)er- 
son. 


18 


9 

107 

10 

14 

3 

128 

50 

74 

146 

177 

10 
34 
38 

301 

10 


1,177 


Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  person. 


Un- 

der 

S0.50. 


S0.5o|  SI  ! $1.50  I $2  ! $2.50  ' $3 

and  j and  ■ and  1 and  ! and  and 
underiunuer  under  under  under  under 
$1.  $1.50.  $2.  Si.oO.  $3.  $3. .50. 


$1.  92 


('») 

.93 

1.82 

1.44 

(a) 

1,00 
.78 
1 09 
1.07 
.93 

1 31 
.84 
1.05 
.97 

1.29 


99 


1,195 


30  1 485 


30  485 


354 


359 


1.53 


$3. .50 
and 
under 
$4. 


93 


150 


26 


$4 

or 

over. 


a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Table  Id,.— Number  of  households  beeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and  number  of  boarders 
and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(Information  relaling  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

1 

Total 

numlier 

Nmnber  of  households 
keeping— 

Number  of 

of  house- 
holds. 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodg- 

ers. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

33 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Foreign-born: 

BoHcTni^n  TvTnrn.v^iRTl 

16 

1 

1 

2 

2 

! 

2 

4 

448 

Croatian 

111 

1 f*. 

11 

69 

80 

67 

381 

English 

Airman  

iO 

30 

2 

2 

3 

3 

Irisli  - - - - . 

10 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Italian  North  

144 

27 

57 

84 

88 

205 

293 

191 

197 

313 

401 

Italian  South  

04 

4 

42 

46 

10 

181 

T.jthnnnifl.n  

81 

12 

47 

59 

34 

lt'3 

Magyar  

1.52 

30 

48 

78 

99 

214 

323 

Pnlisjh  

198 

25 

84 

109 

78 

10 

4 

4 

20 

20 

Rn<!'5ian  

30 

2 

18 

20 

16 

80 

96 

Rntbpnjnn  

43 

5 

22 

27 

11 

78 

89 

.574 

19 

Rlnvalr  

384 

31 

127 

158 

94 

480 

Slovenian 

12 

1 

4 

5 

1 

18 

Total 

1,307 

152 

523 

()75 

504 

2, 145 

2,649 

Grand  total  

1,340 

154 

523 

677 

506 

2,145 

2.651 

1 .A 

1 

Table  75. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


388 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


389 


5-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each  specified  number  of 
persons. 

10  or 
more. 

-1  j e<3  00 

^ • • • lO 

• • • 

1 

33 

33 

d> 

.CO  • 

• • rH  i-i 

• iD  • • ^ 

17 

18 

00 

1-i 

• • CO  1^ 

TP  (M  . . . rH 

1 • -rt*  \ 

<N  1 

•CO(N 

<M  ^ . . ,-H  (M 

1 • 

CO 

o 

*1-1  (M  (M 

<M  (N  • •01'^ 

' • 

! ^ 

id 

!<m  Ii 

• <M  j 1- 

1 TP  eq  • th  • cc 

) • o 

• 

O 

C<l 

: 

: : 

• CO  • 'O^cr, 

* • • 

) . i-H 

CO 

ci 

^ : 

CO  • . • c< 

1 • Ci 

o 

: : : 

• tH  i • • CC 

5 • lo  r 

CD 

Total 

num- 
ber of 
apart 

ments 

00 

f-H  (N  lO  TP  M TpifSC^OOCO  • t-h  O C 

(N  t-l  r-t  .-1  (N  ; C 

1 

145 

153 

4-room  apartments. 

^ Number  occupied  by  households  of  each  specified  number  of  i 

persons. 

10  or 
more. 

1 I rHOCOC 

• • 1-H  1-H  1— 1 1— 1 C< 

5 • O 

D • (M 

125 

o> 

rH  O 

« I • 

. . ^ 00  • (N  c» 

• * • ^ 

ID 

00 

(N 

!co 

CO  • OjOSOCOO  .(N-^£ 

• r-l  -H  (M  • O 

q I lO 

^ : s 

107 

tH  o> 

CD  • CD  CO  t-H  »-H  Tfi  ^ ^ CO  »- 

• 1— t 0 

001 

100 

o 

cs 

r-H00fHTHC<l  CO(Ni-H'^Oi  I i-H  CO 

^ • C 

0 t-H  (N 

0 O 

104 

o 

1 

CO  • t^C<J^i-iC0  •1-HiDC 

• rH  tH  • C 

I iO 
<1  • 

t- 

C^O0fHCO<N  OSC^CQOOi  *•  **  *•  r 

tH  • • • C 

H I OS 

o ; t- 

CO 

CO 

rH  05  (N 

1 • • <N-H,-I00I>  rHr-<-HV 

2^  S? 

!co 

. . CO  'C 

O • f 

27 

- 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments 

00 

CO  o < 

l>-  rH  t'COCOt^^  .-1  CNJ  ( 

N 

728 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

CO 

CO 

1 Oi-Hcpoo  OOCO’ 

Ii-Hi— iCOr-H  '^OOO^OOi  f-iCO'^< 

f-4  1-i  1— 1 1-H  < 

^ (N  !>. 

X)t-h  O 

ro  CO 

1,340 

eneral  nativity  and  race 
of  bead  of  household. 

tive-bom  of  native  father, 
mte 

reign-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Croatian 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Total 

Grand  total 

390 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Grand  to1 


391 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


lABLE  IQ,— Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


eneral  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or 
more. 

Itive-born  of  native 

father,  White 

^ 

5.  27 

1 

2 

8 

8 

8 

6 

»reign-born: 

, Bohemian  and  Mo- 

16 

3.  63 

2 

5 

7 

1 

1 

) r'mo'f’iciTi 

111 

4. 14 

3 

7 

76 

22 

3 

1 L/iUtltlclIl.  .•.••••••••• 

English 

i 

16 

30 

4.  69 
4.  77 

3 

] 

4 

16 

5 

4 

3 

7 

1 

2 

Trich 

10 

4.  90 

4 

3 

3 

, 1:  loll  ................ 

144 

3.  97 

8 

34 

75 

14 

10 

3 

64 

81 

4.  13 

1 

11 

34 

15 

3 

ll.dll<lll;  OUUIU  . 

T 1 1’Vi  n Q n 1 Q n 

3.69 

3.  73 

3 

8 

26 

39 

2 

9 

ljilIlUd/llla>ll.  ..••••••• 

\f54CFV54r 

152 

1 

15 

36 

77 

18 

5 

jyidgy 

Polish 

198 

3.  95 

15 

27 

119 

23 

12 

1 

10 

36 

5. 10 
3.  22 

/ 1 

3 

6 

11 

4 

19 

1 

Russian 

T?  Ill'll CkTl  1 CiTI 

43 

3.  91 

2 

12 

20 

6 

3 

XvLilllcllldrli 

Slnvalr 

384 

3.  74 

56 

61 

220 

30 

15 

2 

Slovenian 

12 

3.  75 

4 

7 

1 

Total *. 

1,307 

3.89 

6 

121 

226 

720 

145 

1 SO 

9 

Grand  total 

1,340 

3.  92 

I 122 

228 

728 

153 

1 88 

15 

'able  11 Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


leneral  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house 
hold. 

Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms. 

1 room.  ; 

2 rooms. 

3 rooms. 

4 rooms. 

5 rooms. 

6 rooms. 

7 or 
more 
rooms. 

Total. 

Number  ot 
households. 

Number  of 
persons.  | 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons.  1 

1 Number  of  | 

1 households,  i 

Number  of 
persons. 

«— 1 OT 

0x3 

l| 

§ 3 

5s  ja 

Number  of 
persons. 

I Number  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

1 N run  her  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 
persons. 

o^i' 
S'  ? 
II  ' 

: 

1 

Number  ot 

1 persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

fative-born  of  native 
father.  White 

1 

2 

2 

12 

8 

41 

8 

44  1 

8 

46 

6 

39 

33 

184 

I'oreign-born: 

1 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 

roviCJn 

2 

10 

5 

28 

7 

43 

1 

10 

1 

4 

16 

95 

P.rn5it!54n 

3 

10 

7 

43 

76 

577 

22 

194 

3 

34 

111 

858 

English 

3 

15 

4 

16 

5 

34 

3 

22 

1 

5 

16 

92 

German 

1 

5 

16 

99 

4 

22 

7 

49 

2 

16 

30 

191 

Tri<;h 

4 

20 

3 

16 

3 

24 

1 

10 

()0 

Italian,  North 

8 

37 

34 

197 

75 

549 

14 

102 

10 

82 

J 

27 

14.1 

994 

Italian,  South.  . .. 

1 

3 

11 

63 

34 

297 

15 

146 

3 

17 

1 64 

526 

Lithuanian 

3 

• 9 

8 

37 

20 

129 

39 

268 

i 2 

14 

9 

65 

81 

522 

Magyar 

1 

2 

15 

59 

36 

195 

77 

505 

18 

134 

5 

48 

1.52 

943 

Polish 

1 

2 

15 

70 

27 

168 

119 

852 

23 

160 

12 

97 

1 

9 

198 

1 , 358 

T?  n n m Ti  i a Ti 

1 

4 

3 

■ 20 

6 

27 

10 

51 

\ 

3 

11 

39 

4 

22 

19 

161 

1 

5 

36 

230 

AVLIoorClii 

T?  1 1 1 h '^"1  i ^ n 

2 

12 

12 

81 

20 

143 

6 

36 

3 

21 

43 

293 

Slovak 

56 

265 

61 

377 

220 

1,452 

30 

194 

15 

99 

2 

17 

384 

2,  404 

Slovenian 

4 

30 

7 

29 

1 

11 

12 

70 

Total 

6 

16 

121 

.542 

226 

1,357 

720 

5,031 

145 

1,078 

80 

589 

9 

74 

1,307 

8,687 

Grand  total 

16 

122 

544  |228 

1,369 

5,072 

153 

1,122 

88 

|635 

15 

113 

1,340 

8,871 

392 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  78,— Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  natm 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  nouse- 
hold. 

Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  o 
persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10 

mo 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

33 

5.58 

2 

7 

3 

2 

7 

4 

5 

3 

Forelgn-bom: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

vian  

16 

5.94 

1 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

Prnnt.ian 

111 

7.73 

3 

12 

11 

10 

16 

12 

8 

9 

Fngli.;h  

16 

5.75 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

3 

3 

r}prTnan  . 

30 

6. 37 

1 

5 

6 

1 

9 

5 

1 

Irish  

10 

6.00 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

144 

6.90 

7 

7 

18 

16 

25 

12 

19 

13 

Italian,  South 

64 

8.22 

1 

4 

4 

5 

7 

5 

13 

6 

Lithuanian 

81 

6.44 

5 

3 

9 

11 

17 

10 

10 

9 

Mapyar  

152 

6.20 

12 

18 

24 

22 

9 

16 

24 

6 

Polish 

198 

6.86 

2 

19 

20 

23 

27 

30 

28 

20 

T?  rwi’iTnonion 

10 

36 

5.10 

3 

2 

2 

2 

Russian 

6. 39 

6 

6 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

2 

Ruthenian 

43 

6.81 

1 

1 

3 

10 

6 

8 

5 

3 

Slovak 

384 

6.26 

22 

30 

59 

51 

59 

53 

45 

22 

12 

5.83 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

1,307 

6.65 

63 

111 

163 

166 

181 

167 

166 

93 

Grand  total 

1,340 

6.62 

65 

118 

166 

1 168 

188 

171 

171 

96 

1 

1 

1 

Table  79. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  , 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  room. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Average 
per  house- 
hold. 

Average 
per  room. 

Less 
than  1. 

1 and 
under  2. 

2 and 
under  3. 

3 and 
under  4. 

4 01 
mon 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

33 

184 

5.58 

1.06 

15 

14 

4 

Foreign-born: 

_ 

' 

Bohemian  and 

ArilTri  CK  T\ 

16 

95 

5.94 

1.64 

2 

8 

6 

111 

858 

7.73 

1.87 

13 

54 

26 

15 

•••••••••• 

TTncrHch 

16 

92 

5.75 

1.23 

4 

10 

2 

0<>rTnji.Ti 

30 

191 

6. 37 

1.34 

3 

23 

4 

VJCl  lUoil  ••••••••••• 

THch 

10 

60 

6.00 

1.22 

1 

9 

ItaUan,  North 

144 

994 

6.90 

1.74 

14 

66 

54 

10 

Italian,  South 

64 

526 

8.22 

1.99 

4 

23 

28 

8 

Lithuanian 

81 

522 

6.44 

1.75 

6 

34 

32 

8 

Magyar 

152 

943 

6.20 

1.66 

18 

78 

46 

8 

Polish 

1«8 

1,358 

6.86 

1.74 

14 

107 

60 

15 

•D  1 

10 

51 

5. 10 

1.00 

6 

3 

1 

.Ivoujndnidiii*  ••••••• 

Russian 

36 

230 

6.39 

1.98 

3 

15 

11 

5 

Ruthenian 

43 

293 

6.81 

1.74 

5 

21 

12 

4 

Slovak 

384 

2,404 

6.26 

1.67 

39 

194 

107 

35 

Slovenian 

12 

70 

5.83 

1.56 

6 

1 

3 

2 

Total 

1,307 

8,687 

6.65 

1.71 

138 

646 

392 

110 

Grand  total 

1,340 

1 8,871 

6.62 

1.69 

153 

660 

396 

110 

f 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


393 


iFable  80. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Gfeneral  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Average 
per  house- 
hold. 

Average 

per 

sleeping 

room. 

Less 

than 

2. 

2 and 
un- 
der 3. 

3 and 
un- 
der 4. 

4 and 
un- 
der 5. 

5 and  | 
un-  1 
der  6. 

6 or 
more. 

Native  - born  of  native 

father,  White 

33 

184 

5.58 

2. 27 

12 

10 

7 

3 

1 

^Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

via.n 

16 

95 

5.94 

3.17 

2 

5 

1 

3 

5 

Croatian 

111 

858 

7.73 

3.29 

10 

31 

34 

17 

10 

9 

English 

16 

92 

5.75 

2.  63 

3 

6 

6 

1 

German 

30 

191 

6.37 

2. 65 

3 

16 

9 

2 

Irish 

10 

60 

6.00 

2. 50 

2 

4 

4 

Italian,  North 

144 

994 

6. 90 

3.03 

14 

44 

47 

22 

11 

6 

Italian,  South 

64 

526 

8.  22 

3.63 

3 

14 

18 

18 

5 

6 

Lithuanian 

81 

522 

6.  44 

2.  78 

10 

29 

24 

11 

5 

2 

Magyar 

152 

943 

6.20 

3.00 

13 

63 

30 

32 

12 

2 

Polish 

198 

1,358 

6. 86 

3. 46 

9 

39 

70 

46 

19 

15 

Roumanian . 

10 

51 

5.10 

2.83 

2 

2 

4 

2 

Rn.s.^ia.n 

36 

230 

6.39 

3.06 

5 

12 

8 

7 

4 

Ruthenian 

43 

293 

6.81 

3.22 

3 

15 

11 

5 

6 

3 

Slovak 

384 

2,404 

6.26 

3.36 

19 

103 

106 

81 

33 

42 

Slovenian 

12 

70 

5.83 

3. 50 

2 

2 

4 

2 

2 

Total 

1,307 

8,687 

6. 65 

3.  21 

100 

385 

376 

246 

108 

92 

Grand  total 

1,340 

8,871 

6.62 

3. 18 

112 

395 

383 

249 

108 

93 

Table  81. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified  number 
of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 

number 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 

Number 

of  households  sleeping  in  all 
rooms  except— 

of  house- 
holds. 

sleeping 
in  all 
rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4 or  more. 

L 

Nf^tivp-hnrn  nf  na.tivp  father  White 

33 

3 

8 

15 

7 

1 Foreign-born: 

' Bohemian  and  Moravian 

16 

8 

6 

1 

1 

Croatian 

111 

3 

42 

43 

22 

1 

English 

16 

1 

7 

7 

1 

German 

30 

2 

17 

9 

2 

Tri'jh  

10 

5 

6 

^ Italian,  North  

144 

70 

57 

11 

6 

i Italian,  South 

64 

21 

34 

6 

3 

■ Lithuanian  

81 

7 

50 

14 

8 

2 

' Magyar  

152 

2 

68 

63 

17 

2 

Polish  

198 

4 

54 

95 

36 

9 

^ Roumanian 

10 

2 

1 

2 

6 

Russian  

36 

2 

27 

7 

Ruthenian  

43 

18 

16 

9 

Slovak 

384 

9 

138 

158 

59 

20 

Slovenian  

12 

3 

5 

4 

Totai 

1,307 

27 

504 

528 

196 

52 

1,340 

27 

536 

211 

59 

j Grand  total 

48296°— VOL  7—11 26 


394 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  82. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read  an 
write. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

6,406 

900 

6,224 

791 

6,16 

76 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

3 

3 

.1 

584 

559 

55 

31 

30 

3 

23 

23 

2: 

3 

3 

954 

936 

93 

62 

61 

6 

1,188 

1,177 

1,17( 

78' 

802 

787 

62 

56 

5; 

13 

13 

i;' 

1 

1 

87 

81 

8( 

423 

421 

42; 

36 

36 

3( 

15 

15 

p' 

Wales 

210 

207 

20( 

Total  

4,497 

4,409 

4,38i 

Total  native-born 

11,803 

11,424 

11, 315 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian ■. 

451 

420 

41'. 

] 

Bosnian  

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

30 

13 

L 

c 

Canadian,  French 

10 

19 

1,957 

6 

9 

Canadian,  Other 

17 

1,281 

4 

L 

Croatian 

1,23( 

4 

Dalmatian 

Danish  

10 

7 

? 

Dutch  

55 

1,310 

54 

1,272 

5^ 

English  

l,26i 

Finnish 

39 

36 

35 

Flemish  

3 

3 

3 

French 

334 

1,522 

75 

3 

297 

1,451 

43 

2 

293 

German 

1,439 

46 

Greek  

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

2 

Herzegovinian  

3 

1 

1 

Irish 

660 

614 

597 

Italian,  North 

3,346 

2,219 

98 

2,886 

1,491 

87 

2,847 

1,444 

85 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

638 

5 

475 

441 

Macedonian 

Magyar 

3,508 

11 

5 

3, 104 

3,062 

8 

Montenegrin 

8 

Norwegian 

5 

5 

Polish 

5,991 

6 

4,610 

6 

4,431 

5 

Portuguese 

Roumanian 

102 

71 

70 

Russian 

1,271 

281 

877 

833 

Ruthenian 

163 

157 

Scotch 

561 

554 

550 

Scotch-Irish 

26 

26 

26 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


395 


Table  82. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  hy  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  who — 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

Servian  - — - -- 

85 

64 

62 

pinvak"  

9,945 

1,539 

1 

8, 138 
1,279 

1 

7,951 

1,245 

1 

Slovenian  ...... 

Spanish  .... ... .... 

Swedish  

214 

214 

214 

Syrian 

5 

5 

5 

Turkish 

4 

3 

3 

Welsh  

189 

178 

174 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

5 

5 

5 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

238 

218 

215 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

149 

124 

123 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

14 

14 

14 

Total  foreign-bom 

36,944 

30, 131 

29, 408 

Grsnd  totdl 

48,747 

41,555 

40,727 

I 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


397 


Table  83.  —Literacy  of  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race 
* of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

j 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

148 

77 

76 

74 

71 

70 

70 

148 

146 

144 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 

of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

20 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

20 

20 

20 

Croatian 

10 

4 

4 

4 

6 

4 

4 

10 

8 

8 

English 

34 

24 

24 

24 

10 

10 

10 

34 

34 

34 

German 

69 

30 

30 

30 

39 

38 

38 

69 

68 

68 

Irish 

22 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

22 

22 

22 

Italian,  North 

57 

33 

33 

33 

24 

23 

23 

57 

56 

56 

Italian,  South 

33 

17 

17 

17 

16 

13 

13 

33 

30 

30 

Lithuanian 

15 

12 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

15 

14 

14 

Magyar 

37 

18 

18 

18 

19 

18 

18 

37 

36 

36 

Polish 

105 

53 

51 

51 

52 

51 

51 

105 

102 

102 

Russian 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

Ruthenian 

18 

6 

6 

6 

12 

12 

12 

18 

18 

18 

Snntph  

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Slovak 

173 

86 

82 

82 

87 

82 

82 

173 

164 

164 

Slovenian 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

Total 

600 

307 

300 

300 

293 

279 

279 

600 

579 

579 

Total  native-born 

74S 

384 

376 

374 

364 

349 

349 

748  ' 

1 -725 

732 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

40 

22 

22 

22 

18 

17 

17 

40 

39 

39 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

306 

193 

101 

98 

113 

49 

42 

306 

150 

140 

English 

32 

18 

17 

17 

14 

14 

14 

32 

31 

31 

French 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

German 

59 

33 

31 

31 

26 

26 

26 

59 

57 

57 

Irish 

20 

14 

14 

14 

6 

6 

6 

20 

20 

20 

Italian,  North 

375 

214 

176 

175 

161 

100 

99 

375 

276 

274 

Italian,  South 

190 

120 

69 

69 

70 

20 

20 

190 

89 

89 

Lithuanian 

200 

119 

78 

74 

81 

39 

32 

200 

117 

106 

Magvar 

368 

207 

193 

188 

161 

142 

140 

368 

335 

328 

Polish 

572 

352 

258 

248 

220 

154 

142 

572 

412 

390 

Roumanian 

49 

36 

29 

29 

13 

8 

8 

49 

37 

37 

Russian 

79 

41 

25 

25 

38 

9 

8 

79 

34 

33 

Ruthenian 

152 

106 

76 

76 

46 

24 

23 

152 

100 

99 

Scotch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

990 

584 

484 

478 

406 

322 

298 

990 

806 

776 

Slovenian 

33 

18 

17 

16 

15 

12 

12 

33 

29 

28 

W elsh 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

3,469 

2,078 

1,591 

1,561 

1,391 

945 

890 

3,469  12,536 

2,451 

Grand  total 

4,217 

2,462 

1,967 

1,935 

1,755 

1,294 

1,239 

4,217 

|3,261 

3, 174 

398 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  84:.— Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  thi 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(study  op  households.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States.  I 


Race  of  individuai. 

Num- 

ber 

rci^ort- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

road. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 
ber jj 
who 
readl' 
and  1 
write.) 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

10 

10 

10 

3 

3 

3 

9 

9 

5 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

193 

74 

42 

42 

67 

37 

35 

52 

22 

2] 

English 

18 

1 

1 

1 

17 

16 

It 

German 

33 

3 

3 

3 

30 

28 

2t 

Irish 

14 

2 

2 

2 

12 

12 

li 

Italian,  North 

214 

63 

48 

48 

60 

56 

56 

91 

72 

7] 

Italian,  South 

120 

45 

28 

28 

35 

17 

17 

40 

24 

2^ 

Lithuanian 

119 

31 

20 

20 

41 

26 

24 

47 

32 

3( 

Magyar 

207 

68 

63 

62 

58 

54 

51 

81 

76 

11 

Polish 

352 

132 

97 

93 

94 

62 

61 

126 

99 

9-: 

Roumanian 

36 

24 

21 

21 

12 

8 

8 

Russian 

41 

9 

5 

5 

22 

12 

12 

10 

8 

f 

Ruthenian 

106 

50 

35 

35 

27 

20 

20 

29 

21 

2] 

Slovak 

584 

177 

146 

142 

139 

120 

120 

268 

218 

21( 

Slovenian 

18 

6 

6 

6 

7 

6 

6 

5 

5 

■j 

Total 

2,078 

694 

526 

517 

567 

423 

415 

817 

642 

62t 

FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

18 

9 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

7 

7 

Croatian 

113 

57 

27 

22 

38  ! 

13 

13 

18 

9 

7 

English 

14 

2 

2 

2 

12 

12 

IJ 

French 

1 

1 

1 

] 

German 

26 

4 

4 

4 

22 

22 

25 

Irish 

6 

1 

6 

6 

f 

Italian,  North 

161 

62 

41 

40 

57 

30 

30 

42 

29 

25 

Italian,  South 

70 

31 

8 

8 

20 

6 

6 

19 

6 

( 

Lithuanian 

81 

26 

5 

5 

35 

22 

16 

20 

12 

11 

Maygar 

161 

63 

56 

56 

45 

40 

39 

53 

46 

4£ 

Polish 

220 

75 

54 

52 

61 

42 

37 

84 

58 

be 

Roumanian 

13 

9 

5 

5 

4 

3 

3 

Russian 

38 

27 

3 

3 

5 

2 

2 

6 

4 

Ruthenian 

46 

17 

8 

7 

15 

9 

9 

14 

7 

7 

Scotch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

406 

120 

103 

98 

131 

109 

107 

155 

110 

9£ 

Slovenian 

15 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

2 

Welsh 

J 

..  1 

1 

1 

Total 

1,391 

508 

329 

315 

418 

282 

268 

465 

334 

307 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


399 


'able  84. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  sex,  years  in  the 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 

Years  in  United  States. 


Num- 

ber 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Race  of  individual. 

mg 

Num- 

Num- 

Num- 

plete 

data. 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

her. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

write. 

write. 

write. 

Johemian  and  Moravian 

40 

19 

18 

18 

5 

5 

5 

16 

16 

16 

i Aonion 

1 

1 

1 

1 

iroatian 

306 

131 

69 

64 

105 

50 

48 

70 

31 

28 

32 

3 

3 

3 

29 

28 

28 

I'fPTiph  

1 

1 

1 

1 

59 

7 

7 

7 

52 

50 

50 

Hsh  

20 

2 

2 

2 

18 

18 

18 

talian,  North 

375 

125 

89 

88 

117 

86 

86 

133 

101 

100 

talian,  South 

190 

76 

36 

36 

55 

23 

23 

59 

30 

30 

iit.hiianian  

200 

57 

25 

25 

76 

48 

40 

67 

44 

41 

lagyar 

368 

131 

119 

118 

103 

94 

90 

134 

122 

120 

’olish  

572 

207 

151 

145 

155 

104 

98 

210 

157 

147 

Innmnnin.n 

49 

33 

26 

26 

16 

11 

11 

lussian 

79 

36 

8 

8 

27 

14 

14 

16 

12 

11 

luthenian 

152 

67 

43 

42 

42 

29 

29 

43 

28 

28 

Imtrh 

1 

1 

1 

1 

ilnvak  

990 

297 

249 

240 

270 

229 

227 

423 

328 

309 

ilovenian 

33 

12 

11 

11 

12 

10 

10 

9 

8 

7 

Velsh  

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

3,469 

1,202 

855 

832 

985 

705 

1 683 

1,282 

976 

936 

1 

1 

Table  85.— Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  o'ver,  hy  sex,  age  at  time 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

1 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

Number. 

N uinber 
who  read. 

N umber 
M^ho  read 
and  write. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

1 

1 

1 

21 

21 

21 

Bosnian  . . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

193 

13 

9 

9 

180 

92 

89 

English 

18 

7 

6 

6 

11 

11 

11 

Berman 

33 

10 

10 

10 

23 

21 

21 

Irish 

14 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

[talian.  North 

214 

43 

40 

40 

171 

136 

135 

Italian,  South 

120 

10 

7 

7 

110 

62 

62 

Lithuanian 

119 

10 

9 

9 

109 

69 

65 

Magyar 

207 

27 

27 

26 

180 

166 

162 

Polish 

352 

34 

34 

34 

318 

224 

214 

Roumanian 

36 

1 

1 

1 

35 

28 

28 

Russian 

41 

2 

2 

2 

39 

23 

23 

Ruthenian 

106 

12 

11 

11 

94 

65 

(i5 

Slovak 

584 

65 

63 

63 

519 

421 

415 

Slovenian 

18 

2 

2 

2 

16 

15 

14 

Total 

2,078 

244 

220 

228 

1,834 

1,362 

1,333 

400 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  S5.— Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time] 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual— ConiiTmQd.  ' 

FEMALE. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

N umber. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 

who 

read  and 
write. 

Number. 

N umber 
who 
read. 

Number 

who 

read  and 
write. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

IS 

3 

3 

3 

15 

14 

14 

Croatian 

113 

9 

7 

5 

104 

42 

37 

English ! 

14 

4 

4 

4 

10 

10 

10 

French 

1 

1 

1 

1 

German ' 

20 

5 

5 

5 

21 

21 

21 

Irish 

G 

0 

0 

Italian,  North 

161 

27 

25 

25 

134 

75 

0 

74 

Italian,  South 

70 

9 

6 

6 

61 

14 

14 

Lithuanian 

81 

0 

6 

6 

75 

33 

26 

Magyar 

101 

25 

22 

22 

130 

120 

118 

Polish 

220 

44 

37 

37 

176 

117 

105 

Roumanian 

13 

2 

2 

2 

11 

0 

0 

Russian 

38 

2 

1 

1 

30 

8 

7 

Ruthenian 

40 

6 

4 

4 

40 

20 

19 

Scotch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

400 

59 

56 

56 

347 

266 

242 

Slovenian 

15 

3 

2 

2 

12 

10 

10 

Welsh 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

1,391 

207 

183 

181 

1,184 

702 

709 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bosnian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Rutheuian 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Welsh 


40 

4 

4 

4 

36 

35 

35 

1 

1 

1 

300 

22 

10 

14 

284 

134 

126 

32 

11 

10 

10 

21 

21 

21 

1 

1 

1 

1 

59 

15 

15 

15 

44 

42 

42 

20 

7 

7 

7 

13 

13 

13 

375 

70 

65 

65 

305 

211 

209 

190 

19 

13 

13 

171 

76 

76 

200 

16 

15 

15 

184 

102 

91 

308 

52 

49 

48 

316 

286 

280 

572 

78 

71 

71 

494 

341 

319 

49 

3 

3 

3 

46 

34 

34 

79 

4 

3 

3 

75 

31 

30 

152 

18 

15 

15 

134 

85 

84 

1 

1 

1 

1 

990 

124 

119 

119 

866 

687 

657 

33 

5 

4 

4 

28 

25 

24 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3,409 

451 

412 

409 

3,018 

2,124 

2,042 

Total 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


401 


Total. 

'moj, 

6,280 

902 

3 

526 

1 27 

24 

3 

920 

63 

1,187 

789 

52 

13 

1 

82 

§96 

33 

13 

201 

4,333 

11,515 

•poAvopiAV 

100 

38 

1-H  1-H  CO  CO 

1 O 

1-1  »d 

56 

194 

•pauanpi 

3,960 

639 

CO  00 

T-l 

|0||  coo 

0 

1,780 

6,379 

•aiSmg 

2,220 

225 

C^COCOCO  O (N  I-H  O COOOi-HOO  OOt^CCtO 

toc^  O CO  05  I-H  Hji  ;c>  CO 

iO 

2, 497 

4, 942 

45  or  over. 

•moj, 

1,195 

198 

cq 

tOC<ltOG> 

i-H  00 

CO 

2 

26 

3 

30 

488 

1,881 

•pOAVOpiAi 

o 

j 00  00 

1-H  (N 

26 

103 

•p3UJt3J\[ 

1,075 

161 

C<l 

iOO  ^ r-t 

CO  1-H  CO 

2 

25 

oi  »d 

415 

1,651 

•aiStiTg 

63 

17 

CO  C<l  CO  o 

1-  (M 

: 

I CO 

47 

127 

30  to  44. 

2,175 

408 

2 

11 

CO 

O CO  05  ^ rH 

to  ^ CO  to 
(N  CO  (N 

3 

97 

1,055 

3,638 

•poAvopiAX, 

CO  T-H 

(Mi-HOOt^ 

1 

•CO 

25 

79 

•paujupi 

1,874 

326 

(M  O 

o 

(M  05  C5  O 

05 

1-1  (Mi-H 

(M 

3 

70 

1 

58 

786 

2,986 

•0l3nig 

O O 

CO 

CO  CO  f-H  • 

**  CO 

• Cl 

; ^ 

244 

573 

20  to  29. 

•moj. 

2,049 

251 

rHCDi-tC^rH  1^00  05  05  COCO 

CD  rH  O CO  1-1 

i-H  CO 

00  CO  05  id  TJ4 
(N  t^i-H  CO 

1,597 

3,897 

•paAvopiAV 

CO  1-H  j 

(N  . .1-H 

1 (N  I I ! 

5 

12 

•paujBi<t 

CO  r-H 
0:>  O 
CD  ?-H 

1 

62 

4 

6 

1-H  t-H  00  CS  CO^ 

05  Id  1-H  00 

^d  CO 

572 

1,719 

•aiSujg 

1,047 

99 

r-r^coi-H  ^ ^ ^ !>•  lO 

2 M ^ ^rH 

2 2 2 S 

1,020 

2, 166 

16  to  19. 

•l^iox 

861 

45 

1 

UO  ;o 

CO 

(N  OOiO-^O 

COrtCl-Ti  fO  CO 

(M  1-H  r-H 

1,193 

2,099 

•paAvopiAY 

1 ! ! M 

ill  i 

•paujBH 

to  1-4 

(M  J (N  j 

7 

23 

•aiSuig 

O 

00 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO»0(MO  OOC^i-HCD  OCO”^^ 

CO -H  C<l  TT  CO  Oi-H  CO 

(N  (M  1-1  1-H 

1,186 

2,076 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

6,280 

902 

COCOI'^'^CO  OCOt^Oi  (MCOrHC^  COCOCOt-H 

CSC^iM  (N*0<00  00  to  i-\  00  C?:COi-hO 

to  1-4 CO 

4,333 

11,515 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Himgary 

nolfTinm 

N 

J c 

........ 

England 

France 

Gennany 

Ireland 

Netherlands 

nnnmtinm 

Russia 

Scotland 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Table  86. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups,  and  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


402 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

450 

1 

31 

10 

18 

1,956 

6 

1 10 

55 

1,300 

39 

3 

332 

1,524 

75 

3 

3 

655 

3,316 

2,217 

93 

635 

5 

3,491 

12 

5 

5,951 

7 

•poMopiAY 

i""  i 

05  • 

1 

1 

58 

o o • 

1-H  • 

rH  CM  • ^ 

CO  1-H  • 

CO  • 
(M  ; 

to  * 

•paiJJBK 

341 

1 

21 

1, 043 

4 

9 

40 

981 

26 

1 

226 

1,147 

54 

2 

1 

455 

1,741 

1,243 

46 

310 

2 

2,272 

9 

2 

3,739 

3 

•aiSoTS 

107 

OCO^O  ^CM 

00 

■^rH  eoMtor-  .-Hr-ic<ico  ->J<  (N  t-(  CO  «oc*5oo«'i' 
rH  ;0  rH  Oi  CO  M »0  Hf  CO  (N  C35  00 

CO  ‘0  05  CO  1-H  i-H 

ri  hT  <N  ^ 

45  or  over. 

•Wox 

00 

CO  CM  CM  CO  i-H  lO  00 

2 

77 

547 

8 

lO  CO  O ^ 

lO  CM  00  ^ 

CO  CM  f-H 

308 

2 

1 

600 

•paAVopiAV 

Ci 

1 

1 

41 

4 

29 

36 

11 

5 

1 

o 

o • 

•paujc;^ 

COCMCM  lO^'^rC'lOO 

r-i  g 

O 

<0  CO 

to  CM  »0  t>  to 

t>-  05  F- 

CM  rH  tH 

lO  CM  rH  to  • 

oc  to  • 

CM  O • 

•aiSuig 

T-i  lO  rH 

CO 

7 

31 

1 

CO  o to  • I>- 

^ CM  1 

CO 

Hfl  • 

CM  • 

30  to  44. 

•IiJlOx 

CM  I-H  CO  i-H  CM  O CO  CM 

lo 

157 

607 

31 

1 

1 

210 

1,338 

818 

30 

268 

1 

1,504 

6 

2 

2,522 

4 

•paMopxw 

• CO  • 

4 

11 

00  00  lO  • C<5 

iO  I 

•paujBH 

CO  f-i  1-H  I-H  CO  CM  00  CO 

2 ^ ^ ^ 

124 

521 

31 

1 

1 

135 

1,079 

710 

27 

180 

1 

1,370 

6 

2,218 

3 

•ai3uig 

05 

05 

1-H  to  CO 

05  lO  • 

CM  • 

1-H  CO  CO  lO 

to  O 00 

CM  1-H 

123 

CM  05r-| 
GO 

CM 

20  to  29. 

•l^iox 

141 

18 

4 

5 

977 

3 

1 

18 

256 

9 

3 

75 

307 

32 

2 

1 

87 

1,506 

1,023 

53 

304 

3 

1,401 

4 

2 

2,522 

3 

•paMopiM 

lO  » * . • CM  • 

• (M  C<«  1 • • N • • • • 

•paujBj^ 

^ CO 

rH  1-H  1-4  O 05  CO  »-H  O 00  CO  rH 

CO  t-H  CM  CO  CO  i-H 

CO  rH 

<M  to  (N  CO  1-H  CO  rH  rH  HJI  . 

Hit  O to  rH  00  rH  ^ • 

Htl  CO  to  05  • 

•8l3uig 

1 

lO  r-t  CM 

s 

8 

123 

6 

2 

37 

169 

16 

1 

1 

44 

1,037 

665 

41 

221 

2 

786 

3 

1 

1,568 

3 

16  to  19. 

•l^iox 

05 

CO  1-) 

192 

r*-  • 

CM  • 

CO  CO 

CM  O 

.-HCO  OOC0051-H  OO 

CM 

o * 

CO  • 

•p9A\.0pi^W^ 

^ : 

•paujBpt 

- 

: 

1-H  CO  CM  • 1-H 

rH  • 

o I 

o • 

CO  * 

•3l3uig 

05 

CO  1-t 

188 

4 

27 

CO  CM 

CM  <0 

OOOCOOO^  ^ 

CM  1-i  CM 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

450 

1 

31 

10 

18 

1,956 

6 

10 

55 

1,300 

39 

3 

332 

1, 524 

75 

3 

3 

655 

3,316 

2,217 

93 

635 

5 

3, 491 
12 

5 

5,951 

7 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

P.finQrtiQn  Othfir 

Croatian 

'DtdTr'.nticm 

1 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

■piomicVi 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian). 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

nn  t <5n  o err  i n 

ii 

•>  S 

Polish 

Portuguese 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


403 


102 

1,2PS 

281 

55(1 

2(1 

85 

9,890 

1,536 

1 

215 

4 

4 

191 

5 

245 

151 

14 

36,772 

48,297 

3 

25 

1 

63 

19 

00 

lO 

eo»Oi-i 

415 

609 

t,.U505  0i(N 

t~r-l  CO  t-H  00 

23,726 

30,105 

31 

503 

85 

136 

5 

37 

2,716 

698 

1 

59 

1 

1 

37 

1 

102 

28 

2 

12,636 

17,578 

12 

94 

18 

222 

10 

4 

1,033 

133 

CO 

1-^  lO  O CO 

00  1-H 

4,862 

6,743 

11*0*  1-t  fcO  o 

• • *0^  • 

CO 

r-KNrH 

CO 

C-1 

334 

»-HC^t^OO  CO  O 
rH  Oii-«  OOl-H  O f-l 

05  rH 

CO 

66 

1 

14 

37 

5 

4,342 

5,993 

00 

H : 

05 

85  1 

18, 630  416 

44 

515 

117 

208 

10 

24 

4,193 

563 

1 

• 101 

14, 992 

1 

4 

34 

9 

<N  • 

154 

1 

!- 

40 

433 

116 

174 

8 

23 

3,920 

458 

c<l  05  CO  00  CO  CO 

40  00 

O 

CO 

1 ^ 

crT 

s 

CO 

cT 

11 

1 

21 

7 

1,731 

36 

583 

115 

96 

5 

49 

3,955 

722 



»0  CO  ^ 

O CO 

14, 528 

18, 425 

les)  IrH  • 

; 

s| 

5) 

20 

237 

62 

41 

8 

21 

2,213 

244 

OiCOr-H-^f 

00  O • 
CO  • 

1 6,247 

7,966 

16 

344 

53 

54 

2 

28 

1,738 

474 

1-1  CO 

67 

10 

1 

(M 

iO 

00 

CO 

o' 

OOi-HOi-H  OOOOO 
PHt^COCO  OfH 

*OiH 

O • 

iO 
05 
CO  I 
(M" 

4,494 

• • • • « • I • 

• • iH  • • * 05  CO 

o 

CO 

0«^00i-l  OOQ^ 

i-<  CO  CO  O 

kCi-( 

»o 

-i*  O • 

2,364 

4, 440 

102 

1,268 

281 

556 

26 

85 

9,890 

1,536 

1 

215 

4 

4 
191 

5 

245 

151 

14 

36,777 

48,292 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

3.J 

q8 

± U1  IMOUl  

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  specified). 
Austrian  (race  not  specified). . 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . . 
Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

404 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


a 


1 


.1 

6 


•paMopiAV 


•paiJjBH 


•oi3uis 


•l^ox 


•pa.wopiA\. 


•paiij«j^ 


•8l3ai8 


•I«Qox 


•paMopiAV 


•papiBw 


•8I3uis 


•mox 


•paAvopjAV 


•pyiu^K 


•9l3nis 


•IB^ox 


•p8A\opiAV 


•pajiJBpi 


•aiSuis 


iocoot^oo^c  c<if-HTrcoc 


;ll 


S^.2.2 


I d c 

Ipqhom; 


^ 5 J-i  § 

03^  3 o 
^:^AhP3m 


tl 


General  Tables;  Pennsylvania. 


405 


406 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


s 

a 


Si 

« i 

2 w 

g, 

£ 

Cm 


O 

Cm 

.;s 


Total. 

•mox 

S 

OrH'^^00  OOCMCMgM 

2 I 

1 ^ 1 
CO 

•poAvopiAV 

1 1 

•paijjBK 

.-KN 

1-4 

CMOS 

IC 

M 

•eiSuis 

<o 

CO 

{2  1 

45  or  over. 

•I^iox 

CM 

1 

CO 

•poMopiAV 

•pauJT^iv 

CM 

•8t3uig 

: 

: 

i 

1 

30  to  44. 

•mox 

?5 

CM  CM 

LO 

00 

CM 

•po.wopi^VV 

’paujBH 

CM 

CM  CM 

•oi3uis 

CM 

CM 

20  to  29. 

•IBIOJ, 

»C 

CM  iCfcO  i-(  ^ 

CO 

r-ICCl 

2§ 

•poAvopiM 

fH 

•paujBK 

00 

^ CM  1-i  1-H 

CO 

1-4  CO 

§5 

CO 

•aiSuTS 

1 

.-1  X fO 

CO 

16  to  19. 

•[Bioj, 

o 

lOr-lCMl^i-H  lCTt*i-HCO  -^CMi-lOi 

ID 

lo 

5S 

•p0AVOpiA\ 

•p0u.repi 

CM 

^ CD 

o 

CM 

•0lSuis 

00 

CM  !>•  i-<  fcOCOi-tCM  CM 

CO 

SI 

' o 2 a 
iMoH 


j3.d  : • 

+j  +j  , • 

> 

o 2 a : 
iziM-s  : 

• 1 • • 

• G * • 

:.2  : : 

ts 

a 

Italian, 

Italian, 

Lithuar 

Magyar 

• a J 

:ill| 

o 3 go 

Total. 

1 

P^Phoqoq 

!2;  iz; 


o 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


407 


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(N  CO  (M  CO  CO  IM 


^ rH  CD  (N  CO  W 


0.2  .. 

."a  o S,  0)  «a 


5- 

S fl 
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Cl  fl  S ^ 


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ja  r.2  ® 
M S w.ja 


iO  S a £ ® .a®  03  "o  o s s 

WG>WP^iS  mCQOQ^ 


H O 


4 


Table  87. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 


408 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


B § fl 

? s.i.i 

SKKoWfc.  0*i?e 


o 2 fl 
;^m.2 


OOiHt^OrH  1-HOOOOt-H  ^ ^ t-H  ^ 

CO  05  CO  tOi-iCOt^^  ^ CO 

(N  COt-*»-I  COiO  1-H  05 

s 

CM 

CO 

3,603 

IcO  rH 

I""  i i 

CM 

25 

tJ*,-H05t-*i-H  r}<0^i-HC^  OO^CvliO(M  i-HOOrH 

CO  -T*c^  lOf— i05t}HO  i-H-^COr^O  Tt<(M 

(N  C^i-H^CO^  1-H  00 

CM 

CO 

cm' 

2,945 

to  (M 

<M  CO  CO  CS|  (M  (M  (M  CO  Ol  05 

CO  CO  <N  05  1-H  CO 

• lo  lO  *1 

• 00 

421 

CO 

CO 

cc 

s 

r 

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(M  1-H 

C000*^050r)  COCOC^ICOO  rHCOTj<,-H 

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376  1 

(M  ^ 

• to  • • 

• i 1 

= 1 

1 

lice 

!r 

1 ® 

00  CO 

(NOCMOOOO  rOfOCv^C'tO  I-IO-^I-H 
(N  T}i  ,-(  ,-H  CO  O I-I  O 

00 

to 

CO 

388 

: : : 

: : 

Tt< 

21 

o 

00005^05  ot^oooooo 

CO  tot^05 

1-H  1-H  (M 

?4  ^ .’ 

rfi  . 

1 

1,451 

^ : 

: : : ; • 

^ : : 

to 

CD 

2! 

9 

GOT 

O 00  UO  Ol  05  CO  lO  00  lO 

CO  lOt^OO  COCNi—  (Muo 
■—1  I-H  (N 

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1,358 

1,392 

cO>-i 

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48 

53 

r^»-HOOi-«  (M(NC040t^  t^05C5'^C^l 

f-<  lO  1-H  t—  CO  T^  t-H  1-H  to 

1-H  1— 1 rH 

o 1 

CO  ^ ' 

1,301 

1,411 

• • • • t • » 

CM 

05  rH  iO  ^O  1-H 

(N 

<M  1— 1 -"f  05  O'?  (M  lO 

05icir;  co>Oi— i-^tico 

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090 ‘I 

1,105 

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25 

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CO  o a;  CO 

• (M  1— 1 1— 1 lO  t-h 

CO  50  1 

to  • 

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304 

° I 

(M1-HC5COO  ^GOt^CO^ 

1-H  1-H  04  CJ  04 

37 

1 

178 

333 

^ : : 

rH 

CO  1 

CM  • rH  ^ CO  (M  CO  IM 

13 

1 

48 

272  60 

I 

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1 

i:::::; 

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f^P-iP^PiPi  CQCOOQ?' 


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409 


48296°— VOL  7—11 27 


i 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


411 


Table  88. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  hy  race  of  husband. 

(study  of  employees.) 


Race  of  husband. 


I Bohemian  and  Moravian 

‘Bosnian 

j Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

! Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Dalmatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

jSnglish 


‘■'innish 

demish 

Trench 

Jerman 

dreek 

lebrew  (other  than  Russian). 

lerzegovinian 

rish 

talian,  North 

talian,  South 

talian  (not  specified) 

dthuanian 

lacedonian 

lagyar 

iontenegrin 

Jorwegian 

Viish 

Portuguese 

loumanian 

lussian 

luthenian 

icotch 

Icotch-Irish 

ervian 

lovak 

Slovenian 

iwedish 

yrian 

'urkish 

Velsh 

Lustralian  (race  not  specified) 
Austrian  (race  not  specified).. 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . . 
iwiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  reporting 
wife— 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

333 

304 

29 

1 

1 

20 

9 

11 

6 

6 

13 

13 

1,021 

439 

582 

4 

4 

9 

7 

2 

39 

34 

5 

942 

917 

25 

26 

19 

7 

1 

1 

220 

201 

19 

1, 126 

1,072 

54 

54 

36 

18 

2 

2 

1 

1 

442 

434 

8 

1,701 

1,076 

625 

1,199 

726 

473 

44 

26 

18 

307 

245 

62 

2 

2 

2,230 

1, 186 

1,044 

9 

5 

4 

2 

2 

3,674 

2,641 

1,033 

3 

3 

71 

12 

59 

743 

393 

350 

193 

111 

82 

387 

379 

8 

20 

20 

47 

34 

13 

6,982 

4,683 

2, 299 

803 

565 

238 

147 

144 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

2 

136 

132 

4 

4 

4 

136 

90 

46 

116 

116 

11 

11 

23, 233 

16,108 

7.125 

Table  S9.— Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-bom  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


412 


The  Immif’rs.tion  Commission. 


>2;’“  0}  « 


1 

to 

fl 

o 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

- : 

. .(N  ; 

° : 

|C 

M coco  ; 

• < 

ro  CO  05  • 

(M  rH  • 

• CO  • • 1 

• CO  • • 1 

IC 

> 

: 

1 17 

1 

Or^  •< 

CO  • 

>oco  (M  1 

3 

54 

43 

4 

54 

2 

£ 

M 

1 

visit. 

05  • 

rH  O 05  • 

! 

1 

14 

211 

1 

1 248 

No 

visits. 

228 

1 

25 

4 

4 

643 

5 

39 

581 

35 

2 

199 

814 

24 

1 

1 

197 

1,636 

815 

3 

395 

1,157 

7 

2 

2,234 

Num- 

ber. 

05r-<»0<000  <3»QOrO--^0O  COOOi-HlOrH  I-I^JCOOCO 

^ <N  JC  ^joeo 

c^Ti-T  r.7  (N 

Number  reporting—  | 

3 or  ! 
more  j 

visits. 

i 

] rH  • 

r-((N  rH 

lO  rH 
rH  rH 

. Id  • 

05 

2 

visits. 

I . 

• O 

• (M 

00  lO  rH 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  rH 

<N  lO  rH 

CM 

1 16 

1 

visit.  ’ 

1 

!^e<i  co^CM-iiN  .-(cofoc'i 

. ,-1  o c^i  lo 

05  t-  rH 

(M  lO 

4 

44 

1 64 

No 

visits. 

100 

3 

4 

4 

62 

1 

20 

434 

17 

2 

94 

614 

7 

lO  CO  rH  rH  CO  Tf*  IM  rH  t>- 

OC  O CO  (N  CO  »o 

^ ^ ^ (M  rH 

Num- 

ber. 

102 



Wiooo 

00  (N  00  r-l  (N  t;~ 

lO  T-»  O 

219 

446 

209 

1 

132 

318 

3 

1 

546 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

: : 

r-4  rH  !N 

rH  QO  O 

; 

rH 

3 ! 

visits,  j 

1 CO  ^ 

• CO 

: 

! CO  rH 
.rH(M 

CM  tH  rH 

05 

1 

visit. 

I lo  • 

C^l  CO 

O 05  rH 

031 

013 

00  O rH 

o 

CM 

O 

No  1 
visits. 

05  ^ CO  • 

lO  • 

! lO^OOCCC^ 

. 05  1-H 

CO  rH 

CO  O rH 

lO  rH  rH  05  O CO 

rH  lO  ^ CO 

lO  rH  CO 

00 

s 

Num- 

ber. 

64 

1 

3 

1 

. >0  lO  O IM 

a>c<kio 

CO  CO  00  rH  05  CO  lO 

05  lO  »o 

CO  . rH 

g 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 

visits. 

I '<N 

I I 

lO 

2 

visits. 

. iO  • 

..MrH 

: 

• lO  CO 

. . to  • 

o 

1 

visit. 

43 

1 

I o 

• COCO 

CO  QO 
O 

2 

67 

(M 

00 

No 

visits. 

05 

O 

05  • 

• o • »-H  05  CO 

. CO  • r-l  05 

• CO  • 

(N  00  CO  T-l  I-H  t-.  CO  M r-4  O CO  oa  05 

05  (N  CO  (N  05  i-H 

^ 00 't*  rH  lO  -H 

Num- 

ber. 

73 

05  i 

434 

1 

11 

106 

7 

(MlO05rH  rH05HjH05i-H  C<l  rH  (N  i-H  CO 

rH  O CO  rH  C^l  00  rH 

in  05  10  rH  CO  (N 

jSa 

2 C tx  c3 
.C  O’.  O G 
o O 3 03  C3 

MWPQOO 


.d.£a 


s;2.2  l-Si 

uQQapH  pt(fMOOW 


fl  cTcl 

OJ  .2  "cS  ”3  "3 
l-Pl.H+eriS 


3 

.3  ......  - 

e3  o o 


(U  .S 

a 

S aj 
3 


Polish: 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


413 


414 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  Number  of  'persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativii' 

and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under 

6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45 

or  over. 

Total 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White  . . 

14 

24 

5 

11 

14 

12 

19 

|j 

Foreign-born; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

9 

13 

3 

3 

8 

7 

5 

Crniitiaii  

71 

23 

3 

14 

87 

75 

15 

2< 

Englisli 

5 

14 

4 

6 

11 

4 

10 

tJprman  

IS 

23 

6 

9 

10 

16 

15 

Irish  

5 

5 

1 

5 

6 

5 

5 

Italian,  North 

108 

79 

12 

18 

61 

90 

28 

3! 

Italian,  South 

02 

29 

7 

9 

48 

47 

12 

2 

Lithuanian 

55 

29 

3 

9 

27 

68 

13 

21 

Magyar 

87 

05 

6 

10 

73 

92 

24 

3,' 

Polish  

132 

99 

10 

28 

123 

155 

40 

51 



4 

1 

3 

12 

12 

2 



23 

7 

1 

23 

21 

1 

Ruthenian 

29 

20 

1 

23 

32 

38 

12 

li 

Slovak  

201 

184 

26 

50 

222 

261 

72 

Slovenian 

7 

4 

1 

10 

6 

2 

Total 

876 

595 

84 

187 

753 

897 

256 

3,6 

\ 

Grand  total 

890 

619 

m 

275 

3,7' 

1 

1 

female. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. . 
Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


13 

19 

3 

8 

13 

15 

12 

■i 

9 

10 

1 

6 

7 

6 

4 

•1 

64 

19 

2 

7 

64 

35 

5 

V 

7 

9 

2 

2 

6 

5 

7 

‘1 

17 

22 

6 

9 

12 

18 

10 

1 

4 

8 

1 

2 

6 

3 

4 

97 

74 

9 

14 

58 

70 

15 

3; 

44 

40 

6 

4 

28 

28 

8 

li 

43 

21 

3 

3 

43 

31 

5 

1 

102 

46 

5 

16 

78 

52 

8 

31 

159 

114 

17 

17 

95 

84 

17 

& 

4 

1 

1 

3 

5 

3 

15 

11 

3 

25 

9 

1 

< 

37 

22 

5 

5 

20 

20 

K 

286 

192 

28 

35 

179 

159 

35 

7 

7 

1 

5 

4 

2 

895 

596 

86 

127 

631 

527 

121 

2,91 

908 

1^ 

644 

1^ 

Total 

Grand  total 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


415 


Table  90. — Number  of  'persons  'within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  within  each  specifiecNage  group. 

Under 

6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45 

or  over. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  White.. 

27 

43 

8 

19 

27 

27 

31 

182 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

18 

23 

4 

9 

15 

13 

9 

91 

Croatian 

135 

42 

5 

21 

151 

no 

20 

484 

English 

12 

23 

6 

8 

17 

9 

17 

92 

German 

35 

45 

12 

18 

22 

34 

25 

191 

Irish 

9 

13 

2 

7 

12 

8 

9 

60 

Italian,  North 

205 

153 

21 

32 

119 

160 

43 

733 

Italian,  South 

106 

69 

13 

13 

76 

75 

20 

372 

Lithuanian 

98 

50 

6 

12 

70 

99 

18 

353 

Magyar 

Polish 

189 

111 

11 

26 

151 

144 

32 

664 

291 

213 

27 

45 

218 

239 

57 

1,090 

Roumanian 

8 

2 

1 

6 

17 

15 

2 

51 

Russian 

38 

18 

1 

3 

48 

30 

2 

140 

Ruthenian 

06 

42 

6 

28 

52 

58 

12 

264 

Slovak 

547 

376 

54 

85 

401 

420 

107 

1,990 

Slovenian 

14 

11 

1 

1 

15 

10 

4 

56 

Total 

1,771 

1,191 

170 

314 

1,384 

1,424 

377 

6,631 

Grand  total 

1,798 

1,234 

178 

333 

1,411 

1,451 

408 

6,813 

Table  91,— Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

to 

24. 

25 

to 

29. 

30 

to 

34. 

35  to 

44. 

45 

to 

54. 

55 

to 

64 

65  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

6,401 

6 

32 

69 

196 

210 

221 

237 

1,086 

965 

866 

1,315 

806 

339 

53 

Negro 

908 

1 

1 

3 

11 

11 

13 

10 

101 

130 

139 

270 

134 

53 

11 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  country  of 

birth  of  father: 

A n.Qtrfilin 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

590 

1 

13 

46 

107 

79 

71 

60 

164 

36 

6 

6 

1 

IITYI 

31 

1 

3 

8 

4 

1 

3 

8 

3 

Canaria 

24 

3 

6 

5 

8 

1 

1 

Tipnmjirlr 

a 

1 

1 

1 

ik...........*. 

England 

962;  5 

14 

23 

58 

63 

56 

61 

214 

143 

111 

139 

51 

23 

1 

Fran eft 

2 

5 

4 

5 

1 

9 

14 

10 

3 

7 

5 

Germany 

1,215 

1 1 

7 

20 

43 

60 

64 

57 

257 

182 

129 

210 

140 

43 

2 

Ireland 

799 

4 

6 

33 

28 

49 

30 

139 

no 

96 

155 

119 

23 

7 

T f'9.1  V 

62 

i '"i 

2 

7 

12 

13 

8 

5 

11 

2 

1 



Nptnprlanrls 

13 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

TR  niTmnnitv 

1 

1 

Rnjjsia 

91 

1 

5 

3 

10 

17 

14 

8 

24 

4 

1 

2 

2 

Scotland 

423 

; 1 

4 

20 

21 

19 

30 

30 

109 

66 

48 

49 

22 

3 

1 

S wpHpn 

37 

1 

3 

3 

6 

1 

4 

13 

6 

iJ  W C LiCli 

Rwityprland 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Wales 

208;  1 

2 

4 

"5 

12 

9 

9 

23 

41 

26 

4b 

17 

13 

Total 

4,542 

:i_n 

53 

139 

305 

308 

311 

271 

984 

616 

436 

1 620 

361 

114 

13 

Total  native-born... 

11,851 

j 18 

; 86 

211 

512 

529 

545  518 

2,171 

,1,731 

1,441  2,205 

1 1,301 

506 

77 

416 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  91. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  generm 
nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Num- 


Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

to 

24. 

25 

to 

29. 

30 

to 

34. 

35  to 
44. 

45 

to 

54. 

55 

to 

64. 

65  or 
over. 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mo- 

454 

4 

1 

5 

7 

0 

55 

86 

89 

123 

49 

27 

2 

1 

1 

31 

3^ 

10 

8 

4 

3 

3 

Canadian,  French 

10 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

19 

1 

4 

1 

3 

8 

2 

1,958 

0 

1 

5 

19 

62 

100 

502 

415 

313 

349 

116 

9 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

10 

1 

2 

2 

4 

1 

50 

1 

3 

1 

3 

15 

6 

13 

13 

1 

1,300 

2 

3 

6 

3 

11 

7 

100 

156 

199 

314 

309 

153 

43 

39 

3 

6 

9 

13 

7 

1 

3 

3 

335 

1,528 

1 

2 

4 

5 

11 

3 

27 

48 

55 

102 

54 

19 

4 

6 

18 

22 

19 

120 

187 

213 

396 

189 

339 

19 

1 

2 

1 

11 

21 

13 

18 

6 

2 

Hebrew  (other  than 
R iisssinn) 

3 

1 

1 

1 

H er7.pgnvinin.n 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

050 

1 

1 

2 

31 

56 

57 

153 

213 

119 

24 

Italian,  North 

3,355 

2,224 

! 2 

3 

12 

20 

^ 37 

69 

125 

750 

767 

650 

697 

190 

30 

3 

Ttfilinn  Sniitli 

1 

3 

2 

10 

24 

05 

85 

504 

519 

399 

420 

158 

28 

Italian  (not  specified). 
T.ithimnian  

94 

1 

1 

1 

32 

21 

12 

19 

7 

030 

3 

3 

3 

120 

184 

118 

150 

49 

6 

Mappdnnian 

5 

.... 

3 

1 

Magyar 

3,511 

12 

1 

5 

27 

41 

89 

124 

665 

744 

671 

836 

270 

34 

4 

Montenegrin 

1 

3 

1 

5 

2 

Norwegian 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Polish 

5,974 

7 

2 

10 

16 

41 

104 

147 

1,132 

1,397 

3 

1,088 

1,435 

2 

506 

83 

13 

Portuguese 

2 

Roumanian 

103 

4 

3 

3 

10 

26 

16 

29 

ii 

1 

Russian 

1,274 

2 

2 

3 

7 

22 

44 

264 

320 

240 

276 

82 

11 

1 

Ruthenian 

281 

1 

4 

10 

16 

44 

71 

46 

71 

16 

1 

1 

Scotch 

501 

2 

11 

7 

8 

4 

46 

50 

85 

123 

151 

61 

13 

Scotch-Irish 

20 

1 

2 

3 

5 

5 

10 

Servian 

85 

1 

3 

4 

24 

25 

13 

11 

3 

1 

Slovak 

9,925 

1,550 

5 

12 

42 

104 

257 

311 

1,909 

2,059 

371 

1,656 

275 

2, 536 
292 

865 

151 

18 

Slovenian 

1 

7 

12 

42 

59 

356 

114 

18 

3 

Spanish 

1 

1 

Swedish 

216 

1 

1 

3 

17 

16 

33 

68 

50 

23 

4 

Syrian 

5 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Turkish 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Welsh 

191 

1 

1 

2 

1 

15 

12 

23 

49 

45 

29 

13 

Australian  (race  not 
specified) 

6 

2 

2 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 
specified) 

245 

4 

6 

4 

43 

62 

49 

62 

12 

3 

Bel  g i a n (race  not 
specified) 

153 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

13 

23 

15 

50 

30 

9 

1 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

14 

1 

7 

3 

2 

1 

Total  foreign-born . . 

36,955 

4 

22 

57 

174 

348 

807 

1,081 

6,883 

7,690 

6,369 

8,646 

3,538 

1,165 

171 

Grand  total 

48,806 

268 

686 

877 

1,352 

1,599 

9,054 

9,421 

7,810 

10,851 

4,839 

1,671 

248 

j 22jl08 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


417 


''able  92. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  hoarding,  etc.,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

Number  of  families— 

Owning 

home. 

Renting 

home. 

Board- 

ing. 

Lodging. 

In  other 
condi- 
tions. 

Total. 

14 

19 

33 

— 

Foreign-born; 

7 

10 

17 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3 

105 

108 

6 

10 

1 

17 

15 

16 

2 

33 

7 

3 

1 

11 

15 

129 

144 

T+f»lir\n  Gr»ntll  

7 

57 

1 

1 

66 

6 

75 

81 

5 

147 

1 

153 

Prtlich  

17 

184 

1 

1 

203 

10 

10 

38 

38 

5 

38 

43 

GlrtYTO  b"  

16 

370 

2 

1 

389 

Slovenian 

2 

10 

12 

Total 

111 

1,202 

3 

4 

5 

1,325 

Grand  total 

125 

1,221 

3 

4 

5 

1,358 

418 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  93. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 
MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

At  home. 

1 At  school. 

1 At  work. 

Total. 

1 At  home. 

At  school. 

1 At  work. 

Total. 

1 At  home. 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

15 

15 

1 

23 

24 

4 

1 

5 

16 

27 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 

by  race  of  father: 

6 

6 

2 

8 

10 

3 

3 

8 

11 

n 

Croatian 

C9 

69 

5 

9 

14 

1 

i 

2 

74 

10 

i 

5 

5 

13 

13 

2 

2 

4 

0 

15 

2 

2; 

17 

17 

i 

20 

21 

5 

1 

6 

18 

25 

1 

4^ 

Irish 

5 

5 

4 

4 

1 

1 

5 

5 

1( 

Italian,  North 

97 

2 

99 

5 

41 

46 

5 

3 

8 

102 

48 

3 

15: 

Italian,  South 

54 

2 

56 

6 

14 

20 

2 

2 

4 

60 

18 

2 

8( 

Lithuanian 

53 

53 

5 

18 

i 

24 

1 

1 

58 

18 

2 

7> 

Magyar 

82 

1 

83 

6 

37 

43 

2 

1 

3 

88 

40 

1 

12i 

Polish 

124 

124 

14 

68 

82 

5 

3 

8 

138 

73 

3 

2h 

Roumanian 

4 

4 

4 

Russian 

22 

22 

5 

5 

1 

1 

22 

5 

1 

2i:' 

Ruthenian 

28 

28 

4 

9 

13 

32 

9 

41 

Slovak 

24C 

246 

20 

128 

i 

149 

15 

8 

23 

266 

143 

”*9 

4fi 

Slovenian 

7 

7 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

9 

2 

1 

L 

Total 

819 

5 

824 

70 

376 

2 

448 

41 

24 

65 

889 

422 

26 

1,337 

Total  native-born 

834 

5 

839 

71 

399 

2 

472 

25 

70 

905 

449 

27 

1,381 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

fi 

Croatian 

2 

2 

2 

7 

9 

1 

1 

4 

7 

i 

12 

English 

1 

1 

1 

1 

German 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Irish 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

9 

9 

5 

28 

33 

1 

1 

2 

4 

15 

29 

2 

46 

Italian,  South 

5 

5 

2 

7 

9 

1 

1 

3 

8 

8 

1 

17 

Lithuanian 

2 

2 

1 

4 

5 

2 

2 

3 

4 

2 

y 

Magyar 

4 

4 

3 

19 

22 

3 

3 

7 

22 

29 

Polish 

8 

8 

5 

12 

17 

1 

.... 

2 

13 

13 

i 

27 

Roumanian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Russian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

Ruthenian 

1 

1 

1 

6 

7 

1 

1 

2 

7 

9 

Slovak 

16 

16 

7 

28 

35 

"i 

1 

'"i 

3 

24 

29 

.... 

54 

Total  foreign-bom 

51 

51 

27 

120 

147 

3 

8 

8 

19 

81 

128 

8 

217 

Grand  total 

885 

5 

... 

890 

98 

519 

2 

619 

3 

53 

33 

89 

986 

577 

35 

1,598 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania, 


419 


Fable  93. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual— Gonimuea. 

FEMALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

individual. 

At  home. 

O 

o 

o 

CO 

< 

M 

o 

< 

Total. 

j At  home. 

At  school. 

I At  work. 

Total. 

1 At  home. 

j At  school. 

j At  work. 

j Total. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

j At  work. 

3 

o 

E" 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

14 

14 

1 

18. 

19 . 

3 . 

3 

15 

21  . 

36 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

8 

63 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

9 

3 

1 

13 

63 

5 

7 

12 

1 

1 

69 

7 

76 

15 

43 

13 

English 

5 

16 

1 

6 

16 

8 

22 

8 

22 

"i 

1 

4 

5 

5 

17 

10 

26 

8 

4 

4 

i 

7 

8 



1 

1 

5 

— 

90 

90 

9 

43 

52 

1 

3 

4 

100 

47 

46 

25 



146 

72 

59 

134 

248 

4 

Ti-oHoTi  ftnnfh  

42 

42 

4 

24 

28 

1 

1 

2 

T i+V»noTiiOTI 

43 

43 

3 

12 

15 

1 

1 

47 

12 

Magyar 

Polish 

97 

148 

4 

1 

1 

98 

149 

4 

7 

18 

27 

66 

34 

84 

2 

12 

'■'2 

2 

15 

104 

167 

4 

30 

79 

'”2 

Roumanian 

11 

11 

1 

5 

6 

12 

5 

17 

55 

443 

10 



35 

35 

2 

15 



17 

'io 

1... 

3 

3 

37 

308 

8 

18 

130 

2 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

266 

7 

3 

269 

7 

32 

1 

120 

2 

... 

152 

3 

7 

5 

22 

5 

Total 

839 

6 

845 

84 

361 

445 

16 

34 

8 

58 

939 

1 401 

8 

1,348 

Total  native-born 

853 

6 

859 

85 

379 

464 

16 

37 

8 

~61 

954 

8 

1,3^ 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

. . 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

1 

6 

7 

1 

"'i 

6 

7 

1 

1 

2 

7 

— 

9 

o 

English 

(Tftrman 

1 

1 

1 

1 

"i 

1 

— 

1 

1 

2 

2 

. . . . 

2 

Italian,  North 

Italian  Smith  

6 

2 

I 1 

7 

2 

7 

! 5 

15 
1 7 

22 

12 

;"2 

5 

2 

e 

4 

; 13 

1 9 

21 

1 9 



34 

18 

8 

1 Q 

Lithuanian ............. 

4 

■ 2 

e 

2 

! 4 

4 

1 1C 
! 2C 

Mapvar  ..... 

A 

t ... 

4 

1 4 

t 8 

12 

! “i 

2 

t 9 

5 22 

1 

42 

Polish  

1C 

1 ... 

1C 

) 11 

1C 

1 ... 

3C 

1 1 

1 

1 

1?  or>  ion 

1 

1 

L 1 

1 

L 1 

] 

2 

T?  It  oni  on 

1 

1 ] 

L ^ 

i 

P 

) 4 

i 

9 

*1?  n<-V»onion 

1 

1 i 

1 i 

1 ... 

P 

i 5 

> 

2 ( 

5 3^ 

\ 

9 

63 

4 

Xv  U UlcillcHl  •••••••••••••> 

Slovak 

1' 

I ... 

1' 

J ' 

I 3^ 

5 ... 

t ... 

! 4( 

) i 

i 4 

1 .... 

( 

3 2( 

J 

i .... 

Total  foreign-born 

4S 

^ ] 

1 .. 

.j  41 

i 41 

2 101 

) .. 

. 15: 

1 1( 

) 1! 

3... 

. 2i 

5 10( 

) 12! 

^ ... 

. 228 

Grand  total 

. 90: 

l|  ’ 

} .. 

. 901 

S 12' 

7 48! 

i.. 

. 611 

5 2( 

3 51 

5 1 

3 8' 

9 1,05 

i 55( 

3 1 

3 1,612 

420  The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  93. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual— QontmuQd. 

TOTAL. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

% 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

6 

I 

.Cl 

0 

1 

.i4 

O 

■(J 

o 

i 

.cl 

< 

"o 

o 

.Cl 

o 

< 

i-i 

o 

< 

3 

o 

a 

o 

.Cl 

< 

'o 

0 

1 
<! 

o 

< 

'3 

o 

e* 

a5 

a 

o 

A 

■tj 

o 

o 

A 

o 

VI 

A 

o 

< 

o 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

29 

29 

2 

41 

43 

7 

1 

o 

31 

48 

1 

1 

o 

80 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

14 

14 

3 

11 

14 

26 

21 

43 

12 

3 

2 

4 

17 

143 

1 

14 

17 

OfC 

1 

1 

o 

QO 

132 

132 

10 

10 

21 

42 

11 

1 

1 

3 

1 

o 

English 

10 

1 

11 

1 

2 

o 

K 

lol 

37 

87 

OQ 

German 

33 

33 

1 

2 

9 

2 

2 

o 

11 

2 

JIU 

35 

10 

/o 

51 

13 

1 

Irish 

9 

9 

1 

Italian,  North 

187 

2 

189 

14 

10 

8 

13 

32 

84 

98 

1 

2 

8 

3 

3 

2 

12 

g 

202 

107 

QA 

3 

o 

299 

152 

Italian,  South 

9(i 

2 

98 

38 

30 

04 

134 

48 

39 

77 

166 

y4 

AU 

Lithuanian 

9ii 

! 

96 

181 

1 

2 

1 

o 

lU/ 

105 

1 QO 

30 

7n 

2 

1 

Magyar 

179 

1 2 

4 

L 

5 

23 

lo/ 

263 

462 

Polish 

272 

1 

273 

2 

17 

c 

J WZ 

/U 
1 KO 

1 

o 

ouo 

lOifi 

5 

Roumanian 

8 

1 

8 

3 

Russian 

33 

33 

1 

10 

11 

30 

301 

7 

2 

2 

34 

09 

10 

07 

1 

o 

45 

96 

Ruthenian 

03 

03 

G 

24 

248 

4 

3 

3 

X 

Slovak 

512 

3 

515 

14 

52 

3 

2 

io 

22 

13 

2 

45 

1 

07Q 

1 A 

Slovenian 

14 

1 

0/4 

17 

Z/O 

A 

14 

1 

ool 

22 

I 

Total 

1,058 

11 

1,009 

154 

737 

2 

893 

16 

75 

32 

123 

1,828 

COQ 

2,685 

111 

o4 

Total  native-born 

1,087 

ill 

1,098 

156 

~l78 

2 

936 

16 

33 

131 

1,859 

871 

35 

2,765 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

r 

4 

9 

9 

4 

9 

13 

21 

q 

( roatian 

3 

i 

3 

3 

13 

2 

16 

2 

2 

14 

q 

• 

English 

2 

2 

D 

(ierman 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

9 

o 

9 

u 

A 

Irish 

1 

1 

1 

1 

QA 

Italian,  North 

15 

1 

16 

7 

12 

7 

43 

14 

6 

55 

21 

11 

34 

47 

2 

1 

3 

Q 

2 

9 

7 

28 

17 

7 

2 

1 

0 

Italian,  South 

7 

3 

2 

ou 

17 

8 

32 

33 

2 

oU 

3.5 
17 
. 48 

G9 

q 

Lithuanian 

2 

2 

5 

2 

2 

4 

Magyar 

g 

8 

18 

7 

27 

31 

2 

1 

5 

6 

4 

16 

35 

1 

7 

Polish 

18 

16 

1 

1 

2 

"’i 

Roumanian 

1 

Russian 

5 

5 

2 

5 

7 

5 

t) 

12 

18 

117 

4 

Ruthenian 

3 

3 

3 

• 9 
61 
4 

12 

75 

4 

2 

1 

5 

3 

8 

50 

10 

Slovak 

33 

33 

14 

3 

'"i 

9 

1 

Slovenian 

Ou 

4 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

99 

1 

100 

69 

229 

298 

13 

26 

8 

47 

181 

256 

8 

445 

Grand  total 

1,786 

12 

1,798 

225 

1,007 

2 

l,234j 

29 

108 

41 

178 

2,040 

1,127 

43 

3,210 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


421 


Fable  94:,— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Bosnian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 


Croatian. . . 
Dalmatian . 

Danish 

Dutch 

English . . . 


o ^ 
(D'd 


i- 

ZB 
S S 


Finnish . 
French., 
German . 
Greek... 
Irish.... 


Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified). 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 


Montenegrin. 
Norwegian . . 

Polish 

Portuguese . . 
Roumanian . 


Russian 

Ruthenian . . 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish . 
Servian 


Slovak 

Slovenian . 
Swedish . . 
Welsh 


not 


Australian  (race 

specified) 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 


168 

1 

4 
1 

5 

463 

2 

7 

18 

437 

24 

149 

702 

28 

275 

1,081 
687 
26 
222 
1, 065 

7 

1 

2,074 

5 


343 

74 

202 

3 

20 

3,233 

523 

101 

65 


In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Aliens. 

Having  nrst 
papers  only. 

Having  sec- 
ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

1 Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  sec- 

ond papers. 

Total. 

39 

38 

5 

82 

4 

12 

70 

86 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

361 

9 

5 

375 

69 

5 

14 

88 

1 

2 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

2 

6 

2 

8 

3 

7 

10 

39 

24 

”9’ 

72 

39 

’29* 

297 

365 

9 

1 

10 

8 

1 

5 

14 

50 

21 

"2 

73 

12 

12 

52 

76 

99 

50 

15 

164 

49 

52 

437 

538 

14 

2 

16 

9 

1 

2 

12 

8 

2 

’3' 

13 

19 

12 

231 

262 

562 

98 

50 

710 

158 

56 

157 

371 

357 

54 

27 

438 

111 

32 

106 

249 

12 

3 

2 

17 

3 

1 

5 

9 

109 

10 

5 

124 

56 

11 

31 

98 

654 

40 

13 

707 

232 

53 

73 

358 

5 

5 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1,149 

63 

17 

1,229 

454 

112 

279 

845 

3 

3 

2 

2 

4 

4 

1 

2 

1 

4 

195 

8 

2 

205 

94 

19 

25 

138 

37 

2 

1 

40 

23 

5 

6 

34 

29 

5 

2 

36 

21 

10 

135 

166 

3 

3 

10 

2 

12 

4 

2 

2 

8 

1,711 

79 

23 

1,813 

945 

168 

307 

1,420 

269 

80 

12 

301 

77 

23 

62 

162 

7 

6 

3 

16 

6 

8 

71 

85 

2 

1 

1 

4 

2 

8 

51 

61 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4 

53 

8 

4 

65 

11 

1 

5 

17 

15 

2 

1 

18 

7 

5 

39 

51 

2 

2 

5,817 

614 

202 

jo,  633 

2,420 

644 

2, 485 

5,549 

Total. 


Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  sec- 

ond papers. 

Total. 

43 

50 

75 

168 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

5 

430 

14 

19 

463 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

7 

9 

2 

7 

18 

78 

53 

306 

437 

17 

2 

5 

24 

62 

33 

54 

149 

148 

102 

452 

702 

23 

3 

2 

28 

27 

14 

234 

275 

720 

154 

207 

1,081 

468 

86 

133 

687 

15 

4 

7 

26 

165 

21 

36 

222 

886 

93 

86 

1,065 

5 

2 

7 

1 

1,603 

175 

296 

2,074 

3 

2 

5 

5 

2 

1 

8 

289 

27 

27 

343 

60 

7 

7 

74 

50 

15 

137 

202 

3 

3 

14 

4 

2 

20 

2,656 

247 

330 

3,233 

346 

103 

74 

523 

13 

14 

74 

101 

4 

9 

52 

65 

4 

1 

5 

64 

9 

9 

82 

22 

7 

40 

69 

2 

2 

1,258 


2,687 


Total 


12, 182 


422 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  95. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  'males  'who  have  been  in  the  Un 
States  5 years  or  over  and  'who  'were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  rac* 
of  individ'oal  and  length  of  residence. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.] 


tc 

a 

In  United  States 

In  United  States  10 

Total 

■S  . 

5 to  9 years. 

years  or  over. 

1 

, 

1 

, 

Race  of  Individual. 

II 

S o. 

St 

« W 

a; 

rr,  ^ 

CO  ^ 

. 

St 

S 2 

o 

" o, 

o 

O 

§1 

c/5 

tUO  OT 
0 

CO 

be  ^ 

a 'S, 

Aliens. 

be  te 

a S 

Total. 

o 

a 

QJ 

< 

■>  g- 
ce  g 

a a 
X ° 

Total 

a 

.2 

< 

> a, 
a « 
X ^ 

OS  fl 

X ° 

Total 

> » 
03  S 

X ^ 

<s  a 

W ° 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

8 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

3 

5 

2 

3 

3 

1 



65 

38 

1 

• • • . 

39 

19 

4 

3 

26 

57 

5 

3 

61 

TP  c»Vi 

9 

1 

8 

9 

1 

8 

( 

nnrman  . . 

15 

1 

1 

13 

15 

1 

1 

13 

11 

Irish  * 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

; 

North  

95 

33 

5 

2 

40 

14 

13 

28 

55 

47 

18 

30 

91 

Ttaliafi  .South 

50 

16 

2 

3 

21 

11 

4 

14 

29 

27 

6 

17 

51 

r,jth'ianian  

49 

23 

2 

1 

26 

16 

3 

4 

23 

39 

5 

5 

4* 

Mfl.pyar  .... 

69 

25 

6 

1 

32 

20 

4 

13 

37 

45 

10 

14 

6) 

Polish  

127 

59 

3 



62 

30 

16 

19 

65 

89 

19 

19 

121 

g 

g 

8 

8 

1 

Russian 

18 

10 

2 

1 

13 

3 

1 

1 

5 

13 

3 

2 

11 

Ruthenian 

26 

14 

1 

15 

7 

1 

3 

11 

21 

1 

4 

2( 

Slovak 

198 

66 

"e' 

72 

76 

16 

34 

126 

142 

22 

34 

191 

Slovenian 

6 

5 

5 

1 

1 

5 

1 

( 

Total . 

746 

298 

29 

9 

336 

199 

66 

145 

410 

497 

95 

154 

74t 

1 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania 


423 


BLE  9(i,—Ahility  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


neral  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Totai. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

N umber 
who 
speak 
English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

spe.ak 

English. 

itive-born  of  foreign  father, 
)y  race  of  father: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian... 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian.  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

29 

30 
95 

124 

64 

44 

87 

211 

12 

38 

417 

8 

18 

16 

43 

62 

29 

27 

47 

104 

6 

16 

211 

5 

18 

15 

43 

89 

29 

23 

45 

96 

6 

15 

197 

5 

11 

14 

52 

62 

35 

17 

40 

107 

6 

22 

206 

3 

11 

10 

52 

59 

32 

15 

39 

97 

5 

21 

187 

3 

29 

30 
95 

124 

64 

44 

87 

211 

12 

38 

417 

8 

29 

25 

95 

118 

61 

38 

84 

193 

11 

36 

384 

8 

Total  native-born 

1,159 

584 

551 

575 

531 

1,159 

1,082 

)reign-born; 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

47 

25 

15 

22 

13 

47 

28 

I 

Tir»onion 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

315 

200 

85 

115 

26 

315 

111 

French 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

German 

60 

34 

32 

26 

26 

60 

58 

Italian,  North 

399 

226 

164 

173 

70 

399 

234 

Italian,  South 

202 

124 

75 

78 

23 

202 

98 

Lithuanian 

209 

122 

67 

87 

31 

209 

98 

Magj’ar 

381 

216 

146 

165 

82 

381 

228 

Polish 

591 

358 

150 

233 

87 

591 

237 

RnnTna.nian  

49 

36 

1 

13 

2 

49 

3 

Russian 

85 

42 

14 

43 

7 

85 

21 

Ruthenian 

156 

107 

29 

49 

6 

156 

35 

Slovak  

1,025 

601 

283 

424 

134 

1,025 

417 

Slovenian 

35 

18 

9 

17 

6 

35 

15 

Total  foreign-born 

3,550 

2,110 

1,071 

1,446 

514 

3,556 

1,585 

Grand  total 

4,715 

2,694 

1 1,622 

2,021 

1,045 

4,715 

2,667 

424 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  97. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


MALE, 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  State* 

Race  of  Individual. 

Number 

reporting 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

Number. 

N umber 
who 
speak 
English. 

Number. 

N umb( 
who 
speak 
Englisl 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

25 

4 

4 

21 

Bnsnian  

1 

1 

Croatian 

200 

19 

15 

181 

German 

34 

11 

11 

23 

Italian,  North  

226 

55 

51 

171 

1 

Italian,  South  

124 

14 

13 

110 

Lithuanian  

122 

12 

12 

no 

Magyar  

216 

36 

33 

180 

1 

Polish 

358 

40 

33 

318 

1 

Roumanian 

36 

1 

1 

35 

Russian  

42 

3 

2 

39 

Ruthenian 

107 

13 

8 

94 

Slovak 

601 

82 

73 

519 

2 

Slovenian 

18 

2 

2 

16 

Total 

2,110 

292 

258 

1,818 

8 

FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

22 

7 

6 

15 

Croatian 

115 

11 

11 

104 

Frpnrh  

1 

1 

1 

German 

26 

5 

5 

21 

Itaiian,  North 

173 

39 

34 

134 

•j 

Italian,  South 

78 

17 

11 

61 

Lithuanian 

87 

12 

11 

75 

Magyar 

165 

29 

22 

136 

ti 

Poiish 

233 

57 

46 

176 

Roumanian 

13 

2 

1 

11 

Russian 

43 

7 

3 

36 

Ruthenian 

49 

9 

3 

40 

Slovak 

424 

77 

65 

347 

( 

Slovenian 

17 

5 

5 

12 

Total 

1,446 

278 

224 

1,108 

2S 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bosnian 

Croatian 

French 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 


47 

11 

10 

36 

1 

1 

315 

30 

26 

285 

1 

1 

1 

60 

16 

16 

44 

4 

399 

94 

85 

305 

u 

202 

31 

24 

171 

1 

209 

24 

23 

185 

7 

381 

65 

55 

316 

Yi 

591 

97 

79 

494 

i; 

49 

3 

2 

46 

85 

10 

5 

75 

] 

1,56 

22 

11 

134 

7' 

1,025 

1.59 

138 

866 

27, 

35 

7 

7 

28 

3,556 

570 

482 

2,986 

1,1C! 

Total 


General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


425 


Table  98. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over^  by  sex, 
years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  fe  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  in- 
cludes only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bosnian 

Croatian 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Total 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

French 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Total 


Number 

rei)orting 

com])lete 

data. 

1 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number, 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

25 

13 

4 

3 

2 

9 

9 

1 

1 

1 

200 

79 

19 

69 

34 

52 

32 

34 

4 

4 

30 

28 

226 

70 

33 

65 

45 

91 

86 

124 

47 

13 

37 

30 

40 

32 

122 

32 

7 

43 

21 

47 

39 

216 

75 

32 

60 

39 

81 

75 

358 

136 

21 

96 

33 

126 

96 

36 

24 

12 

1 

42 

10 

22 

6 

10 

g 

107 

51 

27 

11 

29 

18 

601 

187 

30 

146 

71 

268 

182 

18 

6 

5 

5 

4 

2,110 

735 

164 

587 

298 

788 

609 

FEMALE. 


22 

12 

4 

3 

2 

7 

7 

115 

57 

2 

40 

14 

18 

10 

1 

1 

26 

4 

4 

22 

22 

173 

72 

15 

59 

24 

42 

31 

78 

36 

4 

23 

8 

19 

11 

87 

29 

6 

38 

12 

20 

13 

165 

67 

16 

45 

26 

53 

40 

233 

81 

10 

68 

26 

84 

51 

13 

9 

1 

4 

1 

43 

30 

1 

7 

3 

6 

3 

49 

19 

16 

3 

14 

3 

424 

128 

17 

141 

50 

155 

67 

17 

6 

7 

4 

4 

2 

1,446 

550 

80 

451 

173 

445 

261 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

47 

25 

1 

8 

6 

4 

16 

16 

Bosnian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

315 

1 

136 

21 

109 

48 

70 

A*} 

French 

1 

1 

50 

117 

German 

60 

8 

8 

48 

17 

13 

48 

31 

1 

52 

1.33 

59 

Italian,  North 

399 

142 

83 

61 

142 

217 

33 

124 

60 

81 

105 

164 

16 

29 

43 

287 

14 

6Q 

Italian,  South 

202 

38 

33 

65 

Lithuanian 

209 

67 

1 ad 

^9 

Magyar 

381 

591 

49 

lie 

Polish 

lo^ 

910 

ilO 

1 47 

Roumanian 

OtJ 

2 

I**/ 

Russian 

85 

1.56 

40 

70 

315 

12 

1 

g 

1 0 

1 1 

Ruthenian. 

14 

191 

ID 

43 

11 

21 

oaq 

Slovak 

1,025 

.35 

47 

Slovenian 

1^1 

9 

9 

ft 

o 

, Total 

3.. 5.56 

1,285 

244 

1,038 

471 

1,233 

870 

48296°— VOL  7—11 28 


426 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  99 •—Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employ eeSy  by  age  at  time  q, 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.) 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Number 

reporting 

Number 

who 

Under  14. 

14  or  over.  ^ 

complete 

data. 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English., 

451 

313 

102 

100 

349 

21 

1 

1 

1 

30 

9 

30 

10 

10 

3 

3 

7 

1,945 

1,054 

16 

11 

1,929 

1,04 

6 

3 

6 

10 

7 

10 

56 

47 

16 

16 

40 

3 

39 

26 

2 

2 

37 

2 

TTliamtoH  ... 

3 

3 

3 

3 

French 

328 

235 

73 

71 

255 

16 

German 

1,511 

1,375 

401 

401 

1,110 

97 

Greek 

75 

49 

2 

2 

73 

4 

Hebrew  (other  then  . . . 

3 

3 

T1  .... 

3 

1 

3 

Itfllien  

3,323 

2,197 

1,953 

1,324 

.54 

141 

129 

3,182 

1,82 

Itelien  pr^nt.h  

95 

87 

2, 102 

1,23 

Italian  (not  specified) 

90 

3 

3 

87 

6 

I .ith'iJinian  ..  

630 

448 

22 

21 

608 

42 

r\n  1 c»  Tl  

5 

5 

3,489 

12 

1,774 

8 

97 

87 

3,392 

1,68 

\fnntpnpprin  

2 

2 

10 

Norw^j^ie^  

5 

5 

5 

Polish 

5,900 

7 

2,968 

3 

250 

240 

5, 650 

2,72 

Portugu*^*^^  - 

7 

Poil^^ninn  

100 

45 

100 

4 

Russian  

1,265 

720 

26 

22 

1,239 

69 

T?iit.hpnian  

280 

126 

8 

6 

272 

12 

pprvian  

84 

51 

2 

1 

82 

5 

Slovak  

9,853 

1,534 

1 

5,628 

914 

437 

402 

9,416 

5,22 

Slovenian 

57 

54 

1,477 

86 

Ppeni^h  - - 

1 

1 

Swedish 

216 

210 

33 

33 

183 

17 

Syrian 

5 

4 

1 

1 

4 

Turkish  . . . . . . 

4 

3 

4 

Australian  (rapp  nnt.  sppplfipfli 

5 

5 

5 

A ust’’i*^n  (ra.pp  not  specified) 

235 

202 

12 

12 

223 

19 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

151 

117 

43 

43 

108 

7 

Sw^ss  (race  not  specified) 

14 

14 

8 

8 

6 

Total 

33,876 

19,711 

1,855 

1,760 

32,021 

17^ 

General  Tables:  Pennsylvania. 


427 


Fable  100. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.  This  table  In- 
cludes only  non-English-speaking  races.) 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Num- 
ber who 
^eak 
Eng- 
lish. 

Year! 

Under  5. 

5 in  the  United  S 

5 to  9. 

tates. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
Eng- 
lish. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
^eak 
Eng- 
lish. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
Eng- 
lish. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

451 

313 

117 

38 

109 

75 

225 

200 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bulgarian 

30 

9 

23 

2 

4 

4 

3 

3 

10 

10 

1 

1 

9 

9 

Croatian.' 

1,945 

1,054 

1,103 

494 

666 

425 

176 

135 

Dalmatian 

6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Danish 

10 

7 

2 

1 

5 

3 

3 

3 

Dutch 

56 

47 

13 

8 

12 

9 

31 

30 

Finnish 

39 

26 

7 

3 

12 

8 

20 

15 

Flemish 

3 

3 

3 

3 

French 

328 

235 

63 

18 

95 

64 

170 

153 

Serman 

1,511 

1,375 

181 

117 

209 

174 

1,121 

1,084 

Sreek 

75 

49 

28 

10 

28 

22 

19 

17 

Bebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Berzegovinian 

3 

1 

2 

1 

j 

Italian,  North 

3,323 

1,953 

1,585 

649 

1,114 

778 

624 

526 

Kalian,  South 

2,197 

1,324 

1,034 

439 

756 

542 

407 

343 

Italian  (not  specified) 

90 

54 

46 

18 

27 

22 

17 

14 

Lithuanian 

630 

448 

203 

79 

233 

194 

194 

175 

Macedonian 

5 

5 

Magyar 

3, 489 

1,774 

1,837 

626 

1,068 

694 

584 

454 

Montenegrin 

12 

8 

3 

2 

5 

2 

4 

4 

J^orwegian 

5 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Polish 

5,900 

2,968 

2,620 

781 

1,835 

1,058 

1,445 

1,129 

Portuguese 

7 

3 

3 

1 

4 

2 

Roumanian 

100 

45 

92 

39 

5 

3 

3 

3 

Russian 

1,265 

720 

718 

297 

320 

231 

227 

192 

Ruthenian 

280 

126 

143 

29 

66 

36 

71 

61 

Servian 

84 

51 

41 

19 

29 

22 

14 

10 

Slovak 

9,853 

5,628 

3,717 

1,291 

3,137 

1,938 

2,999 

2,399 

Slovenian 

1,534 

914 

706 

295 

566 

403 

262 

216 

Spanish 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Swedish 

216 

210 

17 

11 

23 

23 

176 

176 

Syrian 

5 

4 

4 

3 

1 

1 

Turkish 

4 

3 

4 

3 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

5 

5 

1 

1 

4 

4 

A.ustrian  (race  not  specified) 

235 

202 

98 

77 

97 

86 

40 

39 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

151 

117 

16 

6 

29 

18 

106 

93 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

14 

14 

14 

14 

Total 

33,876 

19,711 

14,435 

5,358 

10,461 

6,842 

8,980 

7,511 

428 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


m.— THE  MIDDLE  WEST. 

Table  101. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity  am:  ^ 

race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 

Total 
number 
of  per- 
sons in 

Number  of  persons  for  whom 
detailed  information  was 
secured. 

holds. 

house- 

holds. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White 

22 

79 

43 

36 

7 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

51 

213 

106 

107 

21 

Italian,  South 

25 

121 

61 

55 

IP 

Lithuanian.  

50 

234 

111 

101 

21 

Pnli<;h  

23 

111 

52 

44 

9 

Total 

149 

679 

330 

307 

63 

rifnnfl  total  

171 

758 

373 

343 

71 

Table  Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  inj or mation  was  secured,  by  sex  am 

general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign- born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Scotch 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

I 

43 

39 

8 

48 

54 

10 

20 

21 

4 

59 

46 

10 

22 

21 

4 

149 

142 

29( 

192 

181 



37 

58 

50 

10 

41 

34 

7 

52 

55 

10 

30 

22 

5 

1 

181 

162 

34 

373 

343 

71. 

i General  Tables:  Middle  West.  429 

Table  103.— number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father: 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 


Total 

number. 


6,003 

584 


1 

174 

10 

18 

5 


England . 
France. .. 
Germany 
Ireland . . 


590 

67 

883 

322 


Italy 

Netherlands, 

Norway 

Russia 


56 
2 
4 

57 


Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 


286 

20 

10 

212 


2,717 


9,304 


253 

17 

11 

8 

183 

7 

22 

812 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Total 

number. 


Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued. 

Finnish 

French 


29 

194 


Genrian 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 
Irish 


864 

12 

2 

128 


Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 


1,716 

422 

4 

1, 086 
648 


Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian.. 

Polish 

Roumanian. 


1 

33 

7 

823 

11 


Russian 

Ruthenian. 

Scotch 

Scotch-Irish 
Servian 


377 

20 

350 

1 

24 


Slovak 

Slovenian 
Swedish . . 
Syrian. . . 
Welsh..., 


796 

99 

67 

8 

160 


Australian  (race  not  specified). 
Austrian  (race  not  specified). . 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) — 
Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


1 

127 

102 

8 


9,433 


Danish. 
Dutch . . 
English 


18,737 


430 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  104. Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specifie* 

number  of  years,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  State.s.  No  deduction  J 
^ made  for  time  spent  abroad.) 


Number 

Number  inUnited  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

report- 

Race. 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9.  : 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

vian 

Bulgarian 

252 

17 

10 

8 

181 

6 

5 

30 

4 

1 

1 

7 

30 

4 

19 

1 

71 

5 , 
4 . 

8 

29 

2 

C 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

2 

15 

15 

3 

90 

28 

16 

: 

7 

4 

j 

Dutch 

English 

22 

796 

1 

28 

2 

29 

3 

50 

i 

2 

47 

2 

1 

49 

5 

5 

96 

12 

10 

5 

4 

22 

2 

4(1 

12 

12 

22 

French 

192 

2 

8 

12 

9 

68 

42! 

German 

856 

11 

2 

125 

20 

20 

35 

1 

36 

3 

35 

1 

106 

3 

26 

1 

151 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than 

2 

1 

Russian) 

Irish 

2 

2 

5 

1 

2 

10 

3 

6 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

1,699 

419 

16 

2 

39 

8 

104 

39 

178 

50 

158 

45 

2 

687 

206 

1 

176 

37 

197 

14 

1 

h 

■ 

Italian  (not  specified). . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

4 

1,086 

632 

1 

4 

14 

6 

20 

37 

68 

83 

85 

108 

64 

426 

244 

204 

47 

160 

55 

Mexican 

33 

9 

7 

8 

9 

i' 



7 

1 

2 

92 

1 

Polish 

810 

11 

372 

20 

346 

22 

14 

1 

70 

1 

45 

4 

77 

3 

65 

2 

305 

3 

86 

Roumanian 

Russian 

5 

1 

8 

33 

3 

31 

7 

130 

4 

48 

49 

1 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

13 

15 

14 

17 

8 

44 

6 

23 

21 

Scotch-Irish 

1 

24 

2 

1 

1 

13 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

793 

96 

67 

8 

1 

10 

1 

28 

8 

1 

44 

10 

4 

53 

10 

217 

39 

9 

111 

8 

3 

125 

10 

10 

1 

8 

159 

4 

2 

1 

8 

Syrian 

Welsh  

3 

2 

2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

Australian  (race  not 

specified) 

Austrian  (race  not 

5pAPlflP(l  ) 

1 

124 

3 

8 

11 

9 

53 

11 

16 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

102 

7 

5 

4 

3 

10 

24 

8 

19 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

8 

2 

1 

Total 

9, 331 

154 

202 

593 

761 

721 

2,904 

851 

• 1,039 

2,1 

General  Tables:  Middle  West, 


431 


Table  105. — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


MALE. 


Number 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


Race  of  individual. 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

\ 

Italian,  North 

58 

2 

6 

22 

0 

14 

8 

Italian,  South 

41 

3 

2 

1 

3 

21 

8 

3 

Lithuanian  

52 

2 

1 

2 

11 

18 

12 

6 

Polish 

30 

7 

1 

3 

9 

4 

3 

3 

Total 

181 

5 

8 

4 

4 

12 

63 

36 

32 

17 

FEMALE. 


i Italian,  North 

108 

3 

1 

9 

11 

45 

8 

22 

9 

I Italian,  South 

75 

5 

1 

11 

3 

4 

37 

9 

5 

1 Lithuanian 

107 

7 

3 

5 

1 

1 

36 

29 

16 

9 

1 Polish  

52 

9 

4 

10 

16 

4 

5 

4 

i Scotch  . _ _ 

1 

1 

Total 

343 

12 

16 

17 

17 

26 

134 

50 

48 

23 

Table  106. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


432 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  107. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  females  whxi 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

Number  without  occu- 

pation. 

Number  working  for 
wages. 

Number  work- 
ing without 
wages. 

Number  work- 
ing for  profit. 

Farm  laborers. 

Domestic  serv- 

ice. 

In  other  occu- 

pations. 

I Total. 

Farm  laborers. 

In  other  oc  cu- 

pations. 

1 Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  occu- 

X)ations. 

Total.  j 

TfoHon  ^nriV> 

42 

14 

3 

23 

26 

2 

2 

1 1 <1  lio  t)  ) 1 1 1 H 

21 

19 

1 

1 

1 

1 

OUlXtli.  ........... 

T 1 1 1 1 0 Tl  iflTl 

43 

34 

6 

1 

7 

2 

2 

14 

11 

1 

1 

2 

2 

120 

78 

7 

4 

24 

35 

7 

7 

Table  IQS.— Occupation  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States,  by  race. 


(study  op  EMPLOYEES.) 


Race. 

Number 

report- 

ing 

complete 

data. 

Number  who  were  engaged  in  — 

Min- 

ing. 

Farm- 
ing or 
farm 
labor. 

Gen- 

eral 

labor. 

Manu- 

factur- 

ing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Trade. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

196 

142 

21 

11 

2 

17 

3 

H n 1 fr*!  fl  *1  Tl 

16 

10 

5 

1 

9 

6 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Croatian 

155 

11 

126 

7 

5 

2 

2 

2 

6 

2 

1 

3 

TDilfh  

17 

12 

2 

1 

1 

1 

English 

547 

480 

8 

11 

7 

17 

3 

21 

Finnish  

28 

2 

17 

3 

4 

1 

1 

German 

575 

343 

101 

31 

11 

57 

5 

27 

Ori^plr 

7 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

liGlJlcW  t^UllH‘1  tllclll  IvUoMtlll^  . . - - . . 

Irish  

72 

46 

18 

2 

2 

3 

1 

Italian,  North 

1,551 

353 

806 

92 

64 

140 

14 

82 

Ttniin.n  Rnnth 

.301 

84 

220 

24 

20 

1 

6 

4 

2 

2 

ItcXliSiTi  (not  sjicc'ifiGd) .............. 

Lithuanian 

1,023 

37 

815 

99 

10 

46 

1 

9 

Magyar 

581 

103 

405 

18 

8 

37 

2 

8 

\fnntpnpfrrin 

32 

5 

25 

1 

1 

^ rirwApivi  n 

6 

1 

3 

2 

Polish 

741 

105 

525 

31 

15 

47 

2 

16 

T?  1 Tfl  P Tl  1 51  Tl 

8 

4 

4 

Itnsfiian 

344 

25 

299 

3 

1 

13 

3 

R ntheninn 

17 

6 

7 

3 

1 

Rpntr-h 

237 

219 

3 

7 

1 

7 

Rpfi  IpVi-T 

1 

1 

Sprvinn 

24 

2 

21 

1 

Slovak 

684 

103 

515 

16 

13 

27 

4 

6 

Rlfivenia.n 

80 

30 

39 

4 

1 

11 

1 

Swedish 

56 

10 

28 

5 

2 

9 

1 

1 

Syrian 

6 

3 

2 

1 

Welsh 

92 

84 

3 

4 

Austrian  trn.pp  nnt  spepiUerD 

108 

31 

57 

6 

12 

2 

T-lfilnrlOTi  ^T*flPP  TlTlf  QTIPPT fl P^l  ^ 

79 

73 

1 

3 

2 

(,^1  clL  C iJLT  l>  O [JV.C  llJci.1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Swiss  (ro-CG  not  specified). .......... 

Total 

7,676 

2,338 

4,083 

384 

153 

472 

38 

1 208 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


433 


A.BLE  Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

he  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Census,  with  these 
modifications:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining, 
and  Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transporta- 
tion are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Total 

number. 

Bitumi- 
nous coal 
mining. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

V»rv*»T^  r\f  nn^'lTTft  fo'f'VtilT*  .... ......... 

25 

23 

2 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

T+olinui  MAutH  - ... 

3 

3 

T ifHnnnioTi  ......... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

5 

2 

3 

Total  native-born 

30 

25 

5 

oreign-born: 



53 

53 

Italia^  Smith  

30 

27 

2 

1 

TifVinoAiATi  ........ 

51 

51 

"PaHqH  ...... 

23 

23 

Total  foreign-born 

157 

154 

2 

1 

Grand  total ......... ...... 

187 

1^ 

V 

1 ® 

'ABLE  110,— Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  oyer  in  each  specified  industry,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

rhe  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Censiis,  with  these 
modifications:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining, 
and  Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Iransporta- 
tion  are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Total 

number. 

At  home. 

At  school 

25 

25 

lative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

4 

Total 

11 

8 

3 

Total  native-born 

30 

33 

3 

I'oreign-born: 

47 

47 

24 

24 

49 

49 

19 

19 

1 

1 

140 

140 

176 

173 

3 

434 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  111. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  spedfit 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.<^ 


(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Niunber 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day.  : ] 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

un- 

der 

$2. 

$2 

and 

un- 

der 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$3. 

$3 

and 

un- 

der 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

1 

$4  1 
or 
ove; 

1 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

4,868 

$2.46 

51 

155 

49 

209 

160 

1,300 

1,724 

783 

255 

IS 

Negro 

533 

2.43 

4 

21 

5 

53 

3 

118 

156 

141 

26 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  bv  country  of 

birth  of  father: 

Australia 

1 

(“) 

1 

Austria-Hungary 

126 

2.51 

4 

2 

7 

2 

33 

45 

19 

3 

1 

Belgium 

8 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Canada 

17 

2.29 

1 

1 

7 

6 

1 

Denmark 

5 

(o) 

9 

2 

1 

England 

479 

2.67 

5 

10 

4 

13 

15 

90 

176 

90 

27 

4 

France 

57 

2.57 

3 

1 

1 

16 

20 

5 

8 

Germany 

784 

2.73 

3 

14 

3 

21 

11 

172 

257 

168 

84 

5 

Ireland 

254 

2.56 

6 

5 

1 

10 

11 

43 

114 

32 

13 

1 

Italy 

33 

2. 67 

2 

10 

12 

1 

3 

Netherlands 

2 

(“) 

1 

1 

Norway 

3 

■(o) 

1 

2 

Russia 

33 

^ 2. 09 

3 

6 

11 

9 

4 

Scotland 

227 

2. 74 

4 

6 

9 

4 

36 

81 

36 

24 

2 

Sweden 

18 

2. 39 

1 

2 

4 

7 

3 

Switzerland 

9 

(0) 

1 

6 

Wales 

165 

2.54 

3 

8 

5 

3 

32 

64 

34 

1 

1 

Total 

2,221 

2.65 

23 

55 

11 

79 

47 

461 

801 

394 

167 

18' 

Total  native-born. . 

7,622 

2.52 

78 

231 

65 

341 

210 

1,879 

2,681 

1,318 

448 

37 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

vian  

237 

2. 65 

3 

5 

3 

13 

2 

58 

48 

63 

23 

1! 

Bulgarian 

11 

1.87 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Canadian,  French 

10 

2. 03 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

2 

Canadian,  Other 

5 

(a) 

3 

1 

1 

Croatian 

176 

2.89 

3 

5 

2 

15 

28 

90 

28 

Danish 

7 

(0) 

1 

3 

1 

2 

Dutch 

18 

2.10 

2 

1 

3 

2 

8 

2 

English 

715 

2.78 

3 

8 

1 

28 

17 

133 

227 

133 

69 

9» 

Finnish 

16 

2.09 

3 

1 

6 

3 

3 

French 

177 

2. 30 

1 

5 

4 

24 

1 

53 

54 

25 

5 

i. 

German 

803 

2.  75 

4 

13 

2 

33 

9 

143 

227 

239 

79 

5^ 

Greek 

9 

(a) 

1 

1 

3 

4 

Hebrew  (other  than 

Russian) 

1 

(a) 

1 

Irish 

96 

^ 2.  51 

4 

3 

1 

6 

2 

18 

32 

12 

11 

Italian,  North 

1,538 

2.42 

9 

59 

16 

138 

21 

534 

270 

321 

76 

9‘ 

Italian,  South 

382 

2.53 

6 

4 

22 

3 

94 

81 

155 

14 

Italian  (not  specified) 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

994 

2. 27 

3 

30 

5 

205 

17 

267 

254 

148 

35 

3( 

Magyar 

509 

1.98 

13 

31 

21 

117 

2 

190 

85 

37 

5 

S 

* This  table  shows  wage  {or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  ol  voluntarj 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year, 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


435 


IFable  111. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 


deneral  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

un- 

der 

$2. 

$2 

and 

un- 

der 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$3. 

$3 

and 

un- 

der 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

$4 

or 

over. 

Foreign-born,  by  race — 
Continued. 

1 

(a) 

$2.97 

(a) 

2.14 

1 

33 

7 

1 

6 

2 

18 

4 

2 

1 

5 

1 

Polish 

682 

1 

21 

10 

134 

8 

286 

114 

90 

11 

7 

Pniimnninn 

9 

(«) 

2.  73 

1 

3 

1 

4 

T?tissia.n  

359 

3 

2 

13 

110 

95 

57 

23 

56 

T?nt.hpninri 

15 

2. 35 

12 

2 

1 

Scotch  

312 

2. 68 

2 

11 

2 

13 

6 

57 

106 

62 

15 

38 

iQ<^ntnh-Tri*Qb 

1 

(a) 

2. 51 

1 

21 

721 

1 

3 

13 

4 

Slovak 

2.41 

8 

30 

9 

91 

4 

204 

186 

87 

28 

74 

Slovenian 

84 

2.13 

2 

7 

1 

13 

1 

29 

12 

16 

2 

1 

Swpdish  

62 

2.52 

2 

3 

1 

22 

20 

3 

3 

8 

Pyri  an 

8 

(a) 

2.53 

1 

5 

2 

Welsh 

135 

1 

3 

2 

7 

5 

36 

44 

19 

5 

13 

Australian  (race  not 

QptfinifipH  ^ 

1 

(«) 

2. 58 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 
spppifipd) 

118 

4 

1 

55 

23 

15 

8 

12 

Belgian  (race  not 

«?ppp.i'fipd'l  

97 

2.01 

1 

5 

2 

20 

4 

38 

20 

6 

1 

1 Swiss  (race  not  speci- 

‘ fipd) 

7 

(a) 

2 

4 

1 

Total  foreign-born . . 

8,379 

2. 45 

59 

250 

91 

906 

114 

2, 393 

1,970 

1,615 

447 

534 

Grand  total 

16,001 

2.49 

137 

j 481 

156 

1,247 

324 

|4,272 

4,651 

2,933 

895 

905 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


436 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  112. — Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  * 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per 
day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

304 

$1.63 

7 

140 

14 

28 

15 

48 

52 

13 

1.37 

2 

5 

4 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

country  of  birth  of  father: 

42 

1.63 

17 

3 

6 

12 

4 

2 

(o) 

2 

England 

41 

^ L86 

2 

12 

2 

6 

2 

6 

11 

5 

(o) 

2 

2 

1 

42 

^ 1 . 80 

17 

7 

2 

8 

8 

8 

(o) 

1 

5 

1 

1 

20 

1.79 

1 

5 

1 

2 

7 

4 

Russia  

22 

1.44 

11 

2 

3 

6 

Sent  land  

23 

1.97 

5 

2 

3 

5 

8 

Sweden  

2 

(a) 

2 

Swit7.erla.n  d 

1 

(o) 

1 

Wales  

15 

1.67 

7 

1 

1 

4 

2 

Total 

223 

1.72 

4 

83 

12 

30 

4 

53 

37 

Total  native-born 

540 

1.66 

13 

228 

26 

62 

19 

102 

90 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Rnbemian  and  \foravian 

7 

(o) 

4 

1 

2 

r'ana.dia.n  Cnther  than  Freneh) 

1 

(o) 

1 

P.rnatian 

2 

(0) 

2 

English - 

14 

1.73 

8 

1 

1 

4 

Ereneh  

3 

(a) 

2 

1 

German  . 

8 

(o) 

3 

2 

1 

2 

"Hebrew  Mother  than  Russian) 

1 

(a) 

1 

Italian,  North 

23 

2.03 

5 

11 

7 

Italian,  South 

8 

(o) 

3 

3 

2 

Tiithnanian 

2 

(o) 

1 

1 

"Magyar 

16 

1.55 

1 

6 

1 

1 

6 

1 

Polish 

7 

(“) 

4 

2 

1 

R nssian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Scotch - 

3 

(o'! 

1 

1 

1 

Servian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Slovak 

16 

1.66 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

4 

Slovenian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Austrian  frace  not  spei’itied"! 

3 

(a) 

3 

Belgian  tra.ee  not  speoifiedt 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

119 

1.76 

2 

44 

7 

10 

31 

25 

Grand  total 

659 

1.68 

15 

272 

33 

72 

19 

133 

; 115 

♦This  table  shows  wa^es  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

« Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Middle  West 


437 


^ABLE  113. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per  year,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


Number  earning— 

Jeneral  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Number 

working 

for 

wages. 

A verage 
earnings. 

Under  $100. 

$100  and  un- 

der $200. 

1 $200  and  un- 

1 der  $300. 

1 $300  and  un- 

1 der  $400. 

1 $400  and  un- 

1 der  $500. 

1 $500  and  un- 

1 der  $600. 

a 

P ^ 

o a> 

$700  and  un- 

der $800. 

1 $800  and  un- 

1 der  $900. 

1 $900  and  un- 

1 der  $1,000. 

1 $1,000  0 r 

1 over. 

'fative-born  of  native  father,  White. 

18 

$690 

1 

1 

2 

2 

8 

1 

2 



^'oreign-born: 

North 

50 

542 

1 

3 

15 

17 

8 

6 

Ttf^liqn  Smith 

24 

399 

4 

7 

10 

1 

2 

T.ithnnninn 

49 

422 

.5 

9 

17 

18 

Pnli';h 

22 

324 

3 

15 

3 

1 

Tntf^l 

145 

442 

13 

34 

45 

37 

10 

6 



Oranr)  total  

103 

470 

i 

14 

35 

47 

37 

12 

14 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Table  111.—  Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


438 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  115. — Amount  of  family  income  'per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  c 

family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.)  ; 


1 

Number  of  families  having  a total  income— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.^ 

Average 

family 

income. 

Under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$500. 

$500 

and 

under 

$750. 

$750 

and 

under 

$1,000. 

$1,000 

and 

under 

$1,500. 

$l,500i 
or  over! 

1 

Native-born  of  native  father. 
White 

18 

$711 

1 

2 

8 

6 

1 

I 



Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

50 

569 

1 

15 

29 

4 

1 

-11 

Italian,  South 

24 

443 

4 

16 

3 

1 

Lithuanian 

49 

504 

3 

20 

21 

4 

1 

Polish  

22 

473 

2 

12 

6 

2 

1 

Total 

145 

509 

10 

63 

59 

8 

5 

Grand  total 

163 

532 

11 

65 

67 

14 

6 

'] 

« For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Table  116. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  heat 
of family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  an  income  from— 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


Number 

of 

selected 

families.a 


Earnings  of— 


Husband. 


Wife. 


Contri- 

butions 

of 

children. 


Pay- 
ments of 
boarders 
or 

lodgers. 


Other 

sources. 


Native-born  of  native  father,  White. 
Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


18 


18 


1 


50 

24 

49 

22 


50 

24 

49 

22 


Total 

Grand  total 


145  145 

163  163 


5 


6 


18 

18 


i 

1 

1 

1 


7 


9 


o For'  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


General  Tables:  Middle  West.  439 


.BLE  117. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Qeral  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Number 
of  selected 
families.^ 

Number  of  families  having  entire  income  from 

i — 

Husband. 

I Husband  and  wife. 

1 Husband  and  chil- 

1 dren. 

Husband,  wife,  and 

children. 

Husband  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

1 Wife. 

j Wife  and  children. 

1 Wife  and  boarders 

or  lodgers. 

1 Children. 

Children  and  board- 

ers or  lodgers. 

j Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combina- 

tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

tive-born  of  native  father, 

o 

Yhite 

18 

15 

1 

reign-born: 

50 

45 

1 

4 

Italian,  North 

24 

20 

3 

1 

49 

37 

1 

9 

2 

Polish 

22 

15 

5 

1 

Total 

145 

117 

3 

17 

8 

163 

132 

1 

4 

17 

10 

Gra^nd  total.... 

I'- 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


^BLE  IIS,— Months  worlced  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or  over 
employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

12 

11 

and 

under 

12. 

10 

and 

under 

11. 

9 

and 

under 

10. 

8 

and 

under 

9. 

7 

and 

under 

8. 

6 

and 

under 

7. 

3 

and 

under 

6. 

Un- 
der 3. 

itlve-born  of  native  father,  White. . 

ative-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

20 

4 

1 

2 

7 

2 

4 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

1 

Total 

2 

1 

1 

Total  native-born 

22 

1 T 

1 

3 

7 

2 

5 

areign-born: 

Italian,  North 

52 

27 

51 

23 

2 

1 

19 

1 

32 

1 

20 

4 

11 

8 

4 

4 

2 

10 

9 

18 

2 

3 

2 

Polish 

Total  foreign-born 

153 

2 

1 

53 

20 

27 

6 

39 

5 

Grand  total 

175 

6 

2 

56 

27 

s' 

44 

5 

440 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  119. — Number  and  class  of  households , by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[“With  boarders  or  lodgers  ” Includes  only  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  at  the  time  schedc 
was  taken.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


“Family”  households. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

With  neither  boarders  nor 
lodgers. 

With  boarders  or  lodgers. 

Total 

famil; 

house 

holds 

Con- 
sisting 
of  a 
single 
family. 

Consist- 
ing of  two 
or  more 
families 
living 
together. 

Total. 

With 

boarders. 

With 

lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

22 

22 

22 







^ 

Foreign-born; 

Italian,  North 

51 

51 

51 

Italian,  South 

25 

22 

22 

1 

2 

3 

) ' 

Lithuanian 

50 

40 

40 

10 

10 

j ' 

Polish 

23 

17 

17 

6 

6 

f 

Total 

149 

130 

130 

17 

2 

19 

U ! 

Grand  total 

171 

152 

152 

17 

2 

19 

li 

Table  120. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartmeni 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
of  house- 
holds 

Average 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified 
rent  per  month  per  apartment. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

paying 
rent  and 
report- 
ing 

amount. 

rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Under 

$5. 

$5  and 
under 
$7.60. 

$7.50 

and 

under 

$10. 

.$10 

and 

under 

$12.50. 

$12.50 

and 

under 

$15. 

$15 

and 

under 

$20. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

14 

$9.43 

1 

7 

4 

1 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

15 

5.  97 

7 

3 

5 

Italian,  South 

15 

6.  23 

1 

10 

3 

1 

Lithuanian 

32 

7.16 

23 

9 

Polish 

3 

(a) 

3 

Total 

65 

6.  63 

8 

39 

17 

1 

Grand  total 

79 

7.13 

8 

40 

24 

5 

1 

• Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Middle  West 


441 


'able  121. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  of  households.) 


eneral  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified 
rent  per  month  per  room. 

paymg 
rent  and 
report- 
ing 

amount. 

rent  per 
room. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

SI 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

ative-born  of  native  father, 
AVhite 

14 

S2.  24 

2 

4 

7 

areign-born: 

Italian,  North 

15 

1.95 

7 

7 

1 

Italian,  South 

15 

1.95 

8 

3 

3 

1 

Lithuanian 

32 

2. 14 

1 

6 

20 

4 

1 

Polish 

3 

(«) 

1 

2 

Total 

65 

2. 05 

1 

22 

32 

7 

\ 

2 

Grand  total 

2. 09 

1 

24 

36 

14 

2 

2 

■ 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


ABLE  122. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person, 
I by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  households.) 


aeral  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Nrnnber 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

A VPrfKTA 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  person. 

.TV  V Cl 

rent  per 
person. 

Un- 

der 

$0.50. 

$0.50 

and 

under 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

itive-born  of  native 
''ather,  White 

14 

$2. 81 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

4 

ireign-born: 

Italian,  North 

15 

1.90 

5 

3 

3 

1 

4 

1 

2 

Italian,  South 

15 

1.53 

2 

4 

4 

1 

Lithuanian 

32 

1.44 

2 

15 

11 

1 

2 

1 

Polish 

3 

(o) 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

65 

1.56 

4 

25 

18 

6 

8 

1 

1 

9 

£i 

Grand  total 

79 

1.74 

4 

26 

19 

7 

12^ 

4 

4 

A 

O 

a N.)t  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


48296°— VOL  7—11 29 


442 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  123. — Number  of  households  keeping  hoarders  and  lodgers,  and  number  of  boarder 
and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

rinformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule,  and  not  th 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number  of  households 
keeping— 

Number  of 

- 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodg- 

ers 

only. 

Total. 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodg- 

ers. 

Total, 

22 

.WSllVC^DOrn  Ol  Dative  IdlDcl  f XUI/O. 







— 

— 

Foreign-born: 

Tfolion  ^nrfVi  

51 

Italian,  South 

25 

1 

2 

3 

1 

4 

T .If  Viiionian 

50 

10 

10 

22 

2 

Polish 

23 

6 

6 

15 

1 

Total 

149 

17 

2 

19 

38 

4 

4 

Grand  total 

ihT 

TT 

2 

19 

4 

4 

\(  Table  1^4:. — JSumber  oj  'persons  per  household  m apartments  oj  each  specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  oj  head  oj  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  Tables:  Middle  West.  443 


4-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 
each  specified  number  of  persons. 

10  or 

more. 

Apartments  of  7 or  more  rooms. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 

each  specifiod  number  of  persons. 

10  or 

more. 

d 

05 

1 

i 

00 

(N 

- 

CO 

o6 

"1 

1 

1-H  (M 

CO 

1 

1 

o 

(M  CO 

CO 

1 

i 

eo  (N  r-i 

o 

CO 

CO 

'■ 

o 

CO 

40 

00  40 

2 

20 

cd 

<N 

Cl 

(N  i-H 

CO 

40 

d 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

- 

21 

11 

17 

2 

40 

62 

Totol 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

(N  j 

d 

3-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 
each  specified  number  of  persons. 

10  or 
more.j 

6-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 
each  specified  number  of  persons. 

10  or 
more. 

ci 

- 

05 

1 

1 

od 

• • i-H  Cl 

CO 

CO 

00 

1 

1 " 

i-H  iwi-i 

T,. 

1 

1 

<6 

<d 

-1 

1 

40 

.'mooo 

o 

CO 

40 

d Wt^CO 

10  i 14 

s 

1 "" 

CO 

d(MCOCO 

cd 

w 

CO 

10 

CO 

d 

-1 

1 

! I t ! 

; 

; 

;i 

1 

; 

Total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

6 

9 

29 

21 

s 

s 

Total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

(N  1 

d 

d 

2-room  apartments.® 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 
each  specified  number  of  persons. 

10  or 
more. 

5-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of 
each  specified  number  of  persons. 

10  or 
more. 

u 

1 

05 

05 

1 

1 - 

d 

d 

00 

o6 

1 

1 

;i 

-'i 

1 

<6 

CD 

CO 

to 

40 

!>. 

00 

00 

Tfl 

i 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

cd 

CO  J 

jco 

CO 

cd 

- 

oi 

CO  d 

1-. 

40 

d 

- 

d 

d 

CO 

i ; 

Ij. 

- 

I 

*, 

• Total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

t^COr-* 

Total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

CO 

lOdCO 

20 

CO 

d 

Grand 

total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

22 

i-H  lO  Q CO 
40  d 40  d 

149 

171 

Grand 

total 

number 

of 

apart- 

ments. 

40  oco 
40  d 40  d 

149 

General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Native-born  of  native 

fatHor  "WHito 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

i 

5 

3 

|| 

111 

Total 

Grand  total 

General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Native-born  of  native 

fat.hAr.  WhitA 

Foreign-bom: 

Ttalian  North 

ic 

j 

II 

i 

1 

i 

il 

: c 

in 

i J 

J c 

1 e 

Grand  total 

No  household  reporting  had  less  than  2 rooms. 


444 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  125. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  oj 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General nati  vity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  ;■ 
number  of  rooms.  V 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or  1 
more.  1 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

22 

4. 45 

4 

11 

3 

2 

?| 

Foreign-born: 

Ti'fiUoTi 

51 

3.98 

7 

6 

21 

15 

2 

XtaUally  IN  01  1-11  - 

25 

3.48 

3 

9 

11 

2 

1 

Italian,  South 

50 

3.44 

1 

29 

17 

3 

1 

LithuaniEiii- 

Polish 

23 

3.09 

21 

2 

1 

Total 

149 

3.58 

11 

65 

51 

20 

2 

— ,j 

Grand  total 

m 

3.69 

11 

4 

Table  Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  ea(dm 

specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified  3 
number  of  rooms. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

1 room. 

2 rooms. 

3 rooms. 

4 rooms. 

5 rooms. 

6 rooms. 

7 or 
more 

rooms. 

Total.  ! 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons.  | 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

Nmnber  of 
persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

0-0 

Number  of 
persons. 

Native-born  of  native 
father,  White 

4 

9 

11 

36 

3 

15 

2 

8 

2 

11 

22 

7i 

Foreign-born: 

7 

19 

6 

23 

21 

90 

15 

69 

2 

12 

51 

211; 

T+oIioti  Qriiil'H 

3 

8 

4 

9 

38 

11 

60 

2 

15 

25 

12: 

1 

29 

131 

17 

78 

3 

21 

50 

23- 

Polish 

21 

97 

2 

14 

23 

ii: 

Total 

11 

31 

65 

289 

51 

242 

20 

105 

2 

12 

....|  149 

67! 

J- 

Grand  total 

11 

31 

69 

298 

62 

278 

23 

120 

4 

20 

2 

11 

171 

75) 

1 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


445 


Cable  127. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Table  128. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  room. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
room. 

Less 
than  1. 

1 and 
under  2. 

2 and 
under  3. 

3 and 
under!. 

4 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 

White 

22 

79 

3.59 

0.81 

13 

9 

Foreign-born: 

Ttalion  ^nrlVi 

51 

213 

4. 18 

1.05 

18 

29 

4 

TtQlif^n  SnntVi 

25 

121 

4. 84 

1.39 

4 

16 

5 

T 

50 

234 

4.  68 

1.36 

9 

31 

10 

Polish 

23 

111 

4.83 

1.56 

4 

13 

5 

1 

Total 

149 

679 

4. 56 

1.27 

35 

89 

24 

1 

Grand  total 

itT 

758 

4.43 

1.20 

48 

98 

24 

1 

446 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  129, — Persons  'per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Total 

number 

of 

house- 

holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  sleeping 

room. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
sleep- 
ing 
room. 

Less 

than 

2. 

2 

and 

under 

3. 

3 

and 

under 

4. 

4 

and 

under 

5. 

5 

and 

under 

6. 

6 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

22 

79 

3.59 

2.14 

6 

9 

5 

2 

Foreign-born: 

TfoU.YTi  XTrirtV^ 

51 

213 

4. 18 

2. 32 

12 

17 

16 

5 

1 

ltdilali)  iX  Ul  til  • 

25 

121 

4.  84 

2.75 

3 

8 

9 

5 

OULltii. 

T ifViiioni’iTi 

50 

234 

4.  68 

2.  46 

3 

30 

15 

2 



i^llllUuIildU 

Polish 

23 

111 

4.83 

2.71 

2 

12 

5 

4 

Total 

149 

679 

4.  56 

2.60 

20 

67 

45 

16 

1 

Grand  total 

171 

758 

4.  43 

2.  45 

26 

76 

50 

P 

1 

Table  130,— Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified  num- 
ber of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
sleeping 
in  aU 
rooms. 

Number  of  households  sleeping 
in  all  rooms  except— 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

22 

1 

9 

9 

3 

Foreign-born: 

51 

10 

23 

17 

1 

T4-olior»  QrkiifVi  

25 

1 

7 

15 

2 

T ^fV^l1or»^oTl  . 

50 

27 

19 

4 

Polish 

23 

16 

7 

Total 

149 

1 

60 

64 

23 

1 

Grand  total 

171 

1 

61 

73 

32 

4 

General  Tables;  Middle  West. 


447 


Table  131. — Literacy  of  male  employees^  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Australia 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

Scotch  

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 


1 

Slumber 

Number  who — 

r 

c 

eporting  — 
iomj)lete 
data. 

Read.  ^ 

Lead  and 
write. 

5,833 

5,684 

5,641 

566 

516 

501 

1 

1 

1 

172 

170 

169 

9 

9 

9 

17 

17 

17 

5 

5 

5 

581 

576 

575 

67 

67 

67 

848 

843 

840 

318 

313 

312 

53 

51 

51 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

56 

56 

56 

279 

278 

278 

19 

19 

19 

10 

10 

10 

208 

204 

203 

2,649 

2,625 

2,618 

9,048 

8,825 

8,760 

249 

243 

240 

17 

12 

11 

11 

9 

9 

8 

8 

182 

129 

126 

7 

7 

7 

21 

21 

21 

803 

788 

786 

29 

29 

27 

190 

172 

169 

849 

837 

832 

12 

9 

9 

2 

2 

2 

126 

117 

115 

1,700 

1,581 

1,564 

417 

263 

239 

4 

4 

4 

1,081 

869 

813 

617 

579 

571 

1 

1 

1 

32 

28 

27 

7 

7 

7 

798 

609 

575 

11 

11 

10 

373 

275 

264 

18 

14 

14 

346 

343 

341 

1 

1 

1 

23 

16 

15 

784 

674 

633 

96 

78 

78 

67 

67 

65 

, 8 

6 

6 

160 

153 

149 

1 

1 

1 

101 

100 

102 

1 82 

1 81 

8 

; 8 

; 8 

9,28f 

; 8, 154 

l 7,929 

18,333 

I 16,975 

) 16,689 

Total  forelgn-bom, 
Grand  total 


448 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  1^2.— Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativitv 

and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
Individual. 


Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Scotch 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 


58 


Male. 


Num- 

ber. 


28 


103 

(53 

102 

44 

1 


1(55 


217 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 


28 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 


28 


149 


201 


130 


Female. 


Num- 

ber. 


30 


148 


182 


208 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 


29 


128 


180 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 


Total. 


Num- 

ber. 


29 


106 


164 


103 

63 

102 

44 

1 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 


57 


313 


425 


53 

no 


103 

36 

97 

40 

1 


Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 


57 


53 


no 


103 


277 


387 


236 


346 


1 


I 


General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


449 


I^’able  133. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  sex,  years  in 
the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.] 

MALE. 


Race  of  Individual. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

talian,  North 

54 

6 

6 

6 

20 

20 

20 

28 

28 

28 

talian,  South 

35 

5 

4 

4 

19 

13 

13 

11 

5 

5 

iithuanian 

51 

4 

4 

3 

11 

10 

. 6 

36 

36 

27 

*olish 

25 

6 

4 

4 

9 

9 

6 

10 

10 

8 

Total 

165 

21 

18 

17 

59 

52 

45 

85 

79 

68 

FEMALE. 


talian.  North 

49 

16 

16 

16 

22 

22 

22 

11 

11 

11 

talian.  South 

28 

11 

6 

6 

14 

6 

6 

3 

2 

2 

Lithuanian 

51 

8 

8 

5 

25 

21 

14 

18 

18 

12 

’olish 

19 

9 

7 

4 

7 

7 

6 

3 

3 

2 

cotch 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

148 

44 

37 

31 

68 

56 

48 

36 

35 

27 

TOTAL. 


tallan,  North, 
talian,  South. 

dthuanian 

>olish 

icotch 


103 

22 

22 

22 

42 

42 

42 

39 

39 

39 

63 

16 

10 

10 

33 

19 

19 

14 

7 

7 

102 

12 

12 

8 

36 

31 

20 

54 

54 

39 

44 

15 

11 

8 

16 

16 

12 

13 

13 

10 

1 

J 

1 

313 

65 

55 

48 

127 

108 

93 

121 

114 

95 

Total. 


450 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  134. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  oj 
coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


MALE. 

^ 


Race  of  Individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States.  - 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

N umber 
who  read 
and 
write. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

Number! 
who  readjT 
and  D 
write,  a 

Italian,  North 

54 

4 

4 

4 

50 

50 

5f 

Italian,  South 

35 

9 

8 

8 

26 

14 

14 

Lithuanian 

51 

2 

2 

2 

49 

48 

34 

Polish 

25 

4 

2 

1 

21 

21 

U 

Total 

1()5 

19 

16 

15 

146 

133 

Ilf 

1, 

FEMALE. 


Italian  North 

49 

4 

4 

4 

45 

45 

Italian,  South 

28 

7 

7 

7 

21 

I 7 

T.ithnanian  

51 

4 

3 

2 

47 

44 

2s' 

Polish  

19 

2 

2 

2 

17 

15 

1( 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

148 

18 

17 

15 

130 

111 

9]' 

1 

1 

TOTAL. 


Italian,  North 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian... 

Polish 

Scotch 


103 

63 

102 

44 

1 

8 

16 

6 

6 

1 

8 

15 

5 

4 

1 

8 

15 

4 

3 

95 
47 

96 
38 

95 

21 

92 

36 

i 

6f 

2'i 

313 

37 

33 

30 

276 

244 

20t 

Total. 


Table  135. — Conjugal  condition  oj  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  Tables:  Middle  West, 


451 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

5,920 

579 

fHC^OOO»0  <N*0  000  r-iOOCD 

^ 'O  CO  ^ «C  »0  00  iM  T-*  o 

f-i  iO  OOCC  M OJ 

2,653 

9,152 

•poAVopiAV 

lo 

00 

1 ■ osc^jcg; 

j 

CO  • 

CO 

40 

1 II 

hll 

•pOUJ^K 

3,805 

343 

iOi-HOf-4  COf-HCOt^  CO 

CO  1-t  OCO;^^  F-( 

coco  jHOOO  w 

(N 

(M 

1°  II 

r- 

hll 

•aiSuis 

1,933 

191 

r^c^oco  OC^i-iOO 

CC  iOCCf-iC^  CO  ^ lO  t-h  go 

r-f  cs  1-H  »-i 

1,325 

3,449 

45  or  over. 

•icioj, 

892 

123 

>c 

xo  O »0  —i 
lO  l-H  .-H  00 

a 

1 

25 

313 

1,328 

•p'dMopiAV 

CO  <N 

* 

5 

1 

9 

11 

00 

116 

•paiJjBK 

814 

87 

lO 

45 

8 

96 

57 

CO 

1 

23 

251 

1,152 

•aiSuis 

11 

15 

i 

XOrHOCO 

CO 

s 

j 60 

30  to  44. 

2,023 

258 

S (M 

CO  ic 

CO 

B 

3,088 

•paAvopiAi 

85 

21 

. 4 . . CO  • lO  o 

! ! I CO 

<N 

127 

•paijjcpi 

1,730 

187 

Or^o>  : got^o  N 
. <N 

CO 

,-H  d 40  T-t 
40  CO 

CO  1 
CO  i 

1 2,533 

•913uis 

|S3 

i-H  o 1^  a-  F-i 

ro  ^co 

1.1  0(N  jo 

170 

428 

20  to  29. 

•moji 

2,214 

156 

II  i-ll>C^C^CO  (NIOMCO  OSi-It-HCO  ^tHC^OO 

1,014 

3,384 

•paMopi.w^ 

30 

3 

1 

I ; • ; 

Im 

•paujBH 

1,245 

68 

C^iH  lOCO  00l>-  1-H 

05  i-H  (M  1-H 

CO  CO  • 

• CO 

668 

•aiSuis 

939 

85 

11 

• 1— t (M 

I 

16  to  19. 

791 

42 

90 

7 

CO  CO  <N  O *-4 

05  1-HCO  (N  CO 

(Noc^05 
CO  ^ 

519 

iii  1 

•paMopiM 

: : 

II 

INI 

•pajuBK 

1 2- 

II 

’ ' M 

CO 

INI 

•ai3uis 

775 

41 

tN.  40  (N  05 

CO  lO  <N 

513 

1,329 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

5,920 

579 

tHC^OOO^O  CS|»OOOCO  C^l  1-H  O O CO 

2,653 

9, 152 

( 

I 

"X 

t 

\ 

j 

( 

( 

1 

< 

1 

< 

i 

3 

3 

> 

a 

3 

i 

3> 

5 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  coun- 

try of  birth  of  father: 

.nLiAoi/xaiio* 

Austria-Hungary 

13  a1  nr?  i-iTn 

i 03  0 

Ilf 

5oC 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

0 

X 

c 

T 

c 

5!^ 

0 

3 

h 

3^ 

B C 

-> 

3 0 

3 : 
5P 

a f 
3 

1 tl 

-1  GQO 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Total 

Total  native-born 

/ 


Table  1S5.— Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  rac6— Continued . 


452 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


•l^iox 

244 

17 

10 

8 

179 

7 

20 

805 

29 

193 

848 

10 

2 

125 

1,692 

419 

4 

1,078 

601 

1 

33 

7 

804 

11 

Total. 

•poAvopiAV 

<N  \^r-,oo  JO  : : 

05  losio  •• 

eq  . I 

■H  Ic^  • 

•pajjjcj^ 

(N1-1011C.-1  ■«f  eq 01 1-.  (N  i-iio  • 

a S *; 

00  O500CO00(N  1-lt^O‘O'^ 

P:  •<i'co  (MOO  £2 

05(M  50CO 

•eiSuis 

OOlOi-HCO-^  .-HOOCii-HCO  (NiOC^OO  ‘1 

lO  rH  !>• 

45  or  over. 

•l«loj, 

NeO(NIM« 

CO 

g :; 

82 

66 

1 

1 

2 

90 

1 

•poMopiAV 

e,  j : « ;JD  05  j 

(MCO  1 

CO  <M  • 

: :'°  : 

•paujcH 

« s 

0 0 lO  I 

lO  (N  CO  ; 

o« 

•aisuis  1 i i'^  ^ i 

13 

18 

7 

05  T-t 

! ! 0 j 

30  to  44. 

•l^iox 

OOOOiOCOrH  t-iooocoo  22'^ 

39 

774 

160 

3 

508 

297 

11 

3 

351 

.1  3 

•paMopiAv 

9 

z 

It 

Z 

I 

X 

c<i  0^  .oco 

. « 0 J 

•paiJJOK 

tP  iC05(MC3t^ 

^ ss 

iCCOOtH 

cJ 

•ai3nis 

0 • 10  01 

. lO 

20  to  29. 

'leiox 

t-h'^^OC^OO  •TfcOl^OOO  CO'^ 

<0  JO  J2  ^ S 

14 

691 

188 

1 

473 

191 

C5(M05CO 

CO 

•paMopiM 

^ ; 1 ■ I ! ; I !(n  j • 

! io  • * ' ' 

'^  : : : 

•papjeK 

COCCCgC^O 

r-l 

1 

1 

111 

1 2 

•ai3uis 

^ccjoooo  geo 

0 COTM 

. CO 

18 

1 

218 

4 

16  to  19. 

•l^iox 

JHCCO.C. 

I 

X8 

T 

•paMopiAV 

i : i i i : : i^  i j j 

i i : ! 

•paiJJBpi 

: : : : : i i'^  j j j • 

•aiSuis 

coc.  :.h;2;  jH<N<Ne<.  00 

• • 

• • 

* 15^ 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

■^t^ooooi  t'SSSSS  SS' 

^ '^g‘=^S  s s 

'.  1,078 

.1  601 

1 , 

HCOt^  r-l 

CO 

ill 

•Y  ® bioca  - 


a 

-4 
llll 


a 


•IwMOOO  OOWiil 


Loumanian. 


General  Tables;  Middle  West. 


453 


uooot^oor^  I-H  IM  (N  00 

(N  00O5CO  lO  (MO 

0 e*5  (>•  I-H  f-H  i-H 

9,254 

18, 406 

is 

12 

2 

1-H  ^ ^ lO  i-H 

230 

513 

r-t  OO^  O 

H O ^ 

000"^ 

coco 

5,785 

11,205 

05  0iCO 
lO  C5 

Ci 

CO 

05 

CO* 

00 

8 

5<^§ 

1 

140 

17 

22 

^ rH  lO  O CO 

00  05  05 

CO 

3,065 

I *1^ 

t t>  • C5 

<3>  ,-ioi  1 ^ 

147 

263 

05  t-H 

0 I-H 

S2;2 

s 

aoccr-i 

1,447 

Oi 

lO 

oT 

9 jo> 

I 

o> 

»O05  I-H 

143 

§ 

05 

Oi 

O 

»t-,_i.-ioo  o.-io'^eo 

H 2h 

OOT(M 

8 

O 

Tt^ 

’ i”  i i i i i**^ 

C<ICO  • 

o 

197 

04Ot>*THiO  CQOiOCOO 

H Oi  (NCM-M  CO 

H CO 

30 

"1 

3, 171 

CO  ^ 

Tt^CD^ 

765 

1, 193 

'5  00  00 

-• 

H 

05  IC  T-H  lO  tH 

1-1  Tti  CO  ^ 05 

05 

3,115 

6,499 

1 

: : : : :^ 

I 05  • 

05 

05 

to 

'5COt>» 

0 CO 

00  1-H  CO  i-<  b- 

lO  05 

00  O 05 

Tt< 

CD 

2,876 

X^U  1 

5 

41 

Tji  §^32^2 

O ‘O  1-H 
CO  f-H 

8 

Oi 

tH 

3,571 

* loo 

rH  COOi  • 

lO  J 

05 

CO  CD  • 

396 

1,748 

1 

: : 

CO 

o 

05 

1 , 

'•  *00 

1-H  COOO  I 

lO 

(M 

CO  CD  • 

8 

CO 

1,721 

»O00t-*00r^  1-H  05  05  00 

05  OOOCD  iO  05  0 

0 CO  t>.  1-H  1-f  T-t 

s 

05 

oT 

18, 406 

Rathenian 

Scotch 

fi/'nf  h -Tr  i H Vi 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not  specified) — 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

454 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  136. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 

over. 

Total. 

Single. 

Married.  | 

1 Widowed.  | 

1 Total. 

I Single. 

j Married. 

j Widowed. 

1 Total. 

1 Single.  1 

j Married. 

1 Widowed.  | 

1 Total. 

1 Single.  1 

1 Married. 

[ Widowed.  1 

Total.  1 

1 Single. 

Married. 

Widowed.  | 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native 
father,  White 

3 

3 

1 

3 

3 

1 

— 

8 

— 

8 

— 

12 

12 

2 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

22 

— 

25 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of 
father: 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

1 

1 

Total 

4 

4 

1 

1 

5 

5 

Total  native-born . 

7 

7 

1 

8 

9 

12 

12 

2 

2 

8 

22 

30 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

2 

2 

14 

14 

31 

31 

5 

1 

6 

2 

50 

1 

53 

Italian,  South 

3 

3 

i' 

9 

10 

14 

14 

3 

3 

4 

26 

30 

Lithuanian 

1 

11 

12 

36 

36 

3 

3 

50 

51 

Polish 

9 

9 

12 

12 

... 

2 

2 

23 

23 

Total  foreign-born. 

5 

5 

2 

43 

45 

93 

93 

13 

1 

14 

7 

149 

1 

1.57 

Grand  total 

12 

12 

51 

54 

105 

105 

15 

T 

16 

15 

171 

1 

187 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native 

father.  White 

4 

4 

10 

10 

9 

9 

2 

2 

25 

25 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  race  of 

father: 

Italian,  North 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4 

Italian,  South 

1 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

1 

J 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Polish 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

4 

Total 

5 

1 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

11 

Total  native-born . 

5 

5 

10 

15 

15 

9 

9 

... 

2 

2 

5 

31 

36 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

1 

1 

2 



28 

28 

16 

16 

1 

1 

1 

46 

47 

Italian,  South 

2 

2 

10 

10 

11 

11 

1 

1 

24 

24 

Lithuanian 

1 

1 

26 

26 

21 

21 

1 

1 

49 

49 

Polish 

2 

2 

10 

10 

6 

6 

1 

1 

19 

19 

Scotch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born. 

1 

6 

7 

74 

74 

54 

54 

5 

5 

1 

139 

140 

Grand  total 

6 

11 

17 

89 

89 

63 

... 

63 

7 

... 

7 

6 

170 

176 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


455 


?ABLE  136. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and 
race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

Single. 

1 Married.  | 

1 Widowed.  | 

I Total. 

oi 

.2 

1 Married. 

1 Widowed.  | 

Total. 

ai 

'be 

a 

Married. 

1 Widowed.  | 

1 Total. 

'Sd 

a 

S 

1 Married. 

1 Widowed. 

I Total. 

1 Single. 

! Married. 

1 Widowed. 

j Total. 

'Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

3 

4 

7 

... 

18 

18 

21 

21 

4 

4 

3 

47 

50 

Mative-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  race  of 

father: 

6 

6 

1 

1 

6 

1 

7 

Ttalinn  Smith 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Tip.hna.nifl.n 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

"Pnlich 

1 

1 

2 

i 

2 

3 

2 

3 

5 

Tntal 

9 

1 

10 

1 

5 

6 

10 

6 

16 



Total  native-born . 

12 

5 

17 

1 

23 

24 

21 

21 

4 

4 

13 

53 

66 

Foreign-born: 

1 

Italian,  North 

3 

1 

4 

42 

42 

47 

47 

6 

1 

7 

3 

96 

1 

100 

Italian,  South 

3 

2 

5 

‘i* 

19 

20 



25 

25 

4 

4 

4 

50 

54 

Lithuanian 

1 

1 

1 

37 

38 

57 

57 

4 

4 

1 

99 

100 

Polish 

2 

2 

19 

19 

18 

18 

3 

3 

42 

42 

Scotch  

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born . 

6 

6 

12 

2 

117 

119 

147 

147 

18 

1 

19 

8 

|288 

1 

297 

Grand  total 

18 

11 

29 

3 

140 

143 

1^ 

168 

22 

1 

23 

21 

341 

1 

363 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


457 


1 


Table  137. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  by  race  of  husband. 


(study  op  employees.) 


Race  of  husband. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  reporting 
wife— 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

176 

170 

6 

11 

9 

2 

8 

8 

5 

4 

1 

105 

60 

45 

4 

4 

11 

7 

4 

644 

520 

24 

17 

13 

4 

129 

123 

6 

German 

563 

545 

18 

Greek 

5 

4 

1 

Irish 

73 

71 

2 

Italian,  North 

905 

715 

190 

Italian,  South 

219 

140 

79 

Italian  (not  specified) 

3 

1 

2 

Lithuanian 

514 

410 

104 

Magyar 

354 

226 

128 

Mexican 

1 

1 

Montenegrin 

7 

2 

5 

Norwegian 

6 

6 

Polish 

422 

334 

88 

Roumanian 

4 

3 

1 

Russian 

186 

118 

68 

Ruthenian 

10 

4 

6 

227 

213 

14 

Scotch-Irish 

] 

1 

Servian 

11 

4 

Slovak 

583 

516 

67 

Slovenian 

56 

44 

12 

1 

Swedish 

43 

43 

Syrian 

4 

4 : 

Welsh 

102 

102 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

60 

53 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

67 

59 

8 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

4 

4 

Total . . .. 

5,440 

4,  .544 

896 

48290°— VOL  7—11 30 


Table  138. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-bom  male  employees,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


458 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Total. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

C^1-I  • 

• eo 

1 

14 

7 

eo  O 

2 

visits. 

H CO 

CO  kC  r-( 

3 

37 

13 

i CO 

1 

visit. 

M O T-l 

O CO  00  CM  Oi  0> 

1-H  40  O 4Q 

CM 

No 

visits. 

C^ICClOWrH  00<3>  NOO  UJ  (M  cq  C2  M 

— <N  rH  I<l  U3  0>  «5  r-l  «5 

o5  to  Vno  <NCOOO'<1' 

Num- 

ber. 

219 

16 

8 

7 

144 

7 

19 

681 

26 

171 

731 

10 

2 

112 

1,689 

390 

4 

935 

541 

In  United  States  10  years  or  over. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

:;:3 

i ^ 

1 

12 

1 

CO  40 

(N  1 • 

• a> 

• CM 

»0  r-4 

CO  CM  CM 

CO 

joo 

1 

visit. 

i-H  1 1 

6^ 

1 

14 

33 

o CO  o I-H  i-« 

r-i  CO  f-H  CO 

No 

visits. 

CQ 

Oi  t-  O 
040 

CO 

333 

82 

Num- 

ber. 

00  00 'f  05  eoo-^oit^  o CO 

^ I3 

CO  CO  I-H  CO  O 

In  United  States  5 to  9 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

•CM 

* 

j I-H  CO 

2 

visits. 

^ : : 

*-H  CO 

1— ♦ • 

• 

* 00 

I Ht4 

1 

visit. 

1 CO  1-H 

19 

1 

2 

5 

I CO  40  f-<  CO  40 
• I-H  CM  CM  CM 

No 

visits. 

ococorHca  eoeoqjQO^H  ooco  cqo>  ;fQO 

40  O iO^OOO  C^»O*C^Q0 

40  1— « * CO  rH 

Num- 

ber. 

.-(ioeoi<i*o  ■nf^cooi'^  eo  oj 

00  O 05  SS  Wc3 

In  United  States  under  5 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

: 

• I-H  CO 

2 

visits. 

• I-H  CO 

•tH 

1 

visit. 

(N 

i-H  Oi 

; CO 

I CO 

• CM  CM 

O CO 

No 

visits. 

00  00 

• • Oi 

• • <N 

00  ^ 00  O r-l  'M* 

40  CM 

O -S’  •'»'  (M  -cf  CO 

,-1  CO  O O 09 

T»trH  C<r-I 

Num- 

ber. 

80 

! 8 

i 1 

1 

30 

9 

174 

8 

40 

127 

4 

O COCOCM  Oi-I 

1-H  CO  CO  I-H  iH 

'^i-H  CMCM 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

OSCDOOt^-^  t^a>rHtOr-(  rH  O WIN  ® S !2  ^ 

»-4i— 1 T—iOOC^t^  COfH  OOCi  co^ 

^ 50  CO  05  iO 

Pi  • 

03  • 

> : 


o - 

§ :so 

|i  § g fl 

a § 

n«aa<5 


li’^ls  SBS§^ 


'O 

(D 

B 
.2 
B-B  « 

l.gtl 

rt  rt  ^ 

s § s 3 

33  — rS 


[agyar, 


General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


459 


! 

J (MrH50 

• • 

jen 

i 

* 

• iH  »H 

Jio 

133 

S(NOirH  OlOCO 

Tji  ,-H  CD  CD 

I Tfi 

;cq 

: 

Oi 

r-t0»0-^00  oo-^  *05  OOlCt^O  i-l  CO  o-^ 

CO  T-t  .0  rH  CO  <1-1  C- 00  Ui  1-H  0 00 

50  (N  (N  J 50  i-H  T-i 

om‘L 

00(N05rHCO  t>*  O i-H  i-H  rfi  O <D 

COO  lOC^'^OOO'^  t-HO 

CO  (N  CO  r-l  t-H  I-H 

8,216 

i 

CM 

xjl  I 

lO 

CM 

t-  • 

* CD  fH  iH 

I lO 

66 

1 

21 

CM  rH  CM  iC  CM  CD 

CO 

i 

22 

• »0  lo  CM 

497 

rH 

10 

0 

CM 

lO  OCM'^COCi  rH  CO  CO  CM 

^CM^  O)  CO  CO 

2,878 

rH 

50  00 
(M 

IM 

iOCMCOi-Hl>  »DiOi-HCOt^  fH  00  00 

^CMiOCM  CO-M^ 

CM  rH 

lO 

cd' 

CM  • 

Oi 

cq  • 

•.  • 

24 

1 

20 

10 

1 

11 

rH  CO  CM  CM 
CM 

rji  I 

315 

• 

* l>*  CO  00  CO  10  • ' 
«CM  00  CM  |i 

O rH  CD 

H 00  CO 

»H 

2,212 

1 

I-l  CO  0 00  • 1 

-<»<  0 CO  •! 

(M  r-l 

W CO  CO  00 

H O CO 

cq 

2,560 

• • 

1 • 1 • 

00 

1 

• rH 

CO  I 

» 1-H  • • 

10 

• 00  rH  10  • I 

^ * 1 

H 00»H  I 

•IM 

,H  ^ : 

137 

♦ CO 

• w 

• CO  10  iD  iO  Oi  • < 

• 00  o>  • 

N O 155 
(N  (N 

27 

27 

1,976 

• c^ 

• CM  CO  CO  CD  00  • ( 

• 0 0 iO  • 

• • 

6 

129 

28 

5 

01 

28 

28 

CO 

CM 

r-f  C>.  05  00  05  rH  CO  C- 50  ■5*1  ,— 1 i-t  Tjl  0 50 

CO  50  rH  0 (N  -5^0050  -»»'  rH  0 

50  d CO  l>  IH  tH  i-H 

8,216 

Mexican i 

Montenegrin I 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian 

scotcn 

Scotch-Irish 

eervian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

oyiidu 

Welsh 

Australian  (race  not 
specified) 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

Total 

460 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  Number  of  Tpersons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  household, 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Under 

6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19.  ; 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White . . 

11 

7 

3 

8 

12 

2 

43 



— . 

Foreign-born: 

29 

17 

4 

5 

14 

31 

6 

106 

18 

12 

1 

3 

10 

14 

3 

61 

37 

21 

1 

1 

12 

36 

3 

111 

Polish 

19 

9 

10 

12 

2 

52 

Total 

103 

59 

6 

9 

46 

93 

14 

330 

114 

66 

6 

12 

54 

105 

16 

373 

1 



, FEMALE. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White  . . 

6 

7 

1 

3 

9 

7 

3 

£6 

Foreign-born: 

North 

28 

22 

3 

6 

30 

17 

1 

107 

Itailian  South 

14 

13 

3 

2 

10 

12 

1 

55 

Lithuanian 

33 

16 

1 

2 

28 

20 

1 

101 

Polish 

11 

8 

1 

4 

12 

7 

1 

44 

Total 

86 

59 

8 

14 

80 

56 

4 

307 

GraTifl  total 

IT 

63 

7 

343 

TOTAL. 

Native-born  of  native  father.  White  . . 

17 

14 

1 

6 

17 

19 

5 

79 

Foreign-born: 

Jtall^lTi  North 

57 

39 

7 

11 

44 

48 

7 

213 

Ttahf'^  South 

32 

25 

4 

5 

20 

26 

4 

116 

Lithuanian 

70 

37 

2 

3 

40 

56 

4 

212 

PoUsh 

30 

17 

1 

4 

22 

19 

3 

96 

Total 

189 

118 

14 

23 

126 

149 

18 

637 

Grand  total 

206 

132 

1^ 

14^ 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


461 


Fable  140. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group^  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 


(study  of  EMPIOYEEvS.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20 

to 

24 

25 

to 

29. 

30 

to 

34. 

35 

to 

44. 

45 

to 

54. 

55 

to 

64. 

65 

or 

over. 

'Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

5,993 

684 

1 

6 

33 

2 

125 

6 

216 

6 

237 

15 

223 

15 

1,118 

69 

1,109 

89 

851 

98 

1,180 

160 

620 

85 

249 

29 

25 

10 

•Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father: 
Australia 





1 

174 

10 

18 

5 

585 

()() 

882 

321 

50 

2 

4 

57 

285 

20 

10 

211 

1 

48 

1 

■ 1 

2 

124 

12 

190 

52 

12 

Austria-Hungary 

2 

12 

31 

2 

33 

4 

1 

14 

1 

19 

1 

1 

101 

13 

151 

34 

7 

1 

1 

2 

55 

4 

1 

41 

4 

1 

6 

1 

86 

9 

101 

53 

2 

10 

1 

Belgium 

Canada 

4 

1 

113 

8 

180 

77 

1 

3 

1 

1 

Denmark 

2 

6 

12 

2 

25 

3 

11 

27 

3 

24 

9 

9 

26 

5 

41 

5 

7 

1 

32 

4 

47 

7 

7 

48 

7 

90 

60 

3 

23 

18 

1 

France 

Germany 

1 

3 

3 

Ireland  

Italy 

Netherlands 

Norway 

2 

1 

31 

3 

1 

28 

1 

Russia” 

5 

1 

8 

9 

2 

1 

9 

9 

18 

13 

17 

1 

8 

10 

2 

1 

9 

11 

88 

7 

1 

38 

Scotland 

36 

1 

4 

40 

14 

4 

2 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

1 

8 

Wales 

m: 

1 

2 

5 

7 

17 

Total 

2,707 

4 

16 

94 

137 

161 

142 

594 

433 

329 

482 

239 

05 

11 

Total  native-born 

9,284 

1 

10 

51 

225 

359 

413 

380 

1,781 

1,631 

1,278 

1,822 

944 

343 

46 

j'oreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 
Bulgarian 

251 

17 
11 

8 

182 

7 

20 

809 

29 

193 

858 

12 

2 

128 

1,711 

422 

4 

1,084 

639 

1 

33 

7 

814 

11 

376 

18 
345 

1 

22 

788 

99 

67 

8 
157 

1 

125 

102 

8 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

21 

2 

42 

2 

3 

2 

47 

3 

5 
99 

6 

35 

84 

2 

48 

7 

3 

83 

1 

3 

3 
41 

1 

4 
195 

9 

44 

221 

25 

1 

2 

2 

14 

1 

1 

164 

1 

34 

180 

2 

16 

2 

2 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

1 

2 

Croatian 

6 

6 

43 

1 

1 

58 

2 

21 

62 

4 

21 

2 

”'2 

105 

1 

16 

119 

1 

Danish 

1 

Dutch 

1 

7 

1 

"u 

2 

6 

135 

7 

36 

131 

1 

English 

4 

1 

1 

1 

10 

8 

24 

1 

Finnish 

French 

2 

8 

4 

11 

German 

29 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)   

1 

1 

Irish 

2 

30 

16 

6 

286 

96 

9 

413 

92 

1 

284 

118 

11 

368 

80 

1 

223 

129 

28 

411 

81 

2 

287 

180 

30 

124 

32 

31 

27 

12 

li 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

6 

2 

20 

6 

25 

4 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

1 

10 

1 

7 

7 

17 

8 

23 

190 

88 

73 

53 

1 

1 

2 

70 

1 

33 

2 

83 

8 

13 

2 

1 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Montenegrin 

1 

11 

9 

2 

166 

2 

104 

7 

64 

4 

7 

3 

205 

1 

95 

6 

72 

1 

5 

215 

23 

22 

1 

28 

Norwegian 

Polish 

1 

7 

13 

15 

1 

2 

167 

4 

68 

1 

24 

150 

2 

65 

1 

50 

15 

5 

Roumanian 

Russian 

1 

4 

3 

1 

44 

1 

Ruthenian 

Scotch 

4 

2 

2 

10 

Scotch-Irish 

Servian 

1 

6 

1 

5 

116 

8 

4 

1 

8 

7 

131 

24 

11 

3 

13 

3 

132 

18 

8 

3 

25 

1 

15 

6 

8 

Slovak 

11 

1 

19 

1 

18 

6 

124 

11 

13 

1 

Slovenian 

Swedish 

1 

Syrian 

Welsh 

2 

41 

32 

1 

4 

3 

2 

8 

Australian  (race  not  spec- 
ified)  

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

1 

1 

2 

1 

.... 

3 

24 

15 

1 

26 

12 

2 

18 

17 

28 

32 

2 

20 

17 

1 

1 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 
Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

Total  foreign-born 

9,370 

42 

87 

128 

163 

1,338 

1,820 

1,703 

2,340 

1,159 

490 

100 

Grand  total 

18,654 

1 

10 

51 

267 

446 

541 

543 

3,119 

3,451 

2,981 

4,162 

2,103 

833 

146 

462 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  14^1,— Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  hoarding,  etc.,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family . 

Owning 

home. 

Renting 

home. 

Board- 

ing. 

Lodging. 

In  other 
condi- 
tions. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father,  White 

8 

14 

22 

Foreign-born: 

36 

io 

15 

51 

15 

25 

Xtallall;  

18 

32 

50 

Polish 

20 

3 

23 

Total 

84 

65 

149 

92 

7^ 

===== 

=z== 

■ 

171 

Table  General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 

and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
Individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

At  home.  1 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

6 

a 

o 

< 

1 At  school. 

1 At  work. 

1 Total.  1 

j At  home. 

1 At  school. 

1 At  work.  1 

1 Total. 

At  home. 

j At  school. 

j At  work. 

o 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

11 

11 

1 

6 

7 

12 

6 

18 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Ttnlinn  North  

29 

29 

12 

12 

4 

4 

29 

16 

45 

T+olioTi 

17 

37 

17 

3 

3 

17 

3 

20 

T.ithnaninn  

37 

14 



20 

1 

1 

43 

15 

58 

21 

Polish 

17 

17 

1 

3 

4 

18 

3 

— 

Total 

100 

100 

7 

32 

39 

5 

5 

107 

37 

144 

Total  native-born 

111 

111 

"T" 

38 

46 

5 

5 

119 

43 

162 

Foreign-bom: 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Ttfl.lifin  Rontb  

1 

1 

9 

9 

1 

1 

1 

10 

11 

T n OTJ ?ci Ti 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Polish 

2 

2 

5 

5 

2 

5 

7 

Total  foreign-born 

3 

3 

20 

20 

— 

1 

1 

3 

21 

.... 

24 

Orfl.Tid  total  

114 

114 

8 

58 

122 

Isi 

1 

' 

1 

( 


463 


General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


Table  142. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  hy  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual  Continu-ed. 

FEMALE. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

At  home. 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

At  home. 

1 At  school. 

1 At  work. 

"3 

o 

j At  home. 

At  school. 

1 At  work. 

1 Total. 

At  home. 

j At  school. 

j At  work. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father. 
White 

6 

6 

7 

7 

1 

1 

6 

8 

14 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

T+olion  ^ArtVl  .... 

28 

28 

2 

17 

19 

3 

3 

30 

20 

50 

20 

13 

30 

13 

7 

7 

13 

7 

...  - 



30 

"s' 

8 

13 

1 

1 

35 

9 

— 

44 

17 

Polish 

10 

10 

2 

4 

6 

1 

1 

12 

5 

Total 

81 

81 

9 

36 

45 

5 

5 

90 

41 

131 

Total  native-born 

87 

... 

9 

52 

6 

6 

96 

49 

Foreign-born: 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Italian  Rnnt.h c 

1 

1 

1 

5 

6 

1 

2 

3 

3 

7 

— 

10 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

Polish 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Total  foreign-born 

5 

5 

1 

13 

14 

1 

2 

3 

7 

15 

.... 

22 

Grand  

92 

92 

10 

56 

... 

1 

T 

9 

103 

64 

167 

TOTAL. 


Native-born  of  native  father:, 
White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, by 
race  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


17 

17 

1 

13 

14 

1 

1 

18 

14 

32 

57 

57 

2 

29 

31 

7 

7 

59 

36 

95 

an 

30 

10 

10 

30 

10 

40 

ou 

67 

67 

'ii' 

22 

33 

2 

... 

2 

78 

24 

102 

27 

27 

3 

7 

... 

10 

1 

1 

30 

8 

38 

181 

181 

16 

68 

84 

10 

10 

197 

78 

275 

198 

198 

17 

81 

98 

11 

11 

215 

92 

.... 

307 

8 

8 

8 

8 

2 

2 

1 

14 

15 

1 

3 

4 

4 

17 

21 

9 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

7 

o 

3 

3 

7 

7 

3 

7 

10 

8 

8 

1 

33 

34 

1 

3 

... 

4 

10 

36 

46 

. 206 

206~ 

114 

- 

132 

~Y 

14 

ir 

225 

128 

.... 

353 

Total  foreign-born 
Grand  total 


464 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  143, — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 

Total  number  report- 
ing complete  data. 

In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

1 Having  first 

1 papers  onl^ 

1 Having  sec- 

1 ond  papers. 

Total. 

1 Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  sec- 

ond papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

1 Having  first 
! papers  only. 

Having  sec- 

ond papers. 

Total. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

84 

20 

35 

3 

58 

1 

1 

24 

26 

21 

36 

27 

84 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

Canadian,  French 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian.. 

80 

35 

3 

"4’ 

42 

15 

7 

16 

38 

50 

10 

20 

80 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

3 

1 

4 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

5 

English 

270 

28 

39 

”(V 

73 

8 

9 

180 

197 

36 

48 

186 

270 

Finni.'^h  . 

15 

5 

4 

9 

3 

3 

6 

8 

7 

15 

French 

82 

30 

14 

4 

48 

2 

9 

23 

34 

32 

23 

27 

82 

German 

352 

22 

43 

18 

83 

5 

14 

250 

269 

27 

57 

268 

352 

Greek.  . . 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

i 

3 

Irish 

47 

5 

1 

1 

7 

1 

6 

33 

40 

6 

7 

34 

47 

Italian,  North 

730 

236 

113 

96 

445 

35 

48 

211 

294 

271 

161 

307 

739 

Italian,  South 

101 

93 

14 

17 

124 

12 

3 

22 

37 

105 

17 

39 

161 

Italian  Inot  .spetafied).. 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Lithuanian 

418 

141 

22 

53 

216 

50 

19 

133 

202 

"loi 

'4i' 

186 

418 

Magyar 

238 

112 

36 

13 

161 

26 

16 

35 

77 

138 

52 

48 

238 

Montenegrin 

5 

4 

1 

5 

4 

1 

5 

Norwegian . 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Polish 

309 

136 

24 

5 

165 

58 

29 

57 

144 

194 

53 

62 

309 

Roumanian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Russian 

140 

52 

5 

11 

68 

20 

13 

39 

72 

72 

18 

50 

140 

Ruthenian 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Scotch 

120 

16 

17 

1 

34 

2 

16 

68 

86 

18 

33 

69 

120 

Servian 

6 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

6 

Slovak 

285 

60 

25 

14 

99 

35 

34 

117 

186 

95 

59 

131 

285 

Slovenian 

35 

15 

4 

1 

20 

3 

1 

11 

15 

18 

5 

12 

35 

Swedish 

33 

4 

1 

5 

4 

24 

28 

8 

25 

33 

Syrian..  . 

2 

.. 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

Welsh 

58 

1 

1 

2 

2 

5 

49 

56 

3 

6 

49 

58 

Austrian  (race  not  specified). 

45 

14 

10 

'"f 

27 

4 

5 

9 

18 

18 

15 

12 

45 

Belgian  (race  not  specified).. 

46 

13 

7 

20 

5 

6 

15 

26 

18 

13 

15 

46 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

Total 

3,601 

1,045 

430 

256 

1,731 

289 

251 

1,330 

1,870 

1,334 

681 

1,586 

3,601 

General  Tables:  Middle  West. 


465 


Table  144, — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  five  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^ 
by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race  of  individual. 


Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Polish 


Total. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  second 
papers. 

1 Total. 

j Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

1 Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

29 

5 

11 

3 

19 

10 

10 

5 

11 

13 

29 

16 

6 

1 

7 

4 

5 

9 

10 

6 

16 

28 

4 

3 

7 

7 

5 

9 

21 

11 

5 

12 

28 

10 

3 

2 

5 

2 

3 

5 

5 

2 

3 

10 

83 

18 

13 

7 

38 

13 

5 

27 

45 

31 

18 

34 

83 

Table  145. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


N umber 
reporting 
complete 
data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Italian,  North 

45 

19 

19 

26 

25 

45 

44 

Italian,  South 

11 

3 

3 

8 

7 

11 

10 

Lithuanian 

38 

22 

22 

16 

16 

38 

38 

PoUsh 

16 

5 

5 

11 

11 

16 

16 

Total  native-born 

no 

49 

49 

61 

59 

no 

108 

Foreign-bom: 

Italian,  North 

107 

58 

51 

49 

14 

107 

65 

Italian,  South 

73 

40 

21 

33 

16 

73 

37 

Lithuanian 

104 

52 

52 

52 

46 

104 

98 

Polish 

49 

28 

28 

21 

17 

49 

45 

Total  foreign-bom 

333 

178 

152 

155 

93 

333 

245 

Grand  total 

443 

227 

201 

216 

152 

443 

353 

466 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  14tQ,— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.) 

MALE. 


Race  of  Individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  comi 

Under  14. 

ng  to  United  States. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Italian,  North 

58 

8 

8 

50 

43 

Italian,  South 

40 

14 

10 

26 

11 

Lithuanian 

52 

3 

3 

49 

49 

Polish 

28 

7 

7 

21 

21 

Total 

178 

32 

28 

146 

124 

FEMALE. 


Italian,  North 

49 

4 

3 

45 

11 

Italian,  South 

33 

12 

10 

21 

6 

Lithuanian 

52 

5 

5 

47 

41 

Polish 

21 

4 

3 

17 

14 

Total 

155 

25 

21 

130 

72 

TOTAL. 


Italian,  North, 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian... 
Polish 


107 

12 

11 

95 

64 

73 

26 

20 

47 

17 

104 

8 

8 

96 

90 

49 

11 

10 

38 

35 

333 

57 

49 

276 

196 

Total. 


General  Tables:  Middle  West, 


467 


Table  141  .—Ability  to  speah  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  'individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

fBy  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
^ ^ ^ only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 

Race  of  Individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 



58 

8 

7 

22 

16 

11 

11 

28 

11 

36 

28 

Q 

Soutti 

40 

8 

2 

21 

O 

Lithnauian  ...... 

52 

5 

5 

11 

oO 

1 A 

Polish 

28 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

XU 

Total 

178 

30 

23 

63 

47 

85 

82 

FEMALE. 


Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

49 

33 

52 

21 

16 

14 

9 

11 

2 

5 

4 

9 

22 

16 

25 

7 

7 

9 

25 

5 

11 

3 

18 

3 

5 

2 

17 

3 

Total 

155 

50 

20 

70 

46 

35 

27 

TOTAL. 


Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Polish 

107 

73 

104 

49 

24 

22 

14 

20 

9 

7 

9 

18 

44 

37 

36 

16 

23 

20 

36 

14 

39 

14 

54 

13 

33 

10 

53 

13 

Total 

333 

80 

43 

133 

93 

120 

109 

468 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  14S,— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaklng  races.] 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

N umber. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

247 

191 

38 

2 

38 

2 

209 

15 

8 

1.53 

8 

A 

Bulgarian 

17 

10 

Canadian,  French 

10 

8 

2 

2 

Croatian. 

180 

142 

7 

12 

1 

10 

1 

168 

6 

132 

A 

Danish 

7 

Dutch 

20 

16 

24 

130 

752 

5 

4 

4 

16 

26 

157 

620 

10 

o 

12 

21 

Q7 

Finnish 

29 

3 

3 

33 

221 

j 

French 

190 

841 

11 

2 

33 

221 

1 

German 

531 

A 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

1,685 

416 

4 

1,145 

209 

3 

69 

26 

67 

22 

1,616 

390 

4 

1,078 

187 

3 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

1,080 

596 

1 

820 

298 

1 

46 

27 

44 

1 034 

776 

974 

Magyar 

24 

Mexican 

ouy 

1 

1 

18 

g 

Montenegrin 

33 

18 

7 

33 

g 

Norwegian 

7 

1 

1 

iin 

Poilsh 

787 

11 

451 

8 

43 

41 1 

Roumanian 

4 

11 

ftAl 

^AA 

s 

Russian 

371 

16 

21 

778 

94 

67 

8 

1 

252 

g 

in 

Q 

Odd 

Ruthenian 

AU 

0 

1 

00  A 

1 ci 

c 

Servian 

17 

572 

A 

1 

AO 

on 

0 

1 A 

Siovak 

71 

A 

Aft 

ZU 

707 

AO 

P^4 

Slovenian 

68 

/ 1 

7 

Do 

7 

#0/ 

ft7 

OU^ 

A1 

Swedish 

62 

f 

13 

4 

1 ft 

o/ 

OA 

4Q 

Syrian 

8 

1 

1 

AO 

1 

O'* 

7 

7 

Australian  (race  not  specified! 

1 

A 

1 

4 

4 

Austrian  (race  not  specified!. . 

121 

104 

65 

8 

7 

7 

114 

97 

44 

Belgian  (race  not  specified! 

102 

21 

2 

21 

2 

81 

A 

Swiss  (race  not  specified! 

8 

A 

O 

o 

Total 

7 761 

5 410 

A,1K 

7,095 

A 7AK 

DOD 

D40 

4,  400 

General  Tables:  Middle  West, 


469 


Table  149. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  BMPLOYBBS.) 


fBy  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  In  the  United  States.  This  table  Includes 
'■  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Years  in  United  States. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Num- 

ber 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Race. 

who 

speak 

Eng- 

lish. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

speak 

Eng- 

lish. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

speak 

Eng- 

lish. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

speak 

Eng- 

lish. 

247 

191 

88 

51 

69 

53 

90 

87 

17 

10 

9 

3 

5 

5 

3 

2 

10 

8 

1 

4 

4 

5 

4 

180 

142 

38 

22 

90 

74 

52 

46 

- 

7 

7 

4 

4 

3 

3 

■putch  ^ 

20 

16 

8 

5 

5 

4 

7 

7 

Finnish ...... .............. ... 

29 

24 

8 

4 

12 

11 

9 

9 

French .............................. 

190 

130 

43 

13 

66 

45 

81 

72 

pprrnaTi  

841 

752 

144 

81 

102 

88 

595 

583 

nrpftlr  . 

11 

5 

5 

1 

3 

1 

3 

3 

Hebrew  tbr^Ti 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

1,685 

416 

1,145 

493 

203 

680 

491 

512 

451 

Italian,  South 

209 

143 

47 

204 

104 

69 

58 

Italian  (Tint  sppoifip.d) 

4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

I,ithna,nian 

1,080 

596 

820 

237 

120 

423 

330 

420 

370 

Magyar  

298 

234 

62 

232 

133 

130 

103 

\fpirjpan  

1 

1 

1 

MnntPTiPgrin  ..  

33 

18 

24 

11 

9 

7 



7 

7 

1 

6 

6 

Polish  

787 

451 

239 

71 

295 

187 

' 253 

193 

Roumanian 

11 

8 

7 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1 

Russian 

371 

252 

122 

43 

129 

100 

120 

109 

Ruthenian 

16 

6 

12 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

Pprvian  

21 

17 

3 

1 

12 

10 

6 

6 

Sloyak 

778 

572 

137 

61 

213 

154 

428 

357 

Sloy  enian 

94 

68 

30 

18 

37 

28 

27 

22 

Swedish 

67 

62 

5 

2 

9 

7 

53 

53 

Pyrian  

8 

8 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Australian  (rapp.  nnt  spppifipdi 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Austrian  (rapp  nnt  specified) . 

121 

104 

30 

20 

51 

45 

40 

39 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

102 

65 

29 

8 

24 

14 

49 

43 

Swiss  (racp  nnt  specified)  

8 

8 

2 

2 

6 

6 

Total 

7,761 

5,410 

2,091 

856 

2,693 

1,913 

2,977 

2,641 

470 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


IV.— THE  SOUTHWEST. 

Table  150.— TotaZ  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Total  1 

number  of  1 
house- 

Total 
number  of 
persons  in 
house- 
holds 

Number  of  persons  for  whom 
detailed  information  was  se- 
cured. 

holds. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

53 

236 

117 

119 

236 

27 

120 

54 

66 

120 

Foreign-born: 

21 

84 

41 

43 

84 

39 

226 

125 

101 

226 

96 

473 

265 

174 

439 

Ttnlifin  Snntih 

35 

167 

99 

63 

162 

T .itb  iiJiTi  inn 

36 

185 

111 

65 

176 

15 

72 

36 

34 

70 

42 

196 

112 

84 

196 

Pnli«;h  

36 

170 

89 

76 

165 

49 

250 

124 

126 

250 

Welsh  

27 

126 

68 

58 

126 

Total - 

396 

1,949 

1,070 

824 

1,894 

Grend  toto.! 

476 

2,305 

1,241 

1,009 

2,250 

General  Tables : Southwest. 


471 


Table  151. — Number  of  'persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White - 

124 

121 

245 

54 

66 

120 

3 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

1 

1 

11 

15 

26 

3 

3 

1 

1 

75 

65 

140 

66 

64 

130 

29 

21 

50 

32 

24 

56 

14 

20 

34 

45 

39 

84 

Polish 

27 

30 

57 

Scotch - 

1 

Slovak. 

57 

70 

127 

Welsh 

32 

22 

54 

Total 

388 

376 

764 

Total  native-born 

566 

566 

1,132 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

1 

Croatian 

30 

28 

58 

Danish 

1 

1 

English 

2 

2 

German 

2 

2 

Irish 

49 

29 

78 

Italian,  North 

197 

109 

306 

Italian,  South 

68 

40 

108 

Lithuanian 

80 

41 

121 

Magyar 

21 

15 

36 

Mexican 

64 

40 

104 

Polish 

61 

45 

106 

Scotch - 

1 

1 

Slovak 

67 

55 

122 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Welsh 

35 

33 

68 

Total  foreign-born 

675 

443 

1,118 

Grand  total 

1,241 

1,009 

2,250 

472 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  152. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Total 

number. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Total  ,| 
number.  ^ 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Foreign-born,  by  race- -Continued. 

Whifp  

1,675 

English..  

254 

' 396 

Finnish 

2 

2 

French 

215 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 

German.  

185 

of  birth  of  father: 

Greek 

3 

26 

Irish 

99 

9 

Italian,  North 

1,169 

4 

Italian,  South 

429 

Denmark 

2 

180 

Italian  (not  specified) 

10 

Lithuanian 

125 

'Pra^f'**  - 

36 

Magyar 

49 

rrprmany  

104 

Me.'dcan 

114 

Ir^lc^Ti'l  

141 

Norwegian 

2 

Italy 

64 

Polish 

221 



9 

Roumanian 

4 

4 

Russian 

107 

. . . 

B.nssia  ... 

20 

Scotch 

148 

Scotland 

147 

Servian 

1 

pwpHpn  

6 

Slovak 

133 

Switzprland  . 

1 

Slovenian 

196 

Walp.s  

40 

Spanish 

5 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

2 

Swp.dl.sh  - - 

19 

Total  

795 

Syrian 

3 

W *4l«h 

37 

Total  nativfi-horn 

2,868 

West  Indian 

1 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

A ustralian  (race  not  specified) 

2 

Rohp.mian  and  Moravian 

29 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

455 

Rnlgarian  

6 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

115 

Canadian,  French 

4 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

PcinfsHicin  Otbpr 

1 

Croatian  

14 

Total  foreign-born 

4,168 

Danish.. 

Grand  total 

7,036 

1 

Dutch 

1 ^ 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


473 


Table  153. — Number  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

rBy  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
^ made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Num- 


Number  in  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 


ber  re- 


Race. 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Under 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian — 

29 

1 

2 

5 

3 

5 

1 

4 

8 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

* 

1 

14 

1 

7 

5 

1 

1 

1 

9 

1 

2 

1 

1 

4 

English 

246 

3 

3 

4 

7 

10 

25 

10 

15 

169 

2 

1 

1 

Erf'Ticb 

212 

5 

6 

16 

15 

14 

50 

14 

30 

62 

German 

181 

4 

6 

9 

8 

9 

24 

7 

31 

83 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Irish  

92 

1 

6 

2 

3 

7 

3 

6 

64 

Italian,  North 

1,160 

57 

61 

86 

136 

106 

426 

113 

92 

83 

Italian,  South 

427 

15 

20 

31 

49 

59 

151 

57 

21 

24 

Tlolicin  ('Tint 

9 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

121 

1 

3 

3 

12 

10 

42 

21 

17 

12 

Magyar 

48 

3 

2 

7 

7 

19 

3 

3 

4 

Mexican 

109 

2 

5 

8 

8 

6 

26 

24 

21 

9 

N or  ^ ^ 

2 

1 

1 

Polish 

216 

7 

7 

30 

27 

15 

67 

30 

19 

14 

R on  TP  ^ i fi  Ti 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Russian 

106 

1 

1 

9 

10 

9 

40 

14 

7 

15 

pf‘nt,f*h 

137 

1 

2 

6 

4 

13 

3 

6 

102 

fiarTTian 

1 

1 

Slovak 

128 

8 

4 

13 

17 

13 

35 

8 

21 

9 

Slovenian 

195 

7 

12 

19 

21 

19 

65 

19 

19 

14 

G-rvonioVi 

4 

1 

2 

1 

18 

2 

5 

11 

PyriH^ 

3 

2 

1 

Welsh  

36 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3i 

Tnrlifi.n 

1 

1 

Australian  (race  not  sped- 

floH  ^ 

2 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) . 

447 

29 

10 

59 

43 

56 

181 

19 

34 

16 

Belgian  (race  not  specified). . 

114 

1 

8 

8 

12 

29 

2 

20 

34 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) — 

1 

1 

Total 

4,089 

144 

153 

315 

384 

358 

1,222 

360 

377 

776 

dS29G'’— VOL  7—11 31 


474 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  154:.— iVumber  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


FBv  vears  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 

MALE. 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Number  in  United  States  each  specified  niimber  of  years. 

Race  of  individual. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19, 

20  or 
over. 

30 

3 

1 

6 

14 

2 

4 

T-lcVl  

49 

1 

5 

19 

1 

1 

1 

39 

Ttalian  North  

197 

13 

8 

27 

14 

82 

14 

14 

6 

J.  XtOblLaLl.  y V/*  oix  ..••••••• 

Italian  South  

68 

6 

1 

8 

9 

11 

25 

5 

15 

1 

2 

......... 

80 

2 

3 

6 

6 

3 

36 

4 

5 

21 

2 

1 

2 

1 

8 

3 

4 

64 

2 

2 

1 

14 

16 

18 

11 

PqP^Vi  

61 

4 

7 

11 

3 

3 

16 

10 

9 

2 

5 

Slovak 

67 

3 

35 

1 

9 

7 

2 

3 

1 

19 

9 

10 

Spanish 

Welsh 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

7 

19 

Total  

675 

32 

31 

64 

44 

48 

218 

74 

63 

101 

1 

1 

FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than 

French) 

Croatian 

1 

1 , 
28 

1 

3 

1 

1 

10 

8 

2 

3 

I 

1 ; 

i 1 

Danish 

English 

German 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

20 

2 

Irish 

jtaliun  N^^^th .......... 

29 

109 

11 

2 

8 

16 

6 

11 

1 

15 

32 

9 

5 

Italian  South 

1 

o 

10 

5 

4 

13 

4 

40 

o 

10 

T .... 

41 

4 

4 

4 

1 

15 

1 

2 1 

Hyf/ifTTroT*  ....... 

15 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

iScLag  j - 

.... 

40 

1 

4 

1 

8 

8 

13 

5 1 

Polish 

45 

1 

7 

5 

9 

1 

4 

9 

6 

2 

i! 

Scotch 

Clrktrol?’ 

65 

1 

6 

9 

1 

16 

6 

8 

6 

17  1 

Welsh 

33 

6 

3 

2 

1 

4 

Total  

443 

31 

32 

50 

35 

40 

104 

49 

40 

62 

1 

1 

1 

TOTAL. 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than 
French) 

X 

1 

1 

Croatian 

58 

1 

6 

2 

1 

16 

22 

4 

7 

1 

2 

1 

1 

English 

2 

2 

Tris>i  

78 

2 

1 

11 

2 

i 

1 

1 

69 

8 

2 

Italian  N orth 

306 

24 

16 

43 

25 

34 

114 

23 

19 

Italian  South 

108 

7 

4 

18 

14 

15 

38 

9 

1 

Lithuanian 

121 

6 

3 

10 

10 

4 

51 

25 

5 

7 

Magyar 

36 

3 

4 

1 

4 

2 

9 

1 

6 

31 

6 

16 

Atf'Trioan  

104 

2 

1 

6 

2 

22 

24 

Polish 

106 

11 

12 

20 

4 

7 

25 

16 

4 

7 

1 

1 

Slovak.... 

122 

1 

15 

16 

4 

1 

35 

17 

17 

16 

3 

1 

2 

Welsh 

68 

8 

5 

5 

3 

ii 

36 

Total 

, 1,118 

63 

63 

114 

79 

88 

322 

123 

103 

163 

General  Tables:  Southwest 


475 


Table  155. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(study  of  households.) 


Race  of  Individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Number  without  oc- 
cupation. 

Number  working  for  wages. 

Number  work- 
ing without 
wages. 

Number  work- 
ing for  profit. 

Farm  la- 
borers. 

General  la- 

borers. 

Miners. 

In  hand 

trades. 

1 In  other  oc- 
1 cupations. 

Total. 

Farm  la- 

borers. 

In  other  oc- 

cupations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  oc- 

cupations. 

1 Total. 

Croatian 

20 

9 

1 

6 

16 

4 

4 

Irish 

28 

1 

1 

1 

14 

16 

7 

i 

8 

3 

3 

Italian,  North 

IGG 

25 

10 

9 

i6 

9 

69 

62 

1 

63 

33 

1 

34 

Italian,  South 

52 

19 

1 

1 

3 

2 

26 

13 

13 

12 

1 

13 

Tiithnanifl.ri  

G5 

1 

IG 

5 

3 

24 

35 

35 

4 

1 

5 

M a.gy  ar 

18 

11 

2 

1 

1 

1 

16 

2 

2 

Mexican 

45 

13 

4 

22 

2 

41 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

Polish 

43 

4 

1 

9 

4 

3 

21 

16 

2 

18 

4 

4 

Slovak 

52 

7 

2 

16 

1 

1 

27 

23 

23 

2 

2 

Spn.nish  

3 

1 

2 

2 

Welsh 

18 

2 

15 

1 

16 

Total 

510 

5 

98 

21 

96 

32 

27 

274 

159 

4 

163 

64 

4 

68 

Table  156. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  females  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Number  without 
occupation. 

Number  working  for 
wages. 

Number  working 
without  wages. 

Number  working 
for  profit. 

Farm  la- 
borers. 

In  domestic 
service. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

Total. 

Farm  la- 
borers. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

Total. 

Farmers. 

In  other  oc- 
cupations. 

Total. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

Crnfltia.n  

21 

21 



T)anish  

1 

F.nglish  

1 

1 

Irish  

14 

12 

2 

2 

Tt.alinn  North  . . 

86 

64 

6 

g 

14 

7 

1 

8 

Tt.alifl.n,  South  

28 

17 

9 

9 

2 

2 

T.lt.hnanian  

29 

22 

6 

1 

7 

Magyar 

13 

4 

4 

3 

7 

2 

2 

Mexiean 

26 

21 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

Polish 

30 

1 

22 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

4 

Seoteh  

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

36 

31 

|... 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

Welsh 

17 

! 15 

1 * 

2 

2 

Total  

304 

j 232 

1 

28 

12 

14 

54 

17 

1 

18 

476 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  157. — Occupation  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  before  coming  to  the  United 

States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Number  who  were  engaged  in — 

Min- 

ing. 

Farm- 
ing or 
farm 
labor. 

Gen- 

eral 

labor. 

Manu- 

factur- 

ing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Trade. 

Busi- 
ness for 
self. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

18 

15 

2 

1 

5 

2 

3 

2 

2 

11 

9 

2 

1 

1 

7 

4 

2 

1 

129 

113 

7 

1 

5 

3 

144 

130 

5 

3 

2 

1 

1 

2 

114 

75 

17 

8 

10 

2 

Crfiplc  

3 

1 

2 

Tri.sh  

58 

42 

13 

3 

Italian,  North 

853 

184 

399 

166 

10 

69 

1 

24 

Italian,  South 

319 

30 

128 

141 

2 

9 

2 

7 

Italian  tnot  specififidi 

5 

3 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

109 

12 

71 

12 

12 

2 

Magyar 

48 

9 

34 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Mexican 

98 

70 

17 

5 

5 

1 

Norwegian  

2 

1 

1 

Polish 

175, 

58 

78 

9 

3 

14 

1 

1 

11 

Roumanian 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Russian 

88 

12 

6 

6 

3 

2 

Scotch  

90 

79 

^3 

3 

4 

1 

Servian 

1 

1 

Slovak 

122 

66 

42 

7 

1 

4 

2 

Slovenian 

99 

53 

35 

6 

2 

3 

Spanish 

5 

4 

1 

Swedish 

13 

1 

9 

2 

1 

Welsh 

21 

20 

1 

Australian  (race  not  speci- 

fied)  

2 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not  specified). 

408 

257 

106 

17 

22 

6 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . 

81 

03 

5 

4 

7 

2 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

1 

Total 

3,036 

1,306 

1,050 

401 

36 

166 

6 

1 

70 

General  Tables:  Southwest, 


477 


Table  158. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  oyer  in  each  specified  industry,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS  ) 

[The  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Census,  with  these 
modifications:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining,  and 
QuarryingareeachseparatefromManufacturingand  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transportation  are 
distinct  from  each  other.) 


General  nativity  and  race  o 
individual. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Agri- 

cul- 

tural 

pur- 

suits. 

Domes-j 

tic  and 
per- 
sonal 
service. 

Manu- 
factur- 
ing and 
me- 
chanic- 
al pur- 
suits. 

Bitu- 

minous 

coal 

min- 

ing. 

Trade. 

Trans- 

porta- 

tion. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

WhiT.p  

74 

32 

1 

70 

31 

2 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Iristi  

27 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

5 

11 

22 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

TsTnrth  



A/fQffVQr 

MpYipan  

Pnli<?h 

1 

5 

9 



Welsh  

» 

1 

1 

Total 

51 

42 

2 

1 

1 

5 

Total  native-born 

157 

1 

1 

143 

2 

3 

1 

6 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

22 

47 

175 

53 

72 

20 

62 

51 

55 

3 

33 

22 

47 

172 

52 

71 

19 

GO 

50 

55 

3 

31 

Irish - 

Ttalia.n,  North 

2 

1 

1 

Italian , Ronth 

I.ithna.nia.n  

1 

Magyar 

1 

Mexican 

2 

Polish 

Rlova.lc 

Spanish 

Welsh 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-bom 

593 

1 

582 

1 

7 

2 

Grand  total 

750 

1 

1 

1 

725 

3 

3 

8 

8 

478 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  159. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry,  by  ' 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[The  main  headings  used  In  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Census  with  these 
^ modifications:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing, Mining, and 
Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transportation 
are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Agri- 

cul- 

tural 

pur- 

suits. 

Domes- 
tic and 
per- 
sonal 
service. 

Manu- 
factur- 
ing and 
me- 
chanic- 
al pur- 
suits. 

Profes- 

sional 

service. 

Trade. 

Trans- 

porta- 

tion. 

At 

home. 

At 

school. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

67 

3 

1 

1 

61 

1 

32 

4 

1 

25 

2 

3 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

Canadian  (other  than 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

Irish 

23 

1 

6 

2 

10 

4 

XfnrfVi 

2 

2 

J nian 

3 

3 

Mnyysir  

4 

4 

5 

5 

Pnlich  

1 

1 

Rpntp.h  

1 

1 

Rlnvn.lr  

11 

1 

9 

1 

Welsh  

9 

8 

1 

Total  

64 

1 

1 

6 

2 

48 

6 

Total  native-born 

166 

1 

7 

2 

7 

3 

137 

9 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

1 

1 

Canadian  (other  than 
French) 

1 

1 

Croatian 

23 

21 

2 

Dani.sh 

1 

1 

English 

2 

2 

German 

2 

2 

Irish 

24 

1 

23 

Italian,  North 

93 

1 

92 

Italian,  South 

36 

36 

Lithuanian 

37 

37 

Magyar 

14 

14 

Mexican 

36 

36 

Polish 

35 

35 

Scotch 

1 

1 

Slovak 

45 

45 

Welsh 

25 

1 

1 

23 

Total  foreign-born 

376 

1 

1 

1 

1 

370 

2 

Grand  total 

542 

1 

8 

2 

8 

4 

1 

507 

11 

General  Tables;  Southwest, 


479 


Table  160.— iVumfter  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Niun- 

ber 

Aver- 

Number  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 
and 
under  i 
$3. 

$3 
and 
under : 
$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4. 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

1,531 

376 

$2.60 

1 

15 

1 

22 

21 

311 

871 

171 

45 

73 

2. 48 

3 

1 

22 

10 

70 

210 

37 

12 

11 

Indian 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Native-  born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

16 

7 

2.47 

1 

1 

3 

10 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

2.60 

2 

5 

4 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

158 

1 

1 

9 

7 

23 

90 

12 

1 

14 

27 

2. 56 

1 

1 

1 

2 

19 

1 

2 

90 

2. 56 

1 

3 

2 

12 

64 

3 

2 

3 

126 

2.64 

1 

3 

7 

96 

9 

6 

4 

43 

2. 47 

4 

1 

2 

33 

1 

2 

7 

(a) 

(a) 

2.08 

1 

1 

5 

"Wot  Vi  Arl  n H Q 

3 

11 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

6 

Scotland 

119 

2.61 

3 

1 

13 

84 

10 

1 

7 

■Swpflpn 

4 

(a) 

(a) 

2.59 

1 

2 

1 

,Ciwit.7Prlanfl 

1 

1 

Wales 

33 

1 

3 

26 

2 

1 

Africa  (country  not 

spppifipd) 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Total 

653 

2.57 

10 

3 

23 

15 

74 

444 

40 

10 

34 

Total  native-born . . 

2,562 

2. 57 

28 

5 

68 

46 

456 

1,.525 

248 

67 

118 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   - 

28 

2. 36 

5 

3 

19 

1 

Tlnlgarian 

5 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

2.52 

3 

2 

P.anarlia.n,  French 

3 

2 

1 

P.anadinn,  Other 

1 

1 

P.rnatian  

14 

1 

13 

"Danish  . 

1 

(«) 

(a) 

2.65 

Diitch 

8 

6 

2 

English 

236 

4 

6 

23 

160 

23 

4 

16 

Finnish 

2 

(a) 

2. 55 

1 

1 

French 

205 

6 

3 

1 

1 

11 

166 

11 

6 

German 

174 

2.80 

1 

2 

2 

18 

96 

27 

10 

18 

Oreek 

3 

(a) 

2.58 

3 

Irish 

85 

1 

2 

5 

70 

3 

4 

Italian,  North 

1,087 

2.63 

15 

16 

2 

44 

832 

124 

17 

37 

Italian,  South 

389 

2. 91 

8 

7 

2 

20 

203 

46 

49 

54 

Italian  (not  specified) . 
Lithuanian 

9 

118 

(a) 

3.02 

8 

1 

1 

2 

5 

12 

31 

31 

7 

29 

Magyar 

48 

2.62 

1 

3 

39 

5 

Mexican 

104 

2.46 

2 

24 

68 

8 

1 

1 

Norwegian 

1 

(a) 

2.48 

1 

Polish 

208 

2 

5 

1 

33 

2 

22 

86 

43 

3 

11 

Ttoumanian. 

4 

(a) 
2. 54 

. 4 

Russian 

102 

2 

3 

1 

15 

58 

18 

2 

3 

*This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


480 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  IQO.— Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


Num- 

ber 

Aver- 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Un- 

der 

SI. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4 

or 

over. 

Foreign-born, by  race— Con. 

132 

S2. 70 

1 

1 

12 

90 

16 

2 

10 

^orxrian 

1 

(a) 

2.53 

1 

Slnvn.k  

123 

2 

8 

1 

8 

94 

2 

5 

3 

f^lnvpnin.Ti  

181 

2.59 

1 

4 

16 

131 

24 

1 

4 

4 

(a) 

2. 87 

4 

Swpflisb  

18 

3 

12 

3 

1 

2 

Pyrin  n 

(a) 

2.69 

2 

1 

Welsh 

32 

26 

5 

1 

W pct  T n fl  i fi  n 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

2.66 

1 

Australian  (race  not 
Qpor'ifi  pH  ^ 

2 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 
specified) 

433 

8 

1 

7 

5 

32 

270 

79 

10 

21 

Belgian  (race  notspeci- 

fipfl'i  . 

110 

2.62 

8 

90 

8 

4 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 

fipflf  

1 

(«) 

1 

' 

Total  foreign-born.. 

3,876 

2. 66 

2 

52 

7 

100 

22 

280 

2,593 

483 

112 

225 

Grand  total 

6, 438 

2.62 

3 

80 

12 

168 

68 

736 

4,118 

731 

179 

343 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


481 


'Table  IQl,— Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Num- 
ber re- 

Aver- 

age 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per 
day. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

porting 

com- 

plete 

data. 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

86 

$1.91 

1 

21 

2 

3 

15 

11 

33 

Negro 

13 

1.69 

5 

3 

2 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

10 

1.68 

5 

1 

1 

3 

2 

(a) 

2.22 

1 

1 

17 

3 

1 

2 

11 

9 

(a) 

2.17 

1 

1 

2 

5 

10 

1 

1 

1 

7 

5 

(a) 

1.88 

1 

1 

3 

Tfniv  

19 

8 

2 

9 

2 

(a) 

(a) 

2.25 

2 

T?710010  

8 

6 

1 

1 

ScollL^n^i  

24 

3 

1 

4 

16 

2 

(«) 

(«) 

2 

Wales 

6 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Total 

114 

2.05 

29 

1 

5 

7 

9 

63 

Total  native-born 

213 

1.97 

1 

55 

3 

11 

22 

22 

99 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

2.59 

1 

"F  T1  frl  it'll 

5 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

3 



2 

1 

1 

T-folior* 

17 

1 

16 

T+olion  Snnfli 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

5 

1 

2 

T+oHoti  Qfit-ipi fi pH ^ 

1 

1 

T .i+Tiiiortion 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

Pollsli 

1 

1 

T?  tiooioTi 

2 

1 

1 

Gp/if  pVi 

1 

1 

.GlrkTToV 

5 

1 

4 

Q 1 rkTTon  ion 

4 

2 

2 

^V^lsti 

1 

1 

A 1-ic-f-rion  tronc%  r\r\ir  CTiPPifipH^ 

6 

1 

5 

2\.  Llo  H Icll-l  V,  ^ d'-'C  11 V/ 1/  o^c:\..'iii\_  vj.  y. 

Folfrion  ^t*opp  Tinl'  CTlPPifipH^ 

1 

1 

Ociglcill  (^IdL-c  llUl  opCL/lllcU.^ 

Total  foreign-born 

64 

2.14 

17 

4 

3 

40 

Oranrl  tnta.l  

277 

2. 01 

T 

72 

3 

iT 

26 

25 

139 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  volmtary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


482 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  162. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per 
year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


[This  table  Includes  only  male  heads  of  selected  families.  For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

Number  working 
for  wages. 

Average  earnings. 

Number  earning— 

Under  $100. 

$100  and  un- 

der $200. 

$200  and  un- 

der $300. 

$300  and  un- 

der $400. 

$400  and  un- 

der $500. 

$500  and  un- 

der $600. 

$600  and  un- 

der $700, 

$700  and  un- 

der $800. 

$800  and  un- 

der $900. 

$900  and  un- 

der $1,000. 

$ 1 ,000  or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

Whitfi 

39 

$583 

2 

13 

5 

4 

4 

4 

1 

6 

Negro 

24 

384 

2 

14 

7 

1 

Foreign-born: 

Pron  tion 

20 

397 

1 

12 

4 

3 

Irish  

35 

513 

1 

6 

5 

4 

7 

8 

1 

1 

2 

TIqUhti  Mnrth 

71 

422 

2 

4 

27 

26 

9 

2 

1 

Ttnlinn  RnntVi 

32 

446 

1 

1 

4 

19 

6 

1 

T .itViiinninn 

32 

568 

1 

12 

8 

9 

2 

\f  c»rrx7or 

15 

387 

1 

2 

6 

6 

1 

ai. 

\fo  Yir»an 

38 

391 

4 

20 

10 

3 

1 

Polish 

35 

432 

2 

2 

13 

7 

7 

2 

1 

1 

Slnvfilr 

45 

3.S0 

3 

6 

20 

8 

5 

3 

Welsh 

22 

656 

1 

3 

4 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

Total 

345 

451 

11 

29 

112 

96 

50 

26 

9 

1 

3 

8 

Grand  total 

408 

460 

11 

33 

139 

108 

55 

30 

13 

2 

3 

14 

Table  163. — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Number  working 
for  wages  and  re- 
porting amount. 

Average  earnings. 

Number  earning — 

Under  $100. 

$100  and  un- 
der $150. 

$150  and  un- 
der $200, 

$200  and  un- 
der $250. 

a 

c ^ 

o o 

lO 

(M 

$300  and  un- 
der $400. 

1 $400  and  un- 
1 der  $500. 

$500  and  un- 
der $600. 

$600  and  un- 
der $700. 

$700  and  un- 
der $800. 

$800  and  un- 
der $1,000. 

$1,000  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White  

65 

$496 

4 

4 

2 

21 

8 

9 

5 

5 

1 

6 

Negro 

30 

377 

1 

3 

17 

8 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign 

— 

father,  by  race  of  father: 

Irish 

19 

404 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

1 

T ii  tVin  n i a n 

1 

(o) 

1 

3 

(a) 

2 

1 

.mnvn  V 

2 

(o) 

1 

1 

Welsh 

7 

(a) 

1 

4 

^ 

Total 

32 

429 

1 

3 

2 

3 

9 

3 

4 

4 

3 

Total  native-born 

127 

451 

1 

4 

8 

T_ 

20 

38 

~12 

13 

9 

8 

1 

6 

Foreign-bom: 

_ 

Croatian 

22 

406 

1 

12 

5 

4 

Irish 

46 

532 

2 

2 

4 

6 

6 

9 

10 

3 

1 

3 

Italian,  North 

163 

411 

2 

4 

6 

78 

55 

14 

2 

2 

Italian,  South 

45 

438 

1 

2 

8 

26 

7 

1 

Tjithna.nia.n 

67 

549 

1 

4 

22 

17 

20 

1 

2 

Magyar 

17 

405 

1 

1 

8 

5 

1 

1 

Mexican 

57 

379 

1 

3 

4 

31 

12 

4 

2 

Polish 

48 

453 

3 

1 

1 

18 

7 

11 

4 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak  -- 

52 

366 

1 

2 

1 

7 

23 

9 

5 

4 

Spanish 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Welsh 

29 

^4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

5 

1 

3 

2 

5 

3 

4 

Total  foreign-bom 

548 

447 

4 

11 

13 

33 

212 

143 

79 

22 

16 

5 

li 

Grand  total 

675 

448 

1 

8 

19 

20 

53 

250 

155 

92 

31 

24 

6 

16 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  Southwest, 


483 


ii 


Table  1^4.,— Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 

of 

selected 

families.o 

Number  of  families  having  a total  income— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Average 

family 

income. 

Under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$500. 

$500 

and 

under 

$750. 

$750 

and 

under 

$1,000. 

$1,000 

and 

under 

$1,500. 

$1,500, 
or  over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

39 

$679 

2 

15 

9 

4 

8 

1 

Negro 

24 

470 

1 

17 

4 

1 

1 

Foreign-born: 

21 

427 

1 

16 

3 

1 

Tri^h  

35 

827 

2 

3 

17 

5 

3 

5 

T + r\H<-»n 

75 

537 

4 

43 

17 

7 

4 

Tfolior^  Gr\nfV» 

32 

548 

1 

16 

10 

4 

1 

- 

32 

764 

4 

16 

4 

7 

1 

r»  rrTTO 

15 

39 

557 

472 

9 

5 

1 

Magyar 

3 

24 

9 

2 

1 

T3/vl  1 O 

35 

512 

4 

15 

10 

6 

45 

434 

8 

25 

9 

1 

2 

Welsh 

26 

818 

3 

2 

9 

2 

8 

2 

Total 

355 

579 

26 

157 

105 

32 

27 

8 

GraTifl  t.nta.l  ... 

418 

582 

1^ 

118 

W 

9 

1 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Table  165,— Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Number  earning— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Under 

$100. 

$100 

and 

under 

$150. 

$150 

and 

under 

$200. 

$200 

and 

under 

$250. 

$250 

and 

under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$400. 

$400 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

2 

fa") 

1 

1 

Negro 

5 

(«) 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Irish 

7 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Total 

7 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Total  native-born 

14 

$229 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Foreign-bom: 

Welsh 

2 

(o) 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

2 

(o) 

1 

1 

Grand  total 

1^ 

T 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

o Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


484 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  166. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  an  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

Number 

of 

selected 

Earnings  of— 

Contri- 

butions 

of 

children. 

Pay- 
ments of 

Other 

sources. 

families.o 

Husband. 

Wife. 

boarders 

or 

lodgers. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

W h i te  

39 

39 

7 

2 

2 

Negro - 

24 

24 

3 

3 

1 

14 

Foreign-born: 

f Yofl  t.iiin  . 

21 

20 

1 

1 

Irish 

35 

35 

17 

2 

6 

Tt.alian  North  

75 

32 

71 

6 

23 

16 

TtnliRn  Smith  

32 

3 

7 

10 

T.ithiia.nian  

32 

32 

3 

20 

30 

Magyar 

15 

15 

4 

3 

12 

Mpvioan  

39 

38 

4 

7 

32 

Polish 

35 

35 

2 

11 

15 

Slovak 

45 

45 

i 

5 

2 

9 

Welsh  

26 

22 

1 

13 

1 

8 

1 

Total 

355 

1 345 

1 

58 

76 

139 

! 

rS rand  total 

418 

1 408 

4 

68 

79 

1551 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Table  167. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


CO 

Number  of  families  having  entire  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

1 

1 

'3 

*0 

>1 

a> 

'sr, 

Husband. 

Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  children,  j 

Husband,  wife,,  and 
children. 

Husband  and  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Wife. 

Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders  or 
lodgers. 

1 

X 

o 

Children  and  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combination 
of  sources  not  before 
specified.  i 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

39 

30 

5 

1 

3 

Negro 

24 

5 

3 

1 

1 

14 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

21 

19 

1 

1 

Irish 

35 

14 

is 

1 

7 

Italian,  North . . 

75 

40 

4 

11 

1 

3 

16 

Italian,  South 

32 

15 

2 

4 

11 

Tiithnania.n. 

32 

2 

30 

Masrvar 

15 

1 

2 

12 

Mexican 

39 

4 

2 

1 

32 

Polish 

35 

16 

1 

3 

15 

Slovak 

45 

31 

4 

1 

9 

Welsh 

26 

7 

7 

3 

1 

8 

Total 

355 

147 

33 

24 

6 

1 

3 

141 

Grand  total 

418 

182 

3 

39 

— 

26 

— 

— 

6 

T 

jT 

Isi 

o For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


General  Tables;  Southwest. 


485 


'able  168. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age  or  over 
employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
Individual. 

Number  reporting 
complete  data. 

Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 

<N 

11  and  under 

12. 

10  and  under 

11. 

9 and  under 

10. 

8 and  tmder 

9. 

7 and  under 

8. 

6 and  under 

7. 

3 and  under 

6. 

Under  3. 

iative-born  of  native  father: 

Whitp  

6Q 

8 

2 

3 

2 

11 

18 

23 

2 

32 

2 

16 

14 

rati  ve-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 



— 

— 

^ 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

of  father: 

Tri<?h  

22 

1 

6 

1 

1 

2 

3 

8 

"MArtVi 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Map'va.r  

3 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

2 

1 

1 

'Vypi'ih 

9 

2 

5 

2 

Tnt.fl,!  _ - 

41 

3 

■ 7 

2 

3 

5 

10 

11 

Total  native-born 

14^ 

11 

2 

10 

4 

14 

7 

44 

48 

2 

'oreign-born: 

22 

7 

3 

11 

1 

Irish  

47 

5 

14 

3 

7 

6 

2 

9 

1 

Itaban  tJnrth 

160 

1 

30 

2 

4 

71 

52 

Smith 

47 

3 

12 

23 

9 

J 

68 

1 

1 

3 

59 

4 

Mn.pvar  

18 

1 

1 

4 

9 

2 

1 

\fpvinan  

58 

1 

6 

5 

25 

20 

1 

Polish  

48 

1 

1 

3 

14 

21 

8 

pinvalr  

55 

8 

18 

8 

16 

10 

Ppcinicli 

2 

1 

1 

Welsh 

31 

8 

3 

3 

4 

1 

3 

8 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

556 

15 

19 

49 

51 

113 

186 

119 

4 

Grand  total 

26 

2 

29 

53 

65 

120 

230 

167 

6 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whitp 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Negro 

1 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Irish 

7 

3 

1 

2 

1 

i 

1 Total 

7 

3 

1 

2 

1 

Total  native-born 

11 

4 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

?oreign-bom: 

Wplsh 

2 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

2 

1 

1 

tlranri  t.ntal  

IF 

4 

— 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

486 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  169. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household. 

(study  of  households.) 

(“With  boarders  or  lodgers”  Includes  only  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  at  the  time  the  schedule 
was  taken.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

ft 

'Family 

" households. 

“Group” 

house- 

holds. 

With  neither  boarders  nor 
lodgers. 

With  boarders  or  lodg- 
ers. 

Total 

family 

house- 

holds. 

Consist- 
ing of  a 
single 
family. 

Consist- 
ing of  two 
or  more 
families 
living 
together. 

Total. 

With 

board- 

ers. 

With 

lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

Whitp 

53 

48 

4 

52 

1 

1 

53 

Negro 

27 

23 

1 

24 

1 



25 

2 

Foreign-born: 

= 

21 

21 

21 

21 

Tri<jh 

39 

36 

36 

2 

2 

38 

1 

Italian,  North 

96 

64 

3 

67 

15 

9 

24 

91 

5 

35 

26 

26 

7 

2 

9 

35 

X VallCLllf  til  • • • * 

T 

36 

16 

16 

18 

2 

20 

36 

r 

15 

12 

12 

2 

1 

3 

15 

p'X’ipa.n 

42 

29 

3 

32 

7 

7 

39 

3 

Pnlich 

36 

25 

25 

11 

11 

36 

Rlnvak 

49 

46 

46 

1 

1 

2 

48 

1 

Wplch 

27 

25 

1 

26 

1 

1 

27 

Total 

396 

300 

7 

307 

64 

15 

79 

386 

10 

Grand  total 

476 

1 12 

383 

1 65 

iT 

~ sT 

1 464 

12 

Table  170. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apart- 
ment, by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  households.) 


House- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
report- 
ing 

amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apart- 
ment. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent 
per  month  per  apartment. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Under 

$5. 

85  and 
under 
87.50. 

87.50 

and 

under 

810. 

810 

and 

under 

812.50. 

812.50 

and 

under 

815. 

815 

and 

under 

820. 

820  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whitp  

29 

87. 10 
5. 17 

3 

17 

5 

3 

1 

21 

9 

12 







- 

Foreign-born: 
flrnatl  an 

8 

14 

(a) 

5. 93 
5.  65 
5.17 
5.97 

(a) 
4.58 
5. 05 
(a) 

(“) 

2 

4 

2 

Irish  

1 

12 

1 

Italian  Nnrth 

47 

12 

16 

7 

8 

37 

2 

Italian,  Rnnt.h 

4 

8 

I.it.hnanian 

1 

13 

2 

Magyar  . - _ 

3 

4 

MpTipan 

36 

19 

8 

8 

27 

10 

9 

Polish 

5 

4 

Rlnvak 

5 

3 

Welsh 

2 

3 

3 

Total 

175 

5.33 

63 

98 

14 

Grand  total 

5.54 

75 

127 

19 

3 

i 

* Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  inrolved. 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


487 


Pable  171. — Number  of  households  'paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  apd 
report- 
ing. 

amount. 

Aver- 
age rent 
per 
room. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent 
per  month  per  room. 

Gteneral  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Under 

$1. 

$1 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$2. 

$2 

and 

un- 

der 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$3. 

$3 

and 

un- 

der 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

$4 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 
White 

29 

$1.94 

3 

9 

13 

3 

1 

Negro 

21 

1.60 

9 

3 

9 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

8 

(a) 

1.80 

3 

5 

Irish 

14 

3 

3 

8 

Italian,  North 

47 

1.95 

13 

27 

4 

3 

Italian,  South 

12 

1.77 

2 

4 

6 

Lithuanian 

16 

1.84 

1 

6 

6 

2 

1 

Magyar 

7 

(a) 

1.63 

7 

Mexican 

36 

7 

19 

7 

3 

Polish 

19 

1.88 

1 

7 

9 

3 

2 

Slovak 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

2 

3 

Welsh 

8 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Total 

175 

1.80 

20 

66 

73 

12 

4 



Grand  total 

225~ 

1.80 

32 

95 

15 

4 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 

Pable  172. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  of  households.) 


Number 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
report- 
ing 

amount. 

Aver- 

Number of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  person. 

Seneral  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

age 

rent 

per 

per- 

son. 

Under 

$0.50. 

$0.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$1. 

$1 

and 

un- 

der 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$2. 

$2 

and 

un- 

der 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$3. 

$3 

and 

un- 

der 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

un- 

der 

$4. 

$4 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White 

29 

$1.65 

3 

6 

g 

4 

2 

3 

2 

1 

Negro 

21 

1.18 

1 

8 

4 

3 

2 

2 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian 

8 

(a) 

1.34 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

! Irish 

14 

2 

6 

4 

2 

Italian,  North 

47 

1.17 

11 

12 

12 

7 

2 

2 

1 

Italian,  South 

12 

1.13 

3 

5 

2 

2 

! Lithuanian 

16 

1.22 

5 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 Magyar 

7 

(«) 

.97 

1 

3 

2 

1 

Mexican 

36 

1 

19 

8 

2 

5 

1 

Polish 

19 

1.19 

4 

9 

2 

3 

1 

Slovak 

8 

(a) 

(a) 

4 

2 

1 

Welsh 

8 

4 

1 

2 

1 

Total 

175 

1. 15 

3 

52 

49 

32 

21 

7 

7 

1 

3 

Grand  total 

225 

1.21 

4 

63 

59 

44 

27 

g 

12 

g 

I Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


488 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  113.— Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and  number  of  boarders 
and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


rinformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taWng  schedule  and  not  the 
^ entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


Total 

Households  keeping — 

Number  of 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

her  of 
house- 
holds. 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Board- 

ers. 

Lodg- 

ers. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

53 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Negro 

27 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Foreign-born: 

21 

jxlsh  

39 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Italian  North 

9G 

15 

9 

24 

41 

53 

94 

Italian  Sfint.h  

35 

7 

2 

9 

13 

6 

19 

Lithuanian 

36 

18 

2 

20 

37 

3 

40 

Maevar 

15 

2 

1 

3 

3 

1 

4 

15 



42 

7 

2 

9 

10 

5 

■priHoH  

36 

11 

11 

19 

19 

Slov&k  

49 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Welsh 

27 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

396 

64 

17 

81 

127 

70 

197 

- 

476 

65 

is” 

128" 

tT 

200 

— 

I 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


489 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

3-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•ojoni 
JO  01 

1 

•C<l  • 

\o 

cn 

- 

- 

CO 

kO 

CO 

1 — 

CO  C0 1-( 

lO 

lO 

1-1  CO 

I M .-H  eo  I-H  M • CO  • 

CD 

rHC<l'^CDCq 

00 

30 

(M  (M 

■«<<MOcoco  >-HiOi-ieo  ■ 

32 

CO 

CO 

«0  CO 

j MCO^rH'<l* 

lO 

§ 

ci 

1 'MMIOM  MCOi-HUb  • 

(N 

CO 

§ 

c5 

I-H  <N 

j COMCOCOM  .-H  rH  M ■<1' r-l 

22 

25 

- 

: : 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

1 (NMOCOO 

rH  ,1  lO  r-(  i-H  <N  .-H  CO 

205 

00 

CO 

2-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•oioui 
JO  01 

1 

a> 

1 

- 

- 

00 

1 

; 

j 

1 

<© 

1 

D* 

»o 

1 

i-H  1-H  (M 

MCO.-H 

O 

s 

- 

1 

.-H  M '• 

M CO  CO 

(N 

CO 

(M  ^ 

CO<N.-l 

CD 

05 

COM 

j eO.-H  OOM  M 

lOiOrHi-i 

28  1 

CO 

CO 

- 

1 M-ii 

: : : : 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

t^eo  j 

j CO(N«00'^ 

CO  uo  05  l-H 

CO 

83 

1-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied 
by  households 
of  each  specified 
number  of  per- 
sons. 

4 or 
more. 

CO 

: 

- 

- 

-! 

j Total 

num- 
1 ber  of 

apart- 

ments. 

1 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

53 

27 

1-iODiCO  40  (N  D 05 
(N  CO  Oi  CO  CO  i-H CO  (N 

CD 

05 

CO 

476 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  household. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

’ c 

; bj 
' q; 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

‘ > 
bi 

S 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Total 

Grand  total 

48296*— VOL  7—11 32 


490 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


s 

o 

a 


® CO 
CO  fl 
TJ  O 
rx  50 


O §,S 


w 

XJ 

o 

es 

a> 

^ CO 
CO  G 

•ga 

e/  ^ 

5° 

,Q 

X) 


TS  — • A o5 

P 

O-^  2 p S 


"2  “ 

SB 

o 

t»-^ 


p^ 


2 OiTJ 
05  o — 

P 03  5 
£1  1-i.P 

o 


)r-<e^«5  • -r-IIMUO  O 


1-1  I-H  ■»!'  •«  II-ICOC^C^ 


O -CCr 


U5  t>-  00  >0  O 


®2 

i^lz 


; : o § p 

eg 

'?l.p‘”^l 

01  O I— 1 1— 1 1— I M 


u 2 
p Sip-^ip 
>.•2  OT  Pot 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


491 


492 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  115.— Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number 
of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
head  of  household. 


of 


Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 


Aver- 
age 
num- 
ber of 
rooms 
per 
apart- 
ment. 


Number  of  households  occupying 
specified  number  of 


1.  2.  3.  4. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 


53  3.85 

27  3. 26 


7 

3 


17 

16 


20 

6 


21 

39 

96 

35 

36 


3.19  

4.18  

3.09  1 

3.11  

3.50  


3 
2 

18 

8 

4 


12 

15 
55 
19 

16 


5 

7 

18 

5 

10 


apartments  of  each 
rooms. 


5. 


6. 


5 

2 


7 or 
more. 


1 3 


1 

8 4 3 

1 3 

2 1 

6 


Magyar. . 
Mexican 
Polish.. 
Slovak.. 
Welsh.. 

Total . 


15 

42 

36 


3.20 
2. 86 
2.  78 


13 

15 


27  4. 41 


1 


396 


3.27  1 


73 


Grand  total, 


12  3 

22  7 

15  5 

33  5 

6 9 


205  74 

238  1 100 


2 

5 

8 


Table  176. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

room. 

2 

rooms. 

3 

rooms. 

4 

rooms. 

5 

rooms. 

6 

rooms. 

7 or 
more 

rooms. 

Total. 

°2l 

IS! 

Number  of 
persons.  | 

Number  of  I 

households.  1 

Number  of 
persons.  I 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons . 

Number  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

1 Number  of 

1 households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

I Number  of 

1 households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
^Vhite  

7 

21 

17 

70 

20 

97 

5 

26 

1 

4 

3 

18 

53 

27 

238 

Negro 

3 

7 

16 

75 

6 

33 

2 

5 

120 

Foreign-born: 

3 

6 

12 

54 

5 

20 

1 

4 

21 

84 



2 

6 

15 

75 

7 

48 

8 

52 

4 

25 

3 

20 

39 

226 

473 

Italian  North 

1 

18 

48 

55 

18 

123 

1 

12 

3 

30 

96 

o 

ZO I 

35 

167 

8 

28 

19 

88 

5 

31 

2 

11 

1 

9 

4 

14 

16 

76 

10 

57 

6 

38 

36 

185 

12 

57 

3 

15 

15 

72 

13 

44 

22 

116 

7 

36 

42 

196 

"rDy-vl  loll 

15 

56 

15 

72 

5 

32 

1 

10 

36 

170 

Jr  Olloil- 

ClTT  Q 

9 

44 

33 

166 

5 

29 

2 

11 

49 

250 

Welsh 

1 

2 

6 

30 

9 

34 

5 

25 

4 

27 

2 

8 

27 

126 

Total 

1 

3 

73 

248 

205 

991 

74 

425 

26 

163 

12 

91 

5 

28 

396 

1,949 

Grand  total 

1 

3 

1 83 

276 

238 

1,136 

|ioo 

5^ 

TT 

1^ 

13 

95 

8 

40 

4^ 

— 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


493 


Table  177. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Aver- 
age 
num- 
ber of 
persons 
per 
house- 
hold. 

Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White  . 

53 

4.45 

7 

14 

11 

5 

6 

7 

\ 

2 

Negro 

27 

4.  44 

1 

6 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

2 

Foreign-born: 

P.rna.tin.n 

21 

4.00 

7 

1 

4 

5 

3 

1 

Irish 

39 

5.79 

4 

2 

7 

6 

5 

4 

5 

4 

2 

Italian,  North 

96 

4.93 

1 

11 

20 

20 

14 

8 

8 

5 

2 

7 

Italian,  Rnnth 

35 

4. 77 

5 

10 

3 

4 

4 

4 

2 

3 

Lithuanian 

36 

5. 14 

2 

6 

10 

4 

4 

3 

1 

1 

Mavyar 

15 

4.80 

1 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mevica.n 

42 

4.  67 

6 

7 

8 

10 

3 

3 

4 

1 

Polish  . . 

36 

4. 72 

7 

3 

8 

5 

8 

2 

1 

1 

Slovak-  

49 

5.10 

6 

7 

10 

5 

9 

4 

3 

4 

1 

Welsh 

27 

4.67 

6 

3 

6 

2 

5 

1 

2 

2 

Total 

396 

4.92 

1 

58 

58 

78 

62 

50 

30 

28 

17 

i 14 

Grand  total 

476 

4.84 

2 

71 

76 

92 

71 

60 

40 

29 

21 

14 

Table  178. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Total 

Persons. 

Persons  per  room. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
room. 

Less 
than  1. 

1 and 
under  2. 

2 and 
under  3. 

3 and 
under  4. 

4 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White.  

53 

236 

4.  45 

1.16 

15 

33 

4 

1 

Negrn  

27 

120 

4.  44 

1.36 

6 

14 

6 

1 

. 

Foreign-born: 

P.rna  ti  a n 

21 

84 

4.  00 

1.25 

6 

12 

3 

Tri.sh 

39 

226 

5.  79 

1.39 

6 

22 

10 

1 

Italian,  North 

96 

473 

4.  93 

1.59 

5 

66 

21 

3 

1 

Italian  Smith 

35 

167 

4.  77 

1.53 

5 

19 

9 

2 

la’t.hnanian 

36 

185 

5. 14 

1.  47 

4 

22 

10 

1 Mapirar.  

15 

72 

4.  80 

1.50 

2 

9 

3 

1 

1 Meviean 

42 

196 

4.  67 

1.63 

2 

26 

12 

2 

1 Polish  

36 

170 

4.72 

1.70 

2 

18 

14 

2 

Slovak 

49 

250 

5. 10 

1.70 

6 

21 

17 

4 

1 

Welsh 

27 

126 

4. 67 

1.06 

11 

13 

3 

Total 

396 

1,949 

4.92 

1.50 

49 

228 

102 

15 

2 

Grand  total 

1 476 

2.305 

4. 84 

1.45 

70 

275 

112 

17 

2 

494 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  179. Persons  per  sleeping  room,  hy  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Persons. 

Persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Total 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

num- 
ber of 
house- 
holds. 

Total 

num- 

ber. 

Aver- 
age per 
house- 
hold. 

Aver- 
age per 
sleeping 
room. 

Less 

than 

2. 

2 and 
under 

3. 

Sand 

under 

4. 

4 and 
under 

5. 

1 

5 and 
under 

6. 

6 or 
more. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

Whito  

53 

236 

4.45 

2.25 

10 

20 

16 

5 

2 

Negro 

27 

120 

4.  44 

2.45 

5 

13 

8 

1 

Foreign-born: 

oi 

4.00 

2. 15 

4 

14 

2 

Croatian 

Zi 

Jf  jch  

39 

226 

5.79 

2.48 

7 

19 

7 

4 

1 

1 

Italian  North 

96 

473 

4. 93 

2.52 

16 

44 

22 

9 

4 

1 

Italian  South 

35 

167 

4.  77 

2.42 

11 

9 

10 

3 

1 

1 

Lithuanian 

36 

6.14 

2.53 

7 

15 

8 

2 

4 

loO 

\TonrY»Qr  . . 

15 

72 

4.80 

2.67 

2 

7 

3 

2 

1 

\fpTripan  .... 

42 

196 

4.67 

3.27 

1 

16 

8 

7 

6 

4 

Pnlish  

36 

170 

4. 72 

2.  66 

6 

14 

5 

5 

4 

2 

plnyftlr  ... 

49 

250 

5.10 

2. 87 

9 

12 

12 

10 

4 

2 

Welsh 

27 

126 

4.67 

2.33 

8 

8 

6 

4 

1 

Total 

396 

1,949 

4. 92 

. 2.59 

71 

158 

83 

47 

25 

12 

flranrl  total 

476 

2,305 

4.84 

2.54 

86 

191 

107 

53 

27 

12 

Table  ISO,— Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
sleeping 
in  all 
rooms. 

Number  of  households  sleeping  in  all 
rooms  except— 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4 or  more. 

53 

21 

21 

9 

2 

27 

18 

6 

3 

21 

15 

5 

1 

39 

17 

13 

7 

2 

96 

1 

82 

12 

1 

1 

35 

31 

20 

3 

15 

1 

oo 

15 

AO 

1 

10 

22 

4 

19 

1 

36 

X 

2 

33 

38 

g 

1 

2 

49 

27 

6 

7 

11 

3 

396 

5 

274 

86 

26 

5 

476 

5 

313 

nr 

Total 

Grand  total 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


495 


Table  181. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Indian 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland : 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

West  Indian 

Australian  (race  not  specified) 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

Total  foreign-bom 

Grand  total 


Number 
reporting  ■ 
complete 
data. 

Number  who— 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

1,616 

1,576 

1,565 

374 

337 

332 

2 

2 

2 

26 

25 

25 

9 

9 

9 

4 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

174 

173 

173 

34 

31 

31 

100 

100 

99 

135 

135 

135 

53 

51 

61 

8 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

20 

20 

20 

138 

138 

138 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

38 

38 

37 

2 

1 

1 

753 

741 

739 

2,745 

2,656 

2,638 

29 

27 

27 

6 

5 

6 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

14 

13 

13 

1 

1 

1 

9 

9 

9 

248 

247 

245 

2 

2 

2 

205 

193 

193 

179 

177 

175 

3 

2 

2 

94 

92 

90 

1,149 

1,045 

1,031 

412 

336 

322 

10 

9 

9 

120 

112 

108 

49 

40 

40 

105 

85 

78 

2 

2 

2 

208 

178 

167 

4 

4 

3 

105 

81 

76 

141 

141 

141 

1 

1 

1 

129 

118 

117 

185 

177 

175 

4 

2 

2 

19 

19 

19 

2 

2 

2 

36 

36 

36 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

446 

424 

420 

114 

104 

104 

1 

1 

1 

4,040 

3,693 

3,624 

6,785 

6,349 

6,262 

496 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  1S2,— Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  * 

race  of  individual. 


(STWY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  in- 
dividual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

1 

1: 

Num-1 

her- 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

] 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 
White  

174 

92 

90 

90 

82 

78 

77 

174 

168 

167 

81 

41 

36 

36 

40 

36 

35 

81 

72 

71 

Indian 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father; 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Irish  

94 

50 

50 

50 

44 

44 

44 

94 

94 

94 

15 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

15 

15 

15 

TfoUan  RnntH 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

T.ithnanian 

9 

2 

2 

2 

7 

7 

7 

9 

9 

9 

Magyar. 

13 

4 

4 

4 

9 

9 

9 

13 

13 

13 

Mpxipan  

14 

4 

1 

1 

10 

5 

5 

14 

6 

6 

Polish 

11 

2 

2 

2 

9 

? 

9 

11 

11 

11 

•QAAtoVi  - . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak  

43 

17 

16 

16 

20 

26 

26 

43 

42 

42 

Welsh 

36 

20 

19 

19 

16 

16 

16 

36 

35 

35 

Total 

244 

106 

101 

101 

138 

133 

133 

244 

234 

234 

Total  native-born 

502 

239 

227 

227 

203  1 :.30 

248 

502 

477 

475 

Foreign-born; 

T^nVioTniQfi  finH  Ad'orjiviJin 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

X>UIiCllllciiA  allLl  l*AUi  a Y laii  • • . • • 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 
Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

51 

24 

21 

21 

27 

21 

21 

51 

42 

42 

y>^nj«:h  . . . . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

'R'naliQVi 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 



2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Irish  

73 

47 

45 

43 

26 

26 

26 

73 

71 

69 

Italian,  North 

280 

180 

156 

153 

100 

77 

74 

280 

233 

227 

60 

Italian  South  

98 

59 

42 

40 

39 

20 

20 

98 

62 

Lithuanian 

115 

77 

58 

56 

38 

25 

18 

115 

83 

74 

32 

51 

Magvar 

34 

20 

19 

19 

14 

14 

13 

34 

33 

Mfivipan  . 

102 

64 

43 

42 

38 

9 

9 

102 

52 

Polish  

93 

55 

44 

41 

38 

23 

19 

93 

67 

60 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

107 

59 

47 

44 

48 

28 

26 

107 

75 

70 

£!T^o  nicVk 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Welsh 

64 

34 

33 

32 

30 

25 

24 

64 

58 

56 

Total  foreign-bom 

1,028 

622 

511 

494 

406 

276 

258 

1,028 

787 

752 

Grand  total 

. 1,530 

861 

738 

721 

669 

526 

506 

1 1,530 

1,264 

1,227 

— 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


497 


Table  183. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 

N umber 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Croatian  

24 

5 

4 

4 

13 

12 

12 

6 

41 

34 

8 

24 

5 

39 

28 

5 

37 

28 

Jfi.5h  

47 

5 

5 

5 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

180 

67 

61 

61 

79 

67 

64 

Italian  South 

59 

29 

21 

19 

22 

14 

14 

7 

18 

7 

17 

Lithuanian  

77 

18 

14 

14 

35 

26 

25 

Magyar 

20 

5 

5 

5 

8 

8 

8 

7 

45 

6 

28 

16 

22 

6 

27 

16 

20 

Mexican  ...... 

64 

5 

3 

3 

14 

12 

12 

Pnlish  - 

55 

22 

17 

15 

16 

11 

10 

17 

28 

Slovak 

59 

o 

13 

Q 

11 

<1 

10 

3 

18 

14 

14 

Spanish 

Welsh 

O 

34 

O 

3 

o 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

28 

27 

26 

Total  

622 

175 

147 

142 

209 

168 

163 

238 

196 

189 

FEMALE. 


1 

1 

27 

1 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French)... . 

1 

1 

1 

14 

11 

11 

8 

6 

6 

5 

4 

4 



1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

26 

6 

6 

6 

20 

20 

20 

ItfiliBn  - 

100 

54 

43 

43 

30 

23 

21 

16 

11 

10 

Itnlic^Ti  

39 

22 

13 

13 

13 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

Lithuanian 

38 

11 

9 

7 

14 

9 

5 

13 

7 

6 

Magyar 

14 

7 

7 

7 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

5 

Mexican 

38 

4 

1 

1 

8 

1 

1 

26 

7 

7 

Polish  

38 

19 

9 

7 

9 

7 

6 

10 

7 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

48 

11 

11 

9 

15 

7 

7 

22 

10 

10 

16 

Welsh 

30 

6 

6 

6 

2 

2 

2 

22 

17 

Total 

406 

155 

117 

111 

100 

60 

53 

151 

1 99 

94 

1 

i 


498 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  183. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

TOTAL. 


Years  in  United  States. 

Number 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Race  of  individual. 

reporting 

comnlete 

data. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

OTYl  IQTl  QnH  \rAT*ii'\7l5iT1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Ctlid  iuUi  <X  V lOiXi 

Canadian  (other  than  French) — 
Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

51 

19 

15 

15 

21 

18 

is 

11 

9 

9 

Danish 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

2 

2 

2 

2 

fiPrm  an 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Irish 

73 

11 

11 

11 

1 

1 

1 

61 

59 

57 

Italian,  North 

280 

121 

104 

104 

109 

90 

85 

50 

39 

38 

Italian,  South 

98 

51 

34 

32 

35 

18 

18 

12 

10 

10 

Lithuanian 

115 

29 

23 

21 

49 

35 

30 

37 

25 

23 

Magyar 

34 

12 

12 

12 

9 

9 

9 

13 

12 

11 

Mexican 

102 

9 

4 

4 

22 

13 

13 

71 

35 

34 

Polish 

93 

41 

26 

22 

25 

18 

16 

27 

23 

22 

Scntch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

107 

24 

22 

19 

33 

21 

21 

50 

32 

30 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Welsh 

64 

9 

9 

9 

5 

5 

5 

50 

44 

42 

Total.. 

1,028 

330 

264 

253 

309 

228 

216 

389 

295 

283 

1 

1 

Table  184. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  sex,  age  at  time 
of  coining  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

male. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

Croatian 

24 

4 

4 

4 

20 

17 

17 

Irish 

47 

11 

11 

10 

36 

34 

33 

Italian,  North 

180 

11 

11 

11 

169 

145 

142 

Italian,  South 

59 

7 

5 

4 

52 

37 

36 

Lithuanian 

77 

9 

8 

8 

68 

50 

48 

Magyar 

20 

1 

1 

1 

19 

18 

18 

Mexican 

64 

14 

8 

7 

50 

35 

35 

Polish 

55 

9 

7 

7 

46 

37 

34 

Slovak 

59 

7 

6 

6 

52 

41 

38 

Spanish 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Welsh 

34 

15 

15 

15 

19 

18 

17 

Total 

622 

88 

76 

73 

534 

435 

421 

General  Tables;  Southwest. 


499 


Table  184. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at 
time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual— QoniinviQd.. 

FEMALE. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 1 

Canadian  (other  than  French) . . 1 

Croatian 27 

Danish 1 

English 2 


German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 
Italian,  South 


2 

26 

100 

39 


Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican . . . 
Polish 


38 

14 

38 

38 


Scotch 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Total 


1 

48 

30 


Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

Number. 

Number 
who  read. 

Number 
who  read 
and  write. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

21 

15 

15 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

7 

7 

7 

19 

19 

19 

14 

12 

11 

86 

65 

63 

8 

5 

5 

31 

15 

15 

6 

4 

4 

32 

21 

14 

1 

1 

1 

13 

13 

12 

11 

4 

4 

27 

5 

5 

6 

4 

4 

32 

19 

15 

1 

1 

1 

9 

6 

6 

39 

22 

20 

12 

12 

12 

18 

13 

12 

84 

65 

64 

322 

211 

194 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French). 

Croatian 

Danish 

English 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Scotch 

Slovak 

Spanish 

Welsh 

Total 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

51 

10 

10 

10 

41 

32 

32 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

73 

18 

18 

17 

55 

53 

52 

280 

25 

23 

22 

255 

210 

205 

98 

15 

10 

9 

83 

52 

51 

115 

15 

12 

12 

100 

71 

62 

34 

2 

2 

2 

32 

31 

30 

102 

25 

12 

11 

77 

40 

40 

93 

15 

11 

11 

78 

56 

49 

1 

1 

1 

1 

107 

16 

12 

12 

91 

63 

. 58 

3 

3 

3 

3 

64 

27 

27 

27 

37 

31 

29 

1,028 

172 

141 

137 

856 

646 

615 

500 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

I 

Total. 

1,614 

384 

2 

COO’^CliO  COt^COt^  t^COOOt-  ^DrHOOC^ 

Cl  C005COIO  1-tCO  CO 

lO 

of 

•poAVopiAi 

O 1-4 
iO  CQ 

lO  1-Hi-Hd 

O 

05 

•paijjnyj 

1,048 

248 

2 

COi-HCOi-HUO  OiOOCOl^  1-t 

00  "^00 

d d I-H  I-H  d d 

<D  d 

331 

1,629 

•9l2nis 

O ^ 

Jo  2 

CO 

404 

1,019 

45  or  over. 

•moj. 

190 

114 

lo  Mpooo 

a> 

cod 

s 

374 

•poAvopiAl 

<0 

(N 

CO 

•paiJjBK 

170 

85 

CO  I-H  d lO 

00 

dd 

ic 

310 

•aiSnis 

O lO 

1 ! Id 

I 

30  to  44. 

•I«lox 

<N 

O COJHO- 

d I-H 

CO 

»lC 

1 CO 

" \r 

•paAvopi^VV 

CO 

<N  I-H 

d I Ii-H 

1 ^ 

•paiJjCH 

(N  ^ 

CO  (N 
iO  i-H 

<N 

d 05  d rH 

CO  I-H  'IJ* 

05  I-H 

d 

;2; 

147 

802 

•813uis 

(N  01 

O CO 

I-H  d t>- 

CO 

24 

118 

o> 

o 

o 

<N 

•Fiox 

604 

79 

CO 

<NM  (MrHTj.W  '^’-<2 

300 

983 

•paAvopiAV 

CO 

: : : 

•paiJJBpi 

341 

42 

f-HTt4  0t^0<0  I-H 

CO  1-H  d 

,-iO 

126 

509 

•aiSuis 

05  ^ 

^ CO 
(N 

CO  CO 

1-t  00  <c>c<i^ai  I-H  I-H  d d 
d CO  CO  I-H  CO 

173 

456 

16  to  19. 

TJ« 

o> 

lO  lO  1-H 

f-H  «0  TfH  fcO  1-H  I-H 'It  CO 

iO  v-i  I-H  CO  T-H  CO 

o 

207 

425 

•p0A\OpiA\ 

i 

•paiJJBjv 

lo  J 

<N 

^ : : : 

CO  1 00 

•oiSnis 

a> 

00  (M 

CO  »0  T-t 

O CO'^iCiH  -It  tH  Ht  !>•  CO 

kO  y-(^  CO  I-H  CO 

o 

204 

417 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

CO 

coo'^ciio  cot^cor-*  t^cooot^  Oi-hooci 
<M  ^ COOiCOkO  *^53  ^ 

745 

2,745 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
country  of  birth  of  father: 
Austria-Hungary 

Canada  

ic 

England 

France 

. Germany 

Ireland 

c 

t 

? ‘P 
1 1 

U 

T 

Q 

>T 
> a 
iX 
) a 

!!z 

3 

) 

J 

i 

;.2 

U 

> c 
IPC 

Scotland 

T 

'A 

) 7Z 

!« 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not  specified). 

Total 

Total  native-born 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


501 


OJCO'H.H'^  .-io>QP»  .-Hoocoio  oscooiost^  ooc^os'O'M  Oico^;.-! 

^ ^ C^i-I  rH  tH  1— J C^  rH  1-H  i-H  ^ i—t 

3,988 

® 6,733 

(N 

- 

CD  ^ 

7 

20 

5 

1 

3 

»o 

rH  »0  j 

jco 

CO 

l>.  10  • 

91 

188 

eoiceo.-HO>  r-i  lO  0 

00  W rH  kO  CDWCDrHOO  W 05  W rH  00  rH  00 

COW  CD  CD  W ^ 2 ^ S *^2 

M<M^hH  CO^J^rH 

2,352 

3,981 

CD 

CO 

CO 

05  C^  r^rHC<ICO  C005COt^05  Q • 
ft)  CDO  (N  wo  OrH  lO  • 

UO  W r-t  05  • 
CD  ^ W 1 

49 

74 

4 

6 

1 

7 

10 

2, 564 

r-.(M 

4 

114 

CD'^ 

10  CD 

CO  0 rH  0 t>*  rH  W 
^ 0 W rH  rH  W CO 

CD  CO  * 
rH  CD  • 

w w 
w w 

0 

05  ‘O  • 

^ w • 

728 

1, 102 

I> 

10  CO 

Hf<  M rH  • I-H  . d 

w 

rH  (N  ' 

I M 

rH 

i 

^ : ; 

05 

CO 

Mg 

CD 

lO 

lO  *H  rH  TJH  05  CD  rH  05 

CO  W rH  rH  W 

2 ^ : 

CD 

1 00 

W • 

tt  w • 

603 

913 

rH  CD 

U5  TJI 

!>.  ^W  'WrH  05 

rH  10  i 

■0  iN 

CO 

• w 

CD  rH  I 

OiCODl 

0 ^CC^H 

M rH  Ttl  OOCOfOtNOO  M hH  CO  <M  CO  C<!  M O (M  lO  iH  OS  .H  (N  CO  <N  ^ 

t>  CO  M >0  00  10  rH  •>»<  0 'f  CO  QO  OS  *0 

-rfl  rH  rH  i-H 

1,674 

2, 637 

CO 

rH  W 

I CO  CO  • * • rH 

CO 

• • CO  • 

; 

ID  CO  • 

00 

CO  M (N 

10  1-H  c^  CO 

CD 

COrHrHH).  OSlMMCO'^  HfrHtHCNO  COtHOO 

Sio  M fo  oj  eorH  iM  00  CO  »o  CO 

M tH 

HJlrHlCrH 

1,241 

2, 043 

CO 

1 

15 

00  • oS  2h 

16 

6 

13 

CO  10  W rH 

•CO 

51 

17 

389 

507 

t^CO<N 

0 

^ ^ usooc^oo  10  lO  a<l  00  IM 

ICO  OM  I-H  ■'f  1— 1 CO 

Tf  w -O  CD 

CD  CO  W 

WWW  ^ (W  CO 

CO 

CD  05  . 

>0  W ; 

1,401 

2,384 

« • • : ( • 

rH  w • 

00 

CD 

W 

WD  CO  i-t 

CO 

CD 

^5 

26 

14 

I 05  05  05  W — “O 

• ic  ‘O  rH  rH 

CO 

w 

i !>  CD 

1-H  »D 
rH  w 

! C^rHrH 

S?2  : 

504 

CO 

0 

eo 

CO 

rH 1-H  05  W 05  CO  ‘CDCO  00 

i-H  COW  Tfi  rH  • CO  rH  rH 

CO  rH  • 

2 

rH  l>  W W rH  W 

W 

<M  05  • 

0 • 

889 

1,345 

CO  CO 

-I  5§  ^ ^ ^ ^ 

t- 

* iO  rH 

0 0 

40  • 

185 

610 

: : ” : j 1 i ^ 

Tt1 

(N 

r-ITT^  COCO 

! I C0O5C0C0rH  iC 

• • »o  w 

.‘  10  rH 

0 0 

40  t-  • 

181 

00 

05 

10 

05  CD  Tji  ,-H  ,-H050<N  o'^o'^O 

^ S ?5^H  S ^ ^ (M  I-H  ,-4  f^HrH  ^ rH 

3, 988 

I 6, 733 

3 

.2 

1 

sl 

2-3 

c § 5 

c 

f 

< 

p 

3 1 

s'  c 

a 

5 

a'. 

’'-*h 

So’ 

;iiot,  sped  i 0 

lian 

a : 

0 ■• 

t • • 

. • • 

0 *.  ; 

2 • • 

d • 

• • 

• . 

• * 

_!  rH 

• • 

# • 

• • 

• ! ' 

laian 

ian (race  not  specified), 
n (race  not  specified).. 

. (race  not  specified) . . . 
race  not  specified) 

foreign-bom 

0 

T3 

"T  S bocJ  cats 

a|;3g§2 

•gmwooo 

£ 


.£2 

■5  -SmS 

c3  D fl.a 
QOWPh 


S3'“_ 

£ i £3 

P^OOtit 


.a  >-5  S-K 

H £;«  S 53 
® O O o 3 


.a  c .52 


P C '3  0? 
oacaP^  ^ 


£■>:. 

D 3 ® ^ 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


502 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


504 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

Total. 

oco 

II  (NfO-J'O  rH.-lT-tC 

II 

II 

r>  II  O 

O CO 

Wid- 

owed. 

(N  <M  1 

1 Hi:  ;:i 

Tji 

Mar- 

ried. 

to  CO 
to  (N 

i-ieoc<i>-o  1-Hrtioc 

S'Sb 

10 

4 

1 

1 ^ 

i.. 

• * • 

CO 

00 

(M 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

00 

! ! 

H Ti 

• (N  1 

si 

|<N 

Mar- 

ried. 

00  1 

: : 

: : : 

* 

1 “ 

0 

MM 

30  to  44. 

Total. 

TT  CO 
(N  — • 

• M 

I CO  • • 

ic^j  ; ; i 

I-H  00 

Wid- 

owed. 

1 

Mar-  ' 
ried. 

_ 1 

24 

13 

j(N 

• CO  • • 

!(m  ; ; ; 

rH  00 

45 

C _ai 

m'So 

20  to  29. 

Total. 

) .-ie<5(NOi  f-H  •‘O 

s 

Wid- 

owed. 

(N  • 

1 (N 

i 

s-S 

00  (N  C' 

5 .-lfC(N<N  .-H 

1 

18 

51 

.5  oi 
S’Sc 

(N  j 

! o ' 

: : : 

rl  00 

10 

16  to  19. 

Total. 

CO  to 

j (M  tH 

(N  i-H  . ' 

1 ^ 

Wid- 

owed. 

i 1 

*1 

Mar- 

ried. 

»0  rH 

; i 

1 • <N 

Sin- 

gle. 

00 

i : 

I (M  t-H 

(M  ! ; ; 

) O CO 

General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Native-born  of  native  father; 

White 

Negro 

inuian 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father: 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Enclish 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Lithuanian 

Magyar - 

Mexican 

Polish 

Scotch 

Welsh... 1 

Total 

1 

Total  native-born j 

I 


•I 


i 


‘Foreign-bom: 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


505 


I 

ar 

II 


.2 


iH  1-H  CO  1-H  CO  O rfi  CD  lO  i-<  lO  iO 

Dl  (N  CO  CO^COCO  Ol 

376 

542 

jco  • 1-H 

leo 

I rH  lO 

;2; 

00 

»-Hf-HOi-H  C^DI^OOCO  COTj<,-i'^  rHC^OO 

<N  c^ooco  coi-Hcoco 

345 

i 

ir 

i ^ 

jlNCO  fO 

1 (N  i-H 

(N(M 

II  ^ 

CD 

rHCOrH 

i-lOOi-(  C*5  00  C<l  rHCDCO 

CM 

CD 

1-i 

r-l  . r-l 

CO 

i 

00  1 

1 ^ 

1-1  (M  I-H 

--Ht^,-I  eOCCUSC^  .-HtOr-H 

lO 

1 

CO 

23 

7 

137 

182 

CVJ  I I 

I-H  CM 

uo  1 

1 

C4rHOOCt^  CO^OCDU:) 

rH  (N  1-^  1— t 1— i 

CM  O 
CM 

132 

177 

1 

- 

IM  >C 

147 

Is 

1 CM 

; 

CO 

- 

I-HCOO^ 

CM  CM 

142 

193 

rH 

i ^ 

-a 

s 

<N 

»0  00  »o 

»0  i-H 

• 

CD 

CO  CD  CO 

CO 

CM  j 

t- 

lO 

CM 

(N 

(M  (N  (N 

CM  i-H 

(N  j 

CO 

^§2^  |o| 

moofi  woSss 


^ip  'SI'S  I I 

■gspi  p^®  H o 


48296°— VOL  7—11 33 


506 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Total  native-born. 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


C^fHOOOi  OS’^OOCO  i-HOCOQO 

CO 00  0000500  o 

1-H  1— 1 

05  II 

S 

1,292 

1’^ 

I C 

•q  00  r-»  f-l 

Tji 

(N 

CO 

Id  II 

CM 

1-H  I-H  O fH  CSI  C<l  O 00  iO  05  »-t 

^ c©05t^  05  ^ 

762 

957 

I c 

35  (M  CO  ‘O  CO  <N  • 

CO  i-H  CO  r-t 

i-H 

182 

305 

H CO  -H  • 

I G 

• C 

O 05  GO  O500  O5CO  1^0 

O (N  1-H  (N 

174 

203 

• c 

SI  TfH  r-H  rH 

TP 

CO 

^ 1 

1 05 

1 ^ 

-1  lO  tH  ■ 

< 

• c 

OOlt^  t^oo^^co  1-H05 

O i-t  1-H 

id 

CM 

151 

177 

H CO  • 1-H 

CO  j 

1 

i ,-H  O 05  05  COCOOCO 

• • (N  05  (M  Tji  ,-H  ^ ^ 

250,0 

395 

491 

i 

: : 

•CM 

j 

1 °° 

i ' (M  rH  o l>  O (M  05  ^ 

• c^.  C-|00<N  tTi-hcO'^ 

52 

1 

12 

359 

453 

OOC  (M  C<5  --I  CO  (M 

H,-H 

05 

CM 

l|  o 

CO 

i (M  I 

rHCO.-IQ  OSOlOTji 

CO  ^ TT  T-(  (N  CO 

20 

1 

11 

CO 

445 

i 

•tH 

^ 1 

1 

i-  I 

1— IIOO*^  I005i0t— 

00  CO  oa  rH  c<l 

00 

. -Tp 

235 

302 

: 

l-iiO  CO  i-H  O t>- 

TP  (M 

(N  1-H  CO 

104 

140 

I CO  • 

(N05<M  OOCCOSCO 

1 '^p 

o 

CO 

153 

': 

• CO  CO  CO 

• CO 

CM 

lis 

il 

• CO  • 

Ncoco  lOeccoeo 

»o 

ItP 

128 

•eign-born:  I 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Ofr\Q  f?Qn  1 

Danish 

JLUgllSU 

German 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Spanish 

Welsh - 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

507 


508 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  ISl Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  employees,  by  race  of  husband. 


(study  of  employees.) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

N umber  reporting  wife— 

Race  of  husband. 

In  United 
States. 

Abroad. 

22 

18 

4 

5 

2 

3 

3 

3 

9 

7 

1 

1 

5 

5 

177 

175 

2 

128 

125 

3 

108 

103 

5 

1 

1 

56 

55 

1 

549 

425 

124 

197 

153 

44 

It3>licin  (not  sp6cifi6(i) 

6 

5 

1 

47 

44 

3 

27 

17 

10 

47 

44 

3 

2 

2 

Polish 

125 

97 

28 

2 

2 

58 

48 

10 

93 

91 

2 

1 

1 

73 

56 

17 

.Qlnvpnifin  

104 

88 

16 

Q\irA/1  IqH  _ 

10 

10 

2 

2 



20 

20 

1 

1 

A Hon  f roop  nr»f  CT%pr*HipH  N 

2 

2 

Austrian  (rac^  ) 

224 

194 

30 

Belgian  (race  not  specified)  - 

70 

67 

3 

Gvir  foci  / TO  OP  nn^  cnpoifi  pH  ^ ........ 

1 

1 

Tnt^l  

2,176 

1,864 

312 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


509 


510 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  189. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  hegd  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Under 

6. 

6 to  13. 

14  and 
15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 



26 

19 

4 

7 

17 

31 

13 

117 

54 

7 

11 

4 

3 

5 

20 

4 

Foreign-born: 

+ - - 

11 

8 

1 

14 

17 

3 

41 

Irish 

19 

23 

9 

18 

15 

27 

125 

TfaliQii  Nnrlh 

57 

26 

3 

6 

83 

69 

21 

265 

99 

111 

T+nlian  Smith  

27 

15 

2 

6 

20 

22 

7 

T Ifhnoniiin 

24 

13 

2 

4 

33 

30 

5 

Q fy  var  - 

8 

5 

5 

5 

8 

5 

11 

36 

112 

M^xicdiU  • 

26 

19 

1 

5 

19 

31 

Polisti . . 

27 

8 

1 

3 

19 

27 

4 

14 

15 

89 

Slovak 

31 

29 

4 

8 

8 

30 

124 

Welsh 

7 

14 

1 

11 

11 

9 

68 

Total 

237 

160 

23 

67 

213 

258 

112 

1,070 

Cron^  t.nt.al  . 

270 

1^ 

~ 31 ' 

Tl 

309 

129 

1,241 

FEMALE. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

\Vhite  

16 

32 

6 

11 

25 

23 

6 

119 

Negro 

15 

17 

2 

5 

12 

13 

2 

66 

Foreign-born: 

Crocitic^'^  

11 

8 

1 

2 

11 

7 

3 

43 

Irish  

12 

25 

10 

12 

13 

15 

14 

101 

174 

Italian  North 

52 

23 

3 

6 

51 

30 

9 

Italifi'^  South 

18 

6 

1 

8 

21 

7 

2 

63 

Tdthiioni^n  

13 

11 

1 

5 

18 

13 

4 

65 

Map'V^'-r  

■ 6 

10 

I 

2 

7 

5 

3 

34 

Mexican 

23 

11 

4 

7 

10 

21 

8 

84 

76 

Polish  

18 

20 

1 

1 

18 

16 

2 

piovak  

37 

28 

4 

10 

18 

23 

6 

126 

Welsh 

4 

15 

2 

7 

6 

9 

15 

58 

Total 

194 

157 

28 

60 

173 

146 

66 

824 

Grarid  total 

225 

206 

36 

76 

210 

182 

74 

1,009 

TOTAL. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

42 

51 

10 

18 

42 

54 

19 

236 

Negro 

22 

28 

6 

8 

17 

33 

6 

120 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

22 

16 

j 

3 

12 

24 

6 

84 

Irish 

31 

48 

19 

30 

27 

30 

41 

226 

Italian,  North 

109 

49 

6 

12 

134 

99 

30 

439 

Itaiian,  South 

45 

21 

3 

14 

41 

29 

9 

162 

Tiithnanlan 

37 

24 

3 

9 

51 

43 

9 

176 

Magyar 

14 

15 

1 

7 

12 

13 

8 

70 

Mexican 

49 

30 

5 

12 

29 

52 

19 

196 

Polish 

45 

28 

2 

4 

37 

43 

6 

165 

Slovak 

68 

57 

8 

18 

26 

53 

20 

250 

Welsh 

11 

29 

3 

18 

17 

18 

30 

126 

Total 

431 

317 

51 

127 

386 

404 

178 

1,894 

Grand  total 

495 

396 

67 

1^ 

ST 

491 

203 

2,250 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


511 


Table  190,— Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  r^e. 


Native-born  of  native 
father: 

White 

Ne^o 

Indian 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Germany 

Ireland 

Italy 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

W ales 

Africa  (country  not 
specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born. . . 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 
Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian  

Bulgarian 

Canadian,  French 

Canadian,  Other 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Greek 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Italian  (not  specified) . 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

Welsh 

West  Indian  (other 

than  Cuban) 

Australian  (race  not 

specified) 

Austrian  (race  not 

specified) 

Belgian  (race  not 

specified) 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Total  foreign-bom. . 
Grand  total 


Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 


1,651 

389 

2 


26 

9 

4 

2 

179 

36 

102 

138 

64 

9 

3 

20 

147 

6 

1 

39 

2 


787 


2,829 


29 

6 

4 

1 

14 

1 

9 

252 

2 

214 

182 

3 
95 

1,146 

425 

10 
124 

48 

109 

2 

218 

4 

106 

146 

1 

130 

193 

4 

19 

3 

35 

1 

2 

448 

114 

1 


4, 101 
6, 930 


Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 


Un- 

20 

25 

30 

35 

45 

55 

65 

der 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

or 

14. 

24. 

29. 

34. 

44. 

54. 

64. 

over. 

2 

1 

33 

51 

66 

61 

282 

331 

254 

370  : 

154 

40 

6 

2 

6 

5 

5 

8 

35 

46 

61 

107 

89 

20 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 

1 

7 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

9 

5 

19 

18 

44 

20 

24 

22 

11 

4 

8 

3 

7 

9 

3 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

7 

5 

3 

36 

13 

7 

15 

9 

4 



1 

3 

1 

10 

1 

1 

34 

27 

15 

36 

15 

4 

3 

7 

13 

5 

18 

7 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

11 

1 

g 

9 

11 

36 

25 

16 

16 

9 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

3 

9 

1 

8 

7 

3 

1 

1 

11 

53 

48 

67 

56 

201 

104 

75 

102 

52 

13 

7 

14 

92 

104 

138 

125 

518 

481 

295 

73 

11 

4 

3 

11 

8 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

17 

34 

36 

45 

68 

38 

8 

1 

7 

1 

■ i 

1 

3 

"2 

29 

37 

44 

34 

39 

13 

4 

1 

1 

6 

6 

16 

22 

24 

39 

51 

12 

4 

2 

1 

3 

15 

14 

20 

30 

10 

3 

4 

13 

24 

20 

235 

282 

225 

240 

82 

20 

1 

1 O 

1 n 

70 

99 

85 

106 

22 

3 

5 

3 

lo 

iU 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

16 

33 

25 

29 

15 

2 

1 

13 

5 

8 

10 

9 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

16 

16 

17 

26 

21 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

j 

2 

4 

31 

37 

37 

73 

29 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

18 

18 

19 

28 

15 

1 

z 

1 

1 

9 

18 

25 

27 

43 

18 

4 

1 

3 

2 

3 

3 

18 

15 

27 

37 

15 

6 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

28 

46 

40 

44 

14 

6 

3 

J 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

9 

1 

2 

1 

j 

3 

3 

6 

13 

9 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

7 

4 

64 

99 

110 

107 

47 

4 

1 

3 

3 

11 

18 

23 

30 

23 

2 

1 

. J_ 

6 

26 

33 

78 

64 

618 

817 

786 

931 

554 

154 

^ 

'W 

'm 

'1^ 

ifm 

1,298 

Km 

|I7^ 

'm 

U 

512 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  191. — Number  of  families  owninq  home,  renting,  hoarding,  etc.,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families— 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

Owning 

home. 

Renting 

home. 

Boarding. 

Lodging. 

In  other 
con- 
ditions. 

Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  

20 

33 

4 

57 

Neero  

4 

22 

26 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian  

13 

8 

21 

Irish  

23 

15 

38 

Italian,  North 

48 

46 

94 

Italian  South  

23 

12 

35 

T.ithnanian  

20 

16 

36 

Magvar 

8 

7 

15 

Mexican 

6 

35 

1 

42 

Poli.sti  

17 

19 

36 

Slovak 

40 

8 

48 

Welsh  

19 

8 

1 

28 

Total  

217 

174 

2 

39-3 

Grand  total 

241 

229 

6 

476 

Table  192. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Croatian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Mexican 

Polish 

Slovak 

Welsh 


Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

g 

o 

o 

q3 

B 

o 

o 

u 

d 

g 

■q 

o 

u 

oj 

g 

O 

O 

o 

x: 

o 

o 

X 

O 

X* 

o 

O 

o 

x: 

o 

o 

x/i 

B 

Xi 

m 

X 

tn 

.c 

o 

Xfl 

& 

C« 

o 

o 

o 

O 

H 

< 

< 

< 

26 

26 

1 

19 

20 

1 

2 

1 

4 

28 

21 

1 

50 

7 

7 

1 

10 

11 

3 

1 

4 

8 

13 

22 

10 

10 

1 

1 

11 

11 

18 

18 

21 

21 

7 

2 

9 

18 

28 

2 

48 

50 

50 

14 

14 

50 

14 

64 

24 

24 

i’ 

4 

5 

25 

4 

29 

24 

24 

2 

5 

7 

26 

5 

31 

7 

7 

1 

3 

4 

• 

8 

3 

11 

26 

26 

14 

3 

17 

1 

1 

41 

3 

44 

23 

23 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

24 

1 

26 

27 

27 

5 

17 

22 

2 

1 

3 

32 

19 

1 

52 

6 

6 

2 

12 

14 

1 

1 

8 

13 

21 

215 

215 

27 

80 

107 

1 

10 

4 

15 

243 

90 

4 

337 

248 

248 

29 

109 

138 

2 

15 

6 

23 

279 

124 

6 

409 

1 

1 

4 

3 

7 

- 

5 

3 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

7 

7 

i 

11 

12 

1 

2 

3 

8 

12 

2 

22 

3 

3 

10 

10 

2 

2 

3 

12 

15 

3 

3 

6 

2 

2 

3 

5 

8 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

5 

1 

6 

9 

1 

10 

4 

4 

7 

7 

1 

1 

4 

8 

12 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

22 

22 

13 

39 

52 

6 

2 

8 

35 

45 

2 

82 

270 

270 

42 

148 

190 

2 

21 

8 

31 

314 

169 

8 

491 

Total  foreign-born. 
Grand  total 


General  Tables:  Southwest. 


513 


Table  192. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

a 

o 

.£3 

3 

o 

eC 

o 

CO 

O 

'3 

<6 

a 

o 

o 

o 

Si 

o 

cn 

o 

"3 

6 

a 

o 

si 

"o 

o 

si 

o 

M 

si 

(H 

o 

"3 

O 

a 

o 

.£3 

■q 

0 

.£3 

0 

si 

0 

”3 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

Native-born  of  native  father: 
White  

16 

16 

5 

27 

32 

1 

4 

1 

6 

22 

31 

1 

54 

15 

15 

17 

17 

2 

2 

15 

19 

34 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Ornatifl.Ti 

11 

11 

1 

3 

4 

12 

3 

15 

Irish  . 

10 

10 

1 

22 

23 

9 

9 

11 

31 

42 

Italian,  North 

48 

48 

1 

11 

12 

1 

1 

2 

50 

12 

62 

Ttalian  South 

18 

18 

3 

3 

18 

3 

21 

lyithnaTiia.n 

13 

13 

8 

8 

13 

8 

21 

M agyar 

6 

6 

3 

6 

9 

1 

1 

9 

7 

16 

Mexican 

22 

22 

7 

3 

10 

2 

2 

29 

5 

34 

Polish 

14 

14 

4 

11 

15 

18 

11 

29 

Rlovalf 

34 

34 

2 

20 

22 

2 

1 

3 

38 

21 

59 

Welsh 

4 

4 

8 

8 

1 

1 

4 

9 

13 

Total 

180 

180 

19 

95 

114  1 

3 

15 

18 

202 

110 

312 

Total  native-born  

211 

211 

24 

139 

TT! 

163 

1 4 

IT 

26 

,239 

160 

~1 

1 

Foreign-bom: 

Croatian  

4 

4 

1 

1 

5 

5 

Irish 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

'3' 

2 

5 

Italian,  North 

5 

5 

3 

7 

10 

"l" 

1 

9 

7 

16 

Italian,  South 

1 

2 

3 

'l' 

1 

1 

3 

4 

Lithuanian 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

Mn.gvar 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Mexican 

1 

♦ 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

4 

Polish 

4 

4 

4 

1 

5 

1 

1 

9 

1 

10 

SI  ovale 

2 

2 

3 

4 

7 

1 

1 

6 

4 

10 

Welsh 

7 

7 

1 

1 

8 

8 

Total  foreign-born 

14 

14 

15 

28 

43 

5 

10 

T4 

33 

_<o7 

Grand  total 

225 

225 

is 

1“ 

206 

1 9 

26 

i 1 

36 

|273 

|l93 

IT 

407 

! 

1 

1 

1 

TOTAL. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

42 

42 

6 

46 

52 

2 

6 

2 

10 

50 

52 

2 

104 

Negro 

22 

22 

1 

27 

28 

5 

1 

6 

23 

32 

1 

56 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

race  of  father: 

Croati  an 

21 

21 

2 

3 

5 

23 

3 

26 

Irish . 

28 

28 

1 

43 

44 

16 

2 

18 

29 

59 

‘2 

90 

Italian,  North 

98 

98 

1 

25 

26 

1 

1 

2 

100 

26 

126 

Italian,  South 

42 

42 

1 

7 

8 

43 

7 

50 

la'thnanian 

37 

37 

2 

13 

15 

39 

13 

52 

Magyar 

13 

13 

4 

9 

13 

1 

1 

17 

10 

27 

Mexican 

48 

48 

21 

6 

27 

‘i’ 

2 

3 

70 

8 

78 

Polish 

37 

37 

5 

12 

17 

"i' 

1 

42 

12 

"1 

55 

Slovak 

61 

61 

7 

37 

44 

2 

3 

1 

6 

70 

40 

1 

111 

Welsh 

10 

JO 

2 

20 

22 

2 

2 

12 

22 

34 

Total 

395 

395 

46 

175 

221 

4 

25 

4 

33 

445 

200 

4 

649 

Total  native-born 

459 

459 

53 

248 

301 

6 

36 

7 

49  [ 

518 

284 

7 

809 

Foreign-bora: 

Croatian 

1 

1 

4 

7 

11 

1 

1 

5 

8 

13 

Irish 

3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

4 

3 

7 

Italian,  North 

12 

12 

4 

18 

22 

"i' 

1 

’2 

4 

17 

19 

"2 

38 

Italian,  South 

3 

3 

1 

12 

13 

3 

3 

4 

15 

19 

Lithuanian 

5 

4 

9 

3 

3 

5 

7 

12 

Maevar 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

Mexican.  . 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

6 

Polish 

8 

8 

9 

2 

11 

1 

1 

18 

2 

20 

Slovak 

6 

6 

3 

11 

14 

1 

1 

2 

10 

12 

22 

Welsh 

1 

1 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

9 

10 

Total  foreign-bora 

36 

36 

28  1 67 

95 

5 

11 

2 

18 

69 

78 

149 

Grand  total 

495 

....|495 

81 

|315 

— 

396 

11 

47 

9 

67 

587 

362 

9 

958 

514 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  193. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  com- 
ing, by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(study  op  employees.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 


In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 


Total. 


Race. 

Total  number 
ing  complete 

Aliens. 

' Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

1 Total. 

7 

1 

2 

1 

4 

2 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

7 

8 

U 

1 

5 

1 

2 

3 

5 

3 

8 

"Danish  . . 

1 

..... 

1 

1 

1 

Dnt.ph  

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

English 

93 

6 

10 

16 

3 

22 

52 

77 

9 

32 

52 

93 

French 

82 

12 

18 

7 

37 

2 

23 

20 

45 

14 

41 

27 

82 

frarman . . 

08 

1 

8 

2 

11 

12 

45 

57 

1 

20 

47 

68 

rirppt'  

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

30 

5 

1 

6 

11 

19 

30 

16 

20 

36 

Italian,  North 

408 

83 

140 

21 

250 

26 

66 

66 

158 

109 

212 

87 

408 

Italian,  South 

139 

18 

03 

14 

95 

8 

15 

21 

44 

26 

78 

35 

139 

Tt.alian  tnnt  sparifipfl) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Lithuanian . 

47 

13 

5 

4 

22 

6 

6 

13 

25 

19 

11 

17 

47 

Magyar 

19 

7 

3 

1 

11 

1 

7 

8 

8 

3 

8 

19 

Mpxiran  

43 

13 

1 

14 

25 

1 

3 

29 

38 

1 

4 

43 

Norwegian 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Polish 

79 

30 

11 

2 

43 

21 

8 

7 

36 

51 

19 

9 

79 

Russian 

42 

21 

3 

2 

20 

3 

7 

6 

16 

24 

10 

8 

42 

Scotch 

.54 

4 

8 

12 

4 

15 

23 

42 

8 

23 

?3 

54 

Slovak 

50 

9 

14 

4 

27 

1 

10 

18 

29 

10 

24 

22 

56 

Slovenian 

70 

5 

30 

4 

45 

3 

10 

18 

31 

8 

40 

22 

76 

Swedish . 

8 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

6 

1 

3 

4 

8 

Syrian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Welsh 

14 

1 

1 

2 

11 

13 

3 

11 

14 

Australian  (race  not  specified) . . . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not  .specified) 

178 

24 

94 

23 

141 

1 

13 

23 

37 

25 

107 

46 

178 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

45 

4 

17 

1 

22 

8 

15 

23 

4 

25 

16 

45 

Total 

1,513 

253 

449 

90 

792 

108 

1 232 

1 

381 

721 

361 

681 

471 

1,513 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


515 


Table  194. — Present  'political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  'who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  5 years  or  over  and  'who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^ 
by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race  of  individual. 

Total  number  report- 
ing complete  data. 

In  United  States  5 
to  9 years. 

In  United  States  10 
years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

pa])ers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

I Total. 

nm^tian  

17 

3 

5 

5 

13 

2 

2 

4 

3 

7 

7 

17 

Irish  

18 

k 

1 

1 

1 

15 

17 

1 

1 

16 

18 

Italian,  North 

82 

40 

14 

3 

57 

7 

7 

11 

25 

47 

i 21 

14 

82 

Italian,  South 

18 

10 

4 

1 

15 

1 

2 

3 

11 

1 6 

1 

18 

Lithuanian..  .. 

27 

9 

4 

1 

14 

5 

5 

3 

13 

14 

9 

4 

27 

Magyar 

9 

30 

2 

g 

3 

5 

8 

1 

22 

3 

4 

22 

3 

30 

3 

9 

30 

Pnlish  

13 

8 

1 

9 

1 

2 

1 

4 

9 

3 

1 

13 

Slovak  

29 

6 

3 

1 

10 

7 

7 

5 

19 

13 

10 

6 

29 

Welsh 

13 

2 

2 

1 

2 

8 

11 

3 

2 

8 

13 

Total 

256 

88 

34 

12 

134 

46 

28 

48 

122 

134 

62 

60 

256 

1 

Table  1^5 .—Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Nmnber 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

Croatian 

5 

1 

1 

4 

4 

5 

5 

rrprmn.n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

32 

16 

16 

16 

16 

32 

32 

Italian,  South 

8 

5 

3 

3 

2 

8 

5 

Lithuanian  

19 

8 

8 

11 

11 

19 

19 

Magyar 

21 

7 

7 

14 

13 

21 

20 

Mexican 

36 

19 

1 

17 

8 

36 

9 

Polish 

20 

4 

4 

16 

14 

20 

18 

Slovak 

66 

30 

27 

36 

35 

66 

62 

Total  native-born 

208 

90 

67 

118 

104 

208 

171 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian . . . 
Croatian 

1 

57 

1 

29 

23 

28 

20 

57 

43 

T)ani<;h 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

fTPririnn 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

295 

190 

97 

105 

25 

295 

122 

Italian,  South 

105 

65 

31 

40 

11 

105 

42 

Lithuanian 

121 

80 

53 

41 

9 

121 

62 

Magyar  

35 

20 

12 

15 

6 

35 

17 

Mexican 

103 

64 

14 

39 

6 

103 

20 

Polish 

98 

57 

22 

41 

9 

98 

31 

Slovak 

116 

63 

38 

53 

22 

116 

60 

Spanish 

3 

3 

3 

- Total  foreign-born 

937 

571 

290 

366 

no 

937 

400 

; Grand  total 

1,145 

661 

1 357 

1 484 

1 214 

1, 145 

571 

516 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  196. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non- English-speaking  races.l 


MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  comi 

Under  14. 

ng  to  United  States. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Croatian 

29 

9 

6 

20 

17 

Italian,  North 

190 

21 

19 

169 

78 

Italian,  South 

65 

13 

8 

52 

23 

Lithuanian 

80 

12 

11 

68 

42 

Magyar 

20 

1 

1 

19 

11 

Mexican 

64 

14 

6 

50 

8 

Polish 

57 

11 

7 

46 

15 

Slovak 

63 

11 

6 

52 

32 

Spanish . 

3 

3 

Total 

571 

92 

64 

479 

226 

FEMALE. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

28 

7 

7 

21 

13 

Danish. . 

1 

1 

1 

German 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

105 

19 

15 

86 

10 

Italian,  South 

40 

9 

7 

31 

4 

Lithuanian 

41 

9 

7 

32 

2 

Magyar 

15 

2 

1 

13 

4 

Mexican 

39 

12 

5 

27 

1 

Polish 

41 

9 

5 

32 

4 

Slovak 

53 

14 

10 

39 

12 

Total 

366 

83 

59 

283 

51 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian .... 

1 

1 

Croatian 

57 

16 

13 

41 

30 

Danish 

1 

1 

1 

German 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

295 

40 

34 

255 

88 

Italian,  South 

105 

22 

15 

83 

27 

Lithuanian 

121 

21 

18 

100 

44 

Magyar 

35 

3 

2 

32 

15 

Mexican 

103 

26 

11 

77 

9 

Polish 

98 

20 

12 

78 

19 

Slovak 

116 

25 

16 

91 

44 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Total 

937 

175 

123 

762 

277 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


517 


Table  197 . — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  Is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 

Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Croatian 

29 

9 

5 

14 

12 

6 

6 

Italian,  North 

190 

74 

21 

82 

46 

34 

30 

Italian,  South 

65 

32 

13 

25 

12 

8 

6 

Lithuanian 

80 

20 

8 

36 

23 

24 

22 

Magyar 

20 

5 

8 

5 

7 

7 

Mexican 

64 

5 

14 

3 

45 

11 

Polish 

57 

24 

2 

16 

4 

17 

16 

Slovak 

63 

16 

3 

19 

9 

28 

26 

Spanish 

3 

3 

Total 

571 

188 

52 

214 

114 

169 

124 

FEMALE. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

Croatian 

28 

15 

8 

8 

7 

5 

5 

Danish 

1 

1 

1 

German 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  North 

105 

57 

6 

32 

11 

16 

8 

Italian,  South 

40 

23 

6 

13 

3 

4 

2 

Lithuanian 

41 

13 

15 

3 

13 

6 

Magyar 

15 

8 

1 

6 

5 

Mexican 

39 

5 

8 

26 

6 

Polish 

41 

22 

1 

9 

2 

10 

6 

Slovak 

53 

15 

2 

16 

6 

22 

14 

Total 

366 

159 

23 

102 

32 

105 

55 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

Danish 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

. Lithuanian 

1 Magyar 

Mexican 

i Polish 

^ Slovak 

Spanish 

Total 


57 

1 

2 

295 

105 

121 

35 

103 

98 

116 

3 


937 


131 

55 

33 

13 

10 

46 

31 

3 


347 


75 


22 


114 

38 

51 


316 


146 


274 


179 


I 


518 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  198. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

Number 

who 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

29 

19 

6 

6 

23 

13 

c 

3 

6 

3 

4 

4 

1 

1 

3 

3 

14 

7 

1 

1 

13 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■pnt.ph  

9 

8 

2 

2 

7 

6 

"Pinnish  

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Frpnoh  

20f) 

153 

55 

52 

151 

101 

German  . 

177 

161 

38 

37 

139 

124 

- 

3 

1 

3 

1 

Italian  North 

1,129 

705 

50 

49 

1,079 

656 

Rnnt.h  * 

418 

276 

26 

24 

392 

252 

Italian  (not  specified) 

9 

5 

1 

1 

8 

4 

Lithuanian 

119 

105 

4 

4 

115 

101 

. . . 

48 

36 

2 

2 

46 

34 

Mexican  

105 

78 

16 

14 

89 

64 

OTl  .... 

2 

2 

2 

2 

PoUsb  

209 

136 

11 

10 

198 

126 

T?  rwi-iTYi  Q n i an 

4 

4 

Russian  

101 

71 

2 

2 

99 

69 

1 

1 

Slovak  

124 

81 

4 

4 

120 

77 



185 

126 

13 

13 

172 

113 

GnonicVi  . 

4 

1 

4 

1 

Swedish 

18 

18 

3 

3 

15 

15 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Tn/lian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

A 1-ici+ralion  fraod  nnt  Q•nPr*if^pH^ 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

437 

316 

16 

15 

421 

301 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

112 

85 

25 

24 

87 

61 

Swiss  nnt 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

3,482 

2,406 

278 

266 

1 3,204 

2, 140 

General  Tables:  Southwest. 


519 


" Table  199. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

(study  of  employees.) 

(By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

Years  in  United  States. 


Race. 

Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
complete 
data. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 
ber who 
speak 
English. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

29 

19 

11 

4 

5 

4 

13 

11 

Bulgarian 

6 

3 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Canadian,  French 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

14 

7 

1 

7 

3 

6 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

rutcii  - 

9 

8 

3 

2 

6 

6 

Fitinish  

2 

2 

1 

1 

i 

1 

French 

206 

153 

54 

28 

48 

32 

104 

93 

German 

177 

161 

35 

22 

23 

20 

119 

119 

Gre^k  . 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

1,129 

705 

434 

152 

413 

305 

282 

248 

Italian,  South 

418 

276 

172 

75 

149 

112 

97 

89 

Italian  (not  specified) 

9 

5 

4 

1 

3 

2 

2 

2 

Lithuanian 

119 

105 

29 

23 

42 

38 

48 

44 

Magyar 

48 

36 

19 

13 

19 

13 

10 

10 

Mexican 

105 

78 

28 

19 

26 

21 

51 

38 

nf  \vpgi  n 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Polish 

209 

136 

85 

SO 

66 

53 

58 

53 

4 

4 

Russian 

101 

71 

26 

8 

39 

29 

36 

34 

Rfirvian 

1 

1 

Slovak 

124 

81 

54 

19 

34 

29 

36 

33 

Slovenian 

185 

126 

74 

33 

61 

48 

50 

45 

Rpanish 

4 

1 

4 

1 

Swedish 

18 

18 

2 

2 

16 

16 

Syrian 

2 

2 

2 

2 

West  Indian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Australian  (race  not  specified. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) . 

437 

316 

192 

95 

177 

156 

68 

65 

Belgian  (race  not  specified). . . 

112 

85 

28 

16 

29 

17 

55 

52 

Swiss  (rn.ee  nnt  speeified) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

3,482 

2, 406 

1,266 

544 

1,147 

888 

1,009 

974 

520 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


V.— THE  SOUTH. 

Table  200,— Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Total 

Total 

Persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured. 

General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

number  of 

persons  in 
number  of 
households. 

households. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Foreign-born: 

11 

55 

37 

18 

55 

21 

109 

64 

45 

109 

115 

441 

T+olian  ^nrtVi  ^ ... 

25 

123 

86 

29 

76 

475 

343 

98 

Lithuanian  . . - 

12 

74 

80 

497 

56 

334 

22 

137 

121 

78 

471 

Pnlich  

69 

410 

271 

392 

139 

21 

144 

90 

49 

T'n+ol  

309 

1,893 

1,281 

519 

1,800 

— 

Table  201. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

5 

6 

11 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

7 

1 

8 

12 

13 

25 

12 

11 

23 

41 

23 

64 

13 

9 

22 

64 

43 

107 

47 

26 

73 

13 

25 

38 

209 

151 

360 

1^ 

3n 

Foreign-born: 

T3/-\'hQ-mior»  ATnrfSvinn  - - ••••- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

29 

i7 

46 

1 

1 

47 

34 

81 

73 

18 

91 

305 

72 

377 

39 

11 

50 

240 

93 

333 

222 

92 

314 

3 

3 

37 

37 

2 

2 

67 

25 

92 

1,067 

362 

1,429 

Gr3>IlCl  tOt3>l  

1,281 

1,800 

General  Tables:  South, 


521 


Table  202.  Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race.  ’ 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEKS.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country 
of  birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Canada 

England ] i 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway 

Russia 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-bom,  by  race: 

Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Croatian 

Cuban 

Danish 

Dutch 


Total 

num- 

ber. 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Continued . 

- 4,389 

English 

- 4,809 

French 

German 

Greek 

31 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian) 

1 

'Herzegovinian 

3 

Irish 

66 

Italian,  North 

5 

Italian,  South 

49 

Lithuanian 

1 

Macedonian 

86 

Magyar 

14 

Mexican 

1 

Montenegrin 

8 

Polish 

66 

Roumanian 

Russian 

3 

2 

Ruthenian 

6 

Scotch 

1 

Servian 

Slovak 

343 

Slovenian 

. 9,541 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Syrian 

2 

8 

Welsh 

123 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

2 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

258 

Swiss  (race  not  specified) 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

2 

19 

Grand  total 

48296°— VOL  7—11 34 


Total 

num- 

ber. 


119 

38 

112 

23 

1 

3 
45 

402 

1,182 

41 

13 

346 

1 

91 

301 

37 

86 

4 

102 

21 

391 

57 

1 

5 
5 

11 

56 

7 

1 


3,917 


13, 458 


522 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  203. Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OP  EMPLOYEES.) 

[Bv  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 
'■  ^ ^ made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  in  the  United  States  each  specified  nmnber  of  years. 

Race. 

Under 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or  i 

over. 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian.. 

8 

120 

1 

3 

2 

2 i 

2 

44 

50 

13 

2 

8 

1 

Canadian  (other  than 

2 

1 

1 1 

258 

13 

12 

52 

53 

33 

87 

7 

1 

2 

1 

16 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

6 • 

117 

1 

2 

5 

5 

2 

18 

4 

8 

72  ' 

37 

2 

8 

3 

1 

9 

1 

5 

8 

German 

112 

oo 

3 

7 

A 

18 

10 

19 

4 

9 

3 

23 

5 

11 

17 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Kus- 

Li 

1 

i. 

1 

sian) 

Herzegovinian 

3 

O 

43 

4 

4 

2 

33 

ItBilisti  North- ............ 

398 

30 

11 

44 

50 

38 

142 

53 

20 

10 

Pnnt.li  . 

1,169 

69 

29 

164 

151 

129 

466 

95 

46 

20 

41 

2 

4 

3 

10 

9 

8 

5 

LithuOinicin.- 

13 

343 

5 

4 

1 

1 

2 

Macedonian 

Magyar  ................. 

27 

19 

58 

49 

23 

117 

25 

16 

9 

1 

91 

300 

1 

Mexican 

41 

40 

8 

1 

1 

Montenegrin 

Polish  

18 

13 

56 

41 

15 

104 

22 

17 

14 

36 

2 

8 

13 

9 

15 

7 

3 

7 

RiissiHTi  ............ 

74 

2 

15 

8 

14 

3 

2 

2 

4 

101 

21 

1 

2 

1 

Ruthenian 

3 

1 

2 

2 

4 

8 

81 

1 

6 

5 

1 

8 

Servian 

Slovak  

389 

20 

19 

50 

49 

37 

138 

38 

21 

17 

Slovenian 

55 

2 

2 

8 

2 

5 

22 

8 

2 

4 

1 

5 

1 

O 1 oV^ 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

2 

2 

1 

WoIcIy 

11 

56 

1 

1 

9 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)   

2 

9 

12 

3 

3 

18 

3 

4 

2 

2 

Belgian  (race  not  specified] 
Swiss  (race  not  specified).. 

» 7 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Total 

3,864 

197 

242 

620 

490 

321 

1,214 

287 

7( 

317 

General  Tables:  South. 


523 


Table  204. — Number  of  foreign-horn  persons  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number 
of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  No  deduction  is 

made  for  time  spent  abroad.] 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years. 

Under 

1. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5 to  9. 

10  to  14. 

15  to  19. 

20  or 
over. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

1 

1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

English 

28 

1 

4 

8 

7 

1 

5 

1 

1 

French 

1 

1 

1 

German 

47 

5 

3 

7 

1 

14 

11 

2 

A 

Italian,  North 

73 

7 

17 

8 

7 

16 

16 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

305 

14 

50 

62 

51 

36 

78 

7 

3 

4 

Lithuanian 

39 

2 

3 

8 

1 

4 

9 

7 

3 

2 

Magyar 

240 

10 

36 

35 

35 

• 33 

61 

11 

13 

6 

Polish 

222 

13 

47 

53 

26 

19 

46 

10 

6 

2 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

1 

17 

11 

5 

2 

1 

Scotch 

2 

2 

Slovak 

67 

1 

4 

13 

ii 

5 

18 

11 

1 

3 

Total 

1,066 

56 

184 

206 

144 

128 

248 

48 

29 

23 

FEMALE. 


English 

17 

5 

4 

2 

6 

German 

34 

3 

3 

10 

9 

4 

2 

3 

Italian,  North 

18 

6 

2 

4 

1 

4 

1 

Italian,  South 

72 

6 

14 

12 

7 

10 

17 

2 

3 

1 

Lithuanian 

11 

2 

j 

4 

4 

Magyar 

93 

2 

19 

9 

13 

10 

21 

5 

9 

5 

Polish 

92 

5 

20 

13 

10 

12 

27 

5 

Slovak 

25 

3 

1 

2 

1 

11 

4 

3 

Total 

362 

19 

70 

52 

37 

43 

94 

20 

18 

9 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. . 

1 

1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

English 

45 

1 

g 

12 

9 

1 

11 

1 

1 

French 

1 

1 

German 

81 

8 

6 

17 

1 

23 

15 

4 

7 

Italian,  North 

91 

7 

23 

10 

11 

17 

20 

1 

2 

Italian,  South 

• 377 

20 

64 

74 

58 

46 

95 

9 

6 

5 

Lithuanian 

50 

2 

5 

8 

1 

5 

13 

11 

3 

2 

Magyar 

333 

12 

55 

44 

48 

43 

82 

16 

22 

11 

Polish 

314 

18 

67 

66 

36 

31 

73 

15 

6 

2 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

1 

17 

11 

5 

2 

1 

Scotch 

2 

2 

Slovak 

92 

4 

5 

15 

12 

5 

29 

15 

4 

3 

Total 

1,428 

75 

254 

258 

181 

171 

342 

68 

47 

32 

524 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  205,— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-horn  males  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming^  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 

Num- 

ber 

re- 

port- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Num- 

ber 

with- 

out 

occu- 

pa- 

tion. 

Number  working  for  wages. 

Number  work- 
ing without 
wages. 

Number  work- 
ing for  profit. 

Farm  labor- 
ers. 

Laborers. 

Miners. 

In  hand 

trades. 

In  other  oc- 

pations. 

Total. 

Farm  labor- 

ers. 

In  other  oc- 

patious. 

Total. 

1 Farmers. 

In  other  oc- 

cupations. 

Total. 

BoliGiniflii  tHiQ  MorQ-viOpii. . . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

TT  n rrl  i cVi 

16 

2 

14 

16 

1 

1 

34 

1 

5 

11 

2 

4 

23 

10 

10 

1 

1 



Italian,  North 

64 

4 

18 

7 

1 

16 

4 

46 

10 

10 

4 

4 

Italian,  South 

261 

1 

85 

34 

6 

15 

14 

154 

84 

84 

22 

22 

T.ifhnfininn  

32 

1 

10 

3 

3 

1 

17 

12 

12 

2 

2 

Magyar 

198 

5 

54 

14 

5 

20 

13 

106 

60 

1 

61 

26 

26 

Polish 

184 

2 

35 

17 

30 

27 

3 

112 

58 

1 

59 

11 

11 

"R  /MiTTi  o n I 

3 

3 

3 

*R^iQ<2i5^n  . . . . 

35 

4 

2 

3 

5 

14 

20 

20 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

RlnvaV  

60 

16 

3 

4 

1 

24 

31 

31 

5 

5 

Total 

892 

15 

223 

87 

72 

87 

45 

514 

289 

2 

291 

72 

72 

Table  206.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born  females  who 
were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race  of  individual. 


English 

German 

Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian . . . 

Magyar 

Polish 


Num- 
ber re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

Num- 
ber 
with- 
out oc- 
cupa- 
tion. 

Number  working  for 
wages. 

Number  working 
without  wages. 

Niunber  working 
for  profit. 

Farm 

labor- 

ers. 

In  do- 
mes- 
tic 
serv- 
ice. 

In 

other 

occu- 

pa- 

tions. 

Total. 

Farm 

labor- 

ers. 

In 

other 

occu- 

pa- 

tions. 

Total. 

Farm- 

ers. 

In 

other 

occu- 

pa- 

tions. 

Total. 

10 

g 

2 

2 

20 

19 

56 

1 

1 

56 

g 

g 

71 

9 

2 

5 

2 

2 

• * 1 

51 

At 

2 

3 

6 

2 

2 

. Ou 

224 

206 

3 

3 

g 

14 

4 

4 

Total 


General  Tables:  South, 


525 


Table  207. — Occupation  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  before  coming  to  the  Unitep 

States,  by  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


Race. 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian . . 

Bulgarian 

Canadian  (other  than 

French) 

Croatian 

Danish 


6 

115 

1 

242 

2 


Dutch.. 
English. 
French . 
German 
Greek . . 


11 

76 

27 

71 

22 


Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)   

Herzegovinian 

Irish 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 


1 

2 

22 

353 

1,072 


Lithuanian.. 
Macedonian . 

Magyar 

Montenegrin. 
Polish 


40 

13 

322 

77 

277 


Roumanian 

Russian 

Ruthenian. 

Scotch 

Servian 


33 

67 

4 

47 

18 


Slovak . . . 
Slovenian 
Swedish . . 
Syrian 


335 

50 

2 

5 


Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 
fied)  

Belgian  (race  not  specified). 
Swiss  (race  not  specified) . . 


4 

43 

6 

3,367 


Number  who  were  engaged  in— 


Mining. 

Farm- 
ing or 
farm 
labor. 

General 

labor. 

Manu- 

factur- 

ing. 

Hand 

trades. 

Trade. 

Busi- 
ness for 
self. 

Other 

occupa- 

tions. 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

103 

5 

3 

1 

1 

6 

208 

13 

2 

7 

3 

3 

2 

2 

5 

1 

1 

2 

50 

6 

2 

4 

5 

1 

8 

21 

2 

1 

3 

33 

20 

1 

3 

11 

1 

1 

1 

4 

9 

J 

8 

1 

2 

11 

11 

13 

274 

21 

1 

35 

9 

55 

840 

57 

12 

77 

2 

2 

27 

39 

1 

1 

3 

4 

4 

1 

16 

252 

6 

5 

37 

1 

5 

75 

1 

1 

20 

228 

11 

4 

12 

2 

32 

1 

6 

50 

3 

2 

4 

1 

1 

4 

39 

1 

1 

6 

1 

16 

1 

35 

253 

11 

10 

17 

2 

1 

6 

21 

23 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

5 

3 

1 

8 

25 

6 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

350 

2,488 

135 

53 

236 

14 

13 

78 

• Total. 


526 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  20S,— Number  of  males  16  yearsof  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry , by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


(The  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Cemi^  with  these 
modifications:  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining, 
and  Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechamcal  Pursuits,  Trade  and  Transpor- 
tation are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 


Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race 
of  father: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Magyar 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 


Total 

number. 

Mining. 

General 
labor  (not 
otherwise 
entered) 

Trade. 

At  home. 

Coal  (bitu- 
minous). 

Iron  ore. 

3 





, - 

2 

2 

\ 

1 

\ 

1 

7 

4 

3 

11 

8 

3 





14 

11 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

22 

22 

1 

38 

38 

G9 

66 

28G 

276 

4 

3 

35 

1 

1 

1 

04 

91  ^ 

211 

1 

1 

1 

ZXO 

198 

157 

5 

1 

3 

3 

i 

37 

31 

2 

2 

61 

59 



971 

903 

12 

4 

1 

! 1 

985 

914 

12 

4 

4 

1 

Total  foreign-born. 
Grand  total 


General  Tables:  South, 


527 


Table  209. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  industry,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[The  main  headings  used  in  this  table  follow  the  classifications  of  the  United  States  Census  with  these 
modifications;  General  Labor  is  here  separate  from  Domestic  and  Personal  Service;  Fishing,  Mining, 
and  Quarrying  are  each  separate  from  Manufacturing  and  Mechanical  Pursuits;  Trade  and  Transpor- 
tation are  distinct  from  each  other.] 


General  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

Total 

number. 

Domestic 
and  per- 
sonal serv- 
ice. 

Trade. 

At  home. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White  .• 

5 

5 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of  father: 

Gprma.n  

2 

1 

1 

Ttalia.n,  North..  

1 

1 

Ma.vyar ..  

1 

1 

Polish  

1 

1 

Total 

5 

1 

1 

3 

Total  native-born 

10 

1 

1 

8 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

11 

German 

25 

25 

Ttalian,  North 

15 

15 

Tta.lia.n,  South  . 

60 

1 

59 

Lithuanian 

10 

10 

Magyar 

77 

1 

76 

Polish 

63 

63 

Slovak 

21 

1 

20 

Total  foreign-born 

282 

3 

279 

Grand  total 

292 

4 

1 

287 

528 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  21^,— Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 


Native-born  of  native  father 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  country  of 
birth  of  father: 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgiiun 

Canada 

England 


France.. . 
Germany, 
Greece. . . 
Ireland . . , 


Italy 

Norway.. 
Russia. .. 
Scotland . 


Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 


Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Africa  (country  not 
specified) 


Total, 


Total  native-born 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 
vian   

Bulgarian 

Canadian  (other  than 

French) 

Croatian 


Danish.. 
Dutch. . 
English. 
French.. 
German. 


Greek 

Hebrew  (.other  than 

Russian) 

Herzegovinian 

Irish 


Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian . . . 
Macedonian... 
Magyar 


Mexican 

Montenegrin . 

Polish 

Roumanian . , 
Russian 


Ruthenian. 

Scotch 

Servian 

Slovak 

Slovenian., 
Spanish . 


3,887 

4,405 


267 


,559 


Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 


$2. 16 
1.87 


2. 20 
(a) 
(o) 
2.  21 

(a) 
2.  20 
(a) 
2.  21 

(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

2.09 


Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day. 


(«) 

(“) 

(a) 

(a) 


2. 16 


2.  01 


7 

118 

2 

239 

1 

15 

109 

36 

109 

22 

1 

3 

42 

363 

1,048 

40 

13 

308 


(a) 

(a) 
2. 09 

(a) 

1.97 

(a) 

2. 15 
2.28 
2.38 
2. 26 

1. 95 

(a) 
(a) 
2. 42 

2.  07 
2.  04 
2.31 
1.92 
2.11 


1 (a) 

82  1. 83 

264  2. 15 

34  1. 68 

72  2. 07 


4 

94 

20 

351 

48 

1 


(a) 


2.  .37 
2. 17 
(a) 


Un- 

if.' 

$1 

and  1 
inder  i 
$1.25. 

$1.25 
and 
inder  i 
$1.50. 

$1.50 
and 
inder  i 
$1.75. 

$1.75 
and 
inder  i 
$2. 

$2  : 
and  1 
inder  i 
$2.50. 

$2.50 
and 
inder  i 
$3. 

$3  ; 

and 
inder  i 
$3.50. 

$3.50 
and 
inder 
$4.  ’ 

$4 

or 

over. 

3 

41 

168 

604 

515  ] 

L,504 

550 

346 

46 

no 

13 

190 

551  1 

L,300 

410  ] 

1,230 

362 

248 

33 

68 

3 

2 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

21 

10 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

7 

16 

7 

6 

1 

1 

1 

8 

14 

33 

7 

8 

1 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

9 

12 

19 

8 

6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

6 

35 

47 

104 

40 

25 

4 

4 

17 

232  1 

725 

1,939 

972 

2,838 

952 

619 

83 

182 

1 

2 

1 

4 

g 

29 

39 

26 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

64 

41 

94 

30 

1 

6 

1 

2 

1 

2 

9 

2 

i 

2 

1 

10 

4 

52 

25 

12 

3 

3 

1 

21 

3 

3 

5 

1 

3 

11 

2 

56 

20 

13 

3 

5 

3 

11 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

2 

18 

7 

4 

1 

4 

10 

3 

57 

56 

148 

49 

36 

3 

1 

34 

45 

195 

154 

353 

144 

no 

9 

4 

3 

2 

3 

13 

10 

8 

1 

g 

2 

3 

1 

4 

58 

36 

133 

57 

15 

1 

3 

1 

1 

41 

28 

11 

1 

4 

46 

' ’21 

111 

53 

23 

1 

5 

10 

12 

5 

1 

2 

5 

10 

6 

29 

14 

5 



i 

4 

11 

3 

48 

17 

14 

1 

2 

17 

1 

"l 

5 

29 

25 

139 

”84 

40 

4 

24 

.3 

3 

23 

18 

1 

.!  1 

* This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary 
lost  time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  snowing 
annual  earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 
a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  South. 


529 


Table  210. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings 

per 

day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amoimt  per  day. 

Un- 

der 

$1. 

U 

and 

under 

•11.25. 

S1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4 

or 

over. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Con. 

ic 

4 

5 
11 

50 

6 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

$2. 38 

2.08 

(a) 

(a) 

2 

2 

3 

28 

2 

1 

1 

Siyricin 

1 

2 

5 

2 

1 

Wplsh 

1 

2 

1 

7 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 

specified) 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 

fipH  ) 

4 

7 

2 

1 

Swiss  (race  not  speci- 

•fi  aH  ^ 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

Grand  total 

3,525 

2. 12 

1 

50 

95 

613 

382 

1,396 

585 

320 

24 

59 

12,084 

2.04 

18 

282 

820 

2,552 

1,354 

4, 234 

1,537 

939 

107  241 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Table  211,— Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning  each 
specified,  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race* 


(study  of  employees.) 


General  nativity  and  race. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Average 
earnings 
per  day. 

Number  earning  each  specified  amount  per  da  y 

Under 

$1. 

$1 

and 

under 

$1.25. 

$1.25 

and 

under 

$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$1.75. 

$1.75 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 

$2.50 

or 

over. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

351 

$1.39 

49 

80 

58 

69 

62 

29 

4 

Negro 

263 

1.22 

83 

41 

40 

58 

21 

19 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

country  of  birth  of  father: 

A nstrin-Hiingfl.ry 

16 

1.:I9 

2 

5 

1 

3 

2 

3 

Unpflanrl  

10 

1.60 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

Uprma.ny  

8 

(a) 

1 

2 

2 

3 

Trpland  ; 

6 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Ttalv  

9 

(a) 

3 

4 

2 

TJnssia  

3 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

Scotland 

11 

1.34 

3 

4 

i 

1 

2 

Total 

63 

1.41 

10 

17 

7 

9 

9 

8 

3 

Total  native-born 

677 

1.31 

142 

138 

105 

136 

92 

56 

8 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Rnhpminn  nnH  Moravian 

1 

(a) 

1 

"Rnlgarian 

1 

(a) 

1 

P,r  na  t i a n 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

T)aniah 

1 

(a) 

1 

T)nteb 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

English 

3 

(a) 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

23 

1.55 

5 

4 

5 

3 

5 

1 

Italian,  South 

49 

1.61 

4 

8 

3 

9 

10 

11 

4 

M avvar  . 

5 

(a) 

1 

3 

1 

Montenegrin  . 

7 

(a) 

6 

1 

Polish  

6 

(a) 

1 

1 

2 

2 

TJoiimania.n 

1 

(a) 

1 

Seoteh 

2 

(“) 

1 

1 

Servian 

1 

(o) 

1 

Slovak 

8 

(a) 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

RlAVAniQTI 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Ancfricin  Tinf  cpApifiprl^ 

2 

(a) 

1 

1 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 Total  foreign-born 

117 

1.53 

13 

18 

12 

27 

21“ 

6 

1 Grand  total 

794 

1.34 

1 155^ 

156 

117 

163 

“112 

' 77~ 

14 

L *This  table  shows  wages  or  earnings  for  the  period  indicated,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  voluntary  lost 
time  or  lost  time  from  shutdowns  or  other  causes.  In  the  various  tables  in  this  report  showing  annual 
earnings  allowance  is  made  for  time  lost  during  the  year. 

■ a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


530 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  212. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount  per  year, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 

Num- 
ber 
work- 
ing for 
wages. 

Aver- 

age 

earn- 

ings. 

Number  earning— 

Un- 
der 1 
$100. ‘ 

$100 

and 

under 

$200. 

$200 
and  1 
under 
$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$400. 

$400 
and  1 
under 
$500. 

$500 

and 

under 

$600. 

$600 

and 

under 

$700. 

$700 

and 

under 

$800. 

$800 
and  1 
under 
$900. 

$900 

and 

under 

$1,000 

$1,000 

or 

over. 

Foreign-born: 

g 

(o) 

3 

3 

1 

1 

ArTii‘1  n 

17 

S003 

1 

6 

4 

4 

1 

1 

Tfnlion 

13 

544 

1 

6 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Xlclilclll; 

54 

456 

4 

12 

23 

6 

4 

5 

J.  l/<l  11  OUCil/il  > • 

T .itimoninn 

g 

(a) 

2 

3 

2 

1 

58 

480 

20 

15 

10 

8 

2 

i 

2 



53 

483 

1 

14 

19 

9 

4 

3 

2 

1 

Slovak 

19 

477 

3 

4 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

230 

500 

8 

53 

70 

42 

26 

18 

5 

4 

4 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Table  — Yearly  earnings  {approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  individual. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Number  working 
for  wages  and  re- 
porting amount. 

Average  earnings. 

Nmnber  earning— 

Under  $100. 

1 $100  and  un- 

der $150. 

$1.50  and  un- 
der $200. 

$200  and  un- 
der $250. 

$250  and  un- 
der $.300. 

$300  and  un- 
der $400. 

$400  and  im- 
der  $500. 

$500  and  un- 
der $600. 

$600  and  un- 
der $700. 

$700  and  un- 
der $800. 

$800  and  un- 
der $1,000. 

$1,000  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

1 

(a) 

1 

Native-born  of  foreign 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

father , by  race  of  father: 

TT  n ctIiqV^ 

1 

(o) 

1 

norm  ‘Til 

1 

(o) 

1 

VlCl 

T+Qlinn 

1 

(a') 

1 

Itaildll)  IN  UI  III.  ....... 

4 

(a) 

1 

2 

1 

1X1(1^^  ill 

Total 

7 

(a) 

1 

4 

1 

1 

Total  native-born. . 

8 

(a) 

1 

5 

1 

1 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

1 

(a) 

1 

1 

(a) 

1 

Eiiofliqb 

18 

$()95 

1 

1 

8 

4 

3 

1 

TTrPTinh 

1 

(a) 

1 

Gern.an 

35 

576 

2 

2 

8 

9 

6 

6 

1 

1 

Ttalian,  North  . . . 

56 

486 

1 

2 

11 

21 

10 

5 

6 

Italian,  South 

264 

431 

1 

1 

9 

19 

74 

99 

28 

18 

14 

1 

T,i  thnaninri 

35 

475 

11 

11 

4 

6 

3 

Magyar 

198 

432 

1 

4 

6 

72 

69 

23 

15 

5 

3 

Polish 

186 

4.51 

2 

5 

7 

49 

64 

36 

12 

5 

5 

1 

"R  niimfinif)Ti 

3 

(a) 

1 

2 

T?  nssinn 

35 

3S9 

2 

2 

3 

13 

10 

2 

2 

1 

Slovak 

58 

407 

1 

7 

6 

18 

11 

6 

7 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born.. 

891 

449 

5 

2 

4 

27 

44 

252 

295 

120 

79 

39 

19 

5 

Grand  total 

899 

449 

5 

2 

4 

27 

44 

253 

300 

121 

80 

39 

19 

5 

oNot  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


General  Tables:  South, 


531 


Table  214. — Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of family. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head 
of  family. 

Number 
of  se- 
lected 
families.® 

Average 

family 

income. 

Number  of  families  having  a total  income— 

Under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$500. 

$500 

and 

under 

$7,50. 

$750 

and 

under 

$1,000. 

$1,000 

and 

under 

$1,500, 

$1,500 
or  over. 

Foreign-born: 

F.nglish  . 

8 

(^) 

2 

4 

1 

1 

Gprma.n  

17 

$818 

11 

3 

1 

2 

Ttfl.l  i an , North  

13 

637 

4 

6 

1 

2 

Tta.Iianj  South  

54 

582 

2 

21 

22 

6 

3 

T/ithnanian 

8 

(6) 

1 

6 

1 

Mawa.r  . . _ 

58 

774 

14 

13 

17 

14 

Polish 

53 

663 

20 

19 

7 

7 

Slovak 

19 

759 

1 

2 

8 

3 

4 

1 

Total 

230 

699 

3 

62 

87 

42 

32 

4 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284.  & Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


Table  215. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OP  households.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  individual. 

Number 
working 
for  wages 
and  re- 
porting 
amount. 

Average 

earnings. 

Number  earning— 

Under 

$100. 

$100 

and 

under 

$150. 

$150 

and 

under 

$200. 

$200 

and 

under 

$250. 

$250 

and 

under 

$300. 

$300 

and 

under 

$400. 

$400 
or  over. 

Native-born  of  foreign 
father,  by  race  of 

fathpr  Magyar 

1 

1 

4 

1 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1 

Foreign-born: 

tlprma.n 

1 

4 

1 

— 

— 

— 



- 

Ttfilinn  Smith 

Mapvar 

Total 

6 

(a) 

6 

flrand  total 

7 

(a) 

6 

1 

a Not  computed,  owing  to  small  number  involved. 


532 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  21(5. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  husband,  wife, 
children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
family. 

(study  op  households.) 


Total 
number  of 
selected 
families. a 

Number  of  families  having  an  income  from— 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Earnings  of — 

Contribu- 
tions of 
children. 

Payments 
of  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

Other 

sources. 

Husband. 

Wife. 

Foreign-bom: 

T7  n rrl  ?oV» 

8 

8 

1 

2 

17 

17 

1 

4 

4 

13 

13 

10 

llallall,  

.QnnfVi 

54 

54 

4 

5 

38 

Lithii*iTiifin  - ■ 

8 

8 

2 

7 

1 

\fofTTrar  

58 

58 

12 

37 

1 

Polish  

53 

53 

3 

36 

1 

Slovak 

19 

19 

1 

13 

Total 

230 

230 

5 

28 

147 

3 

a For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


Table  217. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families  having  entire  income  from— 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  family. 

Total  number  of  selc 

families. a 

1 Husband  only. 

Husband  and  wife. 

Husband  and  chil- 
dren. 

Husband,  wife,  and 
children. 

Husband  and  board- 
ers or  lodgers. 

1 Wife.  1 

Wife  and  children. 

Wife  and  boarders 
or  lodgers. 

1 Children  only. 

Children  and  board- 
ers or  lodgers. 

Boarders  or  lodgers. 

Source  or  combina- 
tion of  sources  not 
before  specified. 

Foreign-born: 

Ti'  r|  nrl  ich 

8 

17 

13 

54 

8 

58 

53 

19 

5 

11 

3 

10 

1 

16 

14 

5 

1 

1 

2 

2 

10 

35 

4 

30 

36 
13 

JZjilgiioli.  •••• 

1 

2 

VJTCl  1X10.11 

T+qIiqTI 

Xtallclli)  INUiLil.  ........ 

4 

2 

3 

3 

8 

1 

XtdliCtli;  OULltll 

T.itVinnninTi 

"M^ncTynr 

4 

2 

1 

Slovak 

230 

65 

4 

11 

1 

132 

17 

« For  selection  of  families,  see  p.  284. 


General  Tables:  South, 


533 


Table  218, — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or  over 
employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. 


Native-born  of  na- 
tive father,  White 

Native-born  of  for- 
eign father,  by 
race  of  father: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North.. 
Magyar 


Total. 


Total  native- 
born 


Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and 

Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 


Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian . . . 
Magyar 


Num- 


Number  working  full  time  months  specified. 


Polish 

Roumanian. 

Russian 

Slovak 


Total  foreign- 
born 


Grand  total... 


oer  re- 
porting 
com- 
plete 
data. 

12. 

11  and 
under 
12. 

10  and 
under 
11. 

9 and 
under 
10. 

8 and 
under 

9. 

7 and 
under 

8. 

6 and 
under 

7. 

3 and 
under 

6. 

Under 

3. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

7 

4 

3 

11 

6 

1 

4 





' 



13 

6 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

19 

7 

8 

4 

1 

1 

35 

5 

2 

i 

17 

3 

6 

1 

62 

16 

9 

15 

8 

8 

4 

2 

272 

76 

10 

20 

31 

52 

47 

24 

12 

36 

6 

8 

10 

10 

1 

1 

207 

38 

1 

6 

22 

66 

36 

28 

9 

1 

187 

22 

47 

14 

28 

41 

27 

7 

1 

3 

2 

1 

37 

1 

1 

6 

5 

8 

6 

3 

5 

2 

60 

10 

2 

2 

11 

21 

8 

6 

921 

183 

12 

92 

98 

211 

177 

101 

42 

5 

934 

189 

12 

92 

99 

213 

177 

105 

42 

5 

534 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  219, — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[“With  boarders  or  lodgers”  includes  only  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers  at  the  time  schedule 
was  taken.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

“Family”  households. 

“Group” 

house- 

holds. 

With  neither  boarders 
nor  lodgers. 

With  boarders  or 
lodgers. 

Total 

family 

house- 

holds. 

Con- 
sisting 
of  a 
single 
family. 

Consist- 
ing of 
two  or 
more 
families 
living 
together. 

Total. 

With 

board- 

ers. 

With 

lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

7 

7 

4 

4 

11 

German 

21 

14 

1 

15 

4 

1 

5 

20 

1 

Italian,  North 

25 

2 

2 

5 

6 

11 

13 

12 

Italian,  South 

76 

17 

17 

9 

36 

45 

62 

14 

Lithuanian 

12 

2 

2 

7 

2 

9 

11 

1 

Magvar 

74 

26 

26 

38 

10 

48 

74 

Polish 

69 

20 

20 

38 

8 

46 

66 

3 

Slovak 

21 

6 

6 

11 

3 

14 

20 

1 

Total 

309 

94 

1 

95 

116 

66 

182 

277 

32 

Table  220. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  apartment, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 


Foreign-born: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


Niunber  of 
households 
paying  rent 
and  report- 
ing 

amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
apartment. 

11 

$5.91 

21 

5.79 

25 

5.80 

74 

6. 10 

12 

6. 21 

72 

7.67 

69 

6. 02 

21 

6. 93 

305 

6. 46 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  apartment. 


Under 

$5. 

$5  and 
under 
$7.50. 

$7.50 

and 

under 

$10. 

$10  and 
under 
$12.50. 

$12.50 

and 

under 

$15. 

$15  and 
under 
$20. 

$20  01 
over. 

10 

1 

5 

13 

1 

2 

4 

18 

3 

20 

35 

13 

6 

2 

5 

5 

44 

16 

5 

4 

3 

8 

49 

6 

2 

4 

1 

12 

6 

2 

40 

186" 

51 

17 

8 

3 

Total. 


General  Tables:  South, 


535 


Table  221.  Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  room,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(study  op  households.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 
paying 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 

Average 
rent  per 
room. 

Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  room. 

Under 

$1. 

$1  and 
under 
$1.50. 

$1.50 

and 

under 

$2. 

$2  and 
under 
$2.50. 

$2.50 

and 

under 

$3. 

$3  and 
under 
$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

$1.41 

5 

6 

German 

21 

1.58 

1 

3 

15 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

25 

1.58 

7 

13 

4 

1 

2 

Italian,  South 

74 

1.62 

2 

16 

33 

20 

1 

Lithuanian 

12 

1.43 

8 

1 

2 

1 

Magyar 

72 

2. 02 

3 

28 

27 

7 

7 

Polish 

69 

1.83 

1 

5 

40 

7 

14 

11 

7 

1 

Slovak 

21 

1.89 

2 

1 

Total 

305 

1.75 

4 

49 

143 

79 

18 

11 

1 

Table  222. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  per  person,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 


Number 
of  house- 
holds 
payinp: 
rent  and 
reporting 
amount. 


Foreign-born: 

English 

German 

Italian,  North 
Italian,  South, 


11 

21 

25 

74 


Lithuanian, 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


12 

72 

69 

21 


305 


Average 
rent  per 
person. 


$1.18 

1.11 

1.18 

.97 

.93 

1.14 

1.01 

1.01 


1.05 


Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  person. 


Under 

$0.50. 


$0.50 

and 

under 

$1. 


113 


$1 

and 

under 

$1.50 


117 


$1.50 

and 

under 

$2. 


30 


$2 

and 

under 

$2.50. 


22 


.$2.50 

and 


$3. 


$3 

and 

under 

$3.50. 

$3.50 

and 

under 

$4. 

$4  or 
over. 

3 

2 

1 

2 

5 

1 

1 

2 

7 

5 

5 

Total. 


536 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  22^,— Number  of  households  keeping  hoarders  and  lodgers,  and  number  of 
boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


finformation  relating  to  boarders  or  lodgers  covers  only  immediate  time  of  taking  schedule  and  not  the 
entire  year.  Boarders  are  persons  who  receive  both  board  and  lodging.] 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Number  of  households  keeping— 

Total  number  of— 

Boarders. 

Lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Boarders. 

Lodgers 

only. 

Total. 

Foreign-born: 

"P^TijrliQh 

11 

4 

4 

11 

11 

German 

21 

4 

1 

5 

11 

1 

12 

Italian,  North 

25 

5 

6 

11 

13 

19 

32 

Italian,  South 

76 

9 

36 

45 

18 

165 

183 

Lithuanian 

12 

7 

2 

9 

17 

6 

23 

Magyar 

74 

38 

10 

48 

150 

38 

188 

Polish 

69 

38 

8 

46 

111 

27 

138 

Slovak 

21 

12 

3 

15 

41 

10 

51 

Total 

309 

117 

66 

183 

372 

266 

638 

Table  224. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  of  households.) 


General  Tables:  South, 


537 


3-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•9J0UI 
JO  01 

O 

00 

CO 

CO  *0 

- 

Tf  iO(N 

CD 

o 

O (M 

22  17 

id 

(N 

6 

11 

2 

(N 

rH 

<N  lO  (N 

12 

cd 

1-i  (M 

CO  lO  rH 

16 

rH  IM 

lO 

- 

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

iH  a> 

05  rH  CO  rH  O 

rH  ^ rH 

109 

2-room  apartments. 

Number  occupied  by  households  of  each 
specified  number  of  persons. 

•OJOUI 
JO  OT 

o5 

00 

— 

o 

id 

CO 

Th 

^ - 

cd 

rH  CO 

- 

lO 

oi 

- 

CO 

Totai 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

00  rH 

rH 

17 

1-room  apartments. 

Niunber  occupied  by  house-  ! 

holds  of  each  specified  niun- 
ber of  persons. 

•0JOIU 

JO  9 

id 

: - 

- 

<N 

cd 

CO 

ci 

i-H 

1—t 

309  j 10  

Total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

M lO  1-H 

(M 

Grand 
total 
num- 
ber of 
apart- 
ments. 

rHr-.lOO 



00 

a 

o 

J-  General  nativity  and 

0 race  of  head  of  house- 

^ hold. 

T 

M 

1 

o 

Pm 

—35 



German 

Ttoliori  ATnrth 

3.d 

1 

i a 1 

H.S  X 

It  * 

3 

3 

3 , 

3J 
3 b 

Polish 

sinx'ol- 

Total 

Table  224:,— Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household— 


538 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


K)  C3 
'V  o 
I O £2 


2i 


o ^ oj 

H 03  PI 


2 o 

2 n 

•sa 

CO 

3 

O 


§ 

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O t/i 
to  G 

2 S 
1 -ga 

I § 


« • C^l 


2 M o -2 

^ t-i  c3 

C-i  CX!  03  g 


TS I to 

G 

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lO  CO  • CO  ^ (M 


CO  .-•  t-h  CO  CO  ^ <N 


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Oi  o QO  Tf  ic  I 

(N  (M  CO  ’-H 


c3 

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rs  a> 
2 (B  a 

tB  O 2 
G 03  g 
tB  •--G 

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C 03  03  2 WVy  =3 

i t>c  H ;3  S -G  be—*  > 
g;GS^03  .-G^oO 


s 

a 
o 


-e 


2 G 

H^lli 


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2 G 
2 ° 
2 i2 

1 'G  i 
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to 

I G 

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2 G S 

H GX2 


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fP 

03  o 2 

I-^J^PhCQ 


General  Tables:  South. 


539 


Table  225. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified  number  of 
rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 


(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  head  of  household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  rooms 
per  apart- 
ment. 

Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 or 
more. 

Foreign-bom: 

English 

11 

4. 18 

1 

7 

3 

German 

21 

3. 67 

1 

9 

9 

2 

Italian,  North 

25 

3.68 

2 

2 

20 

1 

Italian,  South 

76 

3. 78 

5 

8 

19 

28 

5 

8 

3 

Lithuanian 

12 

4. 33 

1 

1 

1 

4 

5 

Magyar 

74 

3.85 

28 

35 

6 

4 

i 

Polish 

69 

3.29 

2 

4 

41 

17 

4 

1 

Slovak 

21 

3. 67 

1 

10 

7 

2 

1 

Total 

309 

3. 70 

10 

17 

109 

127 

20 

21 

5 

Table  226. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  op  households.) 


Niimber  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  number  of  rooms. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

1 room. 

2 rooms. 

3 rooms. 

4 rooms. 

5 rooms. 

6 rooms. 

7 or 
more 
rooms. 

Total. 

Number  of 
households. 

1 Number  of 

1 persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

N umber  of 
persons. 

N umber  of 
households. 

N umber  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

N umber  of 
persons. 

N umber  of 
households. 

N umber  of 
persons. 

Number  of  I 
households. 

N umber  of 
persons. 

Number  of 
households. 

Number  of 
persons. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

1 

3 

7 

39 

3 

13 

11 

55 

German 

1 

7 

9 

42 

9 

43 

2 

17 

21 

109 

Italian,  North .• 

2 

5 

2 

5 

20 

105 

8 

25 

123 

Italian,  South 

5 

15 

8 

30 

19 

108 

28 

187 

5 

49 

8 

45 

3 

41 

76 

475 

Lithuanian 

1 

5 

1 

4 

1 

12 

4 

24 

5 

35 

12 

80 

Magyar 

28 

172 

35 

243 

6 

38 

4 

33 

1 

11 

74 

497 

Polish 

2 

5 

4 

14 

41 

225 

17 

126 

4 

30 

1 

10 

69 

410 

Slovak 

1 

4 

10 

58 

7 

53 

2 

19 

1 

10 

21 

144 

Total 

10 

30 

17 

64 

109 

620 

127 

820 

20 

149 

21 

148 

5 

62 

309 

1,893 

I 


540 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  221 Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  op  households.) 


General  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Average 
number 
of  persons 
per  house- 
hold. 

Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

6. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10  or 
more. 

Foreign-bom: 

' 

TI'  _ — -Vk 

11 

5. 00 

3 

1 

5 

1 

1 

JtLDgllbli 

/Mormon 

21 

5. 19 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

1 

Italian,  North.. 

2.“) 

4. 92 

2 

3 

4 

4 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

Italian,  South.. 

7G 

6. 25 

6 

11 

9 

9 

9 

11 

7 

4 

10 

T Ifhnanion 

12 

6.67 

1 

4 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

tllLidrJLIiClilA.  • • • • 

74 

6. 72 

3 

5 

9 

12 

10 

11 

6 

2 

16 

69 

5.  94 

4 

9 

7 

14 

7 

8 

9 

5 

6 

Slovak 

21 

6.86 

1 

3 

2 

4 

5 

2 

4 

Total 

309 

6.13 

2 

20 

36 

37 

50 

37 

41 

30 

17 

39 

Table  228. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OP  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of 
household. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  room. 

Total 

number. 

Average 

per 

house- 

hold. 

Average 

per 

room. 

Less 

than 

1. 

1 and 
under 

2. 

2 and 
under 

3. 

3 and 
under 

4. 

4 or 
more. 

Foreign-bora: 

I7»  1 V\ 

11 

55 

5. 00 

1.20 

2 

7 

2 

JLllgUSIl 

riorTTicin 

21 

109 

5. 19 

1.42 

5 

10 

4 

2 

Italian,  North. .. 

25 

123 

4.92 

1.34 

5 

15 

3 

2 

Italian,  South... 

76 

475 

6. 25 

1.  66 

7 

36 

27 

4 

2 

T .ifyincininTi 

12 

80 

6.  67 

1.  54 

8 

2 

2 

XJlliillictiilclXl.  . • • • • 

Magyar 

74 

497 

6.  72 

. 1.74 

6 

37 

24 

6 

1 

"Pnl  ich 

69 

410 

5.  94 

1.  81 

5 

31 

30 

3 

Slovak 

21 

144 

6.  86 

1.  87 

12 

8 

1 

Total 

309 

1,893 

6. 13 

1.  66 

30 

156 

100 

18 

5 

General  Tables:  South, 


541 


Table  229. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  op  households.) 


General  nativity  and 
race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. 

Total 
number 
of  house- 
holds. 

Persons. 

Persons  per  sleeping  room. 

Total 

number. 

Average 

per 

house- 

hold. 

Average 

per 

sleeping 

room. 

Less 

than 

2. 

2 

and 

un- 

der 

3. 

3 

and 

un- 

der 

4. 

4 

and 

un- 

der 

5. 

5 

and 

un- 

der 

6. 

6 or 
more. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

55 

5.00 

2.50 

3 

5 

1 

2 

German 

21 

109 

5. 19 

3. 21 

9 

5 

5 

1 

1 

Italian,  North 

25 

123 

4. 92 

2.86 

5 

5 

9 

6 

Italian,  South 

76 

475 

6.25 

2. 97 

5 

27 

29 

9 

6 

Lithuanian 

12 

80 

6. 67 

3.08 

7 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Magyar 

74 

497 

6.  72 

3. 13 

7 

25 

24 

7 

8 

3 

Polish 

69 

410 

5.  94 

2.  95 

6 

23 

22 

15 

2 

1 

Slovak 

21 

144 

6.86 

3.  06 

1 

7 

10 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

309 

1,893 

6. 13 

3.00 

27 

108 

101 

47 

19 

7 

Table  230. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each  specified  number 
of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(study  op  households.) 


General  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

Total 

number 

Number 
of  house- 
holds 

Number  of  households  sleeping  in  all 
rooms  except— 

household. 

of  house- 
holds. 

sleeping 
in  all 
rooms. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4 or  more. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

11 

9 

2 

German ■ 

21 

5 

10 

6 

Italian,  North 

25 

2 

3 

15 

4 

1 

Italian,  South 

76 

5 

31 

28 

9 

3 

Lithuanian 

12 

1 

2 

4 

4 

1 

Magyar 

74 

34 

29 

10 

1 

Polish 

69 

4 

45 

17 

3 

Slovak 

21 

13 

7 

1 

Total 

309 

12 

133 

119 

39 

6 

542 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  2S1,— Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


(study  of  employees.) 


^ [ 

Number 

Number  who— 

General  nativity  and  race. 

reporting  - 
complete 
data. 

Read. 

Read  and 
write. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

4,242 

4,043 

4,012 

4, 639 

3,233 

3,133 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

31 

30 

29 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

66 

64 

63 

5 

5 

5 

48 

45 

45 

1 

1 

1 

Greece^. 

85 

82 

80 

14 

13 

13 

1 

8 

66 

1 

7 

65 

1 

5 

65 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

6 

6 

6 

Africa  (country  not  specified) 

1 

1 

1 

341 

329 

323 

9,222 

7,605 

7,468 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

2 

2 

2 

8 

7 

6 

123 

108 

108 

r'or»o/lion  /rkthiar 

2 

2 

2 

251 

185 

180 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

19 

18 

17 

117 

113 

113 

36 

34 

33 

109 

109 

109 

23 

20 

20 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

44 

41 

41 

389 

268 

258 

1,149 

667 

626 

39 

37 

32 

13 

12 

12 

341 

303 

302 

1 

1 

1 

91 

57 

57 

296 

239 

231 

37 

29 

29 

77 

59 

53 

4 

3 

3 

100 

100 

99 

21 

20 

20 

380 

329 

325 

57 

35 

34 

SpO^nisll 

1 

1 

1 

SwBd'sli 

5 

5 

5 

Syrian .......... 

5 

5 

2 

Wpkh  

11 

8 

8 

A-U-Stri^pii  (r3,C6  not  spGcificd), 

56 

36 

33 

P^lgiRTi  

6 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

Total  foreign-born 

3,821 

2,865 

2,774 

Grand  total 

13,043 

10,470 

10,242 

General  Tables:  South. 


543 


Table  232. — Literacy  of  'persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  hy  sex  and  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


General  nativity  and  race 
of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Num- 

ber. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read. 

Num- 

ber 

who 

read 

and 

write. 

Native-born  of  native 

father,  White 

10 

4 

3 

3 

6 

3 

3 

10 

6 

6 

Native-born  of  foreign 

father,  by  race  of  father: 

English 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

German 

9 

3 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

9 

9 

9 

Italian,  North 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

Italian,  South 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

Magyar 

31 

20 

18 

18 

11 

11 

11 

31 

29 

29 

Poiish 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

5 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

Total 

56 

32 

29 

29 

24 

24 

24 

56 

53 

53 

Total  native-born 

66 

36 

32 

32 

30 

27 

27 

66 

59 

59 

Foreign-born: 

Bohemian  and  Mora- 

vian   

1 

1 

1 

1 

j 

1 

1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

40 

26 

26 

26 

14 

13 

13 

40 

39 

39 

French 

1 

1 

1 

German 

66 

40 

36 

35 

26 

22 

22 

66 

58 

57 

Italian,  North 

85 

69 

64 

63 

16 

15 

15 

85 

79 

78 

Italian,  South 

356 

291 

156 

153 

65 

17 

17 

356 

173 

170 

Lithuanian 

49 

39 

17 

15 

10 

6 

3 

49 

23 

18 

Magyar 

304 

224 

208 

206 

80 

61 

61 

304 

2{;9 

267 

Polish 

278 

207 

158 

156 

71 

49 

48 

278 

207 

204 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

37 

26 

26 

37 

26 

26 

Scotch 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Siovak 

88 

64 

53 

52 

24 

17 

16 

88 

70 

68 

Total  foreign-born 

1,311 

1,005 

751 

739 

306 

200 

195 

1,311 

951 

934 

Grand  total 

1,377 

1,041 

783 

771 

336 

227 

222 

1,377 

1,010 

993 

644 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  233. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the 
United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  In  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.) 

MALE. 


Years  in  United  States. 


Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number 

Race  of  Individual. 

reporting 

complete 

Num- 

Num- 

Num- 

data. 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

Num- 

ber 

who 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

ber. 

who 

read 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

read. 

and 

write. 

write. 

write. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian... 

rVnci  t inn 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

2G 

19 

19 

19 

5 

5 

5 

2 

2 

2 

TTron  r*Vi 

1 

1 

German 

40 

24 

20 

19 

10 

10 

10 

6 

6 

6 

Italian,  North 

09 

51 

47 

40 

16 

15 

15 

2 

2 

2 

Italian,  South 

291 

202 

99 

90 

75 

44 

44 

14 

13 

13 

T.lt.hnanian 

39 

18 

9 

8 

9 

4 

4 

12 

4 

3 

Magyar 

224 

137 

128 

127 

67 

50 

49 

30 

30 

30 

Polish 

207 

145 

112 

no 

44 

35 

35 

18 

11 

11 

*R  All  m on  inn 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

34 

23 

23 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

RAAtoh 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Slovak 

64 

31 

26 

25 

18 

15 

15 

15 

12 

12 

Total 

1,005 

007 

488 

478 

238 

182 

181 

100 

81 

80 

FEMALE. 


■Rnglitjb 

14 

9 

8 

8 

5 

5 

5 

German 

26 

18 

15 

15 

3 

2 

2 

5 

6 

5 

Italian,  North 

16 

11 

10 

10 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

65 

44 

9 

9 

15 

6 

6 

6 

2 

2 

T.it.hnanian  

10 

2 

1 

4 

2 

1 

4 

3 

2 

Magvar 

80 

42 

31 

31 

19 

16 

16 

19 

14 

14 

Polish 

71 

42 

27 

27 

24 

18 

17 

5 

4 

4 

Slovak 

24 

6 

3 

3 

11 

10 

9 

7 

4 

4 

Total 

306 

174 

104 

103 

85 

63 

60 

47 

33 

32 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Grnatian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

40 

28 

27 

27 

10 

10 

10 

2 

2 

2 

Erpnoh 

1 

German 

66 

42 

35 

34 

13 

12 

12 

11 

11 

11 

Italian,  North 

85 

62 

57 

56 

20 

19 

19 

3 

3 

3 

Italian,  South 

356 

246 

108 

105 

90 

50 

50 

20 

15 

15 

Lithuanian 

49 

20 

10 

8 

13 

6 

5 

16 

7 

5 

Magyar 

304 

179 

159 

158 

76 

66 

65 

49 

44 

44 

Polish 

278 

187 

139 

137 

68 

53 

52 

23 

15 

15 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

34 

23 

23 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

i 

Seot.eh  

2 

2 

2 

2 

Slovak 

88 

37 

29 

28 

29 

25 

24 

22 

ie 

16 

Total 

1,311 

841 

592 

581 

323 

245 

241 

147 

114 

112 

General  Tables:  South. 


545 


Table  234. — Literacy  of  foreign-horn  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time 
of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

Nmnber. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 

who 

read  and 
write. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

read. 

Number 

who 

read  and 
write. 

Bnhpmifl.n  nnrt  Mnra.vifl.n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

P.mnt.inn 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English 

26 

6 

6 

6 

20 

20 

20 

T^rpnr*lT 

1 

1 

German 

40 

4 

4 

4 

36 

32 

31 

Italian,  North 

69 

1 

1 

1 

68 

63 

62 

Italian,  South 

291 

13 

7 

7 

278 

149 

146 

Lithuanian 

39 

4 

1 

1 

35 

16 

14 

Magyar 

224 

16 

15 

15 

208 

193 

191 

Polish 

207 

15 

11 

11 

192 

147 

145 

"R  onmfl.Tiinn 

3 

3 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

1 

1 

1 

36 

25 

25 

Sootoh 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Slovak 

64 

4 

3 

2 

60 

50 

50 

Total 

1,005 

64 

49 

48 

941 

702 

691 

FEMALE. 


English 

14 

3 

3 

3 

11 

10 

10 

German 

26 

4 

4 

4 

22 

18 

18 

Italian,  North 

16 

2 

2 

2 

14 

13 

13 

Tta.lian,  South 

65 

8 

3 

3 

57 

14 

14 

Lithuanian 

10 

1 

1 

1 

9 

5 

2 

Magyar 

80 

6 

5 

5 

74 

56 

56 

Polish 

71 

11 

11 

11 

60 

38 

37 

Slovak 

24 

3 

2 

2 

21 

15 

14 

Total 

306 

38 

31 

31 

268 

169 

164 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Croatian 

English 

French 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Scotch 

Slovak 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

40 

9 

9 

• 9 

31 

1 

30 

30 

66 

8 

8 

8 

58 

50 

49 

85 

3 

3 

3 

82 

76 

75 

356 

21 

10 

10 

335 

163 

160 

49 

5 

2 

2 

44 

21 

16 

304 

22 

20 

20 

282 

249 

247 

278 

26 

22 

22 

252 

185 

182 

3 

3 

3 

3 

37 

i 

i 

1 

36 

25 

25 

2 

2 

2 

2 

88 

7 

5 

4 

81 

65 

64 

1,311 

102 

80 

79 

1,209 

871 

855 

Total. 


546 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


C 

S' 

cS 


pq 

< 

H 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

Total. 

(M  CC 

CS  w 

IMr^COOOiO  00^00:.-H>0  y-l 

M O 00  <o 

317 

9, 179 

o 

106 

195 

lO  j 

to 

307 

Mar- 

ried. 

2, 666 

2,588 

‘T- 

CO  (N  CO  • 

22 

1 

H CO  i-< 

1 130 

5,384 

.S 

1,4.55 

1,852 

§3 

05  (M 

44 

9 

• lO  00  CO  ^ CO  • 

• CO  ; 

00 

00 

00 

CO  II 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

00 

6 

1 

11 

23 

00 

-41-I  rH 

52 

! 

Wid-  ; 
owed,  i 

1-t 

fcC  05 

<N  • 

(N  j 

1 145 

Mar- 

ried. 

1 

(N 

01 

O . 

OC  j r 

00 

CO 

05  O 

lO  • 

to  1 

85 

30  to  44. 

Total. 

00 

00  o 

15 

1 

36 

(M 

i CO  1 

88 

3,042 

Wid- 

owed. 

39 

72 

CO  • 

! 

115 

Mar- 

ried. 

1,272 

1.068 

IN  XO 

CO  r-t  O • T 

to  • 

• (N  i 

2,396 

Sin- 

gle. 

177 

326 

!:::  : 

lOr-H 

1 

28 

531 

20  to  29. 

Total. 

1,569 

1,979 

to  OH 

O (N 

1-H 

05  CO 

I ,-H  <N  i-H  (N 

. (N  ; 

05 

3,645 

Wid- 

owed. 

lO  -H 
»-H  CO 

Mar- 

ried. 

00  cc 
00 

CO  CS|  rH 

to  1 

00  j 

30 

1,645 

.S  ^ 

773 

1,114 

CO 

CO 

*•  (M  CO  T-H  (M 

80  67 

944  1,954 

16  to  19. 

Total. 

GC 

05  O 
CO 

rH  -w  (M  O 

00  to 

I CO  o • 

. <M  • 

Wid- 

owed. 

: 

Mar- 

ried. 

11 

14 

25 

O (M 

,-H  O N O 

00  CO 

3 

20 

80 

9, 179  918 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

4, 227 
4,635 

r-l  CO  CO  O 00  t-H  05  rH  lO  t-H  CO  IN  tO  rH 

N CD  't'  OO  CO 

!>. 

CO 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Native-born  of  native  father: 

White 

Negro 

Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  country  of  birth  of  father: 

% 

a 

3 

li 

0 J 

3 g 

3 c 

iff 

} 

3 g 
3 c 

• tA 

■j  rt  < 

3 S? 

H OC 

Ireland 

Italy 

Norway - 

'Dtiooi'r^  1 

Scotland 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Wales 

Africa(countrynotspeci- 
fied) 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Table  235. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  Sy  age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race — Continued. 


548 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

Total. 

• 

11 

52 

7 

1 

3, 840 

13, 019 

Wid- 

owed. 

to 

364 

Mar- 

ried. 

05  OO 

(M 

2,179 

7,563 

S 

1 

24 

3 

1,604 

5, 092 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

rH  T-l 

1,972 

Wid- 

owed. 

00 

173 

Mar- 

ried. 

CO  i-t 

356 

1,674 

.S.2 

<N 

30  to  44. 

Total. 

3 

16 

3 

1,437 

4,  479 

Wid- 

owed. 

136 

Mar- 

ried. 

3 

13 

3 

1,164 

3,  560 

•S  .2 

M’S) 

I CO 

252 

783 

20  to  29. 

Total. 

1 

22 

2 

1,615 

i 

Wid- 

owed. 

s? 

Mar- 

ried. 

i ^ 

: 

651 

2,296 

1 

14 

2 

957 

1,308  j2,911 

16  to  19. 

Total. 

* vH 

364 

Wid- 

owed. 

(M 

Mar- 

ried. 

00 

CO 

CO 

C ol 
M'S 

355 

1,273 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

11 

52 

7 

1 

3, 840 

13, 019 

General  nativity  and  race. 

Foreign-born,  by  race— Con. 

Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  speci- 

fipri'l 

Belgian  (race  not  speci- 

fiAdl 

Swiss  (race  not  specified). 

Total  foreign-bom. 

Grand  total 

General  Tables:  South. 


549 


Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


Table  236. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


550 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Total. 

Total. 

iO  1 

(M  ^ ^ ^ 

O 

f-J  fcO  lO  O O CO  i-< 
l-iNi-HCD  rH  t-- O CM 

Q 

CM 

oc 

CM 

o 

CM 

gi 

Wid- 

owed. 

; 

: ; 

rH 

s-c 

.£  -S 

lO 

: 

o 

O CM  »0  05  O <N  N ^ 

i-iCMi-iiO  .-tt-OCM 

uz 

CM 

<N  i-H  i-t 

-H  (N 

HTrH  . 

05 

CO 

45  or  over. 

Total. 

rH  lO 

i-t  05  tH  ■ 

CM 

< is 

o 

4 

Mar- 

ried. 

1-t  05  fH  * 

.c  6 
m M 

30  to  44. 

Total. 

(N 

<N 

l^COOOO  tTCCCOCM 

1-H  1— t CO  CM  1-H 

05 

121 

Wid- 

owed. 

05 

Mar- 

ried. 

IN 

po  O ao  -.focoiM 

.—1  rH  CO  W rH 

CM 

.S  .2 

S ”5; 

20  to  29. 

Total. 

H rH 

CM'«j<oor^  lo^or^oi 
CO  CM  CO 

t- 

(M 

129 

1 

Wid- 

owed. 

Mar- 

ried. 

H i-H 

1 (N 

CO  IM  CO 

CM 

.C 

in’s) 

16  to  19. 

Total. 

(N  rH  ,-H 

. 

O 

1-1  CO  ^ i-H 

<x>  • 

Wid- 

owed. 

(N 

Mar- 

ried. 

HHrH 

CM  1-H  • 

lO 

CO 

C aj 

TO  M 

<N  1-1  1-H 

. 

tHCM 

tH 

-rf  rH  • 

05 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

G 

X 

u 

c 

X 

c 

c 

c 

< 

X 

i 

c 

atl  VO  UVll-l  Wl  Lidl/A  V O lO; PllOI.  j » » laXLO  - • - . 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by  race  of 
father; 

German 

Italian,  North 

Magyar 

Total 

Total  native-born 

Foreign-born: 

TTnalisih 

5)^ 

3 a 
3C 

X 

c 

12 

ii 

5 c 

P 

3 c 

I’c 

^ 1 

1 1 
1 ^ 
i H 

1 

3 

3 ^ 

2 b 
2 ® 
5)5 

Kc 

^ c/ 

Slovak 

Total  foreign-born 

1 

c 

TZ 

c 

C 

I 

> 

1 

1 

1 

i 

a Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data. 


General  Tables:  South. 


551 


J C QJ 

iwo; 


H H 


g.Sfl  • : 

g;  O 2 G a S _C3«.-Srt  o 
•fppUWfi^O 


§ S 

If 

O G 

w« 


90 

o 

C^  COCiJ  ODi-i 

CO 

tt 

(N 

0 

(N 

r^rHCOrHCO  COt'^C4C^I 

CO  O 00'^  CO  00 

CO  CM  <N 

e 

CO 

1 iO 

o\ 

i CM 

Tt^ 

rH 

• CM 

« • 

. ^ t-H  rH  • LO  1— 1 

• t 

1 

<M 

iC 

CD 

• CO  05  00  CM  O 

• rf  05  01  rH  O 

. rH  CM  rH 

! ® 

CD  • jt 

790 

796 

<M  (M  (M  00  I 

iO 

rHr-IOS.— lOJ  -^tr^lOt^CO  (MOtNOC 

r-<  CO  Tt<  IM  05  <N  .— 

450 

, 465 

1 

- 

• 

i O ID  CO  rH  00 

. rH  rH  CO 

• oc 

87 

8 

• rH  \ 

CO 

1 

1 -rj^ 

• 00  CM  D CO  O O 

• rH  CO 

■ oc 

> 8 

80 

CO 

jrH  ^ 

-t* 

CO 

* 00 

1(M  .HI^OOOO'M  (M-rtHnniT 

• CO  COIMtHTIHO  rH  ■rj 

538 

D 

(M 

•CM 

. . .^  . r*.  rH 

00 

00 

s 

c^ 

! lo 

. CO  O rH  O »0 

• CM  CM  1-H  rH  CO  05 

05  i O 

2 o 

lo  TfOt^-^CO  CMDrHCr 

’ s 

s 

rH  rH  CO  ^ 

o 

^^OOt-HCD  O r^  O t-I  1-H  lO  rH  r- 

rHrJHt^CMOiCO  rHO 

533 

540 

rH 

rH  • 

1 " 

CM 

■ cc 

) '00  2 t2  S 

CO  • r 

t*  o 

CM 

242 

rH  CO 

rH  t-H  lO  .— 1 00  .H  ^ rO  !£>  .H  1— ( iH  C. 

rHr- 

0 CM 

" 8 

296 

<N 

(N  M 1-1  >0 

o 

(M 

• cc 

5 

9 

27 

2 

22 

20 

'f  . C 

94 

106 

<M 

(M 

! ^ ^ ; ICM  rH 

I uo 

(M  (N  rH  lO 

o 

O 

• c* 

TfH  ic 

. 89 

66 

2 3 ^ 


Table  237 Location  of  wives  of  foreign-horn  husbands,  by  race  of  husband. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


552 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


CO  lO  (M  • O rH  " 


fcJDO) 


C r-.- 
Si  ;3 


, O 3 


.2^ 
> > 


a)  tJ 
'■-nrxiw 


2 p (u 


bX)  o 

g.S  OJ  P 

R O C3 


CO  ,-H  o o 


I o r-  (N  —I  -H  t 


S R r-i  ■ ' ■ 

•2.S  g a • ; 
I ^■-S-J'S.R 

O 3 § £ ^ R 

W«ooPC 


SJi 

rO 

CS 


o 

Number  reporting — 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

1 

1 

2 

visits. 

! *-H  ! t cs) 

1 

visit. 

» *10  • 

« 1 •CO 

No 

visits. 

fH  CO  lO  (M  ^ 

2 S 

Num- 

ber. 

»-iOOO(M^ 

Jh  (N 

In  United  States  10  years  or  over. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

i”  ; : : 

2 

visits. 

1 

visit. 

: : : 

No 

visits. 

tH  CO  I-H  i-t  CO 

Num- 

ber. 

rH  TP  ,-1  rH 

In  United  States  5 to  9 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 

more 

visits. 

2 

visits. 

. 1-H  I - 

1 

visit. 

1 I ^ I ^ 

No 

visits. 

! (M  TP  ! ^ 

• 4 O 

P I-H* 

D 0) 

!•= 

CO  00  -CO 
• . 00 

In  United  States  under  5 years. 

Number  reporting— 

3 or 
more 
visits. 

i : : 

2 

visits. 

1 

visit. 

9T 

I 

No 

visits. 

1 

100 

1 

137 

Num- 

ber. 

1 

101 

1 

154 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data 

I-H  00  O (N  TP 

Ih  ^ 

1 

pc 

) 

Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

Bulgarian 

Canadian  (other  than  French) 

Croatian 

General  Tables:  South. 


553 


554 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  239, — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity 
and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

MALE. 


I 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household. 

Under  6. 

6 to  13. 

Hand  15. 

16  to  19. 

20  to  29. 

30  to  44. 

45  or 
over. 

Total. 

Foreign-born: 

English 

6 

6 

1 

4 

6 

12 

3 

37 

German 

7 

12 

1 

2 

16 

20 

6 

64 

Italian,  North 

12 

3 

8 

32 

27 

4 

86 

Italian,  South 

42 

16 

3 

27 

141 

104 

10 

343 

Lithuanian 

12 

3 

2 

3 

19 

15 

1 

a 56 

Magyar 

40 

34 

8 

23 

84 

119 

26 

334 

Polish 

54 

18 

1 

16 

86 

87 

9 

271 

Slovak 

8 

7 

1 

3 

27 

36 

8 

90 

Total 

180 

99 

17 

86 

411 

420 

67 

a 1,281 

FEMALE. 


Foreign-born: 

English 

7 

9 

3 

5 

8 

19 

4 

55 

German 

14 

24 

2 

7 

20 

30 

12 

109 

Italian,  North 

20 

7 

1 

10 

40 

33 

4 

115 

Italian,  South 

67 

25 

4 

30 

178 

123 

14 

441 

Lithuanian 

19 

6 

2 

3 

24 

20 

3 

0 78 

Magyar 

75 

52 

13 

30 

109 

158 

33 

0 471 

Polish 

87 

34 

5 

18 

126 

112 

10 

392 

Slovak 

29 

17 

1 

3 

35 

46 

8‘ 

139 

Total 

318 

174 

31 

106 

540 

541 

88 

b 1,800 

o Including  1 not  reporting  complete  data.  b Including  2 not  reporting  complete  data. 


General  Tables:  South, 


555 


Table  240. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age  group , by  general 

nativity  and  race. 


(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 


General  nativity  and 
race. 

Num- 

ber 

report- 

ing 

com- 

plete 

data. 

Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  specified  age  group. 

Un- 

der 

14. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20  to 
24. 

25  to 
29. 

30  to 
34. 

35  to 
44. 

45  to 
54. 

55 

to 

64. 

65  or 
over. 

Native-born  of  native 

father: 

White 

4,365 

6 

26 

75 

121 

131 

125 

130 

853 

721 

666 

835 

507 

144 

25 

Negro 

4,778 

26 

40 

58 

79 

89 

83 

120 

964 

1,022 

688 

782 

644 

151 

32 

Native-born  of  foreign 

— 

father,  by  country  of 

birth  of  father: 

30 

2 

6 

2 

6 

3 

3 

6 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

66 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

15 

11 

5 

10 

4 

2 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

49 

1 

2 

5 

2 

1 

9 

3 

3 

12 

10 

1 

1 

.... 

1 

86 

6 

2 

10 

9 

9 

27 

19 

4 

14 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

i 

3 

1 

1 

8 

3 

2 

1 

2 

Scotland 

66 

2 

3 

4 

2 

10 

4 

11 

10 

7 

5 

5 

3 

3 

2 

1 

2 

1 

6 

1 

1 

3 

1 

Africa  (country  not 

specified) 

1 

1 

Total 

342 



Na 

24 

26 

16 

61 

36 

27 

61 

41 

11 

Total  native- 

born 

9,485 

32 

72 

152 

214 

244 

234 

266 

1,878 

1,779 

1,381 

1,678 

1,192 

306 

57 

Foreign-born,  by  race: 

Armenian 

2 

2 

Bohemian  and  Mo- 

ravian 

8 

1 

2 

3 

3 

Bulgarian 

122 

1 

2 

3 

27 

50 

12 

21 

4 

2 

Canadian  (other 

than  French) 

2 

1 

1 

Croatian. 

257 

1 

2 

11 

5 

74 

50 

44 

54 

14 

1 

1 

Cuban 

1 

1 

Da,ni.sh 

2 

1 

j 

Dutch 

19 

1 

1 

5 

2 

2 

4 

3 

1 

English 

119 

1 

2 

2 

2 

7 

12 

20 

22 

34 

12 

5 

French . . 

36 

1 

3 

5 

6 

9 

10 

2 

German 

112 

4 

9 

12 

34 

31 

18 

3 

1 

Greek 

23 

15 

3 

2 

3 

Hebrew  (other 

than  Russian) 

1 

1 

H er  zevn  vi  n ia.n 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Irish 

44 

"i' 

2 

2 

3 

9 

20 

7 

Italian,  North 

401 

1 

1 

6 

6 

10 

19 

26 

93 

77 

62 

68 

30 

1 

1 

Italian,  South 

1,176 

2 

8 

14 

26 

57 

59 

292 

261 

185 

199 

63 

10 

Lithuanian 

41 

11 

8 

8 

12 

2 

MaceHnnian 

13 

4 

2 

5 

2 

Magyar 

Mexican 

344 

1 

1 

2 

3 

10 

13 

63 

1 

79 

44 

100 

24 

5 

Montenegrin 

91 

2 

5 

4 

30 

18 

19 

7 

6 

Polish . 

296 

4 

1 

5 

9 

57 

62 

59 

78 

17 

2 

1 

Roumanian 

37 

1 

2 

2 

6 

5 

6 

9 

6 

Russian 

85 

1 

2 

19 

20 

13 

23 

7 

Ruthenian 

4 

1 

2 

Scotch  

101 

2 

2 

6 

9 

14 

22 

30 

15 

3 

Servian 

21 

1 

10 

6 

1 

2 

1 

Slovak 

387 

4 

2 

3 

14 

11 

72 

76 

69 

96 

40 

Slovenia, n 

55 

2 

1 

3 

3 

15 

15 

12 

4 

i 

Spanish 

1 

1 

1 

Sweriish 

5 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Syrian 

5 

2 

2 

1 

Welsh 

11 

1 

1 

2 

5 

1 

1 

Austrian  (race  not 

sppioififtrl) 

56 

2 

1 

4 

14 

11 

7 

10 

6 , 

1 

Belgian  (race  not 

specified  1 

7 

1 

2 

3 

Swiss  (race  not 

specified) 

1 

1 

Total  forelgn- 

born 

3,890 

J_ 

7 

21 

34 

59 

1.32 

145 

8.32 

790 

635 

806 

350 

64 

14 

Grand  total 

13,375 

33 

79 

173 

248 

1 

303  1 

366 

411 

2,710 

2,569 

2,016 

2,484  j 

1,54^ 

3To““ 

71 

556 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  24:1,— Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  hoarding,  etc.,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Number  of  families— 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  family. 

Owning  | 
home.  1 

Renting 

home. 

Boarding. 

Lodging. 

In  other 
conditions. 

Total. 

Foreign-bom: 

• 

11 

21 

14 

0 60 

11 

72 

66 

20 

1 

12 

21 

15 

62 

11 

74 

66 

20 

1 

(a) 

Italian,  South 

a 1 

(a) 

(a) 

Magyar 

2 

Slovak 

Total 

0.3 

0 275 

ol 

O 1 

(a) 

281 

a Not  including  1 family  not  reporting  complete  data. 


Table  242. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


MALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 

individual.  | 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

At  home.  | 

At  school.  * 

At  w'ork.  j 

Total.  j 

At  home. 

At  school. 

At  work. 

'3 

0 

At  home.  ' 

At  school. 

At  work. 

Total. 

1 At  home. 

j At  school. 

j At  work. 

1 Total. 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
White 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

4 

5 

4 

1 

1 

5 

5 

English 

Gcririfiii 

5 

5 

5 

1 

1 

5 

5 

1 

11 

11 

10 

31 

10 

1 

1 

10 

1 

.... 

llailall,  INOrill 

T+olioTi  RnnfVi 

31 

'4' 

5 

9 

1 

1 

35 

5 

41 

Itdlidll)  oUUtil.  

11 

36 

42 

11 

2 

2 

13 

13 

Litliu3.niB.li - 



36 

2 

13 

1 

16 

3 

2 

5 

38 

16 

3 

3 

57 

47 

"Dy-il  \ oVl 

1 

43 

2 

2 

4 

44 

X Ollbll.  

Slovak 

10 

10 

3 

3 

10 

3 

13 

Total 

149 

1 

150 

11 

29 

1 

41 

3 

4 

7 

160 

33 

5 

198 

Total  native-born 

149 

1 

150 

12 

29 

1 

42 

j... 

3 

5 

8 

161 

33 

~6 

200 

Foreign-bom: 

’R'/ncrlicVi 

1 

1 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

7 

2 

2 

7 

7 

2 

7 

9 

T+q1ioti 

2 

2 

i 

1 

2 

3 

1 

4 

X tctilclLl  j Ui  til....  ...*•••••••• 

Smith 

10 

10 

3 

4 

7 

2 

2 

13 

4 

2 

19 

T .1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

'io' 

1 

1 

2 

25 

24 

Magyar  . . . 

4 

4 

6 

12 

18 

1 

2 

3 

13 

11 

2 

1 

Poli<;b 

8 

2 

10 

4 

9 

13 

1 

1 

12 

Slovak.'. 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

6 

Total  foreign-born 

28 

2 

30 

18 

39 

57 

. 1 

8 

9 

46 

42 

8 

96 

Grand  total 

177 

3 

180 

30 

68 

1 

99 

. 4 

13 

17 

207 

75 

14 

296 

General  Tables:  South, 


557 


Table  242. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  y ears  of  age,  by  sex  and  age  groups, 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual- — Continued. 

FEMALE. 


Number  within  each  specified  age  group. 


General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 

Under  6 years. 

6 to  13  years. 

14  and  15  years. 

Total. 

OJ 

S 

o 

rC 

*0 

O 

rd 

o 

c/} 

o 

'3 

<35 

S 

"o 

« 

0 

■3 

d 

a 

0 

"o 

0 

0 

"3 

S 

0 

"o 

0 

,£3 

0 

CO 

M 

u 

0 

"3 

■4^ 

< 

< 

< 

c-i 

* 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

< 

Native-born  of  native  father, 
Whit<* 

1 

1 

1 

1 



Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 
race  of  father: 

pfjgHch 

1 

1 

1 

1 

rjprm  fin 

5 

5 

5 

5 

1 

1 

6 

5 

11 

Italian,  North 

7 

7 

2 

2 

1 

1 

7 

3 

10 

ftnntVi 

21 

21 

2 

2 

23 

23 

J .ithnnriifl.n 

8 

8 

1 

1 

9 

9 

Magyar 

27 

1 

28 

1 

.8 

9 

1 

4 

5 

29 

13 

42 

Polish 

21 

21 

3 

1 

4 

24 

1 

25 

plovalr 

17 

17 

2 

6 

8 

19 

6 

25 

Total 

107 

1 

108 

9 

22 

31 

2 

5 

7 

118 

28 

146 

Total  native-born 

107 

1 

108 

9 

23 

32 

2 

5 

7 

118 

29 

I47 



Foreign-born: 

English  - 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

6 

fr  firm  an  

2 

2 

2 

5 

7 

4 

5 

9 

Italian,  North 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

Xtahan  South 

4 

4 

"7' 

7 

1 

1 

12 

12 

J.ithnania.n 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Magyar  . . 

8 

8 

6 

2 

8 

14 

2 

16 

Polish 

13 

13 

4 

8 

12 

2 

2 

4 

19 

10 

29 

Slovak 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

Total  foreign-born 

30 

30 

21 

22 

43 

5 

2 

7 

56 

24 

80 

Grand  total 

137 

1 

138 

30 

45 

75 

7 

7 

14 

174 

53 

227 

1 

TOTAL. 


Native-born  of  native  father. 

White 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Native-born  of  foreign  father,  by 

race  of  father: 

V.nglicVi 

5 

5 

1 

1 

6 

6 

German  

10 

10 

10 

10 

1 

1 

2 

11 

10 

1 

22 

Italian  North  

17 

17 

3 

3 

1 

17 

4 

21 

Italian  South  

52 

52 

"e" 

5 

11 

“i’ 

1 

58 

5 

"i" 

64 

T 11  Cl 

19 

19 

3 

3 

22 

22 

••••• 

Magyar 

63 

"i' 

64 

3 

21 

1 

25 

1 

7 

2 

10 

67 

29 

3 

99 

Polish  

63 

1 

64 

5 

3 

8 

68 

4 

72 

pinvfllr 

27 

27 

2 

9 

11 

29 

9 

38 

Total 

256 

2 

258 

20 

51 

1 

72 

2 

8 

4 

14 

278 

61 

5 

344 

Total  native-born 

256 

2 

258 

21 

52 

1 

74 

2 

8 

5 

15 

279 

62 

6 

347 

Foreign-born: 

F.nglish 

2 

2 

3 

5 

8 

2 

1 

3 

7 

5 

1 

13 

Arm  « n 

4 

4 

2 

12 

14 

6 

12 

18 

y^^cilic^n 

3 

3 

1 

3 

4 

4 

3 

7 

Italian  South  

14 

14 

10 

4 

14 

1 

2 

3 

25 

4 

"2 

31 

I.ithnanian  

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

Magyar 

12 

12 

12 

14 

26 

1 

2 

3 

24 

15 

2 

41 

Polish 

21 

2 

23 

8 

17 

25 

"2 

2 

1 

5 

31 

21 

1 

53 

plAvcilr 

2 

2 

2 

5 

7 

1 

1 

4 

5 

1 

10 

Total  foreign-born 

58 

2 

60 

39 

61 

100 

5 

3 

8 

16 

102 

66 

8 

176 

Grand  total 

4 

318 

60 

113 

1 

174 

7 

11 

13 

31 

381 

128 

14 

658 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  243. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  male  employees  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.] 


Race. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Danish 

Dutch 


English 

French 

German 

Hebrew  (other  than  Russian). 
Irish 


Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian  — 
Macedonian. . . 
Magyar 


Polish 

Roumanian . 

Russian 

Scotch 

Servian 


Slovak. . . 
Slovenian . 
Swedish.. 
Syrian 


Welsh 

Austrian  (race  not  specified). 
Belgian  (race  not  specified) . . 
Swiss  (race  not  specified)  — 


Total. 


In  United  States 
5 to  9 years. 


In  United  States 
10  years  or  over. 


Total  number  re] 
complete  da 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  secc^d 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 
papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

6 

6 

1 

1 

7 

7 

66 

62 

62 

4 

4 

60 

66 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

4 

2 

1 

3 

6 

45 

6 

8 

14 

1 

5 

25 

31 

7 

13 

25 

45 

12 

5 

5 

1 

2 

4 

7 

6 

2 

4 

12 

29 

5 

3 

4 

12 

4 

13 

17 

9 

3 

17 

29 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

21 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

17 

19 

2 

2 

17 

21 

111 

53 

2 

6 

61 

22 

12 

16 

50 

75 

14 

22 

111 

315 

203 

14 

6 

223 

57 

10 

25 

92 

260 

24 

31 

315 

15 

4 

1 

5 

5 

4 

1 

10 

9 

5 

1 

15 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

110 

76 

4 

80 

20 

6 

4 

30 

96 

10 

4 

110 

95 

64 

2 

66 

21 

2 

6 

29 

85 

4 

6 

95 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

16 

13 

13 

2 

1 

3 

15 

1 

16 

38 

1 1 

2 

5 

31 

36 

1 

5 

32 

38 

5 

! 5 

5 

5 

5 

125 

75 

7 

1 

83 

25 

4 

13 

42 

100 

11 

14 

125 

16 

6 

5 

11 

4 

1 

5 

10 

6 

16 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

14 

4 

3 

7 

2 

2 

3 

7 

6 

5 

3 

14 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

.|  1,067 

598 

54 

18 

670 

174 

55 

168 

397 

772 

109 

186 

1,067 

Total. 


General  Tables:  South, 


559 


Table  244. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-horn  males  who  have  been  in  the 
United  States  5 years  or  over  and  ivho  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 
by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 


Race. 

Number  reporting  com- 
plete data. 

In  United  States 

5 to  9 years. 

In  United  States 

10  years  or  over. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 
papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

Aliens. 

Having  first 

papers  only. 

Having  second 

papers. 

Total. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

English  

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

German 

; 11 

4 

4 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

2 

11 

Italian,  North 

i 12 

9 

1 

10 

1 

1 

2 

10 

1 

1 

12 

Tt.ah’art  Smith  

i 52 

44 

44 

5 

1 

2 

8 

49 

1 

2 

52 

T fitllll 

1 

! 9 

5 

5 

4 

4 

9 

9 

Magvar 

1 68 

45 

2 

1 

48 

13 

7 

20 

58 

2 

8 

68 

Polish 

39 

30 

2 

1 

33 

4 

2 

6 

34 

2 

3 

39 

ncoion 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Slovak 

1 24 

11 

2 

13 

8 

3 

11 

19 

2 

3 

24 

Total 

221 

151 

12 

2 

165 

35 

2 

19 

56 

186 

14 

21 

221 

Table  24.5 .—Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and 
general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

15 

7 

7 

8 

8 

15 

15 

6 

2 

1 

4 

4 

6 

5 

12 

10 

10 

2 

1 

12 

11 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

3 

43 

28 

28 

15 

15 

43 

43 

9 

4 

4 

5 

5 

9 

9 

11 

3 

3 

8 

7 

11 

10 

99 

56 

55 

43 

41 

99 

90 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

77 

45 

29 

32 

15 

77 

44 

88 

71 

25 

17 

7 

88 

32 

363 

295 

89 

68 

12 

363 

101 

50 

39 

24 

11 

5 

50 

29 

321 

236 

91 

85 

23 

321 

114 

291 

212 

59 

79 

22 

291 

81 

3 

3 

3 

37 

37 

5 

37 

5 

90 

66 

25 

24 

5 

90 

30 

1,323 

1,007 

349 

316 

89 

1,323 

438 

1,422 

1,063 

404 

359 

130 

1 1; 422 

534 

General  nativity  and  race  of 
individual. 


Native-born  of  foreign  father, 
by  race  of  father: 

German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 


Total  native-born . 


ForeigM-born: 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Croatian 

French 

German 


Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 


Polish 

Roumanian . 

Russian 

Slovak 


Total  foreign-born 
Grand  total 


560 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Table  246. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Age  at  time  of  comii 

Under  14. 

ag  to  United  States. 

14  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Number. 

Number 
who  speak 
English. 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

j 

1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

French 

1 

1 

1 

German 

■45 

9 

6 

36 

23 

Italian,  North 

71 

3 

1 

68 

24 

Italian,  South •. 

295 

17 

16 

278 

73 

Lithuanian 

39 

4 

4 

35 

20 

Magyar 

236 

28 

21 

208 

70 

Polish 

212 

20 

19 

192 

40 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

1 

1 

36 

4 

Slovak 

66 

5 

5 

61 

20 

Total 

1,007 

87 

73 

920 

27G 

FEMALE. 


German 

32 

10 

7 

22 

8 

Italian,  North 

17 

3 

3 

14 

4 

Italian,  South 

68 

11 

7 

57 

5 

Lithuanian 

11 

2 

1 

9 

4 

Magyar 

85 

11 

7 

74 

16 

Polish 

79 

18 

16 

61 

6 

Slovak 

24 

3 

1 

21 

4 

Total 

316 

58 

42 

258 

47 

TOTAL. 


Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

1 

Croatian 

1 

1 

1 

French 

1 

1 

1 

German 

77 

19 

13 

58 

31 

Italian,  North 

88 

6 

4 

82 

28 

Italian,  South 

363 

28 

23 

335 

78 

Lithuanian 

50 

6 

5 

44 

24 

Magyar 

321 

39 

28 

282 

86 

Polish 

291 

38 

35 

253 

46 

Roumanian 

3 

3 

Russian 

37 

1 

1 

36 

4 

Slovak 

90 

8 

6 

82 

24 

Total 

1,323 

145 

115 

1,178 

323 

General  Tables:  South, 


561 


Table  247. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(STUDY  OF  HOUSEHOLDS.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table  includes 
only  non-English-speaking  races.) 

MALE. 


Race  of  individual. 

Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

• 

M.or3.vi3.ii  • . . . . 

1 

1 

lori 

1 

1 

1 

French ......... 

1 

1 

1 

German 

45 

28 

12 

11 

11 

6 

6 

Italian,  North 

71 

53 

11 

16 

12 

2 

2 

ItaUan,  South 

295 

204 

30 

77 

45 

14 

14 

Lithuanian 

39 

18 

7 

9 

6 

12 

11 

Magyar 

236 

145 

35 

61 

32 

30 

24 

Polish 

212 

3 

148 

3 

14 

46 

28 

18 

17 

"P  ncciQn 

37 

34 

4 

2 

1 

1 

Slovak 

66 

33 

4 

18 

9 

15 

12 

Total 

1,007 

667 

118 

242 

144 

98 

87 

FEMALE. 


German 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

Polish 

Slovak 

32 

17 

68 

11 

85 

79 

24 

23 

12 

45 

3 

45 

47 

6 

8 

2 

2 

6 

7 

4 

4 

17 

4 

21 

27 

11 

2 

4 

5 

1 

5 

11 

3 

5 

1 

6 

4 

19 

5 

7 

5 

1 

5 

4 

12 

4 

2 

Total 

310 

181 

25 

88 

31 

47 

33 

TOTAL. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Bohemian  and  Moravian 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

French 

German 

77 

51 

20 

15 

13 

11 

ii 

Italian,  North 

Italian,  South 

88 

363 

65 

249 

13 

32 

20 

94 

16 

50 

3 

20 

3 

19 

1 K 

Lithuanian 

Magyar 

60 

321 

21 

190 

7 

41 

13 

82 

7 

37 

16 

49 

io 

36 

Polish 

291 

195 

Q 

21 

73 

39 

23 

21 

Roumanian 

P ncoioTi 

3 

37 

O 

34 

4 

2 

1 

i 

Slovak 

90 

39 

4 

29 

12 

22 

14 

Total 

1,323 

848 

143 

330 

175 

145 

120 

562 


The  Immigration  Commission, 


Table  2^S,—Ahility  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  age  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[This  table  includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Age  at  time  of  coming  to  United  States. 

Race. 

Number 

reporting 

N umber 
who 

Under  14. 

14  or  over. 

complete 

data. 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Number. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

8 

i 

1 

7 

7 

119 

30 

119 

30 

255 

181 

2 

1 

253 

180 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Dntf»h  

16 

14 

4 

3 

12 

11 

Erpnnh  

36 

21 

6 

6 

30 

15 

German  

IIU 

99 

12 

12 

98 

87 

22 

19 

22 

19 

XT  Of  *1  T?  ^ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

Italian,  North 

391 

256 

29 

27 

362 

229 

TtaliaTi  South  

1,157 

739 

61 

49 

1,096 

690 

Lithuanian 

41 

38 

4 

4 

37 

34 

An  iQ  n 

13 

6 

13 

6 

Magyar  

337 

214 

12 

10 

325 

204 

1 

1 

1 

1 

. . . 

Montenegrin 

91 

23 

1 

1 

90 

22 

Polish 

294 

191 

15 

14 

279 

177 

TTi  n i ^ 

36 

19 

36 

19 

Russian  

73 

50 

1 

1 

72 

49 

"P  |ipn  i‘r^n 

4 

1 

4 

1 

Servian  

21 

10 

1 

1 

20 

9 

Slovak  

382 

241 

11 

11 

371 

230 

Slovenian  

51 

28 

5 

4 

46 

24 

Sp^niQh 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Swedish 

5 

5 

1 

1 

4 

4 

.^y  ri  an 

5 

4 

5 

4 

Austrian  (race  not  specified) 

54 

38 

3 

3 

51 

35 

Belgian  (race  not  specified) 

6 

5 

1 

1 

5 

4 

pyrjcc  TiAf  cpOAifiPr1\ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total 

3,537 

2, 248 

171 

151 

3, 366 

2, 097 

General  Tables:  South. 


563 


Table  249. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-horn  male  employees,  by  years  in  the 

United  States  and  race. 

(STUDY  OF  EMPLOYEES.) 

[By  years  in  the  United  States  is  meant  years  since  first  arrival  in  the  United  States.  This  table 
Includes  only  non-English-speaking  races.] 


Race. 


Armenian 

Bohemian  and  Moravian. 

Bulgarian 

Croatian 

Danish 


Dutch . 

French 

German 

Greek 

Hebrew  (other  than  Rus- 
sian)   


Herzegovinian . 
Italian,  North. 
Italian,  South. 
Lithuanian . . . 
Macedonian... 


Magyar 

Mexican. . . . , 
Montenegrin. 
Polish 


Roumanian. 

Russian 

Ruthenian.. 
Servian 


Slovak 

Slovenian. 
Spanish... 
Swedish. . 


Syrian 

Austrian(race  not  specified) 


Number 

reporting 

complete 

data. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Years  in  United  States. 

Under  5. 

5 to  9. 

10  or  over. 

Num- 

ber. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

Num- 

ber. 

Number 

who 

speak 

English. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

8 

1 

1 

3 

3 

4 

4 

119 

30 

110 

22 

8 

7 

1 

1 

255 

181 

160 

98 

87 

77 

8 

6 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

16 

14 

6 

5 

2 

2 

8 

7 

36 

21 

14 

5 

8 

2 

14 

14 

110 

99 

55 

45 

22 

21 

33 

33 

22 

19 

22 

19 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

391 

256 

171 

78 

139 

104 

81 

74 

1,157 

739 

536 

254 

461 

349 

160 

1.36 

41 

38 

9 

7 

10 

9 

22 

22 

13 

6 

11 

4 

2 

2 

337 

214 

172 

78 

115 

92 

50 

44 

1 

1 

1 

1 

91 

23 

90 

22 

1 

1 

294 

191 

142 

59 

100 

82 

52 

50 

36 

19 

29 

15 

7 

4 

73 

50 

52 

33 

14 

11 

7 

6 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

21 

10 

13 

5 

8 

5 

382 

241 

173 

71 

134 

103 

75 

67 

51 

28 

17 

3 

20 

14 

14 

11 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

5 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

54 

38 

27 

14 

18 

17 

9 

7 

6 

5 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3,537 

2, 248 

1,822 

846 

1,168 

911 

547 

491 

Total 


LIST  OF  TEXT  TABLES. 


VOLUME  I. 

PART  I— GENERAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

INDUSTRY. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  1. — Bituminous  coal  production  in  the  United  States,  1860  to  1908  . . 3 

Table  2. — Bituminous  coal  production  in  States  specified 4 

Table  3.— Per  cent  distribution  of  bituminous  coal  production  in  States 

specified - 4 

Table  4. — Bituminous  coal  production  in  States  specified ^ 

Table  5. — .\verage  number  of  wage-earners  in  bituminous  coal  mining, 

1870  to  1907 5 

Table  6. — Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 6 

Table  7.— Persons  in  households  studied,  and  persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) - ; 7 

Table  8. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  families  studied.  (Study 

of  households) 8 

Table  9.— Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  9 
Table  10. — Per  cent  of  males  among  persons  canvassed,  by  locality  and  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  10 
Table  11. — Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex 

and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 11 

Table  12. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 13 

Table  13. — Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by 

locality;  per  cent  distribution.  (Study  of  employees) 16, 17 

Table  14. — Comparative  scope  of  investigation  of  employees 18 

Table  15. — Scope  of  investigation  of  households 18 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  16. — Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

under  1 year,  1 year,  2 years,  etc.,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 24 

Table  17. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 26 

Table  18. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 

specified  number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 28 

Table  19. — Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  in  the  United  States 
each  specified  number  of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   ; 29,  30 

Table  20. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years,  by  locality  and  by  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 32,33 

Table  21. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 34 

Table  22. — Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured, 

by  locality;  per  cent  distribution.  (Study  of  employees) 35,  36 

Chapter  111. — Economic  status: 

Table  23. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 

by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 39 

Table  24. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign -bom 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 
individual.  (Study  of  households) 40 


565 


566 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  25.— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 

by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 42 

Table  26.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-bom 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 42 

Table  27. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of 
coming  to  the  United  States  who  were  employed  abroad  in  mining,  by 

loc'ality  and  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 43 

Table  28. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specified 
occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of 

employees) - 44 

Table  29.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  were  engaged  in 
mining  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 45 

Table  30.— General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  housholds) 46 

Table  31.— General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 47,  48 

Table  32.— Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  bituminous 
coal  mining,  by  general  nativity  and  rac-e  of  father  and  by  birthplace  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 49 

Talde  33.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) bO 

Talde  34^— Per  cent  of  male  em})loyees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
$2  or  over  per  day,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  emplovees) 54 

Table  35.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  $3 
or  over  per  day,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 55,  56 

Table  36. — Per  cent  of  male  em.ployees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 57 

Table  37. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence 

in  the  United  States.  (Study  of  employees). 59,  60 

Table  38. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-born  male  emplo\mes 
18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United 

States.  (Study  of  employees) 60,  61 

Table  39. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) - 53 

Table  40. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 65 

Table  41. — Average  yearly  earnings  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  66 
Table  4l— Per  cent  of  male  heads  of  families  earnirig  under  $400  per  year, 
by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 57 

Table  43. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 68,  69 

Table  44. — Average  yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age 
or  over  working  for  wages,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 71 

Table  45. — Per  cent  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages 
and  earning  under  $400  per  year,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) _ 72 

Table  46.— Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each 
specified  amount,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) _ 73,74 

Table  47. — Average  family  income  per  year,  by  locality  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 76 

Table  48. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  under  $500, 
by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study 
of  households) 77 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


567 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status— Continued.  Page. 

Table  49.— Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 79 

Table  50. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 80 

Table  51. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) _ 81 

Table  52.— Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or  keeping  boarders  or 
lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 82 

Table  53.^ — Per  cent  of  wives  having  employment  or  keeping  boarders  or 
lodgers,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 83 

Table  54. — Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  hou.seholds) 84 

Table  55. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 86 

Table  56. — Per  cent  of  families  having  entire  income  from  husband,  by 
locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of 

households) 87 

Table  57. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 89 

Table  58. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  earnings 
of  husband,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

family.  (Study  of  households) 91 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  59. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 97 

Table  60.— Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  working  9 months  or 
over,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 98 

Table  61.— Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  working  6 months  or 
over,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual,  (Study 

of  households) 99 

Table  62. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
who  are  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 101 

Table  63.— Per  cent  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages,  who 
are  affiliated  with  trade  unions,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). 103 

Table  64. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  foreign-born  males  21  years  of 
age  or  over  who  are  working  for  wages,  by  years  in  the  United  States 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 104 

Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions; 

Table  65.— Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) 106 

Table  66.— Average  rent  per  month  per  apartment,  by  locality  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  107 
Table  67.— Average  rent  per  month  per  room,  by  locality  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 108 

Table  68.— Average  rent  per  month  per  person,  by  locality  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 109 

Table  69.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) HO 

Table  70.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) - IH- 

Table  71.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 
households) 


668 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions — Continued.  Page. 

Table  72. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   113 

Table  73. — Per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   114 

Table  74. — Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 115 

Table  75. — Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  based  on  total  number 
of  households,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 116 

Table  76. — Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers,  based  on  number  of 
households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers,  by  locality  and  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 117 

Table  77.— Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 118 

Table  7*8. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  less  than  4 
rooms,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 119 

Table  79. — Average  number  or  rooms  per  household,  by  locality  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  120 
Table  80. — Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  121 
Table  81. — Per  cent  of  households  of  6 or  more  persons  each,  by  locality 
and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) - - • - 122 

Table  82.— Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 123 

Table  83. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per 
sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 124 

Table  84. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  by  locality  and 
bv  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  125 

Table  85. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 126 

Table  86. — Per  cent  of  households  having  2 or  more  persons  per  room, 
by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 128 

Table  87. — Average  number  of  persons  per  room,  by  locality  and  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households). . 128, 129 
Table  88. — Rooms  per  apartment,  persons  per  apartment,  and  persons  per 

room,  by  locality.  (Study  of  households) 129 

Table  89. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).. _. ..  130 

Table  90. — Per  cent  of  households  having  3 or  more  persons  per  sleeping 
room,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 132 

Table  91. — Average  number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  locality  and 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  133 

Table  92. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all 
except  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 134 

Table  93. — Per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  rooms,  or  all 
except  1 room,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 135 

Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  94. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read 

and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 137 

Table  95. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read,  and  per 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 140 


569 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


141 


142 


143 


Chapter  VI.— Salient  characteristics— Continued.  , u i i 

Table  96.— Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  oyer  who  read,  by  local- 
ity, by  sex,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  ot 

households) i*  ‘ 

Table  97.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of 

read,  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) - - - 

Table  98. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read,  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  <;Oming  to 

the  United  States  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).. 

Table  99.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  oyer  in  each  con- 

jugal  condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees).  144, 145 
Table  lOO.-Per  cebt  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by 

age  groups  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) . 148, 1 9 
Table  101. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age 
groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

Table  102  — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  who  are 
married,  by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 

TabVe^loi-PeTcent  of  males  20  years  of  age  or  over  ^ 

by  locality  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  ot 

Table  104.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife 

United  States,  and  per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  hus- 

TaWe^l05.— Per^ cent^? foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by 

locality  and  by  race  of  husband.  (Study  of  employees) . . . - - - - - ibU 

Table  106  — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abioad,  by 
race  of  husband  and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 

Table  107. — Vishs  ^road  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) - ----- - - 

Table  108.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  reporting  one  or 

more  visits  abroad,  by  locality  and  by  race  (Study  ot  employees  169 

Table  109 —Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  ,^8®  m i7i 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Studyof  households)  170, 171 
Table  110.— Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by 

general  nativity  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) ’ 
Table  111  — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  ge  - 
eral  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

^^^TaWe™2;-Nl^^^^^^^  of  famUms  ^y  177 


156 


157 


158 


179 


TawfAl-trcenf  0^ 

nativitv  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households). - - 

Table  IIU— Per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  yearn  of  age  at  home,  at 
school,  and  at  work,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  mdividua  . 

TaW^llb— Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age 
at  home,  at  school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  fathe 

and  bv  birthplace  of  child.  (Study  of  households) - U ‘ AA' 

Table  116 —Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
^tho  haveLen  in  "Ihe  United  States  5 years  - over  a^d 

vears  of  ase  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees;, 
xible  117. -Present  political  condition  /of®'!?"’''®™. 

who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 
bry^ars  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees)  . . . . . - 
TabVnS  —Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). 
Table  119 — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-oorn  male  employe  s 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years 
and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  locality  and 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

48296° — VOL  7 — 11 37 


183 


185 


188 


190 


570 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  VII. — General  process  and  assimilation — Continued.  Page. 

Table  120. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of 
age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  locality  and  by  race  of  individual.  193 

(Study  of  households) 

Table  121.— Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  195 

Table  122. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 196 

Table  123.— Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  locality  and  bv  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 199 

Table  124. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  locality  and  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 201 

Table  125. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 202 

Table  126. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 203 

Table  127. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 204 

Table  128. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 206 

Chapter  VIII. — Recent  immigration  in  its  relation  to  accidents  in  coal  mines: 

Table  129. — Number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed  and  per 
1,000,000  tons  of  coal  produced,  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States, 

1895  to  1908 209 

Table  130. — Number  of  fatalities  in  the  coal  mines  of  the  United  States 
and  number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed,  by  States  and  Terri- 
tories, 1907  and  1908 212 

Table  131. — Number  of  fatalities  per  1,000  men  employed  in  the  coal 
mines  of  France,  Belgium,  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  the  United  States, 

in  recent  years 213 

Table  132. — Terms  of  experience  of  persons  killed  and  injured  at  the  West 

Virginia  coal  mines,  1901  to  1908 217 

Table  133. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 219 

Table  134. — -Race  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured. 


Table  135. — Nationality  or  race  of  employees  in  the  bituminous  mines  of 

Pennsylvania,  1907 222 

Table  136. — Nationality  of  employees  of  Illinois  mines,  1899 223 

Table  137. — Nationality  of  employees  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of 

West  Virginia,  June  30,  1908 223 

Table  138. — Classification  of  employees  by  general  nativity  and  race  and 

by  groups.  (Study  of  employees) 225 

Table  139. — Classification  of  Pennsylvania  employees  by  nationality  or 

race  and  by  groups.  ^ (State  reports) 225 

Table  140. — Classification  of  Pennsylvania  employees  by  general  nativity 

and  race  and  by  groups.  (Study  of  employees) 226 

Table  141. — Classification  of  Illinois  employees  by  nationality  or  race  and 

by  groups 227 

Table  142. — Classification  of  employees  in  the  Middle  West  by  general 

nativity  and  race  and  by  groups 227 

Table  143. — Classification  of  West  Virginia  employees  by  nationality  or 

race  and  by  groups 228 

Table  144. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 229 

Table  145. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  were  engaged 
in  mining  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  locality  and  by  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 230 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


Chapter  VIII.— Recent  immigration  in  its  relation  to  accidents  in  coal  mines—  Page. 

Continued.  , . , j 

Table  146.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specitied 
occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  oi 

employees) * * * *. V w'  ’ I 

Table  147.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  ot  West 

Virginia,  by  race  or  nationality  of  individual,  1904  to  1908. - . -^34 

Table  148.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  West 

Virginia,  1904  to  1908,  by  racial  groups;  per  cent  distribution.  ..... ^34 

Table  149.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 1904  to  1908,  by  nationality  or  race  of  individual.  . - . 335 

Table  150.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1904  to  1908,  by  racial  groups;  per  cent  distribution.  

Table  151.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  bituminous  coal  mines  ot  Indiana, 

1907  and  1908,  by  nationality  or  race  of  individual. . 

Table  152.— Number  of  fatalities  in  the  coal  mines  of  Indiana,  1907  and 

1908,  by  racial  groups;  per  cent  distribution 33b 


PART  II.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  PENNSYL- 
VANIA. 

GENERAL  SURVEY. 

Chapter  I.— Introduction;  . e u a t 

Table  153 .—Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households)  ; * * ' V * ' ' ‘d  V m 

Table  154  — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  dialled 
information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 

hold . (Study  of  households) Y Y ’ 

Table  155.— Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households)  247 
Table  156.— Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  w^  secured  by  sex  and 

general  nativitv  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 348 

Table  157  .—Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 349 

Chapter  II.— Racial  displacements:  . ^ f -d 

Table  158. — Number  of  miners  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  the  State  of  Penn- 

svlvania  in  1889 ' 'Y ' 

Table  159  .—Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  the 

State  of  Pennsylvania  in  1899  - ; - f * ’ ' •*  * ' i oAq 

Table  160. — Nationality  of  bituminous  coal  miners  in  Pennsylvania,  1903 

tjo  1907  X 

Table  161. — Number  of  coke  ovens  and  number  of  tons  of  coke  shipped  in 

Pennsylvania,  1880  to  1907  — \ i j 

Table  162. — Production  of  bituminous  coal  in  Fayette  and  Westmoreland 

counties,  Pennsylvania,  1890  to  1907. ----- - - - - 

Table  163.— Racial  composition  of  Plant  B,  by  occupation,  1908 358 

Table  164.— Racial  composition  of  Plant  C,  by  occupation  1908. . ... ... . . . 35y 

Table  165. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years  by  race.  (Study  of  employees)  ... .....  -6.. 

Table  166.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 

specified  number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 265 

Table  167  — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 3bb 

Ettapter  III. — Economic  status:  , , tt  i ox  x e 

Table  168. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  females  who  were  16  years  of  ap  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 
by  race  of  individual . (Study  of  households) .... ... - - 

Table  169. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-bqrn 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 

dividual . (Study  of  households) ; Y * VV  * : ' i Y:  Y’  ’ " 

Table  170  — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  oi  lor- 
eign-born  males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  tine  of  coming,  by 
race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 3/i 


572 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chaptfr  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  171. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 
dividual. (Study  of  households) 272 

Table  172. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specified  occu- 
pation before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees).  273 
Table  173. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 274 

Table  174. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 275 

Table  175. — Number  of  employees  of  each  race  in  the  bituminous  coal 

mines  and  coke  plants,  by  occupation 278-287 

Table  176. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   288 

Table  177. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 290 

Table  178. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  residence 

in  the  United  States.  (Study  of  employees) 292 

Table  179. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United 

States.  (Study  of  employees) 293 

Table  180. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 296 

Table  181. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 298 

Table  182. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 299 

Table  1 83. — Actual  annual  earnings  for  1908  of  employees  of  selected  repre- 
sentative races,  by  occupation • 301 

Table  184. — Per  cent  of  families  having  total  yearly  income  of  each  specified 
amount,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of 

households) 302 

Table  185. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 303 

Table  186. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 304 

Table  187. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 305 

Table  188. — Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 306 

Table  189. — Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 307 

Table  190. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 309 

Table  I91.--Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 310 

Table  192. — Means  of  support  of  family,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 312 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  193. — Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  7 mining  companies, 

by  principal  items,  January  to  December,  1906 317 

Table  194. — Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  12  mining  companies, 

by  principal  items,  January  to  December,  1907 317 

Table  195.— Deductions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  12  mining  companies, 

by  principal  items,  January  to  December,  1908 317 

Table  196.— Deductions  from  earnings  of  selected  employees,  by  race  and  by 


oyer  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 321 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


573 


331 

333 


343 


343 


344 


345 


346 


Chapter  IV.— Working  conditions— Continued.  Page. 

Table  198.— Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  oyer  who 
are  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) i"  ‘ oi f 

Table  199. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  foreign-born  males  21  years  ot 
age  or  over  who  are  working  for  wages,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households)  . ... .... - - - - 

Table  200. — Active  and  idle  ovens  in  Connellsville  coke  district.  May  i to 
September  1,  1894 ; 

Chapter  V.— Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  201. — Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) - - - - - - • 

Table  202.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  montfi 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

Table  m—Pe^  cent  of  househoids  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  ot 

T^^e  204. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rejit  per  month  per 
person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  ot 

Table  205. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 

Table  206. — Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  ^ousehcdd,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  207. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Table  208 .—Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  nuniber^of  pem,gns  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  oi  households)  3 7 
Table  209.— Average  number  of  persons  in  apartments  ot  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Table^2i().— Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per 

sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

Tabm  21^U— pSs^^^  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households)  ; * T ' i ‘.•n*  Vll 

Table  213.— Number  and  per  cent  of  households  ^ 

except  each  specified  number  of  roomB,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 

Ohapter  VI. — GGncral  cost  Rnd  stEndard.  of  liying.  i i x 4- 

Table  214  — Summary  etatement  of  families  whose  budgets  were  studied, 
by  race  of  head  ofimily,  April  1 to  June  30  1909 
Table  215  — Expenditures  for  food  and  general  living  m selected  familie. , 

by  race  of  head  of  family,  April  1 to  June  30,  1909  . . v,  *55.  356 

Table  216.— Expenditures  in  typical  families,  by  race  of  head  of  fam  Y’ 

April  1 to  June  30, 1909 j'  ■ 

in  three  Pennsylvania 

Tab£* 218^— ^uaSy*  of  beer  and  whiskj. 

mining  town  during  a period  of  ten  weeks,  by  race  of  consumer  - - - - • - - - 
Table  219.— Quantity  of  beer  and  whisky  per  man  ordered  in  one  Penn- 
sylvania  mining  town,  by  race .**■■*. 

Twaptfr  VIII —Industrial  effects  of  immigration:  . 

Table  220.— Bituminous  coal  mined  by  machines  in  Pennsylvania,  1904  to 

Table* 221. -Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  bituminous 
coS  mining,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  ot 

households) : 

CiTf AFTER  IX  — Salient  characteristics.  i j + 

Table  222  —Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read 

and  ^ite,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 429,  430 


419 

420 


574 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  IX. — Salient  characteristics — Continued.  Page. 

Table  223. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 431 

Table  224. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 433 

Table  225. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the 

United  States  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 434 

Table  226. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each 
conjugal  condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employ- 
ees)  435 

Table  227. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by 

age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 437 

Table  228. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and 
age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 439 

Table  229. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the 
United  States  and  per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband. 

(Study  of  employees) 442 

Table  230. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad, 
by  race  of  husband  and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 

(Study  of  employees) 442 

Table  231. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 444 

Table  232. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  446 
Table  233. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 447,448 

Chapter  X. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  234. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 452 

Table  235.— Number  of  pupils  in  selected  public  schools,  by  sex  and  age 

and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil 453-455 

Table  236. — Per  cent  distribution  of  children  in  the  parochial  schools  by 

race.... 456 

Table  237. — Number  of  pupils  of  each  sex  in  the  parochial  schools,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  father  of  pupil 457 

Table  238. — Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age 
at  home,  at  school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father 

and  by  birthplace  of  child.  (Study  of  households) 458 

Table  239. — Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  school,  at  home, 
and  in  other  oci*upations,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 458 

Table  240. — Per  cent  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  school,  at  home, 
and  in  other  occupations,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 459 

Table  241. — Number  of  persons  naturalized  in  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 

by  country  of  birth,  1802  to  1908 460,  461 

Table  242. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) . . 

Table  243. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Table  244. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of 
age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   

Table  245. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  

Table  246. — Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Table  247. — Per  cent  of  foreign-bom  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race  of 
individual.  (Study  of  households) 


462 

463 

464 

465 

466 

467 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


575 


Chapter  X.— General  progress  and  assimilation— Continued. 

Table  248.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  o^  er  who 
speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

TaW^249.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of 

TaW?250.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 470 

REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  A. 

Chapter  XII. — History  of  immigration:  j.  u 479 

Table  251  -Distribution  of  races  in  the  urban  center,  by  sections 479 

Table  252.— Races  found  in  each  subcommunity ™ 

Table  253.— Races  found  in  each  mine  location : * Vi ' * VU  q/oVU 

Table  254.— Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 482 

Chapter  Xlll. — Economic  status:  i « 486 

q’able  255  —Occupation  of  coal-minmg  employees,  by  race : . - 

Table  256.— Number  of  male  employees  18  pars  of  age  or  over  earmng 
^ each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

Table^M^^^Number  of  mile  employees  iVindundeVis  yearBofage  e^nlng 

each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  ^gg 

Ta°ble^58^— SVcent  ol  male  employees  earning  each  pecified  amount  per 

day , by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) ....  489 

NumS^of  fatal  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  in  Community  A, 

TabUS— Number^of  nonfatai  accidents  in  the  coal  mines  in  Community 

Tabie^26L-3bediictions  from  earnings  of  employees  of  the  mining  company 

Tab\e  262^-Eamings  and  deductions  from  earnings  of  families  representa-^^^ 

tive  of  races  employed - . ' 

— Salient  cliaracteii'^tics.  .. 

Table  263  —Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  ,„en- 

T^^  mie  emi;^:^  age’or  ovnrh;  each  com 

Tabl?265!— Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race 

TaWei66.— Number  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

otoud  by  general  nativity  and  race 

Chapter  XVII.— Industrial  and  other  effects  of  immigration: 

Table  267.— Hospital  record  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  race 

Tabir26rLNumbeV  oraVresis  of'foreign^bornpe^sonsiu'the  urban  center 

^ of  Community  A during  a period  of  two  months  m the  year  1J08 

rwAPTWR  XVTII General  progress  of  immigrants  in  the  community. 

Table  rn-Immlg^^^^^^  pro^rty  holdings  in  the  urban  center  of^  Commu- 

T^^J  270  .—Average  monthly  deposits  of  immigrants  on  open  accounts  in 

tbo  banks  of  the  urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  rp®* * 

Table  271.— Postal  money  orders  issued  during  a period  of  two  years  in  t 

Table  273^Limm1gran*t8  in  business  in  Community  A,  by  race  and  class  of 

Tabte'27?-Abiiity'to  speak  English  of' foreign-bom' male  'employees  by 
^"age  artimt  of  cUing  to  the  IJnited  States  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees) 


576 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  XVIIL— General  progress  of  immigrants  in  the  community — Cont’d.  Page. 
Table  275.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees  by 

years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) . 519 

Table  276.— School  attendance  in  public,  parochial,  and  night  schools  in 

Community  A,  by  race 52i 

Table  277.— Number  of  pupils  in  each  grade  of  the  public  schools' of  the 
urban  center  of  Community  A,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  father  of  pupil 52i  522 

Table  278.— Sex  of  teachers  in  the  public  schools  of  Community  A,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race 523 

Table  279.  Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

(Study  of  employees) 523.  524 

Table  280. — Illiteracy  among  representative  foreign  races 525 

Table  281. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  employees) 525 

Table  282. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees).  526 

Table  283. — Vote  at  a recent  election  in  Community  A,  by  race 527 

Table  284. — Vote  in  the  urban  center  in  Community  A at  a recent  elec- 
tion, by  race 527 

Table  285. — Immigrant  churches  in  the  urban  center  of  Community  A . . . 527 


REPRESENTATIVE  COMMUNITY  B. 


Chapter  XIX.— Introduction: 

Table  286. — Growth  of  coal  industry  in  Community  B 532 

Chapter  XX.— Population  and  racial  displacements: 

Table  287.— Foreign  population  of  Community  B,  by  race,  1908 533 

Table  288.  Nuinber  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured, 

by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 535 

Table  289.— Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 536 

Chapter  XXL— Economic  status: 


Table  290.  Occupation,  by  race,  in  representative  mines  in  Commu- 
nity B 

Table  291.  -Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 54q 

Table  292.-  Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 544 

T^le  293.— International  post-office  money  orders  issued  at  Communitv 

B,  from  August  20,  1907,  to  August  19,  ] 908 542 

Chafper.  XXIII. — Industrial  progress  and  efficiency: 

Table  2M  — Races  preferred  by  mining  operators  for  specified  occupations . 550 

Chapter  XXVI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  295.— Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and 

^neral  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 558 

Table  296.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  con- 

'T'  general  nativity.  (Study  of  employees) 559 

u wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 539 

Table  298.-— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad, 

(Study  of  employees) 560 

male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 56i 

among  representative  foreign  races . 561 

a e 01  Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

CHAPTBTMf-EffLte^f'iSm^S:  employees) 562 

Table  302.— Accidents  in  selected  mines  in  Community  B,  1900  to  1907.  564 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


577 


Chapter  XXVIII. — General  progress  of  immigrants  in  the  community:  Page. 

Table  303.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   

Table  304.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 

years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 568 

Table  305. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who 
have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 
(Study  of  employees) ^70 


PART  III— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  AIIDDLE 

WEST. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction: 

Table  306.— Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 575 

Table  307. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 

Table  308. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households). . 576 

Table  309.— Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex  and 

general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 577 

Table  310.— Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 578 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements:  . ,.  . 

Table  311. — Number  of  miners  10  years  of  age  or  over  in  Illinois,  Indiana, 

and  Ohio,  by  country  of  birth,  1890.  .* ^^2 

Table  312. — Coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  nationality,  1899. 583 

Table  313.— Nationality  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  district  and 

county,  1899 

Table  314. — Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  10  years  of  age  or  over  in 

Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  by  nativity,  1900 - 585 

Table  315.— Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Ohio,  by  county,  1899  and 

1907  

Table  316.— Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Indiana,  by  county,  1899 

and  1907  1 

Table  317.— Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Illinois,  by  district  and 

county,  1899  and  1907 : - - To  " 

Table  318.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 587 

Table  319. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 

specified  number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  housenolds).  589 
Table  320. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 590 

Table  321.— Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Ohio,  by  county,  1908 615 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status:  t • i z 

Table  322.— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  ot 
foreign-born  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 

by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  323.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) V Vt  ' N 'al 7 

Table  324.— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  325.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) ■ - 

Table  326.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specified  occu- 
pation before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   


619 

620 
620 

621 

622 


578 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  327. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 624 

Table  328. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 624 

Table  329. — Present  occupation  of  males  under  18  years  of  age,  by  age  and 

general  nativity  and  race 626-633 

Table  330. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 635 

Table  331. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 636 

Table  332. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or 
over  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  resi- 


18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United 

States.  (Study  of  employees) 638 

Table  334. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 640 

Table  335. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). 640 

Table  336. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 641 

Table  337. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  speci- 
fied amount,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study 

of  households) 642 

Table  338. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 644 

Table  339. — Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general  na- 
tivity and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 644 

Table  340. — Per  cent  of  families  having  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 645 

Table  341.— Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 646 

Table  342. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  hus- 
band, wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 647 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  343. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 649 

Table  344. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
who  are  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 654 

Chapter  V. — Industrial  effects  of  immigration: 

Table  345. — Average  daily  earnings.  Establishment  X,  Macoupin  County, 

111.,  by  occupation 662 

Table  346. — Average  daily  earnings.  Establishment  XI,  Madison  County, 

111.,  by  occupation 662 

Table  347. — Average  daily  earnings  in  Establishments  IV,  VI,  and  V,  La- 

salle  County,  111.,  by  occupation 663 

Table  348. — Earnings  of  Illinois  coal  miners  before  and  after  organization, 

by  district 664 

Table  349. — Increase  in  wages  of  coal  miners  in  Illinois  as  result  of  strikes 

of  1897,  by  city 664 

Table  350. — Increase  in  wages  of  coal  miners  in  Illinois  as  result  of’ the 

strike  of  1897  in  each  specified  coal  field 665 

Table  351. — Comparative  prices  for  pick  and  machine  mining  (per  ton), 

1900  and  1901 f 665 

Chapter  VI. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  352. — Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 
head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 671 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


579 


Chapter  VI. — Housing  and  living  conditions — Continued. 

Table  353. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 

Table  354. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or 
lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) 

Table  355. — Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) . . 
Table  356. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) - 

Table  357. — Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  

Table  358. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per 
sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) - - 

Table  359. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  360. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  361.— Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all 
except  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 

Chapter  VII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  362.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read 

and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Table  363.— Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per 
cent  who  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) - 

Table  364.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read 
and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) - 

Table  365.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read 
and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United 

States  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  366.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  con- 
jugal condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees)  — 
Table  367.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  age 

groups  and  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Table  368.— Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age 
groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   ■ V * Vt*  ‘ ■ j 

Table  369.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the  U nited 
States  and  per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband.  (Study 

of  employees) ‘ j ‘ V" 

Table  370.— Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad,  by 
race  of  husband  and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 

(Study  of  employees) - 

Table  371.— Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Table  372.— Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households)  ... 
Table  373.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 

Chapter  VIII. — General  progress  and  assimilation; 

Table  374.— Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  375  —Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who 
have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years 

of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) ^ . 

Table  376.— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who 
were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 
by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 


Page. 

672 

673 

674 

674 

676 

677 

678 

679 

680 

683 

684 

685 

686 

687 

688 

690 

691 

692 

693 

694 
696 

699 

701 

701 


580 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  VIII. — General  process  and  assimilation — Continued.  Page. 

Table  377. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . . 703 

Table  378. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   704 

Table  379. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 705 

Table  380. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 705 

Table  381. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 706 

Table  382. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  707 

employees) 

Table  383. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 708 


VOLUME  II. 

PART  IV -THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

SOUTHWEST. 

Page. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction: 

Table  384. — Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 3 

Table  385. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 4 

Table  386. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   4 

Table  387. — Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex 
and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). . 5 

Table  388. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 6 

Chapter  II.— Racial  displacements: 

Table  389. — Number  of  miners  and  quarrymen  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma 

(Indian  Territory),  by  nativity,  1900 10 

Table  390. — ^Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 11 

Table  391. — Percent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each  speci- 
fied number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 12 

Table  392.— Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 13 

Table  393.-^Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 
secured  in  the  Oklahoma  coal  fields,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 23 

Table  394. — Number  of  foreign -born  male  employees  in  the  Oklahoma 
coal  fields  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 

years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees.) 24 

Table  395.— Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 
secured  in  the  Kansas  coal  fields,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 30 

Table  396. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  Kansas  coal 
fields  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of 

years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 31 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Table  397. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  for- 
eign-born females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by 
race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 33 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


581 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  398. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 34 

Table  399. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  for- 
eign-born males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 35 

Table  400. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 36 

Table  401. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specified  occu- 
pation before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   37 

Table  402. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 38 

Table  403. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 39 

Table  404.— Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees)  - 41, 42 

Table  405. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 43 

Table  406. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States.  (Study  of  employees) 44 

Table  407. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United 

States.  (Study  of  employees) 44, 45 

Table  408. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) - - - 46 

Table  409. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general  nativ- 
ity and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 47 

Table  410. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or 

over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 48 

Table  411. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each  speci- 
fied amount,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of 

households) - - - - - 

Table  412. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 

Table  413. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 52 

Table  414.— Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 53 

Table  415. — Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 53 

Table  416.— Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 55 

Table  417. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 56 

Table  418.— Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  hu.sband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 58 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  419.— Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age  or 
over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 62 

Table  420.— Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
who  are  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 66 

Table  421.— Fatal  and  nonfatal  accidents  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  coal 
mines,  1908  


582 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions:  Page. 

Table  422.— Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) 73 

Table  423.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 75 

Table  424.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 76 

Table  425.— Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 76 

Table  426.— Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or  lodgers, 


Table  427.— Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) .....  78 

Table  428. — Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 79 

Table  429.— Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   80 

Table  430.— Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per 
sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 81 

Table  431. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 83 

Table  432. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) _. 84 

Table  433. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all 
except  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 86 

Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  434. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read 

and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) — 89 

Table  435. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 90 

Table  436. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  \yho 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 91 

Table  437. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the 

United  States  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).... 92 

Table  438. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each 

conjugal  condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees).  93 

Table  439. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by 

age  groups  and  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 95 

Table  440. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and 
age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) - 97 

Table  441. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the 

United  States  and  per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband.  98 

(Study  of  employees) 

Table  442. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 99 

Table  443. — Percent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general 


Table  444. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 103 

Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  445. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 110 

Table  446. — Children  of  immigrants  in  9 public  schools  of  Oklahoma,  by 
race  of  father 112 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


583 


Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation— Continued.  Page. 

Table  447. — Number  and  per  cent  of  children  G and  under  16  years  of  age 
at  home,  at  school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father 

and  by  birthplace  of  child.  (Study  of  households) 114 

Table  448.— Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in 
Oklahoma  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 117 

Table  449. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in 
Kansas  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who 
were  21  years  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)  118 

Table  450. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-bom  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were 
21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees).  119 

Table  451. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 120 

Table  452. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of 
age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  120 

Table  453. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   121 

Table  454. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 122 

Table  455. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 123 

Table  456. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  oyer  who 
speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 123 

Table  457. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 124 

Table  458. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 125 


PART  V.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  459. — Households  studied,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 129 

Table  460. — Persons  in  households  studied  and  persons  for  whom  detailed 
information  was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 130 

Table  461. — Sex  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   131 

Table  462.— Persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by  sex 

and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). . . 131 

Table  463.— Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 132 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  464. — Number  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  mining 

in  each  specified  State,  by  nativity,  1889 : ■ : - ■ 

Table  465.— Number  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  engaged  in  mining 

and  quarrying  in  each  specified  State,  by  nativity,  1899 136 

Table  466. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 137 

Table  467. — Percent  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   138 


584 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  II.— Racial  displacements— Continued.  Page. 

Table  468. — Male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 139 

Table  469.— Development  of  bituminous  coal  mining  in  the  State  of  Ala- 
bama, by  county,  1902  141 

Table  470. — Number  of  male  employees  in  Alabama  for  whom  information 

was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 142 

Table  471. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  Alabama  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race. 

(Study  of  employees) - 

Table  472.— Number  of  inside  and  outside  employees  in  Community  No. 

1,  by  race,  1907 - - - 150 

Table  473.— Number  of  employees  in  Community  No.  1,  by  race,  July  1, 

1908,  and  May  1,  1909  150 

Table  474. — Estimated  population  of  Community  No.  1,  by  race,  1909 150 

Table  475.— Number  of  employees  in  each  specified  county,  by  race,  1908.  156 

Table  476.— Approximate  number  of  employees  in  the  Pocahontas  coal 

fields,  by  race - - - 159 

Table  477.— Approximate  number  of  employees  in  each  specified  county 

in  the  Pocahontas  coal  fields,  by  race 159 

Table  478.— Nationalities  employed  in  the  West  Virginia  mines  June  30, 

1908  

Table  479.— Number  of  male  employees  in  West  \irginia  for  whom  infor- 
mation was  secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 152 

Table  480.— Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  West  Virginia  who 
have  been  in  the  United  States  each  specified  number  of  years,  by 

race.  (Study  of  employees) 163 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Table  481. — Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  com- 
ing, by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 167 

Table  482.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign- 
born  females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 168 

Table  483.— Industrial  condition  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of 
foreign-born  males  w’ho  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming, 

by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 169 

Table  484.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 170 

Table  485. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  each  specified 
occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 171 

Table  486. — General  occupation  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 172 

Table  487. — General  occupation  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) _ — . . 173 

Table  488. — Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Mine  No.  1 in  West  Vir- 
ginia, by  race  and  occupation ^ ; - - 174 

Table  489. — Number  of  coal-mine  employees  in  Mine  No.  2 in  West  Vir- 
ginia, by  race  and  occupation - - 175 

Table  490. — Number  of  employees  in  Mine  No.  3 (coal  mining  and  coke 

manufacturing)  in  West  Virginia,  by  race  and  occupation 175 

Table  491. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 177 

Table  492. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 178 

Table  493. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  in  West 
Virginia  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity 

and  race.  (Study  of  emjjloyees) ; - 180 

Table  494. — Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  in 
West  Virginia  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general 
nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 181 


List  of  Text  Tables.  585 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  495. — Monthly  earnings  of  the  operating  force  in  a typical  coal 

mine  in  southern  West  Virginia,  by  occupation  and  race 182 

Table  496. — Monthly  earnings  of  the  operating  force  in  a typical  coal 

mine  in  southern  West  Virginia,  by  conjugal  condition  and  race 182 

Table  497. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or 
over  earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  race  and  length  of  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States.  (Study  of  employees) 183 

Table  498. — Comparative  earnings  per  day  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
18  years  of  age  or  over,  by  race  and  length  of  residence  in  the  United 


Table  499. — Husbands  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 185 

Table  500. — Earnings  per  year  of  male  heads  of  families,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 186 

Table  501. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  187 

Table  502. — Per  cent  of  families  having  a total  yearly  income  of  each 
specified  amount,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 188 

Table  503. — Wives  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family. 

(Study  of  households) 189 

Table  504. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   - _ 190 

Table  505. — Number  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 190 

Table  506.— Per  cent  of  families  in  which  wife  has  employment  or  keeps 
boarders  or  lodgers,  by  yearly  earnings  of  husband  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 191 

Table  507. — Per  cent  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 192 

Table  508. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 192 

Table  509. — Per  cent  of  total  family  income  within  the  year  from  husband, 
wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 193 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  510. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 195 

Table  511. — Affiliation  with  trade  unions  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over 
who  are  working  for  wages,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 196 

Table  512. — Monthly  earnings  of  employees  in  southern  West  Virginia, 
deductions  from  earnings,  and  amount  received,  by  race  and  occupation.  203 
Table  513. — Average  monthly  earnings  and  amount  deducted  from  earn- 
ings of  mine  employees  of  a representative  mine  and  coke  plant  in  south- 
ern WYst  Virginia,  by  race  and  conjugal  condition 203 

Table  514. — RaeJial  distribution  of  employees  in  a union  and  in  a non- 
union mine « 208 

Chapter  VII. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  515. — Average  rent  per  month,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) 232 

Table  516. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 233 

Table  517. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) - 234 

Table  518. — Per  cent  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 
of  households) 235 

48296°— VOL  7—11 38 


586 


The  Immigratiori  Commission. 


236 


237 


239 


240 


Chapter  VII.— Housing  and  living  conditions— Continued.  Page. 

Table  519. — Number  and  per  cent  of  households  keeping  boarders  or 
lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) - - - ; ' Ti'  * I ’ * 

Table  520.— Average  number  of  boarders  or  lodgers  per  household,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   .* 

Table  521.— Per  cent  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 238 

Table  522.— Per  cent  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   

Table  523. — Average  number  of  persons  per  apartment,  per  room,  and  per 
sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) '.V  ‘ ’ j' ' £ 

Table  524. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) - - 240 

Table  525.— Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 241 

Table  526.— Number  and  per  cent  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all 
except  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households.) 242 

Table  527. — Average  number  of  rooms  per  apartm.ent  and  average  num- 
ber of  persons  per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study of  households) : 243 

Table  528.— Average  number  of  rooms  per  apartment  and  average  number 
of  persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 243 

Table  529.— Average  number  of  sleeping  rooms  per  apartment  and  average 
number  of  persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 244 

Chapter  VIII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  530. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  per  cent  who  read 

and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  ernployees) 

Table  531. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  West  Vu’ginia  who  read  and 
per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race  (Study  of 

employees) - 

Table  532. — Per  cent  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who  read  and  per  cent 
who  read  and  write,  by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 250 

Table  533. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  years  in  the  United  States 

and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  534. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over  who 
read  and  per  cent  who  read  and  write,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the 

United  States  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 

Table  535. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  con- 
jugal condition,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees).. 

Table  536. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by 
age  groups  and  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees).. 

Table  537. — Per  cent  of  persons  in  each  conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age 
groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   .•••:*** 

Table  538. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  in  the 
United  States  and  per  cent  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 

Table  539. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  husbands  who  report  wife  abroad, 
by  race  of  husband  and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States. 

(Study  of  employees) 

Table  540. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 258 

Table  541. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees  in  West 

Virginia,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees).  260 
Table  542. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  mine  employees  in  West  Virginia  mak- 
ing visits  abroad,  by  years  in  the  United  States.  (Study  of  employees).  262 


247 


249 


251 


252 

253 


254 


257 


257 


List  of  Text  Tables. 


587 


Chapter  VIII. — Salient  characteristics — Continued.  Page. 

Table  543. — Per  cent  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  263 
Table  544. — Per  cent  of  male  employees  within  each  age  group,  by  general 

nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 264 

Chapter  IX. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  545. — Number  and  per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 267 

Table  546. — Number  and  per  cent  of  children  6 and  under  16  years  of  age 
at  home,  at  school,  and  at  work,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  father 

and  by  birthplace  of  child.  (Study  of  households) 268 

Table  547. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were 
21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race . ( Study  of  employees) . . 269 

Table  548. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 270 

Table  549. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . . 271 

Table  550. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in 
West  Virginia  who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and 
who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of 

residence.  (Study  of  employees) - 272 

Table  551. — Per  cent  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who  speak  English, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   273 

Table  552. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 274 

Table  553. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over  who 
speak  English,  by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 274 

Table  554. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or  oyer  who 
speak  English,  by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race  of  individuaL 

(Study  of  households) • 275 

Table  555. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) - - - - - 276 

Table  556. — Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 277 


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LIST  OF  GENERAL  TABLES. 


VOLUME  II. 

PART  l.-GENERAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING 

INDUSTRY. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  1. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 291 

Table  2. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   292 

Table  3. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 

secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 293 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  4. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 294 

Table  5. — Number  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each  speci- 
fied number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 


Table  6. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 296 

Table  7. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 297 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Table  8. — Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coming  to  the 

United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 298 

Table  9. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   299 

Table  10. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  indus- 
try, by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  300 
Table  11. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  each 
specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 


ing  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 303 

Table  13. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified  amount 
per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   304 

Table  14. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 305 

Table  15. — Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 306 

Table  16. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 307 

Table  17. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from  hus- 
band, wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 308 

Table  18. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 309 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  19. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and 


race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 310, 311 


589 


590 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions:  Page. 

Table  20. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 312  : 

Table  21. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 313  i 

Table  22. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 314 

Table  23. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month  ! 

per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  j 

of  households) 315 

Table  24. — Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers  and  num- 
ber of  boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 316  i 

Table  25. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  speci-  , 

fied  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  j 


Table  26. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 320 

Table  27. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments  of 
each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 321 

Table  28. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  322 
Table  29. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 323 

Table  30.— Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) 324 

Table  31. — Number  of  households  regularly  sloe])ing  in  all  except  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

househoid.  (Study  of  households) 325 

Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  32. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 


Table  33. — Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 328 

Table  34. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex, 
years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 


age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 


Table  36. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  gen- 


Table  37. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general 


Table  38. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 343 

Table  39. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years  in 


Table  40. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general 


Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  42. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc.,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 351 

Table  43. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and 
age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 


have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of 
age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence.  (Study 
of  employees) 355 


List  or  General  Tables. 


591 


Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation — Continued.  Page 

Table  45. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have  been 
in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or 
over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  households) 356 

Table  46. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  357 


Table  47. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age 
or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 358 

Table  48. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age 
or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 359,  360 

Table  49. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   361 

Table  50.— Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 362 


PART  II.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  51. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 363 

Table  52. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  se- 
cured, by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 364 

Table  53. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 

secure^  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 365 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  54. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 366 

Table  55. — Number  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 367,368 

Chapter  III. — Economic  status: 

Table  56.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 369 

Table  57.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 370 

Table  58. — Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coming  to 

the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 371 

Table  59.— Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  

Table  60. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  373 

Table  61.— Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) 374,375 

Table  62.— Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 

of  employees) - 376 

Table  63.— Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 377 

Table  64.— Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 378 

Table  65.— Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 379 


592 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Page. 

Table  66. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nati^'ity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  , - 379 

Table  67, — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 380 

Table  68. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 381 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  69.— Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of 


Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  70. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household,  (Study  of  households) 385 

Table  71, — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 386 

Table  12. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 386 

Table  73. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  (Study 

of  households 387 

Table  74. — Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and  num- 
ber of  boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold, (Study  of  households) 387 

Table  75. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  size,  by  general  nati vi  ty  and  race  of  head  of  household . (Study 


Table  76. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  specified 
number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 391 

Table  77, — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments 
of  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

of  household.  (Study  of  households) 391 

Table  78. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  (Study  of  households).  392 
Table  79.- -Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 392 

Table  80.  —Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 393 

Table  81. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households)* 393 

Chapter  IX. — Salient  characteristics: 


Table  82. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race, 

(Study  of  employees) 394, 395 

Table  83. — Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 397 

Table  84. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex, 
years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  indi\ddual.  (Study  of  ho\ise- 

holds) 398,399 

Table  85. — literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  ITnited  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 399,  400 

Table  86. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and 

general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 401-403 

Table  87. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 404-409 

Table  88.— Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 411 

Table  89. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 
in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 412,  413 


List  of  General  Tables. 


593 


Chapter  IX. — Salient  characteristics — Continued.  Page. 

Table  90. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  414,415 

Table  91. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

group,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 415,  416 

Table  92, — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc.,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 417 

Table  93, — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex 
and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 
of  households) 418-420 


Chapter  X. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  94. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  employees) 421 

Table  95. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  households) 422 

Table  96. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  423 

Table  97. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of 
age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 424 

Table  98. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  age  or 
over,  by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 425 

Table  99. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 426 

Table  100. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 

years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 427 


PART  III.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

MIDDLE  WEST. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  101. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 428 

Table  102. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   428 

Table  103. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  se- 
cured, by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 429 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  104. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 430 

Table  105. — Number  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each  speci- 
fied number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   431 

Chapter  III, — Economic  status: 

Table  106. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 
dividual. (Study  of  households) 431 

Table  107. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 
dividual. (Study  of  households) 432 

Table  108. — Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coming  to 

the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 432 

Table  109. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   t33 


594 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status — Continued.  Pige- 

Table  110. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  in- 
dustry, by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual,  (Study  of  house- 
holds)   433 

Table  111. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 


Table  112. — Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 436 

Table  113. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 437 

Table  114. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over, 

by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 437 

Table  115. — Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 438 

Table  116. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wdfe,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 438 

Table  117. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 439 

Chapter  IV, — Working  conditions: 

Table  118. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 439 

Chapter  VI. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  119. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 440 

Table  120. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 440 

Table  121. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 441 

Table  122. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per 
month  per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 441 

Table  123. — Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and 
number  of  boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household,  (Study  of  households) 442 

Table  124. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 443 

Table  125. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 444 

Table  126. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apart- 
ments of  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 444 

Table  127. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  per- 
sons, by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household,  (Study  of 

households) 445 

Table  128. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 445 

Table  129. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 446 

Table  130.— Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except 
each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 446 

Chapter  VII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  131. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 447 

Table  132.— -Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 448 


List  of  General  Tables. 


695 


Chapter  VII. — Salient  characteristics — Continued.  Page. 

Table  133. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  asfe  or  over, 
by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual."  (Study  of 

households) 449 

Table  134. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 450 

Table  135. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and 

general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 451-453 

Table  136. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 454-455 

Table  137. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race  of  bus- 

band.  (Study  of  employees) 457 

Table  13S. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 

years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 458, 459 

Table  139. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  bead  of  bousohold.  (Study  of  households) 460 

Table  140. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

group,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 461 

Table  141. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc., 

' by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) . . 462 

Table  142. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex  and 
age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 
households) 462,  463 


Chapter  VIII. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  143. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  employees) 464 

Table  144. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who 
have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years 
of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual  and  length  of 

residence.  (Study  of  households) 465 

Table  145. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  465 

Table  146. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years 
of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 466 

Table  147. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years 
of  age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 467 

Table  148. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees, 
by  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)  468 

Table  149. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees, 
by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 469 


PART  IV.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE 

SOUTHWEST. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  150. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 470 

Table  151. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  471 
Table  152. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 

secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 472 

Chapter  II. — Racial  displacements: 

Table  153. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 473 

Table  154. — Number  of  foreign-born  })ersons  in  the  United  States  each 
specified  number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 
households) 474 


596 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  III. — Economic  status:  Page- 

Table  155. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 
dividual. (Study  of  households) 475 

Table  156. — Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  in- 
dividual. (Study  of  households) 475 

Table  157. — Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coming 

to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 476 

Table  158. — Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  477 

Table  159. — Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified  in- 
dustrv,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  478 

Table  160. — Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) 479,480 

Table  161. — Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age  earn- 
ing each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study 


amount  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 482 

Table  163. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or 

over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 482 

Table  164. — Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 483 

Table  165. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 483 

Table  166. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 484 

Table  167. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 484 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  168. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  persons  16  years  of  age 
or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  sex  and  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 485 

Chapter  V. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  169. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 486 

Table  170. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household . (Study 

of  households) 486 

Table  171. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) 487 

Table  172. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 487 

Table  173. — Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and 
number  of  boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 488 

Table  174. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 


number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 492 

Table  176. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments 
of  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head 

■ of  household.  (Study  of  households) 492 

Table  177. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons, 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households)  493 
Table  178. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 
household.  (Study  of  households) 1, 493 


List  of  General  Tables. 


597 


Chapter  V— Housing  and  living  conditions — Continued. 

Table  179.— Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 494 

Table  180. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 494 

Chapter  VI. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  181. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 495 

Table  182. — Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 496 

Table  183. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex, 

^ years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households).  497,  498 
Table  184. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  hoiviseholds) 498  499 

Table  185. — Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and 

general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 500, 501 

Table  186. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 502-507 

Table  187. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  employees,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 508 

Table  188. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  raoe.  (Study  of  employees) 509 

Table  189. — Numberof  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 510 

Table  190. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

group,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 511 

Chapter  VII. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  191. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc.,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 512 

Table  192. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex 
and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 512,  513 

Table  193. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  employees) 514 

Table  194. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 yea.rs  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  households) 515 

Table  195. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households). . 

Table  196. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of  515 
age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 516 

Table  197. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of 
age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 517 

Table  198. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  age 
at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  en^ployees) . . 518 

Table  199. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 519 


PART  V.— THE  BITUMINOUS  COAL  MINING  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


Chapter  I. — Introduction:  Page. 

Table  200. — Total  number  of  households  and  persons  studied,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 520 

Table  201. — Number  of  persons  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  520 

Table  202. — Total  number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was 
secured,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 521 


598 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Chapter  II.— Racial  displacements:  _ , tt  • j 

Table  203. — Number  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  states 

each  specified  number  of  years,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 522 

Table  204. — Number  of  foreign-born  persons  in  the  United  States  each  speci- 
fied number  of  years,  by  sex  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  523 

Chapter  III.— Economic  status:  . , ^ , 

Table  205.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-bom. 
males  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) - 524 

Table  206.— Occupation  before  coming  to  the  United  States  of  foreign-born 
females  who  were  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  indi- 
vidual. (Study  of  households) 524 

Table  207.— Occupation  of  foreign-born  male  employees  before  coming 

to  the  United  States,  by  race.  (Study  of  employees) 525 

Table  208.— Number  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  - - - : - 526 

Table  209.— Number  of  females  16  years  of  age  or  over  in  each  specified 
industry,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  527 

Table  210.— Number  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning 
each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of 

employees) ^28,  529 

Table  211.— Number  of  male  employees  14  and  under  18  years  of  age 
earning  each  specified  amount  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) - - ; 529 

Table  212. — Number  of  male  heads  of  families  earning  each  specified 
amount  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) - 530 

Table  213. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  males  18  years  of  age  or 
over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) . 530 

Table  214.— Amount  of  family  income  per  year,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 531 

Table  215. — Yearly  earnings  (approximate)  of  females  18  years  of  age 
or  over,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  531 

Table  216. — Number  of  families  having  an  income  within  the  year  from 
husband,  wife,  children,  boarders  or  lodgers,  and  other  sources,  by  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 532 

Table  217. — Source  of  family  income  in  detail,  by  general  nativity  and 

race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households) 532 

Chapter  IV. — Working  conditions: 

Table  218. — Months  worked  during  the  past  year  by  males  16  years  of 
age  or  over  employed  away  from  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

individual.  (Study  of  households) 533 

Chapter  VII. — Housing  and  living  conditions: 

Table  219. — Number  and  class  of  households,  by  general  nativity  and  race 

of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 534 

Table  220. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  apartment,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  h-ead  of  household. 

(Study  of  households) 534 

Table  221.— Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of 

households) 535 

Table  222. — Number  of  households  paying  each  specified  rent  per  month 
per  person,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 535 

Table  223. — Number  of  households  keeping  boarders  and  lodgers,  and 
number  of  boarders  and  lodgers,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 536 

Table  224. — Number  of  persons  per  household  in  apartments  of  each 
specified  size,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study 

of  households) 537, 538 

Table  225. — Number  of  households  occupying  apartments  of  each  speci- 
fied number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household. 
(Study  of  households) . 539 


List  of  General  Tables. 


599 


Chapter  VII. ^ — Housing  and  living  conditions — Continued.  Page. 

Table  226. — Number  of  households  and  number  of  persons  in  apartments 
of  each  specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 539 

Table  227. — Number  of  households  of  each  specified  number  of  persons,  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households). . 540 

Table  228. — Persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  h^ad  of 

household.  (Study  of  households) 540 

Table  229. — Persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of 

head  of  household.  (Study  of  households) 541 

Table  230. — Number  of  households  regularly  sleeping  in  all  except  each 
specified  number  of  rooms,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  house- 
hold. (Study  of  households) 541 

Chapter  VIII. — Salient  characteristics: 

Table  231. — Literacy  of  male  employees,  by  general  nativity  and  race. 

(Study  of  employees) 542 

Table  232. --Literacy  of  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by  sex  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 543 

Table  233. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of 

households) 544 

Table  234. — Literacy  of  foreign-born  persons  10  years  of  age  or  over,  by 
sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 545 

Table  235.— Conjugal  condition  of  male  employees,  by  age  groups  and  gen- 
eral nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  emplo3/ees) 546-548 

Table  236. — Conjugal  condition,  by  sex  and  age  groups,  and  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 549-551 

Table  237. — Location  of  wives  of  foreign-born  husbands,  by  race  of  hus- 
band. (Study  of  employees) 552 

Table  238. — Visits  abroad  made  by  foreign-born  male  employees,  by  years 

in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 552,  553 

Table  239. — Number  of  persons  within  each  age  group,  by  sex  and  by 
general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household.  (Study  of  households).  554 
Table  240. — Number  of  male  employees  of  each  age  or  within  each  age 

group,  by  general  nativity  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 555 

Chapter  IX. — General  progress  and  assimilation: 

Table  241. — Number  of  families  owning  home,  renting,  boarding,  etc., 
by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  (Study  of  households)..  556 
Table  242. — General  occupation  of  persons  under  16  years  of  age,  by  sex 
and  age  groups,  and  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study 

of  households) 556,557 

Table  243. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees 
who  have  been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21 
years  of  age  or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  employees) . 558 

Table  244. — Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  males  who  have 
been  in  the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age 
or  over  at  time  of  coming,  by  race  of  individual  and  length  of  residence. 

(Study  of  households) 559 

Table  245. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  persons  6 years  of  age  or  over, 
by  sex  and  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual.  (Study  of  house- 
holds)  559 

Table  246. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of 
age  or  over,  by  sex,  age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  and  race 

of  individual.  (Study  of  households) 560 

Table  247.— -Ability  to  speak  Englisli  of  foreign-born  persons  6 years  of 
age  or  over,  by  sex,  years  in  the  United  States,  and  race  of  individual. 

(Study  of  households) 561 

Table  248. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
age  at  time  of  coming  to  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  em- 
ployees)   - 562 

Table  249. — Ability  to  speak  English  of  foreign-born  male  employees,  by 
years  in  the  United  States  and  race.  (Study  of  employees) 563 


LIST  OF  CHARTS 


VOLUME  I. 

rage. 

Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  detailed  information  was  secured,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  (General  survey  of  the  industry) 14 

Number  of  employees  of  each  general  nativity  for  whom  detailed  information 

was  secured 15 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  the  United  States  each  specified 

number  of  years,  by  race 25 

Per  cent  of  males  16  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  tinie  of  coming  to  the  United 

States  who  were  in  each  specified  industrial  condition  abroad 41 

Average  earnings  in  dollars  per  day  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over,  by 

general  nativity  and  race 51 

Per  cent  of  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  less  than  $2  per  day 
and  per  cent  earning  |2  and  under  $2.50  per  day,  by  general  nativity  and 

race 53 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  18  years  of  age  or  over  earning  $2.50  or 

over  per  day,  by  race  and  years  in  the  United  States 62 

Average  yearly  earnings  of  males  18  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  individual 

Average  yearly  income  of  family,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family.  75 
Per  cent  which  earnings  of  husband  form  of  total  yearly  income  of  family,  by 

general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family 90 

Per  cent  of  males  21  years  of  age  or  over  working  for  wages  who  are  affiliated 

with  trade  unions,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  individual 102 

Per  cent  of  households  having  2 or  more  persons  per  room,  by  general  nativity 

and  race  of  head  of  household 127 

Per  cent  of  households  having  4 or  more  persons  per  sleeping  room,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  of  head  of  household 131 

Per  cent  of  male  employees  who  read  and  write,  by  general  nativity  and  race. . 138 

Per  cent  of  male  employees  20  years  of  age  or  over  who  are  single,  married,  and 

widowed,  by  general  nativity  and  race 146 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  employees  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband.  159 
Per  cent  of  foreign-born  employees  who  report  wife  abroad,  by  race  of  husband 

and  by  years  husband  has  been  in  the  United  States - 163 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  reporting  one  or  more  visits  abroad, 

by  years  in  the  United  States  and  race 166 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  reporting  one  or  more  visits  abroad, 

by  race 138 

Per  cent  of  male  employees  14  to  19  years  of  age,  by  general  nativity  and  race ....  174 

Per  cent  of  families  owning  home,  by  general  nativity  and  race  of  head  of  family . 178 

Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  5 years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at 

the  time  of  coming,  by  race ; • 184 

Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  5 to  9 years  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the  time 

of  coming,  by  race ; . 186 

Present  political  condition  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  have  been  in 
the  United  States  10  years  or  over  and  who  were  21  years  of  age  or  over  at  the 

time  of  coming,  by  race 187 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  who  speak  English,  by  race 197 

Number  of  lives  lost  per  1,000,000  tons  of  coal  produced  in  the  anthracite  and 

bituminous  coal  mines  of  the  United  States,  1895-1908 210 

Number  of  lives  lost  per  1,000  employees  in  the  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal 

mines  of  the  United  States,  1895-1908 211 

Number  of  lives  lost  per  1,000  employees  in  coal  mines  of  the  United  States, 
Pnissia,  Great  Britain,  Belgium,  and  France,  1901-1906 214 

4 8296 ° —VOL  7—11 39 


601 


602 


The  Immigration  Commission. 


Page. 

Number  of  foreign-born  employees  and  total  number  of  employees  for  whom 

detailed  information  was  secured,  by  locality  . 221 

Per  cent  of  foreign-born  male  employees  in  mining  and  in  farming  or  farm  labor 

before  coming  to  the  United  States,  by  race 231 

Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  (Pennsylvania) 250 

Bituminous  coal  production  of  mining  company  in  Community  A,  Pennsvl- 

vania,  1898-1907 . 474 

Number  of  wage-earners  of  mining  company  in  Community  A,  Pennsylvania, 

1898-1907 _ 475 

Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  w^as  secured,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  (the  Middle  West) 579 


VOLUME  II. 

Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 

nativity  and  race  (the  Southwest) 7 

Number  of  male  employees  for  whom  information  was  secured,  by  general 
nativity  and  race  (the  South) 133 


LIST  OF  MAPS  AND  DIAGRAMS. 


VOLUME  I. 

Page. 

Scope  of  the  investigation .• facing  3 

Community  A,  Pennsylvania - 472 

Mine  location  C,  Community  A,  Pennsylvania 494 

Plan  of  standard  double  house,  mining  company  in  Community  A,  Pennsylvania  495 
Community  B,  Pennsylvania facing  531 


o 


v'fvv 


